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AVR Architecture and Assembly Language Programming

1. The document describes the general purpose registers (GPRs) in an AVR microcontroller. It notes that the 32 GPRs (R0-R31) are located in the lowest memory addresses and are all 8 bits. 2. Some simple instructions for the AVR are described, including loading values into GPRs with the LDI instruction, arithmetic operations like ADD and SUB, and incrementing registers with INC. 3. A few example programs are shown that demonstrate adding numbers stored in different GPRs to calculate simple expressions.

Uploaded by

Kummara Bhargavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
219 views

AVR Architecture and Assembly Language Programming

1. The document describes the general purpose registers (GPRs) in an AVR microcontroller. It notes that the 32 GPRs (R0-R31) are located in the lowest memory addresses and are all 8 bits. 2. Some simple instructions for the AVR are described, including loading values into GPRs with the LDI instruction, arithmetic operations like ADD and SUB, and incrementing registers with INC. 3. A few example programs are shown that demonstrate adding numbers stored in different GPRs to calculate simple expressions.

Uploaded by

Kummara Bhargavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Dr.

Hassan SHARABATY
EEE Department, Faculty of Engineering
University of Turkish Aeronautical Association

Simplified View of an AVR Microcontroller


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I/O Registers & their Data Memory Address Locations
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AVR Status Register (SREG)


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SUB R20, R21 ;subtract R21 from R20
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')  5 ')
& EHFDXVH5LVELJJHUWKDQ5DQGWKHUHLVDERUURZIURP'ELW
= EHFDXVHWKH5KDVDYDOXHRWKHUWKDQ]HURDIWHUWKHVXEWUDFWLRQ
+ EHFDXVHWKHUHLVDERUURZIURP'WR'

37

AVR Status Register (SREG)


Unleash your Creativity!

([DPSOH6KRZWKHVWDWXVRIWKH&+DQG=IODJVDIWHUWKH
VXEWUDFWLRQRI[&IURP[&LQWKHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQV
LDI R20, 0x9C
LDI R21, 0x9C
SUB R20, R21 ;subtract R21 from R20

6ROXWLRQ
& 
 & 
  5 
& EHFDXVH5LVQRWELJJHUWKDQ5DQGWKHUHLVQRERUURZIURP'ELW
= EHFDXVHWKH5LV]HURDIWHUWKHVXEWUDFWLRQ
+ EHFDXVHWKHUHLVQRERUURZIURP'WR'

38
Flag bits and decision making
+RZWKHVHIODJELWVDUHXVHIXOWRPDNHGHFLVLRQ"
Unleash your Creativity!

6RPH LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ $95 PDNH D FRQGLWLRQDO MXPS EUDQFK EDVHG RQ WKH


VWDWXV RI WKH IODJ ELWV
([

68%55
2QHMXPSLQVWUXFWLRQV
%UDQFKLI/RZHU
%UDQFKLI6DPHRU+LJKHU
%UDQFKLI(TXDO
%UDQFKLI1RW(TXDO
%UDQFKLI0LQXV
%UDQFKLI3OXV
%UDQFKLI2YHUIORZ)ODJLV6HW
%UDQFKLI2YHUIORZ)ODJLV&OHDUHG

39

AVR Conditional Jump instructions


,QVWUXFWLRQ $EEUHYLDWLRQRI &RPPHQW
Unleash your Creativity!

%5(4 OEO %UDQFKLI(TXDO -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEO LI= 


%51(OEO %UDQFKLI1RW(TXDO -XPSLI= WRORFDWLRQOEO
%5&6 OEO %UDQFKLI&DUU\6HW -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI& 
%5/2 OEO %UDQFKLI/RZHU
%5&&OEO %UDQFKLI&DUU\&OHDUHG -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI& 
%56+OEO %UDQFKLI6DPHRU+LJKHU
%50,OEO %UDQFKLI0LQXV -XPSWRORFDWLRQOEOLI1 
%53/OEO %UDQFKLI3OXV -XPSLI1 
%5*(OEO %UDQFKLI*UHDWHURU(TXDO -XPSLI6 
%5/7OEO %UDQFKLI/HVV7KDQ -XPSLI6 
%5+6OEO %UDQFKLI+DOI&DUU\6HW ,I+ WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5+&OEO %UDQFKLI+DOI&DUU\&OHDUHG LI+ WKHQMXPSWROEO
%576 %UDQFKLI7IODJ6HW ,I7 WKHQMXPSWROEO
%57& %UDQFKLI7IODJ&OHDUHG ,I7 WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5,6 %UDQFKLI,IODJVHW ,I, WKHQMXPSWROEO
%5,& %UDQFKLI,IODJFOHDUHG ,I, WKHQMXPSWROEO

