56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015

SPWLA The Role of Petrophysics: From Exploration Through Abandonment

EVOLVING PETROPHYSICS
OF
THE OVERBURDEN:
A SPECTROSCOPY APPROACH
Amitabha Chatterjee, Harish Datir, Mirza Hassan
Baig, Jack Horkowitz, Jim Grau, Schlumberger;
Jeremy Goonting, Helen Haneferd, Dianne Tompkins,
Brett Wendt, ConocoPhillips

56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California www.spwla2015.com
 The Greater Ekofisk Area (GEA)
• Discovered in 1969
• Largest producing field on the Norwegian continental shelf
• Naturally fractured chalk reservoirs

• Evaluation: Integrating logs with GEA Legacy Database

• Core / cuttings: XRD, XRF, SEM+EDS, TOC, Petrography
2 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Problem Overview
Challenges (GEA overburden shales)
• Compaction & Subsidence
• Fault reactivation
• Wellbore instability
• Narrow drilling windows
• Fluid containment

G&G model
• Volume fractions of minerals and organic matter
• Porosity
• Gas saturation
• Clay types & volumes

3 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Problem Overview
Challenges (GEA overburden shales)
• Compaction & Subsidence
• Fault reactivation
• Wellbore instability
• Narrow drilling windows
• Fluid containment

G&G model  high resolution petrophysical inputs

• Volume fractions of minerals and organic matter
• Porosity
• Gas saturation
• Clay types & volumes

3 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Known Challenges

Model 1: Conventional logs

• Conventional logs
• Solving only single mixed clay, quartz, water, gas
• Highly subjective
• Inconsistencies* across the field
• Couldn’t solve important minerals (calcite,
dolomite, pyrite...)

Outputs >> Input measurements

4 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Known Challenges

Model 2: Adding capture only spectroscopy

• Mineralogy fixed to spectroscopy (Spectrolith*)
• Clay typing difficult
• Better total clay control than Model 1 (variation vertically and laterally)
• Similar observations from XRD, SEM+EDS
• Are these variations real?
• Computed porosities too high – no correction for organic matter

Outputs > Input measurements

5 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Clay diagenesis
• Various authors (Bjørlykke, 1997; Thyberg et al, 2000; and Marcussen et al., 2009)
• Not seen on Th-K crossplot
• Observed on neutron-density crossplot
• Transition with depth, validated by literature
• Attempted zoning: single mixed clay
• High interpreter subjectivity

Organic matter (diatomite)

• Very low density
• Very high neutron porosity
• Excessive porosities (needs inclusion of organic matter)
• Log measurement to solve (organic carbon - TOC)

6 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time
• Seen on Vp/Vs – DTCO crossplot (qualitative)

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time
• Seen on Vp/Vs – DTCO crossplot (qualitative)

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time
• Seen on Vp/Vs – DTCO crossplot (qualitative)
• Same depths as organic matter

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time
• Seen on Vp/Vs – DTCO crossplot (qualitative)
• Same depths as organic matter

Carbonate stringers

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Previous Evaluation Challenges
Gas and light hydrocarbons
• Observed during drilling
• Seismic obscure zone
• Migrated from reservoir over geologic time
• Seen on Vp/Vs – DTCO crossplot (qualitative)
• Same depths as organic matter

Carbonate stringers
• Hard to drill
• Associated gas below some stringers
• Laterally extensive
• Both calcite and dolomite
• Log measurements to solve (Ca, Mg, Mn)

7 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation
• Legacy GEA database (cuttings & core: XRD, XRF, SEM+EDS, TOC, petrography)

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation
• Legacy GEA database (cuttings & core: XRD, XRF, SEM+EDS, TOC, petrography)
• Log Measurements (using high definition spectroscopy)

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation
• Legacy GEA database (cuttings & core: XRD, XRF, SEM+EDS, TOC, petrography)
• Log Measurements (using high definition spectroscopy)
• Iteration 1: limited database information

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Methodology
Two step interpretation
• Legacy GEA database (cuttings & core: XRD, XRF, SEM+EDS, TOC, petrography)
• Log Measurements (using high definition spectroscopy)
• Iteration 1: limited database information
• Iteration 2: integration with GEA database

8 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Capture
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Capture
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Capture Mg Si Ca Fe Al S
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Capture Mg Si Ca Fe Al S
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles Spectroscopy
directly
•Minerals (limited)
•Matrix Properties
•TOC
•Sigma

Spectral Spectral
Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical
• Inelastic Fractions answers

Pyrite
Dolomite
Capture Mg Si Ca Fe Al S Calcite
QFM
Clay
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Spectroscopy Principles Spectroscopy
directly
•Minerals (limited)
•Matrix Properties
•TOC
•Sigma

Spectral Spectral Multimineral

Closure Interpretation
Acquisition Analysis Analysis
•Minerals (full)
• Capture • Elemental Yields • Elemental Weight • Petrophysical •Organic matter
• Inelastic Fractions answers •Clay Typing
•Porosity
•Saturation

