DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING (G+2)

A DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

BHUVANESH.M REG No : 412515103022

ARUN.S REG No : 412515103015

KARTHIKEYAN.S REG No : 412515103041

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI SAIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI 600 044

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2018
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on “DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING (G+2)” is bonafide work of,

BHUVANESH.M REG No : 412515103022

ARUN.S REG No : 412515103015

KARTHIKEYAN.S REG No : 412515103041

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof.S.KANDASAMY M.E., (Ph.D) Ms.SUBALAKSHMI.R M.Tech.,

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, SUPERVISOR, Asst. Prof.

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sri Sairam Engineering College,

West Tambaram, Chennai 600 044. West Tambaram, Chennai 600 044.

Submitted for ANNA UNIVERSITY project Viva-Voice held on

_________________at Sri Sairam Engineering College.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby take this opportunity to place on records our heartfelt thanks to our

beloved chairman late MJF Ln.LEO MUTHU, & to our beloved CEO Shri SAI

PRAKASH LEO MUTHU, Sairam group of institutions, for providing all the

necessary facilities and guiding us in the right path of life with his enlightenment and

vision.

We express our deep incense of gratitude to Principal Dr.C.V.JAYAKUMAR,

Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai, who gave this opportunity to do this project.

We express our sincere thanks to Head Of Department Prof.S.KANDASAMY,

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for his supervision and advice all though

the tenure. We are indebted to him for sparing his valuable time in giving us

suggestions and enhancing our knowledge through fruitful discussions.

We express our sincere gratitude to our respected guide Ms.SUBALAKSHMI.R

M.Tech., Assistant Professor for his/her valuable guidance through the project duration.

We owe thanks to the other staffs of Civil Department of Sri Sairam Engineering

College, Chennai, for their full co-operation in providing the necessary Literature.

Special thanks to our classmates for help they extended during this project work.

Last but not the least, our sense of gratitude to almighty and our parents, whose

blessings have made us, reach our destination.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF SYMBOLS ii
LIST OF FIGURES iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 DEMAND OF HOUSES 1
1.3 RESIDENTIAL UNITS 2
1.4 BUILDING PLANNING AND 2
DESIGN
1.5 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES 3
1.6 LIMIT STATE METHOD 4
1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 4
1.8 REGULATION AND BYE LAWS 5
1.9 LOCATION 5
1.10 METHODOLOGY 6

2. PLANNING 7
2.1 SPECIFICATIONS 8
2.2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 9
2.3 FIRST & SECOND FLOOR PLAN 10
2.4 BEAM PLACEMENT 11
2.5 COLUMN PLACEMENT 11
2.6 SLAB PLACEMENT 12
3. DESIGN 14
3.1 DESIGN OF SLAB 14
3.2 DESIGN OF BEAM 19
3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 23
3.4 DESIGN OF STAIR 27
3.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING 32

4. ANALYSIS 36

4.1 GENERAL 36
4.2 TYPES OF ANALYSIS 36
4.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS 37
4.4 STADD PRO ANALYSIS 37

5. ANALYSIS REPORT 41

6. CONCLUSION 44

7. REFERENCES 45
 ABSTRACT

Due to migration of people form villages to cities development of

multistoried buildings had developed & people also have an idea to live near their

working place to save money and time.

In the present study (G+2) building at Villivakkam, Chennai, India is

designed (Slabs, Beams, Columns & Footings) using Auto CAD software. The built up

area of multistoried building is 500m2.

In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the

particular building that is positioning of the particular rooms (Living room, Drawing

room, Bed room, Kitchen, Toilet, etc.) such that they serve their respective purpose and

also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the inhabitants.

This project work deals with the PLANNING, DESIGNING AND

ANALYSIS OF A MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING. The vertical

loads are calculated using IS codes and horizontal loads are calculated using STADD

Pro software. The design has been done according to the Limit State Method of Design

and conforming to Indian Standard Code IS 456-2000. The slab is designed according

to the edge condition by limit state method.

The maximum bending moment is taken and the beams are designed, by

using the bi-axial moments and the vertical loads the columns and footings are designed

accordingly. Column isolated footing is provided. Dog-legged staircase is provided for

all the floors. The concept and significance of “RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” is

designed in accordance with safety and surveillance with emergency providence.

i
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols carrying the meanings noted against them are used in this
volume

A = Area
Ast = Area of the steel reinforcement
Asc = area of compression steel
BM = Bending Moment
B = Breadth of the beam, slab
D = Overall depth of beam or slab
b = Breadth of column
d = Effective depth of beam or slab
fy = Characteristic strength of steel
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
l = Length of the beam
lx = Length of shorter span of slab
ly = Length of longer span of slab
lex = Effective length of the slab along shorter span
ley = Effective length of the slab along longer span
Mx,My = Moments on the strip of unit width spanning ly and lx
Mux,Muy = Moments about x and y axes due to design loads
Mux1,Muy1 = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu
MOR = Moment of resistance
Pu = Axial load on compression member
Sv = Spacing of stirrups
V = Shear force
Vs = Design shear force
W = Total load
ax = Bending moment co-efficient along shorter span
ay = Bending moment co-efficient along longer span
tv = Permissible shear stress in concrete
ii
tc = Maximum shear stress in concrete
⌀ = Diameter of bars
N = Newton
KN = Kilo Newton
mm = Millimeter
m = Meter
c/c = Center to center
Fe415 = High yield strength deformed bars
M20 = Grade of Concrete
M45 = Grade of Concrete
FEM = Fixed End Moment
COM = Carry Over Moment
LL = Live Load
DL = Dead Load
WL = Wind Load

