Utp

1.
INTRODUCTION
Travel forecasting models are used to predict changes in travel patterns and the
utilization of the transportation system in response to changes in regional
development, demographics, and transportation supply. Modeling travel demand is
a challenging task, but one that is required for rational planning and evaluation of
transportation systems .
Transportation planning involves the decision-making process for potential
improvements to a community’s roadway infrastructure. To aid in the decision-
making process, several computerbased and manual tools have been developed.
Two of these key tools are :
a) Travel demand forecasting models for implementing the four-step urban

planning process .
b) Travel rate indices for providing congestion and delay information for a
community. The four-step urban planning process is comprised of the following:
Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode Split, and Traffic Assignment .
THE FOLLOWING SEQUENTIAL STAGES ARE RELEVANT TO
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING:
STAGE 1. TRIP GENERATION:

A trip is a one-way movement of a person by a mechanised mode of transport,
having an ‘origin’ (start of the trip) and a ‘destination’ (end of the trip). Trips may
be home-based or non- home-based; in the former, one end of the trip – either the
origin or the destination is at the home of the person while in the latter, neither end
of the trip is the home of the person making the trip. The trip ends are classified
as generations and attractions. In the case of home-based trips, the home end of
any trip is a ‘generation’; in the case of non-home-based trips, the origin of the trip
is a generation.
THE AREA THAT WE HAVE SELECTED FOR OUR SURVEY IS
“KOGILU CROSS” BENGALURU
The data that we have collected from road side interview survey is regarding their
age,destination and land use.The number of people that we have interviewed is 30.
The destinstion points of those people is represented in the figure below.
TOWARDS
HEBBAL
TOWARDS KOGILU TOWARDS

YELAHANKA
NAGAWARA CROSS NEW TOWN
TOWARDS
AIRPORT
ROAD
Trips are made for different purposes, and a classification by purpose is helpful.
The following are some of the important classes based on the purpose of a
trip:
i. Work
ii. Education
iii. Business
iv. Shopping
v. Health and medical
vi. Social, recreational, and sports
vii. Miscellaneous purposes.
THE AGE GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT WE HAVE SURVEYED IS

REPRESENTED IN THE GRAPH :
AGE GROUP
14
12
10
8
6
4 AGE GROUP
2
0
16 AND
18-30
BELOW 30-45
46-60
STAGE 2. TRIP DISTRIBUTION:
Trip distribution models are used to predict the spatial pattern of trips or other
flows between origins and destinations. Models similar to those applied for trip
distribution are often used to model commodity flows, retail trade, and store
patronage.
Two key principles in trip distribution
 Big produces/attracts more

 Nearby attracts more
 These principles remain, independent of the analogy or framework chosen
This step matches trip makers origin and destination to develop a trip table. this
explains number of trips going from each origin and destination.
ORIGIN DESTINATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
TOWARDS 1 1 2 2 2 1
NAGWARA(N)
TOWARDS 1 2 1 1 2 0
HEBBAL(H)
KOGILU TOWARDS 1 1 2 1 1 0
CROSS YELHANKA
NEW
TOWN(Y)
TOWARDS 1 2 1 1 1 1
AIR PORT(A)
SL TOWARDS TOWARDS HEBBAL TOWARDS TOWARDS
NO NAGAWARA (H) YELHANKA AIRPORT
(N) NEWTOWN ROAD
(Y) (A)
1 BELAHALLI JAKKUR YELAHANKA VENKTALA
CROSS RAILWAY
STATION
2 RK HEGDE SAHAKAR NAGAR NES BAGALUR
NAGAR CROSS
3 THANISANDRA BYATARAYANPURA MS PALYA SIR MVIT
(ELEMENTS CROSS
MALL)
4 MANYATA COLUMBIA ASIA VIDYARANYA CHIKKAJALA
TECH PARK HOSPITAL PURAM
5 NAGAWARA HEBBAL JALAHALLI DEVANAHALLI
CROSS
6 KR PURAM AIRPORT
Trip distribution is a model of the number of trips that occur between each origin
zone and each destination zone. It uses the predicted number of trips originating in
each origin zone (trip production model) and the predicted number of trips ending
in each destination zone (trip attraction model)
The number of trips generated with respect to zones is represented in the given
figure below
 ZONE 1(TOWARDS HEBBAL) :WORK

