Building an Integrated Static

Reservoir Model
5-day Course

Prepared by
International Reservoir Technologies
Lakewood, Colorado
http://www.irt-inc.com/

1
 Agenda
Day 1
Morning – Introduction and Overview
Afternoon – Well Data Prep & QC Using Cores - exercises (1, 2)

Day 2
Morning – Core, Pressure and Petrophysical Data Prep and Analysis – exercises (3, 4)
Afternoon – Contact Analysis and Flow Unit Definition – exercises (5, 6)

Day 3
Morning – Preparing Horizon & Fault Data – exercises (7, 8)
Afternoon – Preparing the Structural Framework – exercise (9)

Day 4
Morning – Building the Stratigraphic Framework & Geocellular Gridding - exercise (10)
Afternoon – Facies Modeling – exercise (11)

Day 5
Morning – Petrophysical Modeling – exercise (12)
Afternoon – Selecting Realizations and Upscaling – exercise (13)

Goal
Provide an asset team with static modeling background, data preparation requirements, mentoring,
and problem-solving opportunities to guide the team through building geocellular model for use in
reservoir simulator

2
 Topics Covered
Introduction – Static Modeling Course

• Static Modeling Course Objectives

• Model Building Workflow
• Reservoir Modeling and Reservoir Management Plans
o Field Life Cycle
o Reservoir Depletion Plans
o Role of Integration
• 10 Golden Rules for Flow Modeling
• Use and Misuse of Reservoir Modeling
• Cost of Building Reservoir Models
• Benefits of Integrated Model Studies
• Field Case Study Background

✍ Checklist Exercise

Well Data and QC Using Cores

• Types of Well Data and How They are Utilized
• Data Verification and Conditioning
• Geological data
o Data Prep
o Assimilation/Interpretation
o Field Analogs
• Core Description
o Inventory of available data
o Digital or manual description
o How to capture data
o Value of core description
o Objectives/focus
o QC
ƒ Examples of failed QC (tops, structure, depo environment, wire-line, petro)
o Observations and documentation
o Shift to wire-line logs
o Qualitative data input
o Importance of scale
✍ Exercise 1 and 2
• Core description and core photos
• Core to wire-line data shift

3
Core, Pressure and Petrophysical Data Prep and Analysis
• Objective
o To define an optimized layering scheme
• Data Integration
o Are all the data available and QC'd?
• Facies and Core Data
o Core Data Prep
o Simplify without loss of heterogeneity
o Examples of Display and Use
✍ Exercise 3 – Teapot dome
ƒ Plot MDT pressure data
• Input Data Required
o Core Plug Data
ƒ Convert analysis to reservoir pressures
• Data Preparation
o Edit
o Shift
o Environmental Corrections
o Normalization
• Calculation Methods
o Porosity - f
o Permeability - k
o Water Saturation - Sw
• Analysis, QC, and Data Conditioning
o Core porosity, permeability and Sw
• Facies model considerations
o Wireline predictability
o Facies relationship to reservoir quality
o Vertical and lateral detail
o Data Revisions
• Cut-offs
✍ Exercise 4 - Modify parameters in Archie’s Equation to estimate water saturation (Sw) and
chart the sensitivity to input data

4
Contact Analysis and Flow Unit Definition
• Contact Analysis
o Core Data – Oil Stain
o Open and cased hole logs
o RFT/MDT
o Production history – Test Data
✍ Exercise 5 – Teapot dome
ƒ Pick contact from wire-line cross-section
ƒ Determine compartments
ƒ Map influx
• Get the Regional Picture
o How does the big picture impact my model?
• Reservoir Layering
o Lithology or sequence based stratigraphy?
o How much detail?
o How should facies impact layering?
✍ Exercise 6 – Teapot dome
ƒ Develop layering scheme based on wire-line/MDT, core, etc.

Preparing Horizon and Fault Data

• Fault Picks in Seismic
o Procedures
o Methods
o Data enhancement
ƒ Coherency
ƒ Spectral Decomposition
ƒ Curvature
o QC
• Fault Picks in Geology
o Procedures
o Methods
o QC
• Linking seismic and geological faults
• Seismic Horizon Interpretation
o Methods and areal coverage
• AOI
• Mapping
o Grid cell size
• External data
o Dip meter

5
 o FMI (full-borehole micro imager)
o UBI (ultrasonic borehole imager)
o Core
o DSI (dipole sonic imager)
o SCAT (statistical curvature analysis technique)
o Satellite imagery
o Topographic data
o Paleontology/Biostratigraphy
✍ Exercises 7 and 8
✍ Locate Faults
ƒ Coordinate all data sets to yield a consistent fault
✍ Overpost seismic outline on field using Google Earth
ƒ Identify Surface Faulting