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.No NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE No

Fig.1 SITE LOCATION 6

Fig.2 METHODOLOGY 6
Fig.3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 9
Fig.4 FIRST & SECOND FLOOR PLAN 10
Fig.5 BEAM PLACEMENT 11
Fig.6 COLUMN PLACEMENT 11
Fig.7 SLAB PLACEMENT 12
Fig.8 SUPPORT LAYOUT 12
Fig.8 COLUMN LAYOUT 13
Fig.10 BEAM LAYOUT 13
Fig.11 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF SLAB 18
Fig.12 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF BEAM 22
Fig.13 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF COLUMN 26
Fig.14 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF STAIR 31
Fig.15 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FOOTING 35
Fig.16 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM 38
Fig.18 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM 39
Fig.19 TORSION DIAGRAM 39
Fig20 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM 40

iv
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

The basics need of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The
point of his efforts has been to provide economic and efficient shelter. The possession
of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and
shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for
his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe
and convenient location, such a plane for comfortable and pleasant living requires
considered and kept in view.
 A peaceful environment.
 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions
 General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws.
Environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

In this project, it is proposed to design a residential house for the purpose of

living. The size of proposed plot size is 30m x 25m. the height of each floor is 3m from
floor level to the bottom of roof slab. The main outer walls & cross walls are 230mm
thick brick masonry in cement mortar.

1.2 DEMAND OF HOUSES

The house ids the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of
human habitation. The house is built to grant the protection against wind,
weathers and to give insurance against physical insecurity of all kinds.

1
 The special features of the demand for housing consist of in its unique
nature and depend on the following factors.
 Availability of cheap finance.
 Availability of skilled labors.
 Availability of transport facility.
 Cost of labors & material of construction.
 Predictions of future demand.
 Rate of population growth and urbanization.
 Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
 Taxation policy on real estates.
 Town planning & environmental conditions.

1.3 RESIDENTIAL UNITS

A residential unit is a detached house, semi detached house, row house units,
mobile home, floating or apartment it can be any part that is occupied by an individual
as a place of residential of lodging.
 Is leased as a place of residence or lodging.
 Is vacant but was lost occupied or supplied as a place of residence or
lodging for individual

1.4 BUILDING PLANNING AND DESIGN

Boring and samples taken at the site will provide information regarding location
and extent of rocks, bearing capacity of the subsurface strata at various points
and level of the water table. A survey may indicate terrain and other conditions
that will strongly influence the design decision. Limitations imposed by difficult
terrain, in addition to those imposed by local laws or ordinates may limit such
items as drive ways and parking entrances. The process of designing a Soft
Storied Residential Building involves:
 Program development
 Site analysis
2
  Building planning
 Building design
Program development is for the most part, evaluation of the information over
which the architect has relatively less control but shapes up the project in basic way. In
involves the evaluation of physical data, which much be recognized, identified and
weighed by the architect in making design decision dealing with site views, allocation
and development.
Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitation on a building program.
Therefore, an early analysis of site data and conditions should be undertaken by the
architect in order to ascertain and evaluate such limitations. Boring and samples taken
at the site will provide information regarding location and extent of rocks, bearing
capacity of the subsurface strata at various points and level of water table. A survey my
indicate terrain and other conditions that will strongly influence the design decisions.

1.10 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

The object of reinforced concrete design is to design a structure using concrete
and steel such that it results in safe and economical solution. For a given structural
system, the design problem consists of the following steps:
 Idealization of structure of analysis
 Estimation of loads
 Analysis of idealized structural model to determinate the axial
thrust, shearing force, bending moment and deflections.
 Design of structural elements.
 Detailed structural drawings and schedule of reinforcing bars.
There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete as well as steel structures, namely:
 Working stress method
 Ultimate load method
 Limit state method

3
 The working stress method was the principal method prevalent in use
from the early last century. The ultimate load philosophy, on the other hand came in
use because of its more rational approach. Recently, there has been a transition to the
limit state method because of its more rational approach than ultimate load method.
Which has overcome the most serious drawbacks of the last method.

1.10 LIMIT STATE METHOD

The method of limit state design of a structure is defined of a structure is defined
as “a method, which limits the structural usefulness of the material if the structure up
to a certain load at which acceptable limits of safety and serviceability are applied so
that the failure of structure does not occur”. In this method, a structure is designed to
withstand to withstand safety all the loads liable to act on it throughout its life. Further,
it should be able to maintain the required structural integrity during and after accident
such as fire, explosives and load failure.
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occurs is called a limit state. Limit state design has originated from ultimate or plastic
design. The purpose of design is to achieve acceptability, so that the structure will not
become unfit for its intend use and will not reach a limit state. In other words, all
relevant limit states must be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of
safety and serviceability.

