Chapter

9 1100 B.C.–A.D. 200

China’s Flourishing
Civilization
The

S toryteller
Whom do you agree with in the following conversation,
dating from the 500s B.C.? What is right, or “straightness,” in
this case?
The Governor of She said to Confucius: “In our village
Chapter Themes
there is a man nicknamed Straight Body. When his father stole a
> Uniformity The Qin and Han
dynasties establish and maintain a
sheep, he gave evidence against him.” Confucius answered, “In
strong central government. our village those who are straight are quite different. Fathers
Section 1
> Innovation The Chinese formulate cover up for their sons, and sons cover up for their fathers.…”
ethical philosophies and make This conversation involves a conflict between law and
scientific and technological
advances. Section 2
family. Confucius’s view—that family should always take prece-
> Cultural Diffusion Traders carry dence—reflects an attitude toward families that was dominant
ideas and products along the Silk
Road. Section 3
in Chinese culture for a long time.

Historical Significance

How did the ideas of Confucius and other Chinese

thinkers affect behavior in Chinese society for centuries?
How have their ideas influenced China’s development and
its relationship with other parts of the world?

600 B.C. 300 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 300

551 B.C. A.D. 220

Confucius Han dynasty falls.
is born. 126 B.C. Explorer
202 B.C. Zhang Qian returns
Liu Bang founds from the West.
the Han dynasty.
218
Visualizing The Great Wall of China at Huang Ya Guan, a view of a section of
History the 4,000-mile-long wall

Your History Journal

Chapter Overview Chinese inventions and discoveries
include many “firsts” such as printed
Visit the World History: The Human Experience books, the compass, and gunpowder.
Web site at worldhistory.glencoe.com and click Choose one Chinese invention or discov-
on Chapter 9—Chapter Overview to preview ery reported in this chapter and write a
the chapter. short research report on its early history.

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 219

 1000 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 500

771 B.C. Zhou 221 B.C. 141 B.C.

political power Qin Shihuangdi Wudi becomes the
begins to decline. founds the Qin sixth Han emperor.
dynasty.
Section 1

Three Great
Dynasties
round 1100 B.C., the Chinese people
Read to Find Out
Main Idea China made major advances
under the Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties.
> Terms to Define
A were fashioning ideas that would
result in a unique civilization. From
then until the A.D. 200s, the Chinese lived under
three dynasties, or ruling families—the Zhou
cavalry, civil service, mandarin (JOH), the Qin (CHIN), and the Han (HAHN). The
> People to Meet first of these, the Zhou, ruled the nation for more
Qin Shihuangdi, Liu Bang, Wudi, Zhang than 800 years, longer than any other Chinese
Qian dynasty.

> Places to Locate

Great Wall of China, Silk Road
The Enduring Zhou
The The Zhou conquered the last Shang dynasty
S toryteller king around 1028 B.C., claiming the Mandate of
Heaven, or heaven’s approval. They called their
Seeing the Marquis Chao of Han asleep on king the Son of Heaven, saying that the Shang had
the cold floor, the keeper of the royal hat covered lost the mandate by ruling poorly.
him with a robe. Upon awakening, the marquis Eventually, the Zhou held a vast realm. To con-
demanded to know who had covered him. trol their holdings, Zhou kings set up an agricultur-
Learning the keeper of the hat was responsible, the al system in which nobles owned the land and
marquis punished the keeper of the robe for failing peasants worked it. They appointed their relatives
to perform his duty. Then he to govern, giving each one a city-state.
punished the keeper of the hat for Each local lord had total authority on his own
undertaking tasks not his to per- lands and built his own army. At first all the lords
form. The trespass of one official pledged allegiance to the Son of Heaven. In time,
upon the duties of another was though, some grew strong enough to challenge the
king’s authority.
considered a great danger.
In 771 B.C. the Zhou suffered a severe defeat in
—adapted from Basic Writing of a conflict with their enemies. After that, political
Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei power fell increasingly to local nobles. In the next
Tzu, reprinted in The Global centuries, the nobles fought small wars until by the
Experience: Readings in World 200s B.C., several city-states were locked in a strug-
History to 1500, 1987 gle that ended the Zhou era.
Even though Zhou rulers lost their power, the
Late Zhou Zhou are remembered for many technological
jade dragon advances. During the Zhou period the Chinese
built roads and expanded foreign trade. They
obtained horses from western nomads, forming a

220 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 Early Chinese Dynasties
110°E 120°E 110°E 120°E 110°E

40°N 40°N 40°N

Anyang N Anyang N N
WEI
W E VALLEY Luoyang W E Xian Luoyang W E

S S S

30°N 30°N 30°N

SHANG DYNASTY ZHOU DYNASTY QIN DYNASTY

1700–1000 B.C. 1028–256 B.C. 221–210 B.C.

20°N 20°N 20°N

0 250 500 mi. 0 250 500 mi. 0 250 500 mi.
0 250 500 km 0 250 500 km 0 250 500 km
Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

Claiming the Mandate of Heaven, the Zhou conquered the Shang dynasty,
Map establishing a powerful rule that lasted for nearly 800 years.
Study Region Which dynasty extended its control over the largest amount of territory?
Why was it able to expand so far?

cavalry, or group of mounted warriors, along with prevented local lords from becoming strong
horse-drawn chariots. The Zhou also added a dead- enough to challenge the power of the central gov-
ly weapon: the crossbow. They further elaborated ernment—the problem that had led to the downfall
the system of picture writing begun by the Shang, a of the Zhou.
system that is the ancestor of modern Chinese writ- The First Emperor made other changes to fur-
ing. Under the Zhou, iron plows were invented, ther centralize his control. He devised a system of
irrigation systems were developed, and flood-con- weights and measures to replace the various sys-
trol systems were initiated. These and other tems used in different regions. He standardized
advances led to population growth, and Zhou China coins, instituted a uniform writing system, and set
became the world’s most densely populated country. up a law code throughout China.
Qin had grandiose plans for his empire, and he
used forced labor to accomplish them. Gangs of
The Mighty Qin Chinese peasants dug canals and built roads.