Preparing the Structural Framework

• Fault model overview
o Structural interpretation/style timing
o Reservoir discontinuities
o Grid layout and orientation
• Structural styles overview
• Fault framework principles
o Fit for purpose fault framework
ƒ Develop only one structural model
o Model contains all identifiable faults that offset the reservoir interval
ƒ Stratigraphic limitations treated as faults for simulation model
o Faults impacting reservoir intervals and fluid flow identified
o Contacts honored
ƒ Does the hydrocarbon column seal laterally through a combination of
dip/fault/stratigraphic pinchout edges ?
o Well fault cuts honored
o Gridding considerations
• Framework construction
o Working in time and depth domains
o Workflow
ƒ Import
ƒ Build fault planes and QC
ƒ Feedback loop to structural interpretation
ƒ Intersection and truncations
ƒ Edit tipout polygons
• Where things could go wrong
• Structural Uncertainty
• Import Data to modeling package
o Seismic (sticks, polygons, centerlines, planes)

6
 o Well picks
o QC
• Fault Treatment
o Vertical vs. Inclined (What are the objectives?)
o Special Consideration for Reverse Faulting
o Salt/shale diapirs
• Fault gridding approach
o Pillar Approach (Petrel/Old RMS)
o Fault Plane/Block Approach (New RMS/EarthVision)
o GOCAD/SKUA
o Fault Model QC
o Truncations/intersections/well ties/tip-out polygons/unconformities
✍ Exercise 9
o Determine the truncation order of intersecting faults

Building the Stratigraphic Framework & Geocellular Gridding

• Recap of course topics to date
• Recap of data for field model
• Building Layering into the Static Model
o Strategy for using mapped horizons and isochores
o Different scales of Layering
o Modeler’s controls over layering
o Feedback of horizon to seismic and geological cross-sections
o Exercise – using what is known about the reservoir
• Geocellular Gridding
o Elements and definitions of the geocellular grid
o Geologic vs. Simulation grid-building workflow & strategy
o Working within a cell budget
✍ Exercise 10 – estimating cell size, grid size
o Methods for handling faults in the geocellular grid
o Keeping scale in mind

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Facies Modeling
• Recap of facies data
• Goal(s) of facies modeling
• Facies Modeling Workflow
o Blocking
o Data analysis
o Define trends vertical and lateral
o Variograms
o Deterministic or simulation
• Facies Modeling Options
o Interpolation
o Deterministic
o Object based –
ƒ Geobody shape, dimension, and orientation
ƒ Capture vertical and lateral baffles/barriers
o Indicator
ƒ Capture baffles
o Belts or trends
o Combination
o Co-simulation, co-located co-simulation
✍ Exercise 11 – propose a facies model at Teapot Dome

Petrophysical Property Modeling

• Recap of course topics to date
• Introduction to property modeling
o Which properties are modeled?
o Why properties are modeled at geologic scale
o Why model each facies and interval separately?
✍ Exercise 12 – properties with and without a facies bias
• Property Modeling Workflow
o Blocking (upscaling) well logs to geocellular grid
o Data Analysis of blocked well properties
o Data preparation
o Analyzing trends
o Property correlation
o Transforming blocked well data
o Variograms
• Deterministic methods (description, uses)
o Interpolation
o Trend modeling

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 • Geostatistical Methods
o Kriging (prediction)
o Stochastic Simulation, co-simulation, co-located co-simulation
• Modeling Water Saturation
o Sw (prior to production), Swir (irreducible)
o Using functions (j-function, user-defined, hard wired)
• Scale and history behind geostatistical modeling

Selecting Realizations and Upscaling

• Recap of course topics to date
• Ranking realizations
o Deterministic vs. stochastic modeling
o Randomness in facies and property arrays
o Upscaling as necessary evil – CPU runtime constraint
• Selecting representative realizations
o Ranking is a fit-for-purpose operation
o What is held constant? - What is allowed to vary?
o Ranking criteria
o Volume (net rock volume, pore volume, HCPV, . . )
o Connectivity (connected PV, facies, . . .
o Dynamic (simple streamline breakthrough times)
✍ Exercise 13 – Excel spreadsheet picking the P50
• Upscaling Geomodel Properties for Simulation
o Upscaling Philosophy and Goals
o Value of the Downscaled Geocellular grid
o General upscaling workflow
ƒ Wireline Logs-to-Blocked Cells
ƒ Blocked Cells-to-Geocellular Grid
ƒ Geocellular Grid-to-Simulation Grid
o Methods for upscaling different properties
ƒ Discrete (facies)
ƒ Averaging methods (porosity, k, NTG, Sw)
ƒ Additional method for upscaling permeability (diagonal tensor)
ƒ Horizontal vs. layer-based averaging
o Upscaling Issues & Problems