Anubis

Anubis or Inpu, Anpu in Ancient Egyptian (/əˈnjuːbɪs/;[1] Ancient Greek:

Anubis
Ἄνουβις, Egyptian: inpw, Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ Anoup) is the Greek name of the god
of death, mummification, embalming, the afterlife, cemeteries, tombs, and the God of death, mummification,
Underworld, in ancient Egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man embalming, the afterlife,
with a canine head. Archeologists have identified Anubis's sacred animal as an cemeteries, tombs, the
Egyptian canid, the African golden wolf.[2][3][4][note 1] Underworld

Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumed different roles in various
contexts. Depicted as a protector of graves as early as the First Dynasty (c. 3100
– c. 2890 BC), Anubis was also an embalmer. By the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055
– 1650 BC) he was replaced by Osiris in his role as lord of the underworld. One
of his prominent roles was as a god who ushered souls into the afterlife. He
attended the weighing scale during the "Weighing of the Heart," in which it was
determined whether a soul would be allowed to enter the realm of the dead.[5]
Despite being one of the most ancient and "one of the most frequently depicted
and mentioned gods" in the Egyptian pantheon, Anubis played almost no role in
Egyptian myths.[6]

Anubis was depicted in black, a color that symbolized regeneration, life, the soil
of the Nile River, and the discoloration of the corpse after embalming. Anubis is
associated with his brother Wepwawet, another Egyptian god portrayed with a
dog's head or in canine form, but with grey or white fur. Historians assume that
the two figures were eventually combined.[7] Anubis' female counterpart is
Anput. His daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet.

Contents
Name
History The Egyptian god Anubis (a modern
Roles rendition inspired by New Kingdom
Protector of tombs tomb paintings)
Embalmer
Name in
Guide of Souls
Weighing of the heart hieroglyphs

Portrayal in art Major cult Lycopolis, Cynopolis

Gallery
center

Worship Symbol mummy gauze, fetish,

In popular culture jackal, flail

See also Personal information

References Consort Anput
Bibliography Offspring Kebechet
 Further reading Parents Nepthys and Set,
External links Osiris (Middle and New
kingdom), or Ra (Old
kingdom).
Name
Siblings Wepwawet
"Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's Egyptian name.[8][9] Greek Hades or Hermes
Before the Greeks arrived in Egypt, around the 7th century BC,
equivalent
the god was known as Anpu or Inpu. The root of the name in
ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child." Inpu has a root
to "inp," which means "to decay." The god was also known as "First of the Westerners," "Lord of the
Sacred Land," "He Who is Upon his Sacred Mountain," "Ruler of the Nine Bows," "The Dog who
Swallows Millions," "Master of Secrets," "He Who is in the Place of Embalming," and "Foremost of the
Divine Booth." [10] The positions that he had were also reflected in the titles he held such as "He Who Is
upon His Mountain," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "Foremost of the Westerners," and "He Who Is in the
Place of Embalming."[11] In the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 BC – c. 2181 BC), the standard way of writing
his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs inpw followed by a jackal[12] over a ḥtp
sign:[13]

A new form with the "jackal" on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common
thereafter:[13]

Anubis' name jnpw was possibly pronounced [a.ˈna.pʰ a(w)], based on Coptic Anoup and the Akkadian transcription
𒀀𒈾𒉺<a-na-pa> in the name <ri-a-na-pa> "Reanapa" that appears in Amarna letter EA 315.[14][15] However, this
transcription may also be interpreted as rˁ-nfr, a name similar to that of Prince Ranefer of the Fourth Dynasty.

History
In Egypt's Early Dynastic period (c. 3100 – c. 2686 BC), Anubis was portrayed
in full animal form, with a "jackal" head and body.[16] A "jackal" god, probably
Anubis, is depicted in stone inscriptions from the reigns of Hor-Aha, Djer, and
other pharaohs of the First Dynasty.[17] Since Predynastic Egypt, when the dead
were buried in shallow graves, "jackals" had been strongly associated with
cemeteries because they were scavengers which uncovered human bodies and
ate their flesh.[18] In the spirit of "fighting like with like," a "jackal" was chosen
to protect the dead, because "a common problem (and cause of concern) must
have been the digging up of bodies, shortly after burial, by jackals and other wild
Anubis attending the mummy of the
dogs which lived on the margins of the cultivation."[19]
deceased.

The oldest known textual mention of Anubis is in the Pyramid Texts of the Old
Kingdom (c. 2686 – c. 2181 BC), where he is associated with the burial of the
pharaoh.[20]

In the Old Kingdom, Anubis was the most important god of the dead. He was replaced in that role by Osiris during the Middle
Kingdom (2000–1700 BC).[21] In the Roman era, which started in 30 BC, tomb paintings depict him holding the hand of
deceased persons to guide them to Osiris.[22]
The parentage of Anubis varied between myths, times and sources. In early mythology, he was portrayed as a son of Ra.[23] In the
Coffin Texts, which were written in the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC), Anubis is the son of either the cow goddess
Hesat or the cat-headed Bastet.[24] Another tradition depicted him as the son of Ra and Nephthys.[23] The Greek Plutarch (c. 40–
120 AD) stated that Anubis was the illegitimate son of Nephthys and Osiris, but that he was adopted by Osiris's wife Isis:[25]

For when Isis found out that Osiris loved her sister and had relations
with her in mistaking her sister for herself, and when she saw a proof
of it in the form of a garland of clover that he had left to Nephthys -
she was looking for a baby, because Nephthys abandoned it at once
after it had been born for fear of Seth; and when Isis found the baby
helped by the dogs which with great difficulties lead her there, she
raised him and he became her guard and ally by the name of Anubis.

George Hart sees this story as an "attempt to incorporate the independent deity
Anubis into the Osirian pantheon."[24] An Egyptian papyrus from the Roman period
(30–380 AD) simply called Anubis the "son of Isis."[24]

In the Ptolemaic period (350–30 BC), when Egypt became a Hellenistic kingdom
ruled by Greek pharaohs, Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes, becoming
Hermanubis.[26][27] The two gods were considered similar because they both guided
Statue of Hermanubis, a hybrid of
souls to the afterlife.[28] The center of this cult was in uten-ha/Sa-ka/ Cynopolis, a
Anubis and the Greek god
Hermes (Vatican Museums) place whose Greek name means "city of dogs." In Book XI of The Golden Ass by
Apuleius, there is evidence that the worship of this god was continued in Rome
through at least the 2nd century. Indeed, Hermanubis also appears in the alchemical
and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egyptian animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (Anubis was
mockingly called "Barker" by the Greeks), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in the heavens and Cerberus and Hades
in the underworld.[29] In his dialogues, Plato often has Socrates utter oaths "by the dog" (kai me ton kuna), "by the dog of Egypt",
and "by the dog, the god of the Egyptians", both for emphasis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the underworld.[30]

Roles

Protector of tombs
In contrast to real wolves, Anubis was a protector of graves and cemeteries.
Several epithets attached to his name in Egyptian texts and inscriptions referred
to that role. Khenty-imentiu, which means "foremost of the westerners" and was
also the name of a different canine funerary god, alluded to his protecting
function because the dead were usually buried on the west bank of the Nile.[31]
He took other names in connection with his funerary role, such as tpy-ḏw.f "He
who is upon his mountain" (i.e. keeping guard over tombs from above) and nb-
t3-ḏsr "Lord of the sacred land", which designates him as a god of the desert
Opening of the mouth ceremony
necropolis.[32][33]
The Jumilhac papyrus recounts another tale where Anubis protected the body of Osiris from Set. Set attempted to attack the body
of Osiris by transforming himself into a leopard. Anubis stopped and subdued Set, however, and he branded Set's skin with a hot
iron rod. Anubis then flayed Set and wore his skin as a warning against evil-doers who would desecrate the tombs of the dead.[34]
Priests who attended to the dead wore leopard skin in order to commemorate Anubis' victory over Set. The legend of Anubis
branding the hide of Set in leopard form was used to explain how the leopard got its spots.[35]

Most ancient tombs had prayers to Anubis carved on them.[36]

Embalmer
As jmy-wt "He who is in the place of embalming", Anubis was associated with mummification. He was also called ḫnty zḥ-nṯr
"He who presides over the god's booth", in which "booth" could refer either to the place where embalming was carried out or the
pharaoh's burial chamber.[32][33]

In the Osiris myth, Anubis helped Isis to embalm Osiris.[21] Indeed, when the Osiris myth emerged, it was said that after Osiris
had been killed by Set, Osiris's organs were given to Anubis as a gift. With this connection, Anubis became the patron god of
embalmers; during the rites of mummification, illustrations from the Book of the Dead often show a wolf-mask-wearing priest
supporting the upright mummy.