Meanwhile, several small states were strug-

gling for control in China. Among them was a state
on the western border ruled by the Qin. By 221 B.C., Court Magic
the Qin had wiped out the Zhou and conquered the A court magician made a
rest of northern China, uniting much of the nation potion for Wudi, claiming
under a strong central authority for the first time. that it would give immortality. Before the emperor
Westerners would later call the nation China after got the potion, a scholar drank it. The scholar was
the Qin, whose first ruler added the title
immediately sentenced to death but told Wudi
Shihuangdi (SHUR•HWONG•DEE), or First
that, if the potion was genuine, Wudi would not
Emperor, to his name.
A tireless ruler, Qin Shihuangdi set out to cre- be able to kill him. If the potion was a fake, he
ate a government directly under his control. He had done no harm. Wudi had to agree. Needless
reorganized the empire into military districts, to say, the scholar had exposed a fraud.
appointing officials to govern them. This system

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 221

The Great Wall Advances Under Wudi
To Qin, one building project seemed especially The Han dynasty reached its peak during the
urgent—shoring up China’s defenses to the north. reign of Wudi (WOO•DEE), who ruled from 141
Earlier rulers had built walls to prevent attacks by B.C. to 87 B.C. Wudi, one of the most talented and
nomadic invaders. Qin ordered those walls con- dynamic rulers in Chinese history, personally
nected. Over several years some 300,000 peasants supervised all aspects of his government.
toiled—and thousands died—to complete the An ambitious ruler, Wudi extended his empire.
more than 4,000-mile-long (6,437 km) wall. Rebuilt He sent huge armies against nomadic invaders and
by later rulers, the Great Wall of China stands other non-Chinese peoples. He conquered lands to
today as a monument to Qin’s ambition and to the the north, including Korea and Manchuria, south
peasants who carried out their emperor’s will. into Southeast Asia, and west to northern India.
In 139 B.C. Wudi sent out an expedition led by
Qin’s Strict Rule Zhang Qian (JAHNG CHYEN), a general and
Qin Shihuangdi imposed a new order on explorer. Thirteen years later, Zhang staggered
China. He ended the power of the local lords by back. His troops had been nearly wiped out by bar-
taking land from many of them and imposing a tax barian attacks, and the general had endured more
on landowners. He appointed educated men than 10 years of captivity.
instead of nobles as officials to run his government. Zhang brought back amazing tales heard on his
Qin even imposed censorship, clamping down on travels. He told of a great empire to the west, with
scholars who discussed books and ideas. In 213 B.C. huge cities full of people “who cut their hair short,
he ordered all books burned except those about “prac- wear embroidered garments, and ride in very small
tical” subjects like agriculture, medicine, and magic. chariots.” Zhang, who was describing Rome, gave
In this way he hoped to break people’s ties to the past Han rulers their first hint of another civilization as
so they would not criticize the present. About 460 advanced as their own.
scholars resisted and were executed. Wudi’s new interest in the West, fed by news of
Qin’s subjects saw him as a cruel tyrant who Zhang Qian’s explorations, led to the expansion of
had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Nobles were trade routes later known as the Silk Road. Winding
angry because he had destroyed the aristocracy; past deserts and through mountain passes, the Silk
scholars detested him for the burning of books; and Road linked East and West. It allowed traders to
peasants hated his forced-labor gangs. In 210 B.C. Qin exchange China’s fine silk for Middle Eastern and
died, and soon the dynasty itself came to an end. Even European products, such as gold, glassware, and
so, the rule of the Qin established foundations for wool and linen fabrics.
the Chinese state that would last 2,000 years.
Pax Sinica
The Glorious Han Under the Han, China enjoyed a 400-year period
of prosperity and stability, later referred to as the
In 207 B.C. Liu Bang (LYOH BONG) overthrew Pax Sinica (PAHKS SIH•nuh•kuh), the Chinese
the Qin. A military official from a peasant back- Peace. The Pax Sinica coincided with the Pax
ground, Liu defeated his most powerful rival in 202 Romana in the West.
B.C. and declared himself the emperor of a new
During the Pax Sinica, Wudi adopted an eco-
dynasty, the Han. The Han governed China until
nomic policy designed to prevent food shortages
A.D. 220, more than 400 years. The Han emperors
and high prices. Government agents stored surplus
used Qin forms of centralized power, but without
food during years of plenty and sold it when har-
the harshness of Qin rule. Han China rivaled the
vests were poor. Under this system, China was able
Roman Empire in its power and achievement.
to feed its growing population.
Before Wudi, emperors had chosen as their offi-
cials members of their families or of the aristocracy,
a practice that led easily to corruption in govern-
Student Web Activity 9 ment. Wudi wanted talented people to govern, and
so he initiated changes. He asked people to recom-
Visit the World History: The Human Experience Web mend candidates, who then took long, difficult
site at worldhistory.glencoe.com and click on
written examinations. After an official “graded” the
Chapter 9—Student Web Activities for an activity
tests, the emperor evaluated the results and
relating to the Han dynasty.
appointed those with the highest scores.

222 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 PICTURING HISTORY

Thomas J. Abercrombie

Silk Road

National Geographic Publications

A
caravan of men and You can trace the
mules walk a trail length of the trip on the
that once formed part accompanying map. A
of the old Silk Road, a trader setting forth from
network of paths cutting across the Chinese city of
Art Division

Asia from the Pacific coast of Nanjing would soon leave

China to the Mediterranean Sea. Chinese territory and enter
The route, first traveled many years before the a world of Muslim ethnic groups and treacherous ter-
Christian era, was the passageway not only for Chinese rain. The trail loops south and north of the scorching
silk but for a great range of products including jade and Takla Makan Desert and rises high through mountain
fruit, ideas and paintings. Today it is still possible to passes across the Pamir Mountains. The whole trip was
see how poles and rocks created the actual highway far too long for a single caravan to undertake. Instead,
over which goods moved throughout many centuries— Chinese or Persian merchants dealt with central Asian
before ships, trains, buses, and airplanes replaced middlemen from lands such as Afghanistan and
mules and packs. Turkestan. 

