CHAPTER 12 MUSIC

 What is MUSIC?
 Art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual
experience, typically in accordance with conventional patterns
and aesthetic purpose.

 Art of combining tones in way that it is pleasing, expressive

and intelligible.
 It is the art of making such combination into compositions of
definite form.

II. THE CRITERIA OF ANALYSIS

A. Sound a piece sets of mood for the listener.
Qualities of a SOUND
1. Pitch: Low and High
2. Strength: Soft and Loud
3. Color: Dark and Bright
Thin and Rich
B. Movements deals with pace, regularity and articulation of music.
Qualities of Movement
1. Pace: Slow and Fast
2. Regularity: Regular & Irregular
3. Articulation: Continuous and Separate

C. Points of Arrival like a punctuation marks in language.

Criteria for Evaluating Effects of Arrival
1. Finality: Final & Non-final
2. Clarity: Clear & Unclear
3. Emphasis: Gentle & Strong
D. Phases of Movement sounds moves to a point of arrival.
Phases of Movements
1. Length: Short & Long
2. Balance: Equal & Unequal

III. Musical Elements and their Relationship

1. Notation it is a kind of shorthand.
A. Pitch: Highness or lowness of a tone.
B. Time: Relative lengths of various notes.
2. Sound which is heard in a music.

A. Range: Inexhaustive levels of voice.

B. Dynamics – Loudness & softness of music.
C. Tone/Color/Timbre: Gives characteristic flavor to musical action.
D. Harmonic Color: Effects created by combinations of tones.
E. Texture: Interaction of musical line.
3. Movement and Arrival marks or punctuation of a musical
composition.
A. Rhythm: Organization of musical time.
B. Melody: Musical line.
C. Harmony: Relationship of musical tones.

IV. EVOLUTION OF MUSIC

200 A.D

Their musical activities shows in their artifacts and drawings found in pre-
historic times.

PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

Functioned as a medium of communication over great distance.

They use horn or drum.

Clapping & swaying of hands & pounding of feet.

ANCIENT CHINESE

First to develop a science of acoustics that which evolved throughout their

civilization

They used chimes, drums, bells, wind & string instruments.

SYRIA

Archeologist also discovered clay of tablets in with cuneiform

characters.

HEBREW PEOPLE

Importance of music in the lives of them is well documented in the old

testament.

They used wind, string and percussion.

EARLY GREEK

Their music is considered to be in mathematical & cosmic significance.

ANCIENT ROMAN

Brass instrument used in their military.

They also applied music in churches & other festival.

MIDDLE AGES Sacred because only Monks could write.

CLASSICAL PERIOD

Genre of music is discovered.

CLASSICAL MUSIC INCLUDES

CANTATA

CONCERTO

MADRIGAL

MINUET

NOCTURNE

ORATORIO

PASSION

SERENADE

SONATA
 SYMPHONY

ROMANTIC ERA

Music was expressive

Beethoven was responsible for “ lightning the flame of romanticism”.
20th CENTURY

Time for revolt.

Their kind of music is classified as Jazz & Rock

MUSIC IN THE WEST

Has profound influence on the Philippine music.

V. MODERN GENRES OF MUSIC

Popular Music or Pop Music
Music produced & sold to a broad audience.
Jazz, music from motion pictures, & musical comedies, country &
western music, soul music & rock music.
Elvis Presley is one of the most popular singers of Pop music
during the 1950’s.
Honky-Tonk Music
African-American
Known for raucous quality & tinny sound.
George Jones (1950)
Rhythm & Blues Music (R&B)
Variety of different but related types of popular music that primary
produced by Black American.
Early 1940’s.
Genres jump blues, club blues, block rock & roll, doo wop, funk,
disco & rap.
Reggae
Caribbean music originated.
 Bob Marley was the most musician in this genre.

Rap Music
Consists of rhythmic vocals declaimed over musical
accompaniment.
Consists of electronic drum beats.
Rappers Delight (1979) by Sugarhill Gang
Alternative Rock
Combines in heavy metal guitar, folk and punk influences & cryptic
& introspective lyrics. R.E.M, Nirvana, South Garden & Pearl Jam.
VI. THE ORCHESTRAL INSTRUMENTS
Woodwind
A family of musical instruments within the more general category of
wind instruments.
There are two main types of woodwind instruments.
Brass
Sound is produced by each instrument in the family by buzzing the
lips together into the mouthpiece.
Percussion
A family of musical instruments played by striking their surfaces.
Percussion instruments are used to accentuate and dramatize
certain notes or rhythms and include instruments such as cymbals,
drums, triangles, and xylophones.
String
String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are
musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the
performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
VII. Some Classical Musicians
Bela Bartok (1881-1945)
A Hungarian composer, music teacher, violist and pianist.
Bartok composition are mainly folk songs.
 Among his folk songs are Mikrokosmos, Allegro Barbaro, Duke
Bluebeard’s Castle.
He died of Leukemia in New York City, on September 26, 1945
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
German organist and composer, came from a clan that had produced
at least 53 prominent musicians from Veit Bach to Wilhelm Friedrich
Ernst Bach
Among his composition are:
Ascension Cantata
Christmas Oratorio
St. Matthew Passion
St. John Passion