40
Example 1
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWRLQFUHDVHV5LI 5 5

„ 6ROXWLRQ 1R
LI 5 5

<HV
68%55 =ZLOOEHVHWLI5 5

%51(1(;7 LI1RW(TXDOMXPSWRQH[W LQFUHPHQW5

,1&5

1(;7

41

Example 2
Unleash your Creativity!

„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWLQFUHDVHV5LI 55

„ 6ROXWLRQ

68%55 &ZLOOEHVHWLI55

& LI5! 5

%5&&/ LI&DUU\FOHDUHGMXPSWR/

,1&5

/

42
Example 3
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWLQFUHDVHV5LI 5! 5

„ 6ROXWLRQ

68%55 &ZLOOEHVHWLI55

& LI5! 5

%5&6/ LI&DUU\VHWMXPSWR/

,1&5

/

43

Example 4
Unleash your Creativity!

¾ :ULWHDSURJUDPWRVWD\LQWKH
ORRSWHVWLQJ3,1%XQWLOLWKDVD
YDOXHRWKHUWKDQ]HUR

„ 6ROXWLRQ

29(5 ,153,1% UHDG3,1%WR5


7675 VHWWKHIODJVDFFRUGLQJWR5
%5(429(5 MXPSLI5LV]HUR = 

767LQVWUXFWLRQ([DPLQH DUHJLVWHUDQGVHWWKHIODJV =19 6 DFFRUGLQJWR


WKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHUHJLVWHUZLWKRXWSHUIRUPLQJDQ\DULWKPHWLFLQVWUXFWLRQ

44
Example 5
:ULWHDSURJUDPWRGHWHUPLQHLI5$0ORFDWLRQ[FRQWDLQV
Unleash your Creativity!
„

WKHYDOXH,IVRSXW[LQWRLW

„ 6ROXWLRQ

(480</2& [
/'650</2&
7675 VHWWKHIODJV= 1
 = LI5KDV]HURYDOXH
%51(1(;7 EUDQFKLI5LVQRW]HUR = 
/',5[ SXW[LI5KDV]HURYDOXH
6760</2&5 DQGVWRUHDFRS\WRORF
1(;7 

45

Example 6
)LQGWKHVXPRIWKHYDOXHV[[)DQG[(3XWWKHVXPLQWR
Unleash your Creativity!

5 ORZE\WH DQG 5 KLJKE\WH 


6ROXWLRQ
/',5 FOHDUKLJKE\WH 5 
/',5[ FOHDUORZE\WH 5 
/',5[)
$''55 5 [[) [(DQG& 
%5&& QH[W EUDQFKLI& 
,1&5 & LQFUHPHQW QRZKLJKE\WH 
QH[W  /',5[(
$''55 5 [([( [DQG& 
%56+29(5 EUDQFKLI& 
,1&5 & LQFUHPHQW QRZKLJKE\WH 
29(5 QRZORZE\WH [DQGKLJKE\WH 
46
Example 7: IF and ELSE
R17 = 5;
Unleash your Creativity! if (R21 < R20)
R22++;
else
R22--;
R17 ++;