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 223

 The Han Dynasty 202 B.C.–A.D. 220
60°E 80°E 100°E 120°E
N
Caspian
W
Sea E
40°
N S MONGOLIA
GOBI Manchuria
(Desert)

PERSIA
r H

e
gH
ive

M JAPAN
I
H uan
sR

A
Indu

L A Changan
Y A S
an
G

ge
sR
i v er PACIFIC
Xi Jiang
20°N OCEAN
INDIA

Arabian Sea

Bay of SOUTHEAST
ASIA
Bengal

Great Wall
Silk Road
0 500 1,000 mi.
0 500 1,000 km
Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

The Han dynasty stretched from northern India into Manchuria and south into
Map Southeast Asia.
Study Region What natural features isolated China from the rest of the world?

Wudi’s examinations evolved into the civil ser- cated civil servants, called mandarins, controlled
vice, a system that, in theory, allowed anyone with the government and would do so until the early
ability to attain public office. In practice, the system 1900s.
favored the wealthy, for usually only they could After Wudi’s reign, Han power declined until
afford to obtain enough education to pass the exams. the dynasty eventually fell in A.D. 220. However,
The civil service system made scholars the most Han achievements in government, technology, sci-
respected members of society. A new class of edu- ence, and the arts were lasting.

SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT

Main Idea Recall offer equal opportunity to all

1. Use a chart like the one below 2. Define cavalry, civil service, people in the Chinese Empire?
to list China’s major advances mandarin. Give reasons from the text for
under the Zhou, Qin, and Han 3. Identify Qin Shihuangdi, Liu your answer.
dynasties. Bang, Wudi, Zhang Qian. Understanding Themes
Zhou Qin Han Critical Thinking 5. Uniformity How did Qin
4. Analyzing Information Did Shihuangdi politically unite
Wudi’s civil service system China?

224 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 500 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 500

c. 522 B.C. c. 500 B.C. Daoism emerges as c. A.D. 400 Buddhism

Confucius a major Chinese philosophy. becomes a popular
begins to teach. religion in China.

Section 2

Three Ways of Life

uring the late Zhou era, scholars sought
Read to Find Out
Main Idea China’s philosophic ideals
helped to shape its government.
D solutions to the problems of political
breakdown and social disorder that
were paralyzing China. Their efforts led to the rise
of major philosophies, such as Confucianism,
> Terms to Define
ethics, filial piety, yin and yang
Legalism, and Daoism. These philosophies dealt
very little with the supernatural or with eternal life;
> People to Meet instead, they focused on life in this world and how
Confucius (Kongfuzi), Laozi it should be lived. By the latter part of the Han
dynasty, between A.D. 50 and A.D. 100, Buddhism
had reached China, and the Chinese blended its
The insights with those of Confucianism and Daoism.
S toryteller
One of the duties of Prince Wei-hui’s cook
was to slaughter cattle for the royal table. When
he performed this task, all his movements were
harmonious, like a dance. The prince was amazed Confucianism
and asked his servant how he was able to do such China’s most influential scholar was Kongfuzi
heavy work so effortlessly. The cook explained, (KOONG•FOO•DZUH), known in the West as
“What your servant loves is the Tao, which I have Confucius. Born about 551 B.C. to a peasant family,
applied to the skill of carving. I work with my Confucius at first sought a political post but later
mind, and not with my eyes.” In this way, the became a teacher. In his teachings, Confucius stated
toughest cuts yielded easily that social harmony and good government would
before his skill. He had return to China if people lived according to princi-
learned how to nurture his ples of ethics—good conduct and moral judgment.
spirit while maintaining his When a student asked Confucius for a single word
livelihood. that could serve as a principle for conduct, he
responded: “Perhaps the word reciprocity will do.
—adapted from A Source Do not do unto others what you would not want
Book in Chinese Philosophy, others to do unto you.” This rule is similar to a
reprinted in Lives and familiar teaching of Judaism and Christianity,
Times: A World History sometimes called the Golden Rule: “Do unto others
Reader, James P. Holoka as you would have others do unto you.”
and Jiu-Hwa L.
Upshur, 1994 The Five Relationships
Confucius stressed the importance of moral
behavior in five basic relationships: ruler and sub-
ject, parent and child, husband and wife, old and
Confucius
young, and friend and friend. A code of proper con-
duct governed each of these relationships. For
example, rulers had a duty to rule justly and to set

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 225

 an example of right living. In return, subjects Legalism
should be loyal and obey the law. Opposition to Confucian ideas, however, came
The most basic relationships, however, con- from scholars known as Legalists. Legalism, as
cerned the family. Confucius cared especially about their philosophy was called, rejected the Confucian
filial piety, or children’s respect for their parents idea of learning by example. Instead, it emphasized
and elders. For Confucius, the family represented the importance of strict laws and harsh punishments.
society in miniature. He said: Legalism developed from the teachings of
Hanfeizi (HAHN•FAY•DZEE), a scholar who lived
The superior man spreads his culture to
during the 200s B.C. According to Hanfeizi, humans
the entire nation by remaining at home….
were by nature evil and required a strong, forceful
The teaching of filial piety is a preparation
government to make them attend to their duties.
for serving the ruler of the state; the teach-
Because of its justification of force and power,
ing of respect for one’s elder brothers is a
Legalism was favored by many nobles and became
preparation for serving all the elders of the
the official policy of the Qin dynasty that unified
community; and the teaching of kindness in
China during the 200s B.C. Legalism later gave way
parents is a training for ruling over peo- to Confucianism. However, Legalism’s influence was
ple….When individual families have reflected in the harsh laws and punishments often
learned kindness, then the whole nation inflicted on China’s peasant population.
has learned kindness.