George Friedrich Handel (1685-1759)

a German organist and violinist, He practiced music secretly at first, but
his father encouraged him to study music. At 17, he was the organist of
the Clavinist Cathedral, at 18, he played violin in Hamburg Opera
Orchestra. Years later, he was invited to Perform opera in Florence, Rome,
Naples and Venice.
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (1882-1971)
A Russian-American composer, son of a leading bass singer at the
Imperial opera house in Saint Petersburg. Stravinsky’s composition are
very different and are offensive to other people.
He said “Music is, by its very nature, powerless to express anything at
all” and declare that performers should allow composer intention
without adding their own ideas of “self-express”.
Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart (1756-
1719)
An Austrian composer, pianist and violinist came from a family of
musicians by the age of 6, Mozart became an accomplished during his
childhood, and compose musical pieces which he played at the same time
Mozart was also known for writing different genre of music such as for
masses, oratorios, symphonies, concertos, sonatas and more but he is
best known for his operas.
Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1872)
German composer and pianist. When he was a child, he was forced by his
father to study music and play piano for he had an interest in music,
because of his anger, he spent his time playing piano pieces over and
over again, until time came that he became a composer and had
masterpieces.
Having begun his career as an outstanding improviser at the piano and
composer of piano music. He went on to compose string quarters and
other kinds of chamber music, operas and symphonies.
COMBINATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS
ENSEMBLE MEDIUMS
Two or more performers are equally engaged in playing or singing a piece
of music.
The medium is called ensemble and the music is called ensemble music.
 ORCHESTRA- composed of any sizable group of instrumental
performers usually under the direction of conductor.

 SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA- A large ensemble which includes all the

principal instrumental types.

 CONCERTO- form written for orchestra and usually one solo

instrument is given a prominent role in music

 BAND- An instrumental ensemble,large like the orchestra but

consisiting mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion instrument

CHAMBER ENSEMBLES
Medium which calls for only a few performers with one player to each
part.
 SOLO SONATAS- music written for solo instrument

 STRING QUARTET- Most common medium.

Consists of two violins, a viola, and a cello.

 DUOS, TRIOS, QUINTETS, AND OTHER

In which two instruments have equal importance is called a duo;

music for three is a trio; for five a quintet; for six a sextet; for seven
a septet. This ensembles consist of any combination of
instrtuments.

SPECIAL ENSEMBLES
Music evolves composers searchfor new mediums more congenial to their
changing musical ideas.
THE RONDALLA- best known instrumental group in the Philippines today.
MIXED ENSEMBLES
Considerable literature of music exist of large mixed ensembles which
includes instruments and voices.
CHAMBER ORCHESTRA- applied to small instrumental ensembles in
which there are few performers for a part.
CONDUCTOR director of orchestra.
DIFFERENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
3 MAIN TYPES OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
BOWED- Strings instrument
BLOWN – 2 groups BRASSES and WOODWINDS
STRUCK- made up of metal

Chapter 11
 Dance – is an expression in rhythmic movement of intensified sense
of life. An expressive body movement usually coordinates into a
pattern and adapted to musical accompaniment.

 Dance forms- take centuries to develop but reflect the custom of

society in which they have evolved. Dance steps are created from
man’s basic movements like walk, run, jump, hop, skip, slide, leap,
etc.

 Dance- is poetry of movement. It is a vocabulary and skill, values,

judgement and perspective. Dance is a character and spirit, body
and soul.
Purpose of Dance

 A. The dance employs no other instrument but the human body

itself, which is the most eloquent and responsive of all instruments.

 B. Dance allows the observer a glimpse into the very one core or
psyche of a nation.

 C. The dance is dependent on the human body, its possibilities,

limitation and malformation. The human body has technical
attributes.
  D. Dancing serves as a way for a man and a woman to become
acquainted before they marry

 E. The human body has five axes. 1st there is the horizontal axis
running down the center of the body from head to feet. Then there
are three more axes running vertical and parallel through the body
so when one turns on his axis he feels high, glorified, exalted. And
also balance can bring man close to Godliness.