Pyrite
Dolomite
Capture Mg Si Ca Fe Al S Calcite
QFM
Clay
Counts

Inelastic

Energy Radtke et. al, 2012

9 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineralogical solution
Using direct spectroscopy outputs

10 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineralogical solution
Using direct spectroscopy outputs
• Elemental dry weights and uncertainties
• TOC = TC – TIC  organic content

TC and TIC for

organic matter

Manganese- rich
mineral stringers

Increase in sulfur due

to pyrite

10 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineralogical solution
Using direct spectroscopy outputs
• Elemental dry weights and uncertainties
• TOC = TC – TIC  organic content

• Measured Al clay volume

• Magnesium  calcite vs. dolomite
• Manganese  rhodochrosite TC and TIC for
organic matter

Manganese- rich
mineral stringers

Increase in sulfur due

to pyrite

10 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineralogical solution
Using direct spectroscopy outputs
• Elemental dry weights and uncertainties
• TOC = TC – TIC  organic content

• Measured Al clay volume

• Magnesium  calcite vs. dolomite
• Manganese  rhodochrosite TC and TIC for
organic matter

• Organic free matrix density Density Porosity

Manganese- rich
mineral stringers

Increase in sulfur due

to pyrite

10 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineralogical solution
Using direct spectroscopy outputs
• Elemental dry weights and uncertainties
• TOC = TC – TIC  organic content

• Measured Al clay volume

• Magnesium  calcite vs. dolomite
• Manganese  rhodochrosite

• Organic free matrix density Density Porosity

• Sigma water saturation

10 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Multimineral Model

11 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Multimineral Model
Inputs: Elemental dry weights (12) & uncertainties, other log measurements (7)

11 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Multimineral Model
Inputs: Elemental dry weights (12) & uncertainties, other log measurements (7)
Outputs:
• Mineral volumes: Clay types (4), Carbonates (2), quartz, feldspars, mica (4),
iron minerals (2), rhodochrosite (1)
• Porosity & Fluid volumes: gas and water (2)
• Organic matter (1)

11 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Multimineral Model
Inputs: Elemental dry weights (12) & uncertainties, other log measurements (7)
Outputs:
• Mineral volumes: Clay types (4), Carbonates (2), quartz, feldspars, mica (4),
iron minerals (2), rhodochrosite (1)
• Porosity & Fluid volumes: gas and water (2)
• Organic matter (1)

Iterative inversion technique: ELANPlus*

11 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Multimineral Model
Inputs: Elemental dry weights (12) & uncertainties, other log measurements (7)
Outputs:
• Mineral volumes: Clay types (4), Carbonates (2), quartz, feldspars, mica (4),
iron minerals (2), rhodochrosite (1)
• Porosity & Fluid volumes: gas and water (2)
• Organic matter (1)

Iterative inversion technique: ELANPlus*

Ground rules:
• Retain default end points (unless specific justification)
• Constraints & zoning based on GEA database

11 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping

• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), others not

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping

• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), others not

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping

• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), others not
• Density has end points in all rock minerals:

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Minerals Elements

Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping

• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), others not
• Density has end points in all rock minerals:
 Poor discriminator between rock minerals
 Strong driver for porosity

12 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not

13 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates

13 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz:
 once Si is distributed to other Si minerals, leftover can be used to solve quartz

13 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz:
 once Si is distributed to other Si minerals, leftover can be used to solve quartz
• Iron  pyrite, siderite, iron chlorite

13 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz:
 once Si is distributed to other Si minerals, leftover can be used to solve quartz
• Iron  pyrite, siderite, iron chlorite

14 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz:
 once Si is distributed to other Si minerals, leftover can be used to solve quartz
• Iron  pyrite, siderite, iron chlorite
• Potassium  orthoclase, biotite, muscovite, illite

14 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz:
 once Si is distributed to other Si minerals, leftover can be used to solve quartz
• Iron  pyrite, siderite, iron chlorite
• Potassium  orthoclase, biotite, muscovite, illite
• Sodium  Na-feldspars

14 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Linking Minerals to Elements
Elements to minerals is not always a unique mapping
• Some elements can be mapped uniquely (with assumptions), some not
• Particularly difficult: mapping Al & Si to the Aluminum-silicates
• No Al in quartz
• Iron  pyrite, siderite, iron chlorite
• Potassium  orthoclase, biotite, muscovite, illite
• Sodium  Na-feldspars
• Calcium + Magnesium mostly sufficient to solve main carbonate minerals.