1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

A structural engineer working in any construction project must be in familiar
with planning, analysis & design of framed structures. Hence we the students made an
attempt to choose a problem, involving analysis and design of multi-storied framed
structures as our project work.
Work done are,
 Planning & analysis of a single storied (G+2) residential building.
 Detailed design by limit state method.
 Preparation of structural drawings for slabs, beams, columns, footings.
4
1.8 REGULATION AND BYE LAWS
 Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.
 Open spaces around residential building.
 Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
 Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
 Provisions for safety from explosion.
 Provisions for means of access.
 Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
 Provisions for safety of works against hazards.
 Requirements for landscaping.
 Requirements for off-street parking.
 Special requirement for low income housing.
 Size of structural elements.

1.9 LOCATION
The main aim of the project is planning analysis and design of multi-storey
residential building (G+2) at Chennai.
The project is to achieve an acceptable probability that structure will perform
satisfactorily during the intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they
should sustain all the loads and deformation of normal construction and use and have
adequate durability.
The study area of the project is located at Villivakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The plot
area of the site is 750 m2, the plinth area of the building is 500m2. The map of the study
area is given in figure Fig.1.

5
 Fig.1 SITE LOCATION
1.10 METHODOLOGY

Collection of data

Planning AutoCAD

Analysis Staad.Pro

Bending moment, Shear

force

Designing Slab, Beam, Column, Footing,

Staircase

Conclusion Fig.2 METHODOLOGY

6
 CHAPTER – 2

PLANNING

First of all the plan for the building should be drafted. According to the needs
and the usage of the building the loads are calculated and the slabs are then design for
the loads based on its edge conditions specified. The size of the beam, area of steel
reinforcement and the spacing of stirrups are calculated.

The columns are designed according to the loads transmitted from the floors,
from the design the size of the column, area of steel reinforcement and the spacing of
lateral ties required are determined.

According to the bearing capacity of the soil and the load from the super-
structure the type of foundation suitable is chosen and it is designed. The
reinforcement details of the various structural elements should be drafted.

7
2.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Plot area = 750 m2

Built up area = 500 m2

Column size = 230mm X 230mm

Beam size = 230mm X 500mm

Slab size

S1 = 5000mm X 4500mm S2 =5000mm X 4500mm

S3 =5000mm X 4500mm S4 =5000mm X 2000mm

Stair

Rise = 150mm

Tread = 250mm

D = 1800mm X2000mm

D1 = 1200mm X2100mm

D2 = 1200mm X2000mm

D3 = 1200mm X2100mm

W = 900mm X1800mm

W1 = 900mm X1200mm

O = 1315mm X2500mm

V = 600mm X600mm

8
2.2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig.3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

9
2.3 FIRST & SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Fig.4 FIRST & SECOND FLOOR PLAN

10
 Fig.5 BEAM PLACEMENT

Fig.6 COLUMN PLACEMENT

11
Fig.7 SLAB PLACEMENT

Fig.8 SUPPORT LAYOUT

12
Fig.9 COLUMN LAYOUT

Fig.10 BEAM LAYOUT

13
 CHAPTER - 3

DESIGN

3.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

3.1.1 GENERAL
A slab is a thin flexural member used in floors and roofs of structure to
support the imposed loads and transfer the same safely to the supporting elements such
as beams, walls, columns, etc,.
In building frame, beam sizes are usually governed by negative moment
and shear at the supports, where their effective section is rectangular. The shear at the
preliminary design can usually to be taken as simple beam reaction and the moments as
the fixed end moments of particular span.

3.1.2 TYPES OF SLAB

According to the solidness of the cross section
 Solid slab
 Hollow slab
 Ribbed slab
According to number of supports
 Cantilever slab
 Simply supported slab
 Continuous slab
According to direction of span
 Two way slab
 One way slab

14
3.1.3 DESIGN OF SLAB
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
CONTINUOUS IN TWO DIRECTIONS S1
DATA:
Ly = 5m
Lx = 4.5m
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
L.L = 4KN/mm2
⌀ = 10mm
TYPE OF SLAB:
Ly 5
------- = -------

Lx 4.5
1.11 > 2
Hence two way slab.
DEPTH OF SLAB:
Depth = span/25
= 4500/35
= 150mm
Effective depth d = 150mm
Overall depth D = 150+50
= 200mm.
LOADS:
Self weight of slab =0.15x25x1
= 3.75 KN/m
Live load = 4KN/m
Floor finish = 1 KN/m
Total working load = 8.75 KN/m
Design of ultimate load Wu = 1.5x8.75

15
 = 13.12KN/m
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Least of two values
One support width = 4500+230
= 4730mm
Effective depth = 4500+150
=4650mm
Effective length =4650mm
BENDING MOMENT CO- EFFICIENTS
Ly 5
------- = ------- = 1.11
Lx 4.5
∝x = 0.074
∝y = 0.061
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE:
Longer span
Mx =∝x.Wu.L2
= 0.074 x 13.12 x 4.652
=21 KNm
Shorter span
My =∝y.Wu.L2
= 0.061 x 13.12 x 4.652
=17.311 KNm
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT
Shorter span

(Ast. fy)
Mu = 0.87. fy. Ast.d [1- -------- ]
(b.d. fck)
21x 106 = (0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast) [1-(Astx415/1000 x 20 x 150)