 F. Dance as a creation, for they find fun and entertainment in doing.

 G. Dancing serves many other purposes like communication,

expression of feelings or therapeutic purposes.
Kinds of Dance

 Communal Dance – Members of primitive tribal cultures invented

dance as a magic, strategy, a method, for survival. Dance was their
way of life. In their dance, they sought to transcend the
consciousness of self by achieving an ecstatic in which they would
arrive at a mastery evil spirits.

 Ritual Dance – Unlike the primitive dance, ritual dance is a

conscious dance, organized volitionally in its development, a level of
civilization where dance celebrate mythology rather than magic.

 Folk Dance – it developed from the regional memories of older

motifs in communal dance. Folk dances reflect an underlying
unconscious paganism in the celebration of the harvest and the
event of ordinary life, and the dance as charms of rain, fertility,
good fortune, etc. the dance also provided a sense of solidarity,
particularly in the ethnic dances, which preserved a desired sense
or racial or regional identity.

 Social Dance – The dance has a gay and lively character. Its nature
reflected related elements of the respective times, the elaborate
and bulky fashions in clothes, the spacious floor areas of court and
places, and the elegance of the successive periods.
Elements of Dance

 Theme – an important element of dance. It refers to the message

conveyed by the dance.

 Design – refers to the plan or organization of movement in time

and space.
  Movement – is the action of dancers as they use their bodies to
create or organize pattern. Movement are space, time, duration and
force.

 Space – is the area that surrounds us. It refers to the environment

that one lives in; it is the place where we have such movements
that create patterns and designs.

 Time – dance utilizes time in ways that determine the rhythm,

tempo, and duration of movements.

 Duration – refers to the length of time expanded be a movement. It

can be measured and regulated by drum beat or musical
accompaniment.

 Force – it is an energy which is always present when motion occurs

Dynamics is the force of movement.
A dancer must become familiar with the interaction of the various
components of each of these elements of movement. This is
accompanied by exploring hoe the body moves in and through space,
how time factors affect motion or stillness and by experiencing the
influences of the effects on energy in a muscular exertion.

 Techniques – refers to skill in executing movement. A technically

proficient dance has complete control over the muscles of his body.

 Music – motivates the movement of the dancers. It is something

melodic and harmonious used as an accompaniment. It also serves
as the background that further captivates the spectators.

 Costumes and Props – enhance the effect of the dance. They are
the visual elements which are reflective of the customs, beliefs, and
environment of the people.

 Choreography – refers to the forms and arrangement and

organization of dance steps and movements. Choreography is the
term for dance composition. A good choreography must fill the
stage, through a progressive series of pictures, using both the solo
dancer and a corps de ballet.
MUSIC- The art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual
experience, typically in accordance with conventional patterns and
aesthetic purpose.
THE CRITERIA OF ANALYSIS
SOUND
Any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre. The
sounds are produced by instruments in which the periodic vibrations can
be controlled by the performer. That some sounds are intrinsically
musical, while others are not, is an over simplification.
Qualities of a Sound
Pitch: The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations
producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
Strength: The vibration determines how loud the sound will be. If the
vibration is strong, it will be a loud sound. If the vibration is weak, it will
be a soft sound. A high sound can have a loud or soft volume, just like a
low sound can have a loud or soft volume
Color: one of the principal concerns of a composer. It may be bright, it
may be dark; it may be rich or full, it maybe thin as in a folksong
accompanied by a guitar.
MOVEMENT- A movement is a self-contained part of a musical
composition or musical form. While individual or selected movements
from a composition are sometimes performed separately, a performance
of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in
succession.
Qualities of Movement
1. Pace : Slow – Fast
2. Regularity : Regular- irregular
3. Articulation : continuous -Separate
POINTS OF ARRIVAL -Is a signal of a musical unit,
Pause or effect of arrival in the music varies according to its impression of
finality, clarity and emphasis.
Phases of Movement- When a sound moves to a point of arrival, it
completes a phase of movement
Length : Short – Long
Balance : Equal - Unequal
Musical Elements and their Relationships
NOTATION- A kind of shorthand. that specifies the pitch of notes, length,
an degree of loudness.