/', 5

68% 55

%5&6 ,)B<(6

'(& 5

-03 1(;7

,)B<(6 ,1& 5


1(;7 ,1& 5

47

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

,QWKH$95WKHUHDUHVHYHUDOZD\VWRUHSHDWDQRSHUDWLRQPDQ\WLPHV
2QHZD\LVWRXVHDGHFUHDVLQJFRXQWHUZLWK%51( LQVWUXFWLRQ

/', 5QQXPEHURIUHSHWLWLRQV
%$&.   VWDUWRIWKHORRS
 ERG\RIWKHORRS
 ERG\RIWKHORRS
'(&5Q GHFUHDVHWKHFRXQWHU5Q = ZKHQ5Q 
%51(%$&.  %UDQFKWR %$&. LI= LH 5HSHDWWKHORRS

3ULRUWRWKHVWDUWRIWKHORRSWKH5Q LVORDGHGE\WKHQHHGHGQXPEHU
RIUHSHWLWLRQV

48
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!
„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWH[HFXWHVWKHLQVWUXFWLRQ
³$''55´WLPHV

„ 6ROXWLRQ

/',5 5 
/
$''55
'(&5 5 5 
%51(/ LI= MXPSWR/

1RWHWKDWWKHODVWORRSFDQEHUHSHDWHGD
PD[LPXPRIWLPHV ZK\"

49

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

([DPSOH:ULWHDSURJUDPWR  D FOHDU5
 E DGGWR5WHQWLPHV
6ROXWLRQ  F VHQGWKHVXPWR3257%

/',5 5  GHFLPDO IRUFRXQWHU


/',5 5 
/',5 5 
$*$,1 $''55 DGGWR5 5 VXP
'(&5 GHFUHPHQW5 FRXQWHU
%51($*$,1 UHSHDWXQWLO&2817 
2873257%5 VHQGVXPWR3257%
««

50
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity! „ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWFDOFXODWHVWKHUHVXOWRI«
„ 6ROXWLRQ

/', 5 5 

/', 5 5 


/ $'' 55 5 55

'(& 5 5 5 

%51( / LI= 

/ 5-03 / :DLWKHUHIRUHYHU

51

Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!

„ :ULWHDSURJUDPWKDWFDOFXODWHVWKHRGGQXPEHUV«
6ROXWLRQ
LDI R20,0 5 
5 

LDI R16,1
5 55

L1: ADD R20,R16


5 5

LDI R17,2

ADD R16,R17 ;R16 = R16 + 2 <HV


5 

LDI R17,27 ;R17 = 27


1R

SUB R17,R16 (1'

BRCC L1 ;if R16 <= 27 jump L1

52
Looping in AVR
Unleash your Creativity!
/RRSLQVLGHDORRS
([DPSOH:ULWHDSURJUDPWR
 D ORDGWKH³3257&´UHJLVWHUZLWKWKHYDOXH[
6ROXWLRQ  E &RPSOHPHQW³3257&´ WLPHV

/',5[ 5 [


2873257&5 3257& [
/',5 ORDGLQWR5 RXWHUORRSFRXQW
/23B /',5 ORDGLQWR5 LQQHUORRSFRXQW
/23B &205 FRPSOHPHQW5
2873257&5 ORDG 3257& 6)5ZLWKWKHFRPSOHPHQWHGYDOXH
'(&5 GHF5 LQQHUORRS
%51( /23B UHSHDWLWWLPHV
'(&5 GHF5 RXWHUORRS
%51( /23B UHSHDWLWWLPHV

53

Calling a Function
Unleash your Creativity!

([DPSOH 7RJJOHDOOWKHELWVRI3RUW%HYHU\VHFE\VHQGLQJWRLWWKH
YDOXHVDQG$$FRQWLQXRXVO\

%$&. /', 5[ ORDG5ZLWK[


287 3257%5 VHQG+WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$<BVHF WLPHGHOD\
/', 5[$$ ORDG5ZLWK[$$
287 3257%5 VHQG[$$WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$<BVHF WLPHGHOD\
5-03 %$&. NHHSGRLQJWKLVLQGHILQLWHO\

'(/$<BVHF

«

5(7 UHWXUQWRFDOOHU
54
Time delay
Unleash your Creativity!

machine cycle
LDI R16, 19 1
LDI R20, 95 1
LDI R21, 5 1
ADD R16, R20 1
ADD R16, R21 1
5

0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH —VHF 'HOD\  [—V


0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH QVHF 'HOD\  [QV
0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH QVHF 'HOD\  [QV

55

Time delay
Unleash your Creativity!

