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Miniaturised X-Band Bandpass Filter For Satellite Application
Miniaturised X-Band Bandpass Filter For Satellite Application
for microwave technology. This led to advances matching of the filter. Most of the planar
in the design of narrowband and wide-band bandpass filters built on microstrip structures are
filters. Following this, we will examine satellite large in size and their first spurious resonance
communications, which began in the 1960s. frequencies at 2f0 and 3f0 is the center
II. MILITARY APPLICATIONS frequency, which may be closed to the desired
World War II and the invention of radar led to frequencies.
significant developments in filters at various Therefore SIR, is presented not only to reduce
laboratories in the U.S. the size but also to control the spurious mode
One of the critical parts of any military system frequencies.
is the electronic countermeasures (ESM) system The Stepped Impedance Resonators (SIRs)
and its associated ESM system. The ESM system have been found advantageous in designing
detects and classifies incoming radar signals by microstrip bandpass filters with good passband
amplitude, frequency, pulse width, etc., and the and stop band performance. One of the key
ESM system can then undertake appropriate features of an SIR is that its resonant frequencies
countermeasures, such as JAMMING. One can be tuned by adjusting its structural
methods of classifying signals by frequency is to parameters, such as the high Z and low Z
split the complete microwave band of interest segments.
into smaller sub-bands. Typical In this design, two resonators are used as input
specifications of X-band frequency range is of and output resonators with the central stub
2–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–18 GHz. This paper is having three small via. The base substrate is FR4
presented with filter structure that suits for the with dielectric constant, r =4.6 and thickness of
frequency between 8-9 GHz. This is used about 1.6mm and the loss tangent of about 0.2.
heavily for space research, deep space A. Design of stub part of the filter
operations, environmental and military The input impedance of an open-circuited line
communication satellites. is given as:
III. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Zin=-jZo.cotβl
where l is the length of the stub, p = 2rr/A, Zin is
Satellite communications began with the
the input
Intelsat I–III series of satellites, which
impedance, and Zo is the characteristic
established the viability of voice
impedance. If the
communications in the late 1960s. In 1971, the
transmission line is a quarter-wavelength, this
Intelsat IV series was launched. RISAT -2 or
impedance will be zero, or it is equivalent to a
radar imaging satellite 2 is an Indian radar
short circuit.
reconnaissance satellite that is part of India’s
The input impedance of a short-circuited line is
RISAT programme.
given as:
RISAT -2 ‘s main sensor is an X-band
Zin=-jZo.tanβl
synthetic aperture radar from Israel Aerospace
The design of the filter is shown in Fig 1. With
Industries(IAI).Three NASA ground stations in
the dimensions are presented in Table 1 as
the Deep space Network, Goldstone(California),
follows
Tidbinbilla(Canberra) provide Data and
Tracking services at X-Band with uplink
Frequency of 7145-7190 MHz and downlink
frequency of 8400-8450MHz.
IV. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The filter structure of BPF is given in Fig.1
resembling a pair of stepped impedance
resonator which appears as the symbol Addition
with a stub connecting each filter is designed.
The idea of using this filter structure is to
provide increased transmitted power with a
better insertion loss and return loss. The size,
shape of the filter will influence the perfect Fig.1 Top view of the structure with the
impedances