After Confucius died in 479 B.C., his teachings

were collected in a work called the Analects. During
the Han dynasty, Confucian ethics provided the
Daoism
basis for the civil service system. They would con- In spite of their differences, Confucianism and
tinue to shape Chinese society and government Legalism both stressed the importance of an orderly
until the early 1900s. society. Another philosophy called Daoism, however,

TIONS
EC
CONN

Measuring Earthquakes
People in Han China believed that indicated the tremor’s strength.
earthquakes were caused by angry spirits Today we know that shifting in the
expressing their displeasure with society. earth’s crust causes earthquakes. This move-
Scholars studied quakes closely in hope of ment sends seismic waves across the earth’s
finding a divine message. surface much as dropping a pebble in a pond
In A.D. 132 Zhang Heng invented the sends ripples across water. Modern seismo-
world’s first seismograph, an instrument for graphs have sensors that can detect ground
detecting and measuring earth- motions caused by seismic waves from both
quakes. Zhang’s device resem- near and distant earthquakes. The sensors
bled a domed, cylindrical urn. produce wavy lines that reflect the size of
Each of eight dragons around seismic waves passing beneath them.
the top held a ball in its jaws. At Impressions of the waves are registered on
the base of the urn sat eight paper, film, or recording tape, or are stored
Zhang toads with upturned heads and and displayed by computers.
Heng’s open mouths, each directly
seismograph under a dragon.
When a tremor occurred, a mechanism
caused one of the balls to fall into a toad’s Contrast the workings of ancient
mouth. This action showed that somewhere and modern seismographs. Then,
an earthquake was taking place. The side of examine the differences in ancient
the seismograph where that toad was sitting Chinese and modern views about the
indicated the quake’s direction. As the ball causes of earthquakes.
popped into the toad’s mouth, the loudness

226 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

emphasized living in harmony with nature. Daoism
rejected formal social structures and the idea that
people must fill specific roles in society.

Daoist Ideas
Daoism traced its origins to the teachings of a
scholar named Laozi (LOW•DZUH), who is
thought to have lived sometime around the 500s
B.C. Laozi’s ideas were recorded in the Dao De Jing,
a Chinese classic. His followers, known as Daoists,
believed that people should renounce worldly ambi-
tions and turn to nature and the Dao, the universal
force that guides all things. They used examples
from nature to describe how one follows the Dao:

The highest good is like water.

Water gives life to the ten thousand things
and does not strive.
It flows in places men reject and so is like
the Dao.
In dwelling, be close to the land.
In meditation, go deep in the heart. History Laozi on his buffalo. Guimet Museum,
In dealing with others, be gentle and kind. & Art Paris, France. How did the teachings record-
In speech, be true. ed in the Dao De Jing influence Chinese arts and poetry?
In ruling, be just.
to be in balance. Human life and natural events
By emphasizing harmony with nature, Daoists resulted from the interplay between yin and yang.
deeply influenced Chinese painting and poetry. The concept of yin and yang helped the
Daoist simplicity seems to oppose Confucian Chinese reconcile seeming opposites—like Dao
formalism, but a person could be both a Confucianist simplicity and Confucian formalism. It also helped
and a Daoist. Confucianism provided the pattern for them accept Buddhist ideas brought to China by
government and one’s place in the social order, and monks and traders from India.
Daoism emphasized harmony within the individ-
ual attuned to nature. Because the emphasis of each
was different, a person could easily be both. Buddhism
Yin and Yang Buddhism reached China just as the Han
A Chinese theory related to Daoist ideas was Empire was collapsing, and its emphasis on per-
the concept of yin and yang, the two opposing sonal salvation in nirvana appealed to many people
forces believed to be present in all nature. Yin was seeking an escape from suffering. Confucianists
cool, dark, female, and submissive, while yang was could follow its Eightfold Path, and Daoists
warm, light, male, and aggressive. Everything had admired its use of meditation. By the A.D. 400s,
both elements. For harmony the two elements had Buddhism was widely embraced in China.

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT
Main Idea Recall Understanding Themes
1. Use a diagram like the one 2. Define ethics, filial piety, yin 5. Innovation How did the
below to show what ideas of and yang. concept of yin and yang help
Confucianism and Legalism 3. Identify Confucius, Laozi. the Chinese people reconcile
shaped China’s government. Critical Thinking opposing ideas in the thought
Confucianism Legalism
4. Making Comparisons of Daoism that seemed
Compare Confucianist and opposed to Confucianism?
Chinese Government
Daoist ideas and ways of life. Explain.

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 227

 1000 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 1

1000 B.C.Chinese begin 240 B.C. c. 100 B.C.

poems in the Book of Songs. Chinese astronomers Chinese invent paper.
record appearance of
Halley‘s comet.
Section 3

Society and Culture

onfucian values governed all aspects of
Read to Find Out
Main Idea Many scientific and techno-
logical breakthroughs took place in early
C personal and social life in Han China.
“With harmony at home, there will be
order in the nation,” Confucius had said. “With
order in the nation, there will be peace in the
China. world.” And indeed, the family was supreme in
> Terms to Define Chinese society. It was the focus of life, bound
hierarchy, extended family, nuclear together strongly by mutual love, loyalty, and
family, acupuncture dependence.

> People to Meet

Sima Qian
Family Life
The The members of a Chinese family of the Han
S toryteller era lived and worked together. In an ideal family
every member knew his or her role and the duties
Wu Phu was a physician, trained by Hua Tho,
an outstanding medical theorist. Hua Tho impressed that went with it.
upon his pupils the importance of physical exercise
Relationships
as a means of obtaining good health. He compared
Family members did not relate to each other as
an exercised body to running water, which never
equals; instead, the family was a strict hierarchy,
became stale. “When the body feels ill,” he coun- organized into different levels of importance. The
seled, “one should do one of these exercises. After oldest male in the home, usually the father, was
perspiring, one will sense the body grow light and dominant. Next in rank was the oldest son, fol-
the stomach will manifest hunger.” There was merit lowed by all the younger sons and all the females.
in those recommendations. Wu Phu had carefully The mother came before the daughters, and final-
followed his master’s regimen, and although he was ly—at the bottom—the youngest daughter or child-
past ninety years of age, his hearing, vision, and less daughter-in-law. Each family member expected
even his teeth were all still excellent. obedience from those who were further down in
the hierarchy, and each obeyed and respected those
—adapted from
who were above.
“Hygiene and
Preventive Family Rules
Medicine in
Strict rules governed the relationships between
Ancient China,”
husbands and wives, parents and grandparents,
reprinted in
uncles and aunts, brothers and sisters, and other
Reflections on World
relatives. Each family member knew his or her
Civilization, edited
place and understood its duties, and each was care-
by Ronald H.
Fritze, James S.
ful not to bring dishonor on the family by failing in
Olson, and Randy
those duties. Moreover, the duty to family members
W. Roberts, 1994 did not stop at death; all were expected to pay
Acupuncture chart
respect to departed ancestors.