16
 Ast = 411.14 mm2
Longer span

(Ast. fy)
Mu = 0.87. fy. Ast.d [1- -------- ]
(b.d. fck)
17.311 x 106 = (0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast) [1-(Astx415/1000 x 20 x 150)
Ast = 335.18 mm2
CHECK FOR Ast:
Astmin = 0.12%bD
= (0.12/100)x1000x200
= 180 mm2
SPACING ALONG SHORTER SPAN:
 300mm
 3d = 450mm
 Sv = (π. ⌀2/4.Ast).1000
= (πx102/4x 335.18)x1000
= 200 mm.
Provide 10mm ⌀ of bars @ 200mm c/c spacing.
SPACING ALONG LONGER SPAN:
 300mm
 3d = 450mm
 Sv = (π. ⌀2/4.Ast).1000
= (πx102/4x335.18)x1000
=230mm
Provide 10mm ⌀ of bars @ 230mm c/c spacing.
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Vu =WuL/2
=13.12x4.65/2
=30.50KN

17
 v = Vu/bd
= 30.50 x103 /(1000x150)
= 0.203 N/mm2
% of steel = 100 Ast/bd
= (100 x 4114.4)/(1000 x 150)
= 0.27%
k = 1.2
c = 0.36
k. c = 0.44 N/mm2
v< k. c

Hence safe.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

Fig.11 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF SLAB

18
3.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
3.2.1 GENERAL
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending. The load from the slab is transferred to beam. The
bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads,
own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called as bending moment.
Therefore, beam is a structural member which is subjected to bending moments and
shear force due to transverse load. The beam transfers its load to the column.
Considering a beam, bending moment and shearing stresses are greater
than those of slabs. Therefore, the depth of the beam is governed by the bending
moment criteria while deflection criteria normally get satisfied. A beam simply
supported at its ends carrying a uniformly distributed loads bends with a concavity
upwards. It is subjected to maximum sagging or positive bending moment at its mid-
span and zero at its supports. Sometimes the beam will be subjected to maximum
negative or hogging moment.
The point where the curvature changes from sagging to hogging is called
as point of contra flexure. While designing a beam, according to the bending moment
we design as a flanged section or rectangular section or a Tee-beam or an L-beam.

3.2.2 TYPES OF BEAMS

Based on support conditions
 Simply supported beams
 Cantilever beam
 Fixed beam
Based on shape
 Tee beam
 L beam
 Rectangular beam

19
3.2.3 DESIGN OF BEAM:
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAM
DATA:
Effective span = 4.5 m fck = 20N/mm2
Width of beam = 230mm fy = 415N/mm2
Overall depth = 500 mm Service load = 4 KN/m
d’ = 50mm
LOADS:
Load on floor
Self weight of the slab = 25 x .2
= 5 KN/m2
Live load = 4KN/m2
Floor finish = 1KN/m2
Total load on slab = 10 KN/m2
Inner frame (beam):
Floor area
For transverse direction beam = 0.5 *b*h
` = 0.5 x 4.5 4.5/2
= 5.0625 m2
For longitudinal direction beam = [(a+b)x h] /2
= [(5 + 0.93) x 2.25]/2
= 6.671 m2
Floor load / m run = 10 x 6.67/5
= 13.34 KN/m
Considering wall of thickness = 230 mm
Wall load / m = 20 x 0.23 x3
= 14 KN/m
Self weight of beam = 0.5 x 25x0.23
= 2.875KN/m
Total load on beam = ( 13.34 x 2) + 2.875 +14

20
Total working load = 43.55 KN/m
Design of ultimate load Wu = 1.5 x 43.55
= 65.33 KN/m
ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES:
Bending moment Mu = Wu.L2/8
= 65.33x52/8
= 204.167 KNm
Shear force Vu = Wu.L/2
= 65.33 x 5/2
= 163.33 KN
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Mu.lim =0.138 fck bd2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x 4502 = 210.22KNm
Since Mu<Mu.lim ,, design is a singly reinforced section.

(Ast. fy)
Mu = 0.87. fy. Ast.d [1- -------- ]
(b.d. fck)
204.167x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 450x Ast ( 1 - Ast 415 / 230 x 20 x 450 )
Ast = 2500 mm2
Provide20 mm dia of bars.
No of bars = 2500 / ( x 202/4)
= 8 bars
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
v = Vu/bd
= 163.33 x103 /(230x450)
= 1.57 N/mm2
% of steel = 100 Ast/bd
= (100 x 2500)/(230 x 450)
= 0.68%
k =1
21
 c = 0.598 N/mm2
Hence the shear stress are with safe permissible limits.
Refer table -19
c = 0.598 N/mm2
Vus = [ Vu –[ c* b * d]]
= [ 163.33 x103- (0.598 x230 x450 ]
= 102.205 KN
SPACING:
Using 8 mm dia 2 legged stirrups
1.Sv = [0.87 x415 x2x50 x475/ 54.96102.205x 103]
= 80mm
2.0.75d = 0.75 x450 = 337.5 mm
3. =300 mm
Providing 8 mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 80mm c/c
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

Fig 13 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF BEAM

22
3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
3.3.1 GENERAL
A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs in a
structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times the least lateral
dimension. A column may be considered to be short when its effective length does not
exceed 12 times the least lateral dimension. If the ratio of effective length to least
lateral dimension exceeds 12 times the column is considered as long or slender for
design purposes.