15 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

GEA legacy database

Literature survey in Area

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
Literature survey in Area

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

Dominantly smectite
Variable kaolinite
Little chlorite

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

Dominantly smectite
Variable kaolinite
Little chlorite

smectite  illite

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
Integrating log with local knowledge & geologic information
• Many minerals can be solved via spectroscopy
• Challenging to solve all the aluminum silicates solely based on logs

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

Less smectite
More Kaolinite, illite

Dominantly smectite
Variable kaolinite
Little chlorite

smectite  illite

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model

Multimineral GEA legacy database

Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

Less smectite
More Kaolinite, illite

Dominantly smectite
Variable kaolinite
Little chlorite

smectite  illite

• Clay mineral constraints based on GEA legacy database & elemental reconstructions

16 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Building the Petrophysical model
• Selection of minerals made for each formation
 Calcite, pyrite, siderite, and quartz were solved everywhere
 Dolomite was not solved for in the Upper Miocene and Våle formations
 Rhodochrosite solved in the Oligocene and lower formations
Multimineral GEA legacy database
Mineral constraints
solver Literature survey in Area

• Clay mineral constraints based on GEA legacy database & elemental reconstructions

17 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers
• TOC

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers
• TOC

• Organic matter (part of matrix)

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers
• TOC

• Organic matter (part of matrix)

• Matrix grain density (TOC corrected)

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers
• TOC

• Organic matter (part of matrix)

• Matrix grain density (TOC corrected)

• Porosity (accounting for organic matter on log responses)

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Mineral Model Results
• Calcite dolomite stringers
• TOC

• Organic matter (part of matrix)

• Matrix grain density (TOC corrected)

• Porosity (accounting for organic matter on log responses)

• Gas saturation (Resistivity Sigma, Sonic crossplot)

18 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results

GROUPS
NORDLAND

19 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results

NORDLAND
HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland

NORDLAND
HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)

NORDLAND
HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu

HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene
• No gas in Oligocene, Eocene

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene
• No gas in Oligocene, Eocene
• Main clays: smectite, kaolinite

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene
• No gas in Oligocene, Eocene
• Main clays: smectite, kaolinite
• Minor amounts of quartz

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 GROUPS NORDLAND
Results
Hordaland
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%

HORDALAND
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene
• No gas in Oligocene, Eocene
• Main clays: smectite, kaolinite
• Minor amounts of quartz
• Carbonate stringers present

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Hordaland

GROUPS
• Very high levels of TOC
~ highest in study well (# 3)
• Matrix grain density

HORDALAND
~ 2.75 g/cm3  2.25 – 2.55 g/cm3

NORDLAND
• High porosity
~ as high as 45 pu
• Gas saturation highest
~ as high as 60%
• Gas highest in Middle Miocene
• No gas in Oligocene, Eocene
• Main clays: smectite, kaolinite
ROGALAND

• Minor amounts of quartz

• Carbonate stringers present

20 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
HORDALAND
NORDLAND
ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

HORDALAND
NORDLAND
ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Decreased porosity

HORDALAND
~ 20 pu

NORDLAND
ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Decreased porosity

HORDALAND
~ 20 pu

NORDLAND
• Slight gas saturation

ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Decreased porosity

HORDALAND
~ 20 pu

NORDLAND
• Slight gas saturation

• Lower amounts of smectite

ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Rogaland

GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Decreased porosity

HORDALAND
~ 20 pu

NORDLAND
• Slight gas saturation

• Lower amounts of smectite

• Increased amounts of quartz
ROGALAND

21 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results

GROUPS
GROUPS
NORDLAND
NORDLAND

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
NORDLAND
NORDLAND

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

NORDLAND
NORDLAND

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Reduced porosity
~ 35 pu

NORDLAND
NORDLAND

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Reduced porosity
~ 35 pu

NORDLAND
NORDLAND
• Gas saturation – negligible to none

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Reduced porosity
~ 35 pu

NORDLAND
NORDLAND
• Gas saturation – negligible to none

• Lower amounts of smectite

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
Results
Nordland

GROUPS
GROUPS
• Low levels of TOC

• Reduced porosity
~ 35 pu

NORDLAND
NORDLAND
• Gas saturation – negligible to none

• Lower amounts of smectite

• higher amounts of chlorite

22 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution
• Advanced spectroscopy required to tackle complex mineralogy

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution
• Advanced spectroscopy required to tackle complex mineralogy
• Important to guide log based interpretation with local geology

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution
• Advanced spectroscopy required to tackle complex mineralogy
• Important to guide log based interpretation with local geology
• Petrophysical answers used as inputs to geologic and geomechanical model

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution
• Advanced spectroscopy required to tackle complex mineralogy
• Important to guide log based interpretation with local geology
• Petrophysical answers used as inputs to geologic and geomechanical model
• Benefits for future wells drilling, completions, production, and abandonment

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Conclusions & Lessons Learnt
Overburden
• Reliable knowledge of lithology & rock minerals paramount
• Limited coverage via cores and cuttings
• Logs required for extensive coverage and high vertical resolution
• Advanced spectroscopy required to tackle complex mineralogy
• Important to guide log based interpretation with local geology
• Petrophysical answers used as inputs to geologic and geomechanical model
• Benefits for future wells drilling, completions, production, and abandonment

Key to answering complex mineralogy challenges:

Integration of logs and advanced spectroscopy with local knowledge,
petrological data, and geological information

23 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California
 Acknowledgements

The authors thank the PL018 partnership for their approval: ConocoPhillips
Skandinavia AS, Eni Norge AS; Petoro AS; Statoil Petroleum AS; Total E&P Norge AS.

24 56th Annual SPWLA Symposium July 18 – 22, 2015 Long Beach, California