228 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 Typical homes in Han China did not have the ND THE
OU
AR
extended families, or families of many generations Aesop’s Fables
living together, that would later be typical. Rather,
they had what we call today nuclear families, each
Greece, c. 500 B.C.
consisting of parents and their children. The father
A collection of stories told by an enslaved Greek
assigned his children’s careers, determined their
named Aesop features animals who talk and act
education, arranged their marriages, meted out
like people. Each of Aesop‘s fables ends with a
rewards or punishments, and controlled the family
proverb that teaches a moral. For example, the
finances. The family also provided support for
proverb “The Tortoise and the Hare” teaches that
members who themselves could not contribute—
slow and steady wins the race. Aesop‘s fables
the aged, the young, the sick, and even the lazy.
were not written down until nearly
No doubt the system offered many opportuni-
three centuries
ties for exploiting those further down in the hierar-
after his death.
chy. Nevertheless, few fathers were tyrants. Like
other family members, they practiced ethical prin- Greece
ciples of kindness and compassion, either from gen-
uine love or from fear of the disapproval of others
and the scorn of their ancestors.

Status of Women
Under the Confucian social system, women
were subordinate to men. Confucius himself had
little regard for women, saying, “Women and une- more than a few generations. When a family’s land
ducated people are the most difficult to deal with.” was divided, it went to all the sons, not just the old-
Girls began life subservient to their fathers and est, with the result that in time individual landown-
brothers. Later their husbands and in-laws were ers had less and less property.
their superiors, and eventually even a mother came Probably 90 percent of the Chinese people were
under the authority of her own sons. Parents val- peasants. The wealth that supported the lifestyles
ued baby girls far less than baby boys. A poor fam- of the rich was gained from the hard labor of the
ily had to work hard to raise and support a child, peasants who cultivated the land. Unlike Western
and if that child was a daughter, she left home to farmers, who usually lived on the land they
become part of her husband’s family as soon as she farmed, most Chinese peasants lived in rural vil-
married. lages and worked fields outside their mud walls.
Some women were able to gain respect in Their homes were simple, and they ate a plain diet
Chinese homes. With marriage and motherhood, that featured millet, rice, beans, turnips, and fish.
they became revered. Other opportunities for The peasants raised livestock and toiled long
women, such as education, were limited. In spite of hours in the grain fields. They faced constant
Confucianism’s predominance, women fared far threats from floods and from famines. As rent for
better under the Han than they would in later cen- the land, peasants turned over part of their produce
turies. They could inherit property, even own it to the landowner. The government required them
after they married, and they could remarry after a to pay taxes and to work one month each year on
husband’s death. public works projects such as road building. In
times of conflict, peasants were drafted into the
Society and Economy army as soldiers.
Chinese society consisted of three main classes: At the bottom of the social hierarchy were mer-
landowners, peasants, and merchants. Landowning chants—a group that included shopkeepers,
families were wealthy. They lived in tile-roofed traders, service workers, and even bankers. The
mansions with courtyards and gardens. They sur- merchants lived in towns and provided goods and
rounded their homes with walls to protect them services for the wealthy. In spite of the great wealth
from bandits. They filled their rooms with fine fur- that many merchants accumulated, Chinese society
niture and adorned them with silk wall hangings generally held them in contempt. Confucianism
and carpets. Wealthy families feasted on a rich variety taught that the pursuit of profit was an unworthy
of foods. pastime for the “superior” individual. Merchants
The landholders’ wealth was generally limited, were not allowed to take the civil service examina-
however, and families rarely kept their holdings for tions and enter government service.

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 229

 For all the people in Han society except mer- and simple, concrete imagery—this one, for
chants, the civil service system provided opportunities example:
for advancement, though the expense of education
blocked most of the poor from competing. Still, Near the East Gate
poor but talented individuals sometimes rose to Young women go
positions of power and influence. Like so many clouds all day.
Like drifting clouds
A thought of them
Soon blows away.
Literature
Although the Qin burned thousands of books, There. White robe
and a blue scarf—
many survived in royal libraries and secret private col-
she makes my day.
lections. Particularly prized was a collection of books
called the Five Classics, some of which were written Near the Great Tower and Wall
before Confucius. All candidates for the civil service Go slender girls
were required to master them. No better example is Like reeds by river’s edge:
recorded of the Chinese reverence for history. Like bending reeds
The oldest of the Five Classics, the Book of A thought of them
Songs, preserves 305 of the earliest Chinese poems, Soon passes by.
written between 1000 B.C. and 600 B.C. The poems
deal with political themes, ritual, and romance. The Book of Documents records political speeches
Many seem modern, with their everyday topics and documents from early in the Zhou dynasty,

of the

Han China
The Han dynasty was a golden
age of Chinese history. Important
political, economic, and cultural
changes took place.

Wudi’s examinations
developed into a civil
service system, leading
to a wealthy class of
mandarins who con-
trolled the government.

230
including the earliest statement of the Mandate of The Han Chinese encouraged literary pursuits
Heaven. The Book of Changes presents a complex sys- and made literature available to everyone. An espe-
tem for foretelling the future and choosing a course cially valuable work produced during the Han
of action. In Spring and Autumn Annals Confucius dynasty period was the Historical Record. Written by
reported major events that occurred in the state of Lu Sima Qian during the reign of Wudi, it is the first
between 722 B.C. and 481 B.C. true history of ancient China.
The Five Classics were thought to carry solu-
tions to most problems. Officials studied them
closely to find support for their positions, such as
Science and Technology
the conduct of political leaders. Accounts of solar Besides literature and philosophy, China made
eclipses, meteor showers, and droughts were used major contributions in science and technology. By
to show what terrifying events and disasters could the 300s B.C., Chinese astronomers had calculated
1
befall poor political leaders. the length of the solar year as 365 4 days. They
Another great collection of books, the Thirteen gazed through bronze tubes equipped with a
Classics, included the Analects—Confucius’s say- device that divided the sky into measured seg-
ings compiled by his students after his death. Many ments, allowing them to make accurate measure-
appeared as answers to questions. For example, ments. They kept valuable records of solar and
Confucius was asked about the gentleman, or the lunar eclipses and comet sightings. In 240 B.C.
“superior man.” Among other replies he gave this Chinese astronomers recorded the appearance of
one: “What the gentleman seeks, he seeks within the object that would later be called Halley’s
himself; what the small man seeks, he seeks in others.” comet—many centuries before Halley’s birth.

