Solar Tracker Front

DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER
A Project Report Submitted

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electrical Engineering
by
Vageesh Gupta (2015031094)
Vaibhav Dwivedi (2015031095)
Utkarsh Jha (2015031093)
Vinay Kumar (2015031098)
Under the guidance of,

Dr. S.K. Srivastava
(Professor, EED)
Department of Electrical Engineering,

MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
Gorakhpur, (U.P.) - INDIA
©M.M.M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, (U.P.) -273010, INDIA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology
Gorakhpur (U.P.), India
2018-2019
CERTIFICATE
Certified that Vageesh Gupta, Vaibhav Dwivedi, Utkarsh Jha and Vinay Kumar carried out the
project work presented in this project entitled “Dual Axis Solar Tracker” for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from Madan Mohan Malaviya University of
Technology, Gorakhpur under my supervision. The project embodies result of original work
and studies carried out by students themselves and the contents of the project do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidates or to anybody else.
Date: 04/05/2019 Dr. S.K. Srivastava

Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
M.M.M.U.T., Gorakhpur
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my work and ideas in my own words
and where other’s ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced
the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus
not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.
Name of Student Roll. No. Name of Department Signature
Vageesh Gupta 2015031094 EED
Vaibhav Dwivedi 2015031095 EED
Utkarsh Jha 2015031093 EED
Vinay Kumar 2015031098 EED
Date:
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report entitled (Dual Axis Solar Tracker) by (that Vageesh Gupta,
Vaibhav Dwivedi, Utkarsh Jha and Vinay Kumar) is approved for the Bachelor degree in
Electrical Engineering.
Examiner
Supervisor
Dr. S.K. Srivastava
Head of Department
Dr. A.K. Pandey
Date: 04/05/2018
Place: MMMUT, Gorakhpur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank our advisor, Dr. S.K. Srivastava, Electrical Engineering
Department of the Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Department of
Electrical Engineering, for his input throughout this work. Being a project mentor he always
encouraged us in producing the best outcome possible. His quest for new problem and new
solution formed a very challenging and rewarding environment.
We are deeply indebted to Dr. A.K. Pandey, Head of Department, Electrical
Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, and other
faculty members for providing necessary facilities that helped us continuously to reach the
goal.
We would also like thank our colleagues of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of
Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering for their valuable suggestions, helpful
discussions and continuous feedback.
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1 Sun path at latitude of 31°

Fig. 1.2 Curve for the relationship between the solar radiation and the solar angle of incidence
Fig. 1.3 The average solar radiations receiver by different regions in India.
Fig. 2.1: The Declination Angles
Fig. 2.2 Solar altitudes and azimuths typical behavior of sun path
Fig. 2.3 One beam one mile wide shines on ground at a 90° and 30°
Fig. 2.4: Photovoltaic panel or array
Fig. 3.1: Passive tracking system
Fig. 3.2 Dual axis solar tracker
Fig. 4.1 Setup of a squared solar panel
Fig. 4.2: Inner Workings of a DC Motor
Fig. 4.3 Typical behavior for the sun path in December and June
Fig. 4.4 Block Diagram of overall system
Fig. 4.5 Circuit diagram of overall system

Fig. 4.6 Ldr arrangement
Fig. 4.7 Ldr Circuit
Fig. 4.8 Atmega168
Fig. 4.9 Atmega168 pin mapping
Fig. 4.10 Arduino servino board
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of
expanding renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering
fields understand the technologies associated with this area. Our project will include
the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system.
Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to
remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A
working system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and
possible improvements will also be presented.
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Certificate by Guide(s) (iii)
Candidate Declaration (iv)
Approval Sheet (v)
Acknowledgement (vi)
List of Figures (vii)
Abstract (viii)
Table of Contents (ix)
Abbreviations (x)
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Overview
1.2. Solar power in India
1.3. Literature review
1.4. Aim of the project
CHAPTER 2. SOLAR RADIATION AND PHOTOVOLTAICS
2.1. Concepts of solar radiation

2.2. Insolation
2.3. Projection effect
2.4. Working of photovoltaics
CHAPTER 3. SOLAR TRACKER
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Need for solar tracker
3.3. Types of solar trackers
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SOLAR TRACKER

4.1. Tracker Design
4.2. DC motor and motor driver theory
4.3. System design
4.4. Sensors
4.5. Microcontroller
4.6. Arduino serverino board
CHAPTER 5. PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

5.1 Program code
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Conclusion
REFERNCES
ABBREVIATIONS
PV Photovoltaic
DOF Degrees of Freedom
PV panels Photovoltaic panels
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
SCM Single-chip microcomputer
DC Direct current
HSAT Horizontal single axis trackers
VSAT Vertical single axis trackers
AADAT Azimuth-Altitude dual axis trackers
τA Altitude angle torque
τB Azimuth angle torque
Θz Altitude angle
θA Azimuth angle
MoU Memorandum of understanding

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DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER

A Project Report Submitted

Under the guidance of,

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Gorakhpur (U.P.), India

Date: 04/05/2019 Dr. S.K. Srivastava

Name of Student Roll. No. Name of Department Signature

Vageesh Gupta 2015031094 EED

Vaibhav Dwivedi 2015031095 EED

Utkarsh Jha 2015031093 EED

Vinay Kumar 2015031098 EED

Place: MMMUT, Gorakhpur

Fig. 1.1 Sun path at latitude of 31°

Fig. 4.2: Inner Workings of a DC Motor

Fig. 4.4 Block Diagram of overall system

Fig. 4.5 Circuit diagram of overall system

Certificate by Guide(s) (iii)

Candidate Declaration (iv)

Approval Sheet (v)

List of Figures (vii)

Table of Contents (ix)

CHAPTER 2. SOLAR RADIATION AND PHOTOVOLTAICS

2.1. Concepts of solar radiation

CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SOLAR TRACKER

CHAPTER 5. PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

DOF Degrees of Freedom

PV panels Photovoltaic panels

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking

SCM Single-chip microcomputer

HSAT Horizontal single axis trackers

VSAT Vertical single axis trackers

AADAT Azimuth-Altitude dual axis trackers

τA Altitude angle torque

τB Azimuth angle torque

MoU Memorandum of understanding

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