RRL Reinforcement

The particle-reinforced material has good properties such as high strength, small specific gravity, good
wear resistance and corrosion resistance, but it is difficult to machine and shape.
(Optimization of the WEDM process of particle-reinforced material with multiple performance
characteristics using grey relational analysis, Ko-Ta Chiang, Fu-Ping Chang, 9 May 2006)
These were constant amplitude tests under fluctuating tensile loading (stress ratio, R > 0) on unnotched
specimens. These test conditions produced curves in which the fatigue limit of the ply S-N lay only a little
below the static tensile strength of the material. This result was interpreted, by analogy to fatigue
behaviour in metals, as indicating that members made from fibre-reinforced materials were not prone to
fatigue failure. However, further experiments using different values of R and different specimen shapes
have shown this interpretation to be incorrect and that fibre-reinforced materials do indeed suffer fatigue.
In contrast to metals, no plastic deformation occurs with fibre composites, however, the stress/strain
behaviour of different fibre composites varies widely.
(Fatigue strength of a fibre-reinforced Material, D. SCHOTZ and J.J. GERHARZ, October 1977)
Recent developments of composite fibrous material containing strong uniaxial fibres in a low modulus
resin have produced a class of materials which may have a tensile strength comparable with the best of
the high quality steels, whilst the density is only one-fifth of the latter. These and other properties have
become well known and several works have appeared to describe them deal with the static properties of
fibre reinforced material.
(The vibration of beams of fibre reinforced material, L.S.TeohC.-C.Huang, 22 April 1977)

Cushion products of the single sheet kind may be materially improved as to ability to accept moderate
and heavy loadings while still utilizing relatively light weight thermoplastic films as the sheet material if the
sheet is (a) provided with a reinforcement to maintain low distortion under loading, and (b) the
reinforcement serves to also provide a non-hermetic air cushion product.
(Plastic cushioning reinforced material, E Evans, 24 Sept. 1974)
From the engineering point of view the most important type of composites at the present time are Fiber
Reinforced Materials (from now on abbreviated FRM). The idea behind this kind of material is simple and
the results are startling. The very high strength of various kinds of fibers of minute cross sections is
exploited by embedding them in a relatively soft matrix. It thus becomes possible to manufacture
materials whose strength and stiffness is comparable to that of the strongest metals and whose specific
weight is as low as one third of that of steel.
The most basic FRM is uniaxially reinforced (or may be so idealized) the fibers are all in one and the
same direction. This report is primarily concerned with such materials. Engineering applications frequently
make it necessary to lay the fibers in two or more different directions, thus producing biaxially or
multiaxially reinforced materials. Such materials mostly consist of laminated layers of uniaxially reinforced
material and are thus called laminates.
One of the principal advantages of uniaxial FRM as engineering materials is their potential to exploit the
very high strength of fibers, such as glass, boron and carbon fibers, to produce materials of very high
axial strength. Moreover, the fibers and matrix have low specific weights and thus the specific weight of
the FRIk4 is also low, as low as one third of the specific weight of steel.
(Theory of fiber reinforced materials, Hashin, Z., March 01, 1972)

Effects of Incorporating Reinforcements in Different Materials
The addition of reinforcements in materials naturally improves its mechanical properties. Several studies
about reinforced materials are listed as follows:
1. This study takes Al2O3 particle-reinforced material (6061 alloy) as working piece and investigates
two performance characteristics of the processing speed and processing surface quality with the
grey relational analysis for determining the optimal parameters in the WEDM process. The particle-
reinforced material has good properties such as high strength, small specific gravity, good wear
resistance and corrosion resistance, but it is difficult to machine and shape. (Ko-Ta Chiang, Fu-
Ping Chang, 9 May 2006)
2. Initial data concerning the fatigue behaviour of modern composites were obtained by tests which,
for obvious reasons, had to be easy to carry out. These were constant amplitude tests under
fluctuating tensile loading (stress ratio, R > 0) on unnotched specimens. These test conditions
produced curves in which the fatigue limit of the ply S-N lay only a little below the static tensile
strength of the material. This result was interpreted, by analogy to fatigue behaviour in metals, as
indicating that members made from fibre-reinforced materials were not prone to fatigue failure.
However, further experiments using different values of R and different specimen shapes have
shown this interpretation to be incorrect and that fibre-reinforced materials do indeed suffer fatigue.
In contrast to metals, no plastic deformation occurs with fibre composites, however, the
stress/strain behaviour of different fibre composites varies widely. (D. SCHOTZ and J.J.
GERHARZ, October 1977)
3. Recent developments of composite fibrous material containing strong uniaxial fibres in a low
modulus resin have produced a class of materials which may have a tensile strength comparable
with the best of the high quality steels, whilst the density is only one-fifth of the latter. These and
other properties have become well known and several works have appeared to describe them deal
with the static properties of fibre reinforced material. (L.S.TeohC.-C.Huang, 22 April 1977)
4. Cushion products of the single sheet kind may be materially improved as to ability to accept
moderate and heavy loadings while still utilizing relatively light weight thermoplastic films as the
sheet material if the sheet is (a) provided with a reinforcement to maintain low distortion under
loading, and (b) the reinforcement serves to also provide a non-hermetic air cushion product. (E
Evans, 24 Sept. 1974)
5. From the engineering point of view the most important type of composites at the present time are
Fiber Reinforced Materials (from now on abbreviated FRM). The idea behind this kind of material
is simple and the results are startling. The very high strength of various kinds of fibers of minute
cross sections is exploited by embedding them in a relatively soft matrix. It thus becomes possible
to manufacture materials whose strength and stiffness is comparable to that of the strongest metals
and whose specific weight is as low as one third of that of steel.
The most basic FRM is uniaxially reinforced (or may be so idealized) the fibers are all in one and
the same direction. This report is primarily concerned with such materials. Engineering applications
frequently make it necessary to lay the fibers in two or more different directions, thus producing
biaxially or multiaxially reinforced materials. Such materials mostly consist of laminated layers of
uniaxially reinforced material and are thus called laminates.
One of the principal advantages of uniaxial FRM as engineering materials is their potential to exploit
the very high strength of fibers, such as glass, boron and carbon fibers, to produce materials of
very high axial strength. Moreover, the fibers and matrix have low specific weights and thus the
specific weight of the FRIk4 is also low, as low as one third of the specific weight of steel. (Hashin,
Z., March 01, 1972)

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The particle-reinforced material has good properties such as high strength, small specific gravity, good

(Optimization of the WEDM process of particle-reinforced material with multiple performance

behaviour of different fibre composites varies widely.

fibre reinforced material.

(The vibration of beams of fibre reinforced material, L.S.TeohC.-C.Huang, 22 April 1977)

reinforcement serves to also provide a non-hermetic air cushion product.

(Plastic cushioning reinforced material, E Evans, 24 Sept. 1974)

weight is as low as one third of that of steel.

material and are thus called laminates.

(Theory of fiber reinforced materials, Hashin, Z., March 01, 1972)

about reinforced materials are listed as follows:

Ping Chang, 9 May 2006)

GERHARZ, October 1977)

Evans, 24 Sept. 1974)

and whose specific weight is as low as one third of that of steel.

uniaxially reinforced material and are thus called laminates.

Z., March 01, 1972)

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