 Pitch- Relative highness or lowness of a tone

  Time- Relative lengths of various notes.
SOUND
Range- Inexhaustive levels of voice.
Dynamics- comparative loudness or softness of music.
Tone/color/timbre- Gives characteristic flavor to musical
action,important means of conveying expressive values.
Harmonic Color-Refers to the effects created by combinations of tones
sounded together.
TEXTURE- Refers to the interaction of musical lines
Movement and Arrival- The marks or punctuation of a musical
composition.
Rhythm – Refers to the organization of musical time .
Melody – Refers to the musical line.
Harmony – Refers to the specific relationship of musical tones.
MODERN GENRES OF MUSIC

 Pop music- is the genres of popular music that produces the most
hits Songs that become hits almost always share certain features
that are sometimes called the pop-music formula. They have a good
rhythm, a catchy melody, and are easy to remember and sing along
to.

 Honky –Tonk Music- Is an American music which is originally

played in honky-tonks(noisy bars) in rural Southern United States,
known for its raucous (harsh-sounding) quality and tinny sound.

 Honky-Tonk singer

ARCHITECTURE -pertains to the build environment by the

extension the term has come to devote the art and discipline of creating
and actual or inferring an implied or apparent plan of any complex or
subject system.

•TONES FOR FILIPINO MASES- remains an untainable dream given the

containing tight the paradigm of spread and low-rise/high density
formulas for essential typology.
• PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE- should rebuild on the debris of a
statlined economy and share the fariations with a conserved heritage and
more substantial, intellectual discourge.

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE

•EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE- religions rights, traditions,

virtually,mysterious and unchangeable architect.

•MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE- palaces and temples.

•GREEK ARCHITECTURE-found in temple,low building of post and lintel

constructive.

•ROMAN ARCHITECTURE- arch and vault from the beginning,store

architecture.

•BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE- great central dome, traditional feature in

the east.

•WESTERN ARCHITECTURE and MIDDLE AGES- early christian,

romanesque and gothic.

•EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE- part of roman house where the

earliest christian met for worship.

•ROMANESAVE ARCHITECTURE- cathedral

•RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE- cathedral or temple

•BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE- profusion of carved decoration.

•19th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE- electic

•MODERN ARCHITECTURE- interpret was purpose through his building

in state (symmetrical)

•PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE- cathedral

•JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE- juto, religious.

Chapter 10 SCULPTURE
 Sculpture is a visual art, but it is something more than merely
visual.
  Sculpture appeals to the tactile sense of touch.

 Sculpture is the art of representing in bodily form men, animals

and other objects in stone, bronze, ivory, clay and similar materials.
Two Major Processes of Creation:
Subtraction and Addition

 Example of Subtraction - are the carving of the stone or wood.

 In this process, the artist using his chisels, hammers, and other tool,
deducts parts from the medium to form a designed image.

 Addition - The construction of a figure putting together bits of clay

or by welding together metal parts to create change.create an
image
CLASSIFICATION OF SCULPTURES ACCORDING TO MATERIALS AND
METHODS OF TREATMENT
a. STONE SCULPTURE – “Restricted Sense “ for its noblest and most
excellent works made use of marble
b. WOOD SCULPTURE – it’s success was much restricted by the practice
of encasing the carved work.
c. SCULPTURE IN METALS – from the perfection which it attained in
antiquity metal sculpture degenerated greatly in the middle ages.
d.REPOUSSED SCULPTURE – in which the metal was beaten into form
by means of hammer and puncheon .
e. Sculpture in clay - or terra-cotta, in which the figure is molded in a
soft substance, which afterwards hardens either by drying of firing.
f. Sculpture in ivory- Was used by the Greek in combination with gold
for monumental works.
g. Glyptics- or the art of cutting gems, as well as the engraving of
medals, coins, and seals, are varieties of sculpture, which have a cultural
rather than an artistic and aesthetic importance.
Historical Development of Sculpture
1. Sculpture as an art during way back to ancient times. Most of the
statue is made of ivory and soften stone. However some clay and statue
found in Central Europe
2. Later in the near East Sculpture flourished. Materials use for sculpture
include Basalt, diorite (Type of dark, coarse-grained stone) sandstone and
alabaster
3. Sculpture in Sumerian and Akkadian period generally had, large staring
eyes and long bearded with the men.
4. The sculpture of Babylonian and Assyrian, the survival of which have
been excavated on the site of ancient Babylonian, has notwithstanding its
shortcomings, produced works of imperishable importance
5. One of the earliest examples of Egyptian sculpture is the Palette of King
Narmer. The Palette, which was used for mixing eyes make up, was
carved in relief and portrayed the victory of Upper Egypt over Lower
Egypt.
6. Classical Roman Sculpture - began with the sack of syra cause in 212
BC
Sculptures classification:
1.Relief – shallow three dimensional surfaