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    Capacitor

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    maria idrees
    Capacitors are two-terminal electrical components that store equal and opposite charges on their conductive plates separated by an insulating material. They were first developed in the 18th century using glass jars to store static electricity. Modern capacitors consist of conductive plates separated by a dielectric material and come in various types for different applications, such as filtering noise, stabilizing voltages, and storing supplemental power. Capacitors block DC but allow AC to pass, making them useful for suppressing interference in electronic devices.

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    Capacitor

    Uploaded by

    maria idrees
    26 views19 pages
    Capacitors are two-terminal electrical components that store equal and opposite charges on their conductive plates separated by an insulating material. They were first developed in the 18th century using glass jars to store static electricity. Modern capacitors consist of conductive plates separated by a dielectric material and come in various types for different applications, such as filtering noise, stabilizing voltages, and storing supplemental power. Capacitors block DC but allow AC to pass, making them useful for suppressing interference in electronic devices.

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    Capacitors are two-terminal electrical components that store equal and opposite charges on their conductive plates separated by an insulating material. They were first developed in the 18th century using glass jars to store static electricity. Modern capacitors consist of conductive plates separated by a dielectric material and come in various types for different applications, such as filtering noise, stabilizing voltages, and storing supplemental power. Capacitors block DC but allow AC to pass, making them useful for suppressing interference in electronic devices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views19 pages

    Capacitor

    Uploaded by

    maria idrees
    Capacitors are two-terminal electrical components that store equal and opposite charges on their conductive plates separated by an insulating material. They were first developed in the 18th century using glass jars to store static electricity. Modern capacitors consist of conductive plates separated by a dielectric material and come in various types for different applications, such as filtering noise, stabilizing voltages, and storing supplemental power. Capacitors block DC but allow AC to pass, making them useful for suppressing interference in electronic devices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    TOPIC

    Capacitor
    :

    CAPACITO
    R
    What Is A Capacitor?
    Capacitors are two-terminal electrical elements. It is an electrical
    device consisting of two conductors by an insulating or dielectric
    medium which carrying equal and opposite charges.
    History:
    • In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found
    that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic
    generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar.Von
    Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric.

    • Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a
    "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity.

    • Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion
    that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had
    assumed
    4)Leyden jars or more powerful devices were used exclusively up until about
    1900,They weren’t more flexible like today’s.

    5)Early capacitors were also known as condensers, a term that is still


    occasionally used today, particularly in high power applications,
    like automotive systems. The term was first used for this purpose to
    store a higher density of electric charge than a normal isolated
    conductor. It was found by Alessandro Volta in 1782.
    BASIC STRUCTURE OF
    CAPACITOR
    • A basic capacitor has two parallel plates(Electrode) separated by an insulating
    material called dielectric.

    • In the neutral state, both plates have an equal number of free electrons.

    • When a voltage source is connected to the capacitor, electrons are removed from
    one plate and an equal number are deposited on the other plate.

    • That moment no electrons flow through the dielectric.

    • When the supply is removed from the capacitor, the capacitor retains the
    stored charge.

    • The unit of capacitance is the farad(F).


    Basic capacitor construction
    (Electrode) Plate 2

    Dielectric material
    The dielectric material is
    an insulator therefore no
    current flows through
    the capacitor.

    Plate 1
    (Electrode)
    Storing a charge between the plates
     Electrons on the left plate are
    attracted toward the positive
    terminal of the voltage source +
    _

     This leaves an excess of positively


    charged holes

     The electrons are pushed toward the


    right plate
    _
    +
     Excess electrons leave a negative
    charge

     A capacitor obeys coulombs law


    Characteristics of Capacitors
    There are different kinds of capacitors that have been manufactured. Some of
    them may have numeric codes or colors, and some may use misleading letters or
    symbols; each family type of capacitor.

    Nominal Capacitance(C)
    The measurement of the nominal value of the capacitance—which is expressed
    in picoFarads (pF), nanoFarads (nF) or microfarads (uF)—is marked onto the
    body of the capacitor in the form of numbers, letters or colored bands. The value
    on the side of a capacitor may not necessarily be its actual value since the choice
    of capacitance is determined by the circuit configuration.
    Tolerance(+%)
    The plus and minus value in resistors is also seen in
    capacitors, which refers to the extent to which the actual
    capacitance is allowed to vary from its nominal value. 5% or
    10% is the most common tolerance variation for capacitors,
    and can be as low as 1% for plastic capacitors.

    Working Temperature(T)
    The capacitance value of the capacitor can be greatly
    affected by the change in temperature around the capacitor
    due to the changes in the dielectric properties. This will also
    affect the correct operation of the circuit when unnoticed.
    Leakage Current
    Figure 3 refers to the small DC current flow in the region of nano-amps. It is a result
    of electrons physically making their way through the

    dielectric medium, around its edges or across its leads and will, over time,
    fully discharge the capacitor if the supply voltage is removed.
    Types of Capacitor
    Each of the different types of capacitors has its own performance parameters and
    can be used in different applications. Check out my list to see the best capacitor
    type for a given application. There are many different types of capacitor that can be
    used - most of the major types are outlined below:
    Ceramic capacitor

    The ceramic capacitor is a type of capacitor that is used in many applications from
    audio to RF. Values range from a few picofarads to around 0.1 microfarads. Ceramic
    capacitor types are by far the most commonly used type of capacitor being cheap
    and
    reliable and their loss factor is particularly low although this is dependent on
    the exact dielectric in use.
    Electrolytic capacitor

    Electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that is polarized. They are able to
    offer high capacitance values - typically above 1μF, and are most widely used for
    low frequency applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio coupling
    applications as they have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz.
    Tantalum capacitor

    Like electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors are also polarized and offer a very
    high capacitance level for their volume. However this type of capacitor is very
    intolerant of being reverse biased, often exploding when placed under stress. This
    type of capacitor must also not be subject to high ripple currents or voltages above
    their working voltage. They are available in both leaded and surface mount
    formats.
    USES OF
    CAPACITOR
    Spike Suppression
    Computer Memory
    Noise Filtering
    Timer Circuits
    Condenser Microphones
    Supplemental Power Source
    USES OF
    CAPACITOR
    A capacitor blocks direct current (DC) but passes alternating current (AC). A
    capacitor makes a very good noise suppressor because most of the

    interference is AC and the capacitor will conduct this AC to ground before it can
    reach the radio or amplifier.
    USES OF
    CAPACITOR
    Capacitors in Parallel Circuits
    The following is the formula for calculating total capacitance in a
    circuit containing capacitors in parallel.
    CT = C1 + C2 + C3 ...

    Capacitors in Series Circuits


    Following is the formula for calculating total capacitance in a
    circuit containing two capacitors in series.
    CT = (C1 + C2) ÷ (C1 × C2)
    USES OF
    CAPACITOR
    Suppression Capacitors
    • Capacitors are installed across many circuits and switching points to
    absorb voltage fluctuations.

    • Among other applications, they are used across the following:


    – The primary circuit of some electronic ignition modules
    – The output terminal of most generators (alternators)
    – The armature circuit of electric motors

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