3.3.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH

For normal design purpose assuming idealizes conditions, the effective length is
l is assessed on the basis is 456-2000.

3.3.3 LOADS ON COLUMNS

Columns in a building frame are subjected to the following loads:
 Live loads on the floor supported by column
 Dead load of the floor and beams supported by the column
 Self weight of the column

3.3.4 MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
All columns shall be designs for minimum eccentricity equal to the unsupported
length of column/500 plus lateral dimension/30, subjected to a minimum ⌀20mm. this
minimum eccentricity is incorporated in the design equation recommended in IS 456-
2000.

3.3.5 TYPES OF COLUMN

Based on slenderness ratio,
 Short column
 Long column

23
Based on loading,
 Axial loaded column
 Axial load with uniaxial loading
 Axial load with biaxial loading
 Eccentrically loaded column
3.3.6 DESIGN OF AXIAL COLUMN
DATA:
Pu = 1050KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
L = 3m
B = 230 mm
D = 230mm
LOAD ON COLUMN:

Dead load of slab = 10 x 5 x 4.5

= 225 KN

Dead load of beam = (25x0.23x0.5x5) + (25x0.23x0.5x4.5)

= 27.3125 KN

Wall load = 14 x 0.23 x 3 (5+4.5)

= 91.77 KN

Total load = 344.08 KN

Factored load = 1.5 x 344.08

= 516.12 KN

No of stories =2

24
 Pu = 2 x 516.12

= 1032.24 KN ~ 1050 KN

SLENDERNESS RATIO:

Le = 1000
----- ------- = 4.32 < 12
D 230
Hence it is short column.
MINIMUM ECCENTICITY:

emin = l D 1000 230

---- + ----- = ------- + ------ = 9.5 < 12.5
500 30 500 30
Also , 0.05 Dx = 0.05 x 230 = 12.5 > e min
Consider cover = 25 mm
AREA OF COLUMN (Ag) :
Ag = (Ac +Asc)
230 x230 = (Ac +Asc)
Ac = 52900- Asc
Pu = 0.4 fck * Ac + 0.67 fy * Asc

1050 x 103 = 0.4* 20 *(52900- Ag) + 0.67 * 415* Ag

Asc ` = 2321.05mm2

Assume 25 mm dia bar

No of bars = 2321.05
-------------
*252/4
~ 6 nos
Provide #6 of 25 mm dia bars.

25
REINFORCEMENT OF LATERAL BAR:

Dia of lateral bar < ¼ of main bar

< 25/4

= 6.54mm

~ 6mm bar
SPACING
48 x dia of ties = 48 x 6 = 288 mm
Pitch of lateral bar = 16d = 16*25 =400 mm
300 mm
Least lateral dimension = 230 mm
Provide 6mm dia ties @ 230 mm c/c.
Hence it is safe.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

Fig.14 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF COLUMN

26
3.4 DESIGN OF STAIR
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction
designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more
straight pieces connected at angles. A stair, or a stair step is one step in a flight of
stairs. In buildings, stairs is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two
floors.
A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A staircase or stairway
is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings,
newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. A stairwell is a compartment
extending vertically through a building in which stairs are placed. A stair hall is the
stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions of the public hall through which it is
necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the other floors of a building.
Box stairs are stairs built between walls, usually with no support except the wall
strings.

3.4.1 STEP

Each step is composed of tread and riser.

3.4.2 TREAD
The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same
specifications (thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the
outer edge of the step to the vertical "riser" between steps. The "width" is measured
from one side to the other.
3.4.3 RISER
The vertical portion between each tread on the stair. This may be missing for an
"open" stair effect.

27
3.4.4 TYPES OF STAIR
The different types of stairs are

 Straight Stair
 Geometrical Stair
 Open Newel Stair
 Dogged-legged Stair
 Bifurcated Stair
 Quarter-turn Stair
 Spiral Stair
 Circular Stair

3.4.5 DESIGN OF DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE

GIVEN DATA:
Vertical distance between floors = 3m
Live load = 4KN/m2
Tread = 250mm
Rise = 150mm
DIMENSION OF STAIR CASE:
Height of loading beam from floor = 3/2
= 1.5m
Number of steps per waist slab = 1.5/0.15
= 10
Number of tread in each flight = 10-1
=9
EFFECTIVE SPAN AND EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
Effective span = nT+ (Width of landing)
Landing width = 1.25m
= 1250mm
Effective span = (250 x 9) + 1250 + 350

28
 = 3850mm
Effective depth = 3850/20
= 192.5mm
Overall depth = 192.5+25
= 215 mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
Dead load of slab on slopes, Ws = b*D*25
= 1 x0.215 x 25
= 5.375KN/m
W = Ws (R2 + T2) (.5)/ T
= 5.375(0.15 2+0.25 2) (.5)/0.25
= 6.268KN/m
Dead load on one step = ( 0.5x0.1x 0.25 x25)
= 0.47KN/m
Load on steps per meter length = ( 0.47x1000) /250
= 1.875
Finishing load = 0.53KN/m
Total dead load = 6.268+1.87 +0.53
= 8.668 KN/m
Service load = 4 KN/m
Total service load = 12.668 KN/m
Factored load = ( 1.5 x 12.668 )
Wu = 19 KN/m
BENDING MOMENTS:
Mu =0.125 x Wu X l2
= 0.125 x19 x3.85 2

29
CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:
Mu = Mu lim
= 0.138 fck bd2
d = 35.20mm
35.20mm< 192.5mm.
Hence it is safe.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

(Ast. fy)
Mu = 0.87. fy. Ast.d [1- -------- ]
(b.d. fck)
=( 0.87. fy. Ast.d) ( 1 – (Ast415 / 1000 x 192.5 x20)
Ast = 475.25mm2
Use 12 mm dia bars
Spacing = (π x 122/4) /475.25 x 1000
= 25mm
Hence provide 12 mm dia bars @ 25 mm c/c as distribution reinforcement.

DISTRIBUITARY REINFORCEMENT:
Ast = 0.12%bD
= (0.12/100) x 1000x 215
= 258mm2
Use 8 mm dia bars
Spacing = (π x 82/4) /258 x 1000
= 194mm
~ 200mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c as distribution reinforcement.
Hence the design is safe.

30
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

Fig.15 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF STAIR

31
3.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING
3.5.1 GENERAL
Footing is the bottom most important component of the structure. The footing
generally lies well below the ground level. The footing provided for the column is
called column footing. The main function of the footing is to transfer the load from the
column to the ground so that the intensity of pressure on the soil does not exceed the
safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Reinforced concrete footings are designed to resist the design factored moments &
shear forces due to the imposed loads. The area of the footing should be such that the
bearing pressure developed at the base of footings does not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil.
In plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge should be at least 150 mm for
footings on solids and not less than 300 mm above the tops of piles for footings on
piles

3.5.2 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

The types of foundation are
 Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation

3.5.3 TYPES OF FOOTINGS

The types of footings are
 Isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Spread footing
 Strap footing
 Mat footing

32
3.5.4 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING
DATA:

Axial service load, Pu = 1500KN

Dimension of column = 230 x230

S.B.C of the soil = 400 KN/m2

fy = 415 N/mm2

fck = 30 N/mm2

DIMENSION OF FOOTING:

Pu = 1500KN

Weight of footing = 10% of Pu

= 0.1 x1500 = 150KN

Total load, Wu = Pu + Pu

= 1500 +150

= 1650KN

Area of the footing = total load / S.B.C

=1650 / 420 = 2.75m2

Size of the footing =1.75 m x1.75 m

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AT BASE:

Soil pressure at base = 1650 /(1.75 x1.75)

= 538.77 KN/m2 < (1.5 x 400) KN/m2

Hence it is safe within the permissible limits.

FACTORED BENDING MOMENT:

M = P(L – a2)/8L = 1650(1.75 – 0.23)2 /(8 x 1.75) = 272.29 KNm

Since it is a square slab moment and reinforcements will be same in both diretions.

33
THICKNESS OF FOOTING SLAB:

Mu = 0.138 * b*d2* fck

272.29 x 106 = 0.138 x 30 x 1000 x d2
d = 275 mm
Depth (d) based on shear consideration will be double than that due to moment
consideration.

Effective depth d = 2x 275mm

= 550mm

Overall depth d = 600mm

D = d + d’ = 550 + 50

REINFORCEMENTS :

(Ast. fy)
Mu = 0.87. fy. Ast.d [1- -------- ]
(b.d. fck)
272.29 x 106 = (0.87 x 415 x 550 x Ast) [1-(Astx415/1000 x 30 x 550)
Ast = 1422.06 mm2

Ast min = 0.12% b D

= 0.12 x 1000 x 600 / 100

= 720mm2

Adopt 20 mm dia bars

S =( /4) x 202 x 1000/ 1422.06

=220 mm

Provide 20 mm dia bars @ 220 mm c/c

34
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

Fig.16 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FOOTING

35
 CHAPTER - 4

ANALYSIS

4.1 GENERAL

In the case of multi-storied frames, the degree of indeterminacy is very high and
hence solution by consistent deformation, slope deflection, moment distribution or
column analogy methods is almost ruled out. Kani’s method, however, may be
employed, but it needs more computational efforts. For quicker solution, design
engineers use the following approximate methods of analysis.

4.2 TYPES OF ANALYSIS

Vertical loads are taken from the appropriate code (IS 875)

Any one of the following methods for loads:

 Portal method
 Cantilever method
 Factor method
 STAAD Pro Analysis

Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. The very basis of
construction of any building, residential house or dams, bridges, culverts, canals, etc, is
designing. Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to construct
their own structures. The foremost basic in structural engineering is the design of
simple basic components and members of a building viz., Slabs, Beams, Columns and
Footings. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the
particular building that is, positioning of the particular rooms. Such that they serve
their respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the
inhabitants. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and the
position of columns are fixed.

36
4.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS

For our structure the following loads are considered

4.3.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead loads of this structure is calculated as per IS 875 Part-1

Self weight of frames is calculated by software itself.

Floor finishes = 1KN/m2

Wall load = wall thickness x wall height x unit weight of brick

= 14 KN/m

Self weight of the slab = Thickness of slab x Unit weight of concrete

= 0.2 x 25

= 5 KN/m2

4.3.2 LIVE LOAD

Live loadings of this structure is calculated as per IS 875 Part-2

Live load on floors = 4 KN/m2

Live load on roof = 4 KN/m2

4.3.3 LOAD COMBINATION

As per IS 875 Part-5 & IS 456-2000, the following load combinations are taken for
software analysis.

1.5( DEAL LOAD + LIVE LOAD)

4.4 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

STADD is structural engineering software for 3D model generation, analysis

and Multi-material design. Capabilities for static, dynamic, or pushover analysis of
bridges, containment structures, embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe
racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or
any other simple or complex structure.

37
 STADD.Pro is the pemier finite element analysis and design tool for any type of
project including towers, culverts, plants, bridges, stadiums and marine structures.
With an array of advanced analysis capabilities including linear static, response
spectra, time history, cable, pushover and non-linear analyses, STADD.Pro provides
your engineering team with a callable solution that will meet the demands of your
project every time. In addition, no matter what material or what country you are
designing your structure, STADD.Pro can easily accommodate your design and
loading requirements. Delivering high-performance buildings, small and large, on
schedule, on budget and error free is the challenge facing practitioners today.
Integrating design, analysis, fabrication nd construction, in multiple disciplines through
all phases of work, with changes happening every day, is critical for success.

Fig.17 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

38
Fig.18 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

Fig.19 TORSION DIAGRAM

39
Fig20 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

40
 CHAPTER – 5

ANALYSIS REPORT

STAAD.Pro Report
To: From:

Copy to: Date: Ref:

12/10/201 ca/ Document1
8 21:39:00

Job Information

Engineer Checked Approved

Name:
Date: 12-Oct-18

Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 152 Highest Node 152

Number of Elements 304 Highest Beam 364

Number of Basic Load Cases -2

Number of Combination Load Cases 4

Included in this printout are data for:

All The Whole Structure

Included in this printout are results for load cases:

Type L/C Name
Primary 1 dd
Primary 2 ll
Combination 3 Generated Indian Code Genral_Structures 1
Combination 4 Generated Indian Code Genral_Structures 2
Combination 5 Generated Indian Code Genral_Structures 3
Combination 6 Generated Indian Code Genral_Structures 4

41
Node Displacement Summary
X Y Z Resultant rX rY rZ
Node L/C
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (rad) (rad) (rad)
Max X 147 3:Generated Indian 0.932 0.031 -0.001 0.932 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001
Min X 150 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.932 0.031 0.001 0.932 0.000 -0.000 0.001
Max Y 134 Code
5:Generated Indian -0.018 2.129 0.011 2.129 -0.000 0.000 -0.000
Min Y 149 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.929 -1.022 0.000 1.381 0.000 0.000 -0.001
Max Z 142 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 -0.310 0.023 0.311 0.001 -0.000 0.000
Min Z 111 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.000 -0.310 -0.023 0.311 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000
Max rX 142 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 -0.310 0.023 0.311 0.001 -0.000 0.000
Min rX 111 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.000 -0.310 -0.023 0.311 -0.001 -0.000 -0.000
Max rY 114 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.002 -0.572 0.000 0.572 -0.000 0.000 -0.000
Min rY 109 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.002 -0.572 0.000 0.572 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
Max rZ 133 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.036 -0.313 -0.000 0.315 -0.000 0.000 0.001
Min rZ 138 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.036 -0.313 -0.000 0.315 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001
Max Rst 134 Code
5:Generated Indian -0.018 2.129 0.011 2.129 -0.000 0.000 -0.000
Code

Beam Displacement Detail Summary

Displacements shown in italic indicate the presence of an offset
d X Y Z Resultant
Beam L/C
(m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Max X 350 3:Generated Indian 2.100 1.176 -0.980 -0.024 1.531
Min X 357 Code
3:Generated Indian 2.100 -1.176 -0.980 -0.024 1.531
Max Y 300 Code
5:Generated Indian 2.500 -0.024 2.844 -0.008 2.844
Min Y 353 Code
2:ll 2.500 0.037 -2.101 0.000 2.102
Max Z 63 3:Generated Indian 2.100 -0.001 -0.112 0.308 0.328
Min Z 93 Code
3:Generated Indian 2.100 -0.001 -0.112 -0.309 0.328
Max Rst 337 Code
5:Generated Indian 2.500 0.025 2.844 0.008 2.844
Code

Beam End Displacement Summary

Displacements shown in italic indicate the presence of an offset
X Y Z Resultant
Beam Node L/C
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Max X 349 145 3:Generated Indian 0.932 0.031 0.001 0.932
Min X 358 150 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.932 0.031 0.001 0.932
Max Y 260 116 Code
5:Generated Indian -0.018 2.129 -0.010 2.129
Min Y 350 146 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.929 -1.022 0.000 1.381
Max Z 284 140 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.001 -0.309 0.023 0.309
Min Z 255 111 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.001 -0.310 -0.023 0.311
Max Rst 281 137 Code
5:Generated Indian 0.019 2.129 0.011 2.129
Code

