Individual Presentation 1 Capasitor: Ceramic Capacitors

NAME : MUHAMMAD CHOIRIL ATHO’
CLASS : EK-3A
NIM : 3.32.17.0.17
INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION 1
CAPASITOR
Hai guys, Good Morning. I’m standing here to tell you about my topic, that are the capasitors.
I will describe about capasitors, that are meaning of capasitors, symbol and types of capasitors,
material of capasitor, function and characteristic of capasitors, and last is application of capasitors
in the electronics circuit.
1. Meaning of Capasitor
The capasitor is an electronic component which can save an electric energy. The capasitors
have an ability to save an electric energy. Ability of capasitors to save an electric energy was
declared in Farad (F). One Farad (1 Farad) equals is 9 x 1011 𝑐𝑚2 , it means that wide of surface
conductors. In the capasitors there is an electric load which declared in Coulomb Unit. The
capasitor is one of passive component in electronics. It finds by Michael Faraday in the 1791-1867.
Giving name of capasitor is Alessandro Volta, the scientist from Italy in the 1782. He gives it a
name is “Condensatore”. In the electrical charge storage capacity of capacitor called Farad with
the symbol "F". The symbol of the capacitor itself is C (capacitors) with units :
1 µFarad = 10−6 Farad
1 nFarad = 10−9 Farad
1 pFarad = 10−12 Farad
2. Symbols and Types of Capasitor

There are two capacitor symbols generally used in electronics. One symbol is for polarized
capacitors, and the other is for non-polarized capacitors. In the above diagram, the symbol with
one curved plate represents a Polarized Capacitor. The curved plate represents the cathode
(negative) of the capacitor, and the other plate is anode (positive). Sometimes a plus sign is also
added to the positive side.
3. Material of Capasitor
There are several types of capacitors for different applications and functions. Following are
the Main and Most Common Types:
a. Ceramic Capacitors
These are non-polarized capacitors made out of two or more alternating layers of ceramic
and metal. The ceramic acts as the dielectric and the metal acts as the electrodes. Ceramic
Capacitors are also called “Disc Capacitors.”
A code of 3 Digit is generally printed on the body of this type of capacitors to tell their
capacitance in pico-farads. The first two digits represent the value of the capacitor and the third
digit represents the number of zeros to be added.
b. Electrolytic Capacitor
These type of capacitors are generally used where large capacitance is needed. Anode of
electrolytic capacitors is made of metal and is covered with an oxidized layer used as dielectric.
The other electrode can be either wet non-solid or solid electrolyte.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. This means that correct polarity must be used when
supplying DC voltage to it. In simple words positive lead of the capacitor must be connected with
positive terminal and negative plead to the negative terminal. Not doing so will damage the
capacitor.
c. Film Capacitor
These are most common type of capacitor used in electronics. Film capacitors or plastic film
capacitors are non-polarized. Here an insulating plastic film acts as the dielectric. Electrodes of
these types of capacitors can be aluminum metal or zinc reactive metal. They are applied on one
or both sides of the plastic film thus forming a metallized film capacitor. Sometimes a separate
metallic foil is used over the film thus forming a film or foil capacitor.
Film capacitors are available in different shapes and sizes and offer several advantage over
paper type capacitors. They are highly reliable, have long life and have less tolerances. They also
function well in high temperature environment.
d. Variable Capacitor
These are non-polarized variable capacitance type of capacitors. They have moving and
fixed plates to determine the capacitance. They are generally used in Transmitters and Receivers,
Transistor Radios etc.
4. Function and Characteristic of Capasitor

Capacitors are used in electronic circuits as low-pass, high-pass and band filters. A filter is
a circuit that allows current and voltage of a specified frequency and waveform to pass through.
A capacitor's reactance is inversely proportional to frequency. By controlling or changing the
reactance, you can control the frequency allowed through the circuit. Capacitors also play a
significant role in high-speed switching logic circuits. Such circuits' voltage level, which should
be steady, can change with current fluctuation, thereby introducing noise or error signals.
Decoupling capacitors are built into circuits to stabilize the current, minimizing noise signals.
Let's look at a few of the most important characteristics:
a. Working Voltage, (WV)
His is an essential capacitor characteristic that gives definition to the maximum continuous
voltage (AC or DC) that can be applied to the capacitor without the capacitor failing. In most cases,
you can find the working voltage printed onto the side of the body of the capacitor, displaying its
DC working voltage.
b. Leakage Current
Dielectrics used within capacitors that serve to separate conductive plates aren't perfect
insulators. Because of this, a small current or "leak" flows through the dielectric, influenced by the
powerful electric fields that build up due to the charge of the plates when a constant supply voltage
is applied.
This small DC current flow is called a Leakage Current. Essentially, leakage current occurs
when electrons make their way through the dielectric medium (typically around the edges).
Eventually, the leakage current will completely discharge the capacitor if the supply voltage is
removed from the equation.
c. Tolerance, ( ±% )
The tolerance rating of a capacitor is expressed with a plus-or-minus value. These represent
picofarad's (±pF) that indicate capacitors with low values (typically less than 100pF) or as a
percentage (±%) for capacitors with a higher value (typically higher than 100pF).
d. Polarization
Capacitor Polarization makes reference to electrolytic type capacitors (mostly aluminium
electrolytic capacitors) in regard to their electrical connection. The vast majority of electrolytic
capacitors are polarized, meaning that the voltage in the capacitor terminals must have the right
polarity (positive to positive, negative to negative).
An incorrect polarization can lead to a breakdown of the oxide layer inside of the capacitor
which will ultimately result in large currents flowing through the device. As a result, the capacitor
will likely be destroyed.
5. Aplication onf Capasitor

AC to DC Converter
Another typical application example are capacitors used in DC adapters. For converting the
AC voltage into a DC voltage a diode rectifier is usually used, but without the help of capacitors
it won’t be able to do the job.
The output of the rectifier is a waveform. So while the output of the rectifier rises the
capacitor charges, and while the output of the rectifier declines, the capacitor discharges and in
that way smooth the DC output.

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NAME : MUHAMMAD CHOIRIL ATHO’

2. Symbols and Types of Capasitor

4. Function and Characteristic of Capasitor

5. Aplication onf Capasitor

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