Fine Han bronze ware,

produced during 400 years of
prosperity, served wealthy
landowners and merchants.

A terra-cotta
horseman from
Yang-kia-Wan was
created as a funer- REFLECTING ON THE TIMES
ary statuette.
1. What art forms developed in Han China?
2. What do the arts shown here reveal about
upper-class life in Han China?

231
 tion. Veterinary medicine helped save
many farm animals. New canals and
improved roadways reduced the cost of
distributing food and spread ideas
rapidly.

Inventions
Many inventions in ancient China
were vital to life and the economy. Made
by the Chinese since prehistoric times,
silk was in great demand as a trade item;
its worth was attested to by the name of
one of history’s greatest trade routes—
the Silk Road. Caravans carried the pre-
cious cargo as far as Rome.
Paper was probably invented by 100
Visualizing Women prepare newly woven silk. B.C., although it was officially credited to
History Han weavers created beautiful an inventor of about 200 years later. Artisans
damasks of many colors. How did Chinese arts and pounded tree bark, hemp, or rags into a pulp. By
inventions spread to other civilizations? treating it with gelatin, they could then make paper.
Used first for wrapping and clothing, paper was
soon recognized as an ideal writing material.
Medicine The invention of paper benefited the bureau-
Chinese physicians recognized nutrition as cratic Han government. Its centralized structure
vital and realized that some diseases resulted from resulted in an explosion in the number of docu-
vitamin deficiencies. Although they did not identi- ments. Most were written on strips of wood, which
fy vitamins as such, they discovered and prescribed were fragile and cumbersome to work with. The
foods that would correct some problems. They also use of paper had many obvious advantages.
understood that many herbs had medicinal value. Other inventions improved mining and con-
Chinese doctors treated ailments and relieved struction. Miners, using iron drill bits driven by
pain with acupuncture, a technique in which the workers on seesaw-like levers, drilled boreholes to
skin is pierced with thin needles at vital points. obtain salt from the earth. Another invention was
They believed acupuncture restored the balance the wheelbarrow, which was first used on building
between yin and yang in a person’s body. sites around 100 B.C.
These are only a few examples from a list of
Farming and Transport Chinese “firsts,” which also includes the first printed
Under the Han, many improvements occurred books, the earliest technologies for casting bronze
in agriculture and transportation. Complex irriga- and iron, the suspension bridge, the compass, and
tion systems drained swamps and diverted rivers to gunpowder. Such achievements caused China to
quench parched fields. Fertilizing crops helped remain far ahead of Europe in science and technolo-
farmers produce enough to feed China’s popula- gy until the A.D. 1300s.

SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT

Main Idea Recall family with families you con-

1. Use a chart like the one below 2. Define hierarchy, extended sider typical of America today.
to identify the scientific and family, nuclear family, Understanding Themes
technological breakthroughs acupuncture. 5. Cultural Diffusion What
in early China. 3. Identify the Five Classics, ideas and products from
Spring and Autumn Annals, the ancient China have become
Scientific Technological
Analects, Sima Qian. popular in the West in recent
Critical Thinking years? What factors account
4. Making Comparisons for their popularity among
Compare a typical Han Chinese people in the West?

232 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 Critical Thinking

Identifying Central Issues

through the streets of a Chinese city, one

T
he saying “He can’t see the forest for the
trees” refers to someone so focused on sep- will find, here and there at a street cor-
arate details that he cannot see the entire ner, a fortune teller sitting behind a
situation. Sometimes we face this problem when neatly covered table, brush and tablet
studying history. It is easy to focus on details at hand.…
such as names, dates, and places, thus losing
sight of the bigger picture. To avoid this, it is 1. What is the general subject of the passage?
important to identify the central issues. 2. Which idea has the greatest emphasis?
3. What are some details that support this idea?
4. Which sentence states the central issue of the
Learning the Skill passage?
First, skim the material to identify its general
subject. Look for headings and subheadings;
often they highlight central issues. A central issue Applying the Skill
may also appear in the topic sentence of a para- Find a newspaper or magazine article that
graph. The other sentences in the paragraph usu- interests you. Identify the central issues in this
ally explain and support the central issue. article and summarize them in your own words.
When looking for central issues, ask yourself
these questions: What is the general topic of this
material? What ideas have the greatest emphasis?
What main idea holds the details together? If I
had to summarize this material in one sentence,
what would it be?

Practicing the Skill

Read the passage about the Book of Changes
and answer the questions that follow.

The Book of Changes—I Ching in

Chinese—is unquestionably one of the
most important books in the world’s lit-
erature.… Nearly all that is greatest and
most significant in the three thousand
years of Chinese cultural history has
either taken its inspiration from this For More Practice
book, or has exerted an influence on the Turn to the Skill Practice in the Chapter
interpretation of its text…. Indeed, not Assessment on page 235 for more practice in
only the philosophy of China but its identifying central issues.
science and statecraft as well have
never ceased to draw from the spring of
wisdom in the I Ching.… Even the The Glencoe Skillbuilder
Interactive Workbook, Level 2
commonplaces of everyday life in China
provides instruction and practice
are saturated with its influence. In going
in key social studies skills.

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 233

 CHAPTER 9 ASSESSMENT

Using Your History Journal

Self-Check Quiz
Many of Confucius’s sayings compiled
Visit the World History: The Human Experience after his death are similar to proverbs.
Web site at worldhistory.glencoe.com and click Write a set of your own proverbs about
on Chapter 9—Self-Check Quiz to prepare for the everyday decisions and situations.
Chapter Test.