123 1RRSHUDWLRQMXVWZDVWHVFORFNF\FOHV
'HOD\VHF
machine cycle
LDI R17, 200
1
L1: LDI R16, 250
1 [
L2: NOP
1 [ [
NOP 1 [ [
DEC R16 1 [
[
BRNE L2 2 [ [
DEC R17 1 [
BRNE L1 2 [

&U\VWDOIUHTXHQF\ 0+=Î LQVWUXFWLRQF\FOH —VHF

'HOD\ ^>  [@[`[—V PVHF

56
Calling a Function
([DPSOH 7RJJOHDOOELWVRI3RUW%E\VHQGLQJWRLWWKHYDOXHVDQG$$
Unleash your Creativity!
FRQWLQXRXVO\3XWDWLPHGHOD\EHWZHHQHDFKWUDQVPLWWLQJRIGDWDWR3RUW%
/', 5+,*+ 5$0(1'  ORDG63+
287 63+5
/', 5/2: 5$0(1'  ORDG63/
287 63/5
%$&. /', 5[ ORDG5ZLWK[
287 3257%5 VHQG+WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$< WLPHGHOD\
/', 5[$$ ORDG5ZLWK[$$
287 3257%5 VHQG[$$WRSRUW%
&$// '(/$< WLPHGHOD\
5-03 %$&. NHHSGRLQJWKLVLQGHILQLWHO\
'(/$<
/', 5[)) 5 WKHFRXQWHU
$*$,1
123 QRRSHUDWLRQZDVWHVFORFNF\FOHV
123
'(& 5
%51( $*$,1 UHSHDWXQWLO5EHFRPHV 57
5(7 UHWXUQWRFDOOHU

Calling many subroutines from the main program


0$,1 KRZ WKH&38NQRZV
&$// 'HOD\ ZKHUHWRUHVXPHZKHQ
LWUHWXUQVIURPWKHFDOOHG
&$// 68%5B
VXEURXWLQH"
HQGRI0$,1

'HOD\  &38VWRUHWKHQHHGHG



5(7 LQIRUPDWLRQLQ 6WDFN
HQGRI'HOD\VXEURXWLQH
68%5B  PHPRU\

5(7
HQGRIVXEURXWLQH

58
Stack memory and Stack Pointer SP in AVR

¾6WDFN PHPRU\LVDVHFWLRQRI5$0 XVXDOO\GHILQHGE\WKH


SURJUDPPHUDWHQGRI65$0 

¾ ,W¶VPDLQO\XVHGWRVWRUHVRPHQHHGHGLQIRUPDWLRQIRU
FDOOV DQGLQWHUUXSWV

6WDFN
™ 6WDFNORFDWLRQLQ65$0" 63

¾ 63 VWDFNSRLQWHU UHJLVWHUZKLFKLVLPSOHPHQWHGLQ


,2PHPRU\ LVXVHGWRSRLQWWKH VWDFNVHFWLRQ

1RWH
 7KH6WDFN3RLQWHU 63 SRLQWVWRWKH7RS2I6WDFN 726 
 7KHVWDFNLV/,)2PHPRU\ /DVW,Q)LUVW2XW 
59

Initializing the stack pointer


¾ :KHQWKH$95LVSRZHUHGXSWKH63UHJLVWHUFRQWDLQVWKHYDOXHWKHUHIRUH
ZHPXVWLQLWLDOL]HWKH63DWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURJUDP
¾ ,WLVFRPPRQWRLQLWLDOL]HWKH63WR³5$0(1'´ ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHDGGUHVV
RIWKHODVW5$0ORFDWLRQ $GGUHVV &RGH
ORG 0

 LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)

 OUT SPH,R16


5 $10
$00 5 $30
$00
 LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
5 $00
$20 5 $00  OUT SPL,R16