Guide of Souls
By the late pharaonic era (664–332 BC), Anubis was often depicted as guiding individuals across the threshold from the world of
the living to the afterlife.[37] Though a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow-headed Hathor, Anubis was more
commonly chosen to fulfill that function.[38] Greek writers from the Roman period of Egyptian history designated that role as that
of "psychopomp", a Greek term meaning "guide of souls" that they used to refer to their own god Hermes, who also played that
role in Greek religion.[28] Funerary art from that period represents Anubis guiding either men or women dressed in Greek clothes
into the presence of Osiris, who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of the underworld.[39]

Weighing of the heart

One of the roles of Anubis was as the "Guardian of the Scales."[40] The critical
scene depicting the weighing of the heart, in the Book of the Dead, shows
Anubis performing a measurement that determined whether the person was
worthy of entering the realm of the dead (the underworld, known as Duat). By
weighing the heart of a deceased person against Ma'at (or "truth"), who was
often represented as an ostrich feather, Anubis dictated the fate of souls. Souls
heavier than a feather would be devoured by Ammit, and souls lighter than a
feather would ascend to a heavenly existence.[41][42]

The "weighing of the heart," from the

Portrayal in art book of the dead of Hunefer. Anubis
is portrayed as both guiding the
Anubis was one of the most frequently represented deities in ancient Egyptian deceased forward and manipulating
art.[6] He is depicted on royal tombs from the First Dynasty; however, he had an the scales, under the scrutiny of the
already developed cult following prior to his since it is believed he was added to ibis-headed Thoth.
the walls for protection of the dead.[10] The god is typically treating a king's
corpse, providing sovereign to mummification rituals and funerals, or standing
with fellow gods at the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the Hall of Two
Truths.[11] One of his most popular representations is of him, with the body of a
man and the head of a jackal with pointed ears, standing or kneeling, holding a
gold scale while a heart of the soul is being weighed against Ma'at's white truth
feather.[10]

In the early dynastic period, he was depicted in animal form, as a black

canine.[43] Anubis's distinctive black color did not represent the animal, rather it
had several symbolic meanings.[44] It represented "the discolouration of the
corpse after its treatment with natron and the smearing of the wrappings with a A crouching or "recumbent" statue of
resinous substance during mummification."[44] Being the color of the fertile silt Anubis as a black-coated wolf (from
the Tomb of Tutankhamun)
of the River Nile, to Egyptians, black also symbolized fertility and the possibility
of rebirth in the afterlife.[45] In the Middle Kingdom, Anubis was often
portrayed as a man with the head of a jackal.[46] An extremely rare depiction of him in fully human form was found in the tomb
of Ramesses II in Abydos.[44][9]

Anubis is often depicted wearing a ribbon and holding a nḫ3ḫ3 "flail" in the crook of his arm.[46] Another of Anubis's attributes
was the jmy-wt or imiut fetish, named for his role in embalming.[47]

In funerary contexts, Anubis is shown either attending to a deceased person's mummy or sitting atop a tomb protecting it. New
Kingdom tomb-seals also depict Anubis sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination over the enemies of Egypt.[20]

Gallery
 Anubis mask Statuette of Anubis, 332–30 BC,
(Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum plastered and painted wood, 42.3 cm,
Hildesheim) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York
City)

A worshipper kneeling before Anubis Coffin Fragment with Image of

(Walters Art Museum) Anubis,1550–712 BC, Brooklyn
Museum

Worship
Although he does not appear in many myths, he was extremely popular with Egyptians and those of other cultures.[10] The
Greeks linked him to their god Hermes, the god who guided the dead to the afterlife. The pairing was later known as Hermanubis.
Anubis was heavily worshipped because, despite modern beliefs, he gave the people hope. People marveled in the guarantee that
their body would be respected at death, their soul would be protected and justly judged.[10]

Anubis had male priests who sported wood masks with the god's likeness when performing rituals.[10][11] His cult center was at
Cynopolis in Upper Egypt but memorials were built everywhere and he was universally revered in every part of the land.[10]

In popular culture
In popular and media culture, Anubis is often falsely portrayed as the sinister god of the dead. He gained popularity during the
20th and 21st centuries through books, video games, and movies where artists would give him evil powers and a dangerous army.
Despite his nefarious reputation, his image is still the most recognizable of the Egyptian gods and replicas of his statues and
paintings remain popular.
See also
Anubias
Anubis Shrine
African golden wolf
Egyptian mythology in popular culture
Animal mummy#Miscellaneous animals

References
1. The African Golden Wolf was formerly classified as the same species as the Golden Jackal, but was reclassified
as its own species.

1. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 56

2. "African golden jackals are actually golden wolves" (http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/07/african-golden-j
ackals-are-actually-golden-wolves). Retrieved 9 August 2015.
3. "Golden jackal: A new wolf species hiding in plain sight" (https://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2015/j
ul/30/golden-jackal-a-new-wolf-species-hiding-in-plain-sight). Retrieved 9 August 2015.
4. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah;
Schweizer, Rena M; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A; Dobrynin, Pavel;
Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer
A; Helgen, Kristofer M; Johnson, Warren E; o'Brien, Stephen J; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K
(2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian golden jackals are distinct species" (http://ww
w.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(15)00787-3.pdf) (PDF). Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.060). PMID 26234211 (https://www.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26234211). Retrieved 9 August 2015.
5. "Papyrus from the Book of the Dead of Ani" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_image.as
px?image=ps343850.jpg&retpage=15522). Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
6. Johnston 2004, p. 579.
7. Gryglewski 2002, p. 145.
8. Coulter & Turner 2000, p. 58.
9. "Gods and Religion in Ancient Egypt – Anubis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20021227200957/http://www.ancient
-egypt.org/religion/gods/anubis.html). Archived from the original (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/religion/gods/anubi
s.html) on 27 December 2002. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
10. "Anubis" (https://www.ancient.eu/Anubis/). Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
11. "Anubis" (https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Anubis/7931). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2018.
Retrieved 3 December 2018.
12. The canine referred to as the Egyptian jackal in older texts was recently biologically reclassified as a separate
canid species more closely related to grey wolves and coyotes than golden jackals. Furthermore ancient Greek
texts about Anubis constantly refer to the deity as having a dog's head, not jackal or wolf, and there is still
uncertainty as to what canid represents Anubis. Therefore the Name and History section uses the names the
original sources used but in quotation marks.
13. Leprohon 1990, p. 164, citing Fischer 1968, p. 84 and Lapp 1986, pp. 8–9.
14. Conder 1894, p. 85 (https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIB5P77q8UC&pg=PA85).
15. "CDLI-Archival View" (http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270941). cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved
20 September 2017.
16. Wilkinson 1999, p. 262.
17. Wilkinson 1999, pp. 280–81.
18. Wilkinson 1999, p. 262 (burials in shallow graves in Predynastic Egypt); Freeman 1997, p. 91 (rest of the
information).
19. Wilkinson 1999, p. 262 ("fighting like with like" and "by jackals and other wild dogs").
20. Wilkinson 2003, pp. 188–90.
21. Freeman 1997, p. 91.
22. Riggs 2005, pp. 166–67.
23. Hart 1986, p. 25.
24. Hart 1986, p. 26.
25. Gryglewski 2002, p. 146.
26. Peacock 2000, pp. 437–38 (Hellenistic kingdom).
27. "Hermanubis | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon" (http://www.babylon.com/definition/Hermanubis/Eng
lish). Babylon.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
28. Riggs 2005, p. 166.
29. Hoerber 1963, p. 269 (for Cerberus and Hades).
30. E.g., Gorgias, 482b (Blackwood, Crossett & Long 1962, p. 318), or The Republic, 399e, 567e, 592a (Hoerber
1963, p. 268).
31. Hart 1986, p. 23.
32. Hart 1986, pp. 23–24; Wilkinson 2003, pp. 188–90.
33. Vischak, Deborah (27 October 2014). Community and Identity in Ancient Egypt: The Old Kingdom Cemetery at
Qubbet el-Hawa (https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqZBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA262&dq=tpy%20Dw%20f&pg=PA
262#v=onepage&q=tpy%20Dw%20f&f=false). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107027602.
34. Armour 2001.
35. Zandee 1960, p. 255.
36. "The Gods of Ancient Egypt – Anubis" (http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/anubis.htm). touregypt.net.
Retrieved 29 June 2014.
37. Kinsley 1989, p. 178; Riggs 2005, p. 166 ("The motif of Anubis, or less frequently Hathor, leading the deceased
to the afterlife was well-established in Egyptian art and thought by the end of the pharaonic era.").
38. Riggs 2005, pp. 127 and 166.
39. Riggs 2005, pp. 127–28 and 166–67.
40. Faulkner, Andrews & Wasserman 2008, p. 155 (https://books.google.com/books?id=La9K8fp-BcMC&pg=PA155&
dq=anubis+scales#v=onepage&q=anubis%20scales&f=false).
41. "Museum Explorer / Death in Ancient Egypt – Weighing the heart" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/young
_explorers/discover/museum_explorer/ancient_egypt/death/weighing_the_heart.aspx). British Museum.
Retrieved 23 June 2014.
42. "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Anubis" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/p/book_
of_the_dead_of_ani.aspx). Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
43. Wilkinson 1999, p. 263.
44. Hart 1986, p. 22.
45. Hart 1986, p. 22; Freeman 1997, p. 91.
46. "Ancient Egypt: the Mythology – Anubis" (http://www.egyptianmyths.net/anubis.htm). Egyptianmyths.net.
Retrieved 15 June 2012.
47. Wilkinson 1999, p. 281.

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Further reading
Duquesne, Terence (2005). The Jackal Divinities of Egypt I. Darengo Publications. ISBN 978-1-871266-24-5.
El-Sadeek, Wafaa; Abdel Razek, Sabah (2007). Anubis, Upwawet, and Other Deities: Personal Worship and
Official Religion in Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774372315.
Grenier, J.-C. (1977). Anubis alexandrin et romain (in French). E. J. Brill. ISBN 9789004049178.

External links
Media related to Anubis at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Anubis at Wiktionary

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