Using Key Terms Reviewing Facts

Write the key term that completes each sentence. Then 1. Culture Use a diagram like the one below to
write a sentence for each term not chosen. show the organization of classes in early
Chinese society.
a. acupuncture f. mandarin
b. civil service g. yin and yang Classes
c. extended family h. filial piety in
Chinese
d. hierarchy i. cavalry Society
e. ethics j. nuclear family

1. An _____________ consists of parents, children,

grandparents, and other relatives living together
in one household.
2. Chinese doctors treated ailments and relieved
pain with ________, a technique in which the 2. Culture Identify Confucius and his ideas.
skin is pierced with thin needles at vital points. 3. Government Explain how Mandarins came to
3. A Chinese theory related to Daoism was the shape China’s government.
concept of ____________, the two opposing 4. Culture List the five relationships in Chinese
forces believed to be present in all of nature. society that were identified by Confucius.
4. Confucius taught that individuals should live 5. Culture Describe the Book of Songs, the Spring
according to principles of _____. and Autumn Annals, and the Historical Record.
5. The Chinese cared especially about _________, 6. History Explain why Qin Shihuangdi ordered
or children’s respect for their parents. the construction of the Great Wall of China.
7. Government List the characteristics of China’s
government and politics under the Zhou, Qin,
and Han dynasties.
8. Government Analyze how Confucius applied
Technology Activity the idea of filial piety to governments.
9. Culture Explain why Qin rulers strongly
Building a Database The opposed the teachings of Confucius, though
teachings of the ancient Han rulers like Wudi later promoted
Chinese teacher Confucius Confucianism.
date back to 479 B.C. Many of his teachings 10. Technology List three Chinese inventions and
are still practiced in China today. Search the state how they changed Chinese life.
Internet or your local library for additional
information about Confucius. Build a database
of collected Confucian sayings, or analects. Critical Thinking
Organize analects by headings reflecting differ-
ent categories according to Confucius’s princi- 1. Synthesize Create a time line showing major
ples or ethics. Examples of categories would be events in China from the Zhou to the Han
a person’s conduct or filial piety. dynasties.

234 Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization

 CHAPTER 9 ASSESSMENT

2. Evaluate Was a strong family structure a posi-

tive or a negative influence on Chinese society?
Understanding Themes
3. Apply How does your society make use of the 1. Uniformity What methods did Qin Shihuangdi
Han concept of appointing officials by ability? use to unify China? What was their impact?
4. Synthesize How would you respond if your 2. Innovation How did the ethical philosophy of
government adopted the social policies of the Confucius influence Chinese society?
Qin dynasty? 3. Cultural Diffusion How did Buddhism reach
5. Compare How is Confucianism different from China?
Christianity and Judaism? How is it similar?
6. Synthesize Think about how merchants were
viewed in Han society and why. How might the
United States be different if we felt that way
about merchants? 1. The Qin tried to control people’s ideas by
limiting the books they could read. Provide
an example of a modern government that
Geography in History limits the information its people receive.
2. All candidates for China’s civil service were
1. Movement Refer to the map below. Buddhism required to master the Five Classics. Can
came to China from which area of the world? you think of literature from our own culture
2. Location What cities became major Buddhist that everyone should know? Why would it
sites in China? be difficult for Americans to agree on five
3. Region What large area was a major stronghold classics?
of Daoism?
4. Region What Daoist concepts made it possible
for much of China to accept the teachings of
Confucius, Laozi, and the Buddha into a unified Skill Practice
belief system?
Read the passage below and answer the questions that
follow.

Females should be strictly grave and

Buddhism and Daoism in China sober, and yet adapted to the occasion.
Whether in waiting on her parents, receiv-
From northe
rn In
dia ing or reverencing her husband, rising up
Peking
(Beijing) or sitting down, when pregnant, in times
Wanfo-hsiu Wutai of mourning, or when fleeing in war, she
Shan
should be perfectly decorous. Rearing the
TIBET e
silkworm and working cloth are the most
Huang H important employments of the female;
H

IM
A L O-mei
CHINA preparing food for the household and set-
A Y A S
Br
ahm Shan g Jiang ting in order sacrifices follow next, each
a p u tr a R iv er an
Ch of which must be attended to. After that,
G
an
g e s River
Xi J
i
study and learning can fill up the
ang
Bengal time.
INDIA
BURMA Book of Changes (I Ching)

Area embracing Daoism PACIFIC 1. What is the general topic of this passage?
AN

Buddhist missionary activity OCEAN 2. What details are offered on this topic?
NA

Spread of Buddhism
SIAM
3. Which sentence, if any, states the central issue of
M

Buddhist sites
this passage?
4. State the central issue in your own words.

Chapter 9 China’s Flourishing Civilization 235

 Chapter 5
Plague in Athens

Unit 2
Thucydides is regarded as the first scientific histori-
✦ an. In his account of the plague that broke out in
Athens in 430 B.C., Thucydides simply presents the
Between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 500 facts, describing the diseases’s symptoms and impact
on the city itself.
a number of powerful and influ-
. . . Externally, the body was not so very
ential civilizations developed in warm to the touch; it was not pale, but red-
dish, livid, and breaking out in small blisters
different regions of the world. and ulcers. But internally it was consumed
by such a heat that the patients could not
The political systems, religions, bear to have on them the lightest coverings
or linen sheets. . . .
arts, and sciences of these ancient But in addition to the trouble under which
they already laboured, the Athenians suf-
fered further hardship owing to the crowd-
civilizations continue to influ-
ing into the city of
the people from
ence the civilizations of the the country dis-
tricts; and this
modern world. affected the new
✦ arrivals especially.
For since no hous-
es were available
for them and they
✦ VOCABULARY PREVIEW had to live in huts
livid: discolored that were stifling
in the hot season, Thucydides
profane: of this world; secular they perished in wild dis- 471–c. 400 B.C.
lamentation: an expression of mourning order. Bodies of dying men
lay one upon another, and half-dead people
rolled about in the streets and, in their long-
ing for water, near all the fountains. . . . the
calamity which weighed upon them was so
overpowering that men, not knowing what
was to become of them, became careless of
all law, sacred as well as profane. And the
For more primary sources to customs which they had hitherto observed
accompany this unit, use the regarding burial were all thrown into confu-
World History Primary Source sion, and they buried their dead each one as
Document Library CD-ROM. he could . . .