 LDI R20,0x10

 LDI R21, 0x20

 LDI R22,0x30


63   PUSH 
R20

 PUSH 


R21

 PUSH 


R22

$ POP R21

% POP R0

& POP R20

' L1: RJMP L1


60
RAMEND(suppose $3FFF)
0HPRU\
PUSH and POP instruction

™+RZVWDFNVDUHDFFHVVHG LQWKH$95"

 6WRULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWDFNLVFDOOHGD386+

6WDFN
386+ 5V 3XVKWKHUHJLVWHU5V RQWRVWDFNPHPRU\ 63

5V FDQEHDQ\RIWKH*35V 55 


=

1) [SP] = Rs &RQWHQWRIWKHUHJLVWHU5V LVVDYHGLQ


WKHPHPRU\ORFDWLRQZKHUHWKH63SRLQWV
2) SP = SP – 1 (63LVGHFUHPHQWHGE\RQH)

61

PUSH and POP instruction

™+RZVWDFNVDUHDFFHVVHGLQWKH$95"

 /RDGLQJ RI VWDFNFRQWHQWEDFN LQWR RQHUHJLVWHU


LVFDOOHGD323 RSSRVLWHSURFHVVRISXVKLQJ 

6WDFN
3235G UHWULHYHWKHGDWDIURPVWDFNPHPRU\
EDFNLQWR 5G
=

5G FDQEHDQ\RI*35V 55 

1) Rd = [SP] &RQWHQWRIWKH WRSORFDWLRQLQWKHVWDFNLVFRSLHG


EDFNLQWRWKH5G
2) SP = SP + 1 (63LVLQFUHPHQWHGE\RQH)
62
Calling a Function
„ 7RH[HFXWHDFDOO
$GGUHVV &RGH
 $GGUHVVRIWKHQH[WLQVWUXFWLRQLV  LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
VDYHGLQWRVWDFN  OUT SPH,R16

 3&LVORDGHGZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWH  LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)

YDOXH  OUT SPL,R16


 LDI R20,15
0DFKLQHFRGH  LDI R21,5

($
$ 
 CALL FUNC_NAME
RS&RGH RSHUDQG 
  INC R20
 L1: RJMP L1
$ FUNC_NAME:
$ ADD R20,R21
63 % SUBI R20,3
3& &
%




 & RET
'
6WDFN

63

CALL, RET instructions and the role of the stack


6WDFN

¾ &DOOLQVWUXFWLRQ

 3XVKWKHDGGUHVVRIWKHQH[WLQVWUXFWLRQRQWRWKHVWDFN
63
 'HFUHPHQWWKHVWDFNSRLQWHU 0$,1 

&$// 'HOD\
 7UDQVIHUVFRQWUROWRWKDWVXEURXWLQH 
 HQGRI0$,1
'HOD\ 

5(7 HQGRIVXEURXWLQH

¾ 5(7LQVWUXFWLRQ
 &RS\EDFNWKHWRSORFDWLRQVRIWKHVWDFNWRWKH3URJUDP&RXQWHU3&

WKH\VKRXOGFRQWDLQWKHDGGUHVVRIWKHLQVWUXFWLRQEHORZWKH&$// 

 ,QFUHPHQWWKHVWDFNSRLQWHU

64
Some Instructions Using a GPR as Operand
Unleash your Creativity!

7KHVHLQVWUXFWLRQVRSHUDWHRQDVLQJOH*35UHJLVWHUDQGSODFHWKHUHVXOW
LQWKHVDPHUHJLVWHU

65

ALU Instructions Using Two GPRs


Unleash your Creativity!

7KHVHLQVWUXFWLRQVRSHUDWHRQWZR*35UHJLVWHUVRIVRXUFH 5U DQG
GHVWLQDWLRQ UG DQGWKHQSODFHWKHUHVXOWLQWKHGHVWLQDWLRQUHJLVWHU 5G

66
5HIHUHQFHV
Unleash your Creativity!

)RUIXUWKHUUHDGLQJVWXGHQWVDUH
UHIHUUHGWR

¾ 7KH $95 0LFURFRQWUROOHU DQG


(PEHGGHG 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ
$VVHPEO\ DQG & 3UHQWLFH +DOO


67

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