Urysohn's Lemma: 22M:132 Fall 07 J. Simon
Urysohn's Lemma: 22M:132 Fall 07 J. Simon
Urysohn's Lemma: 22M:132 Fall 07 J. Simon
Fall 07
J. Simon
Urysohn’s Lemma
(Relates to text Sec. 32-36)
Proof of Urysohn’s Lemma. The text gives a detailed proof. So this discussion
offers a different approach to some parts, and includes more comments and
motivation for what we do. But the actual proof is close to the text’s.
Somehow, we have to associate to each point x ∈ X a number, f (x). Furthermore,
our function f has to be continuous [otherwise the proof would be trivial and the
theorem would have no meaningful content], send set A to 0, and B to 1. All we
know about X is the hypothesis that X is normal. Here is the plan: We are going
to define a certain [large] collection of open sets in X; then we will decide for each
x ∈ X what f (x) should be by looking at which of these open sets do, or do not,
contain x.
Let D be the set of dyadic rationals in [0, 1], that is D = {0, 1, 12 , 14 , 43 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 78 , . . . }.
We will construct a sequence of open sets Uq in X, indexed by q ∈ D.
First, let U1 = X. Now we get to the real work:
Since X is normal, there exist disjoint open neighborhoods U(A) and V (B). Note
that the existence of V disjoint from U tells us that Ū ∩ B = ∅, i.e. Ū ⊆ (X − B).
Let U0 be this neighborhood U(A). For all the subsequent sets Uq that we will
define, we will have A ⊆ Uq ; and for all q < 1, Uq ∩ B = ∅ .
The closed set Ū0 is contained in the open set X − B. Since X is normal, there
exists an open set (call it U1/2 ) such that
Ū0 ⊆ U1/2 ⊆ Ū1/2 ⊆ (X − B) .
We continue inductively: interpolate U1/4 between U0 and U1/2 ; interpolate U3/4
between U1/2 and X − V ; then define U1/8 , U3/8 , etc.
We get a sequence of open sets Uq such that
(1) For each q ∈ D, A ⊆ Uq .
(2) B ⊆ U1 and for each q < 1, B ∩ Uq = ∅.
(3) For each p, q ∈ D with p < q, we have Ūp ⊆ Uq .
We now define f : X → [0, 1] by
f (x) = inf {q | x ∈ Uq }
for each x ∈ X.
HOMEWORK in Section 33
Due Wednesday Dec 12
Page 212
#1 (i.e. do you understand the proof of Urysohn’s Lemma)
#2 (cute - see sample Final Exam problems below for another way to ask the same
questions)
#3 (practice with metrics)
#7 (a review of LCH spaces. To warm up for this, you might first prove that a
compact Hausdorff space is completely regular. Also remember our old friend the
“pasting lemma”.)