236 Unit 2 Flowering of Civilizations

 Chapter 7 Chapter 8
Journey to Punt The Buddha’s Sermon

Around 1480 B.C., Egyptian queen Hatshepsut Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha, achieved
assumed the title of pharaoh. On the walls of her tem- enlightenment in approximately 528 B.C. He gave ser-
ple were carved scenes from an expedition she had sent mons in India, but they were only written down after
to the land of Punt, which show that the Egyptians about 250 B.C. An excerpt from one of these follows.
regarded Punt as a holy land.
(1) Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of
254. The voyage has been safely made, pain: birth is painful, old age is painful, sick-
and the expedition has landed. ness is painful, death is painful, sorrow,
Over the Egyptians lamentation, dejection, and despair are
255. [The arrival] of the king’s-messenger painful. Contact with
in God’s-Land, . . . with the army which is unpleasant things is painful,
behind him, before the chiefs of Punt; dis- not getting what
patched with every good thing from the one wishes is painful. In
court . . . for Hathor, mistress of Punt; for the short the five khandhas of
sake of the life, prosperity, and health of her grasping are painful.
majesty. . . . (2) Now this, O monks, is the
Over the Puntites noble truth of the cause of The Buddha
257. They say, as they pray for peace: pain: that craving which leads ?563–483? B.C.
“Why have ye come thither unto this land, to rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust,
which the people know not? Did ye come finding pleasure here and there, namely, the
down upon the ways of heaven, or did ye craving for passion, the craving for existence,
sail upon the waters, upon the sea of God’s- the craving for non-existence.
Land? . . . Lo, as for the King of Egypt, is (3) Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of
there no way to his majesty, that we may live the cessation of pain: the cessation without a
by the breath which he gives?” . . . remainder of that craving, abandonment, for-
Over the Vessels saking, release, non-attachment.
265. The loading of the ships very heavily (4) Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of
with marvels of the country of Punt; . . . with the way that leads to the cessation of pain:
ebony and pure ivory, with green gold of this is the noble Eightfold Path. . . .
Emu, . . . with cinnamon wood, khesyt
wood, with ihmut-incense, sonter incense,
eye-cosmetic, with apes,
monkeys, dogs, and Interpreting Primary Sources
with skins of the south- 1. According to Thucydides, what were the symptoms of the plague in Athens?
ern panther . . . with 2. How did the Puntites react to the arrival of the Egyptian expedition?
natives and their chil- 3. What, according to the Buddha, is the cause of pain?
dren. Never was brought 4. CRITICAL THINKING: According to the Buddha, how is it possible
the like of this for any to escape pain?
king who has been since Applications Activity
the beginning. . . . Write a first-person account of an event you have witnessed in the same
objective style that Thucydides used to write his history.

Unit 2 Flowering of Civilizations 237

 Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Choose the best answer to each of the following
multiple choice questions. If you have trouble answering a
question, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.
Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.

Use the map below and your knowledge 2. Greek city-states formed the Delian
of history to answer question 1. League in order to

Peloponnesian War F create a unified, central government.

20
20°E
N
24
24°E
Thrace
28°E
28 G promote trade among the city-states.
Macedonia
W E H provide protection against future
S
Hellespont Persian attacks.
40
40°N
Pergamum J fund the building of the Parthenon.
Aegean
Sea
Test-Taking Tip: This question is asking
Attica Ionia for a cause and effect relationship. Remember,
38
38°N Corinth
Athens
phrases such as as a result of, because,
Peloponnesus
Miletus and due to can help you identify this type of
Delos
Ionian question. Look for an answer that has a direct
Sea Sparta
relationship to the Persian Wars.
Rhodes
36
36°N Mediterranean Sea
Battle sites
Crete
Sparta and allies
3. Plato believed that Sparta’s system of
Athens and allies 0 50 100 mi.
Neutral states 0 50 100 km
government was better than the system
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
of government in Athens. What was his
reason for this conclusion?
A The Athenian government failed to
1. What is located at approximately 39°N develop a strong military, leaving the
and 23°E? city-state open to enemy attacks.
A Corinth B The Spartan government gave citizens
fewer rights, preventing civil unrest.
B A neutral state
C Athenian citizens spent too much time
C A battle site in government service and did not
D Athens develop a strong trading economy.
D The Spartan government focused
Test-Taking Tip: Use the map’s legend, or more on physical strength and fitness,
key, to understand how it is organized. You will and therefore had a stronger society.
need to estimate to find the approximate grid
address mentioned in the question. Remember
to double check all the answer choices against Test-Taking Tip: Eliminate answers that
the information on the map. don’t make sense. Since Plato believed that
community service was more important than
personal goals, you can eliminate answer C.

238 Unit 2 Flowering of Civilizations

 Standardized Test Practice
4. During the Pax Romana, there was an Use the graph below and your knowledge of
increased interest in art, literature, and history to answer question 6.
education throughout the Roman Empire.
Which of the following was most respon- Early India's Social System
sible for the rise of the Pax Romana?
F The influence of Greek culture on Roman Kshatriyas Brahmans
Warriors, Rulers Priests
life
G The elimination of social classes in Vaisyas
Roman society Common
People
H The rise of the Roman Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox churches Sudras
Unskilled
J A strong economy and relatively few Laborers
conflicts with enemy nations
Pariahs
Test-Taking Tip: You may remember Slaves
that Pax Romana means “Roman Peace.”
Which answer fits best with this information?

5. In what way is Hinduism different from

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? 6. In which of the following ways were India’s
varnas similar to social classes in Europe?
A Hinduism has a set of writings about the
religion. F There were far more people in the lower
B Hinduism is generally a polytheistic social classes than in the higher classes.
religion, while the others are G There were only nobles and peasants.
monotheistic religions.
H Only the higher classes practiced religion.
C Hinduism has had religious leaders and
teachers. J People could easily move to a higher
class by marriage or hard work.
D Hinduism encourages physical and
mental discipline for religious purposes.
Test-Taking Tip: This question requires
you to draw on knowledge beyond the graph.
Test-Taking Tip: This question is asking For example, you will need to remember that
you to compare and contrast. First, think about people remained in their varna for life. How-
what Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have in ever, other answers can be eliminated by
common. How is Hinduism different? Since looking at the graph: answer G states that
the Upanishads are the religious writings of there were two main classes of people in
Hindu philosophers, answer A must be Europe, but there are clearly more than two
incorrect. varnas on this graph. Therefore, answers G
and J are both incorrect.

Unit 2 Flowering of Civilizations 239