 ZONE 2(TOWARS NAGAWARA):SHOP
 ZONE 3(TOWARS YELAHANKA):HOME
 ZONE 4(TOWARDS AIRPORT):BUSINESS TRAVEL
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
STAGE 3.MODAL SPLIT:
A modal share is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of

transportation or number of trips using said type. In freight transportation, this may
be measured in mass. Modal share is an important component in developing
sustainable transport within a city or region.
The choice of transport mode is probably one of the most important classic models
in transport planning. This is because of the key role played by public transport in
policy making. Public transport modes make use of road space more efficiently
than private transport. Also they have more social benefits like if more people
begin to use public transport , there will be less congestion on the roads and the
accidents will be less. Again in public transport, we can travel with low cost. In
addition, the fuel is used more efficiently. Main characteristics of public transport
is that they will have some particular schedule, frequency etc.
Factors influencing the choice of mode
The factors may be listed under three groups:
 Characteristics of the trip maker : The following features are found to be

important:
 car availability and/or ownership;
 possession of a driving license;
 household structure (young couple, couple with children, retired people
etc.);
 income;
 decisions made elsewhere, for example the need to use a car at work, take
children to school, etc;
 residential density.
The doughnut representation of different modes of transportation used by people,

according to our survey is as given below:
Modal split
cab
13%
Bus
car 40%
20%
Bike
27%
STAGE 4.TRIP ASSIGNMENT:

Route assignment, route choice, or traffic assignment concerns the selection of
routes (alternative called paths) between origins and destinations in transportation
networks. It is the fourth step in the conventional transportation forecasting model,
following trip generation, trip distribution, and mode choice. The zonal interchange
analysis of trip distribution provides origin-destination trip tables. Mode choice
analysis tells which travelers will use which mode. To determine facility needs and
costs and benefits, we need to know the number of travelers on each route and link
of the network (a route is simply a chain of links between an origin and
destination). We need to undertake traffic (or trip) assignment. Suppose there is a
network of highways and transit systems and a proposed addition. We first want to
know the present pattern of traffic delay and then what would happen if the
addition were made.
Purpose of Trip Assignment:
 The route to be travelled is determined

 The inter-zonal flows are assigned to the selected routes
The applications of Trip Assignment are as follows:
 To determine the deficiencies in the existing transportation system by

assigning the future trips to the existing system
 To evaluate the effects of limited improvements and additions to the existing
transportation system by assigning estimated future trips to the improved
network.
 To develop construction priorities by assigning estimated future trips for
intermediate years to the transportation system proposed for those years
 To test alternative transportation system proposals by systematic and readily
repeatable procedures.
 To provide design hour traffic volumes on highway and turning movements
at junctions.
CONCLUSION
Trip generation gives an idea about the total number of trips generated to and
attracted from different zones in the study area. In trip distribution, growth factor
modeling and in trip generation, regression methods can be used to predict the
trips. Trip matrix can be used to represent the trip pattern of a study area. Growth
factor methods and gravity model are used for computing the trip matrix.
Transportation planning involves so many iterative techniques, and large road
networks, which is not possible to solve manually. But the computer programmers
are created readymade softwares available for solved the transportation planning
problems. Trip assignment is the last phase of four stage transportation planning.
Multipath route assignment technique seems to be the most realistic among all
those techniques.
The basic steps in Transportation Planning Models are:
 Assessment of the existing road network, traffic and travel characteristics of

the study area.
 Forecast travel demand up to the horizon year 2021 and identify transport
system requirements.
 Digitization of road network.
 Conducting sample surveys for trip rates, mode choice and O-D.
 Preparing trip generation models and O-D matrices.
 Traffic assignment on selected network and assessment of vehicle/capacity
ratio.

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1.

a) Travel demand forecasting models for implementing the four-step urban

STAGE 1. TRIP GENERATION:

“KOGILU CROSS” BENGALURU

The destinstion points of those people is represented in the figure below.

TOWARDS KOGILU TOWARDS

THE AGE GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT WE HAVE SURVEYED IS

Two key principles in trip distribution

 Big produces/attracts more

 ZONE 1(TOWARDS HEBBAL) :WORK

STAGE 3.MODAL SPLIT:

A modal share is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of

The factors may be listed under three groups:

 Characteristics of the trip maker : The following features are found to be

The doughnut representation of different modes of transportation used by people,

STAGE 4.TRIP ASSIGNMENT:

Purpose of Trip Assignment:

 The route to be travelled is determined

The applications of Trip Assignment are as follows:

 To determine the deficiencies in the existing transportation system by

The basic steps in Transportation Planning Models are:

 Assessment of the existing road network, traffic and travel characteristics of

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