Beam End Force Summary

The signs of the forces at end B of each beam have been reversed. For example: this means that the Min Fx entry gives the largest
tension value for an beam.
Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
Beam Node L/C
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Max Fx 73 13 2:ll 150.434 -0.180 -0.205 0.000 0.203 -0.179
Min Fx 86 62 5:Generated Indian -410.135 -0.298 -0.091 0.000 -0.188 0.607
Max Fy 333 134 Code
5:Generated Indian -6.395 42.162 -0.007 0.035 -0.017 -42.393
Min Fy 304 119 Code
5:Generated Indian -6.395 -42.162 -0.007 0.035 0.017 -42.393
Max Fz 286 106 Code
3:Generated Indian 21.527 0.043 6.041 0.001 -8.618 0.063
Min Fz 255 75 Code
3:Generated Indian 21.527 -0.043 -6.041 0.001 8.618 -0.063
Max Mx 338 133 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.030 20.470 0.037 3.607 -0.085 11.860
Min Mx 294 109 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.030 16.383 -0.037 -3.607 0.081 2.664
Max My 286 142 Code
3:Generated Indian 15.918 0.043 6.041 0.001 9.504 -0.065
Min My 255 111 Code
3:Generated Indian 15.918 -0.043 -6.041 0.001 -9.504 0.065
Max Mz 97 38 Code
2:ll -0.773 -21.556 -0.004 0.642 -0.010 15.132
Min Mz 141 62 3:Generated Indian 3.144 35.907 0.007 0.072 0.016 -48.247
Code

42
Beam Force Detail Summary
Sign convention as diagrams:- positive above line, negative below line except Fx where positive is compression. Distance d is given from
beam end A.
Axial Shear Torsion Bending
d Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
Beam L/C
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Max Fx 73 2:ll 0.000 150.434 -0.180 -0.205 0.000 0.203 -0.179
Min Fx 86 5:Generated Indian 3.000 -410.135 -0.298 -0.091 0.000 -0.188 0.607
Max Fy 333 Code
3:Generated Indian 4.000 -7.277 46.991 -0.017 0.056 -0.023 -1.924
Min Fy 304 Code
3:Generated Indian 1.000 -7.277 -46.991 -0.017 0.056 0.023 -1.924
Max Fz 286 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 21.527 0.043 6.041 0.001 -8.618 0.063
Min Fz 255 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 21.527 -0.043 -6.041 0.001 8.618 -0.063
Max Mx 338 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 -0.030 20.470 0.037 3.607 -0.085 11.860
Min Mx 294 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.000 -0.030 16.383 -0.037 -3.607 0.081 2.664
Max My 286 Code
3:Generated Indian 3.000 15.918 0.043 6.041 0.001 9.504 -0.065
Min My 255 Code
3:Generated Indian 3.000 15.918 -0.043 -6.041 0.001 -9.504 0.065
Max Mz 304 Code
3:Generated Indian 2.500 -7.277 -5.776 -0.017 0.056 -0.003 44.723
Min Mz 141 Code
3:Generated Indian 5.000 3.144 35.907 0.007 0.072 0.016 -48.247
Code

Reaction Summary
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Moment
FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Node L/C
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Max FX 30 3:Generated Indian 3.132 63.265 0.008 0.008 -0.001 -3.125
Min FX 25 Code
3:Generated Indian -3.132 63.265 0.008 0.008 0.001 3.125
Max FY 13 Code
2:ll 0.180 150.434 -0.205 -0.203 0.000 -0.179
Min FY 26 5:Generated Indian 0.298 -404.526 -0.091 -0.085 0.000 -0.287
Max FZ 34 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.008 63.977 2.327 2.320 -0.000 0.008
Min FZ 3 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.008 63.977 -2.327 -2.320 -0.000 -0.008
Max MX 34 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.008 63.977 2.327 2.320 -0.000 0.008
Min MX 3 Code
3:Generated Indian 0.008 63.977 -2.327 -2.320 -0.000 -0.008
Max MY 31 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.008 114.009 -0.157 -0.156 0.001 0.009
Min MY 1 Code
3:Generated Indian -0.008 114.009 0.157 0.156 -0.001 0.009
Max MZ 25 Code
3:Generated Indian -3.132 63.265 0.008 0.008 0.001 3.125
Min MZ 30 Code
3:Generated Indian 3.132 63.265 0.008 0.008 -0.001 -3.125
Code

Base Pressure Summary

FX FY FZ
Node L/C
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Max FX 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min FX 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000
Max FY 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min FY 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000
Max FZ 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min FZ 1 1:dd 0.000 0.000 0.000

43
 CHAPTER – 6

CONCLUSION

The project has given opportunity to understand the basic principles of design. It
involves selection of type of structure, selection of plan based on the norms of local
municipal authority, provisions in each and every floor of the building as per the rules
and regulations.

Analysis and Design of residential building is carried out to have maximum

utility and safety. The framed structures is performed using STADD pro software. As
the result of analysis dead loads and live loads were found. The Structural components
such as slabs for floors and roofs, beams at different floors and columns have been
designed as per IS 456-2000.

During the course of the project, we have gained knowledge on designing of

slabs, beams, columns, footings and staircases. The building is designed as per IS 456-
2000. We have used the application of AUTOCAD and STADD PRO during course of
this project to obtain elevation, section and reinforcement details.

44
 CHAPTER - 7

REFERENCES

 “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures” ,by Dr. Krishna Raju, CBS

publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
 “Design of reinforced concrete Structure”, Ramamrutham.S, Dhanpat Raj
Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2010.
 IS 456:2000 - Code for practice for plain and reinforced concrete.
 IS 875:1987 – code of practice for load calculation.
 “Design of a Residential Building”, by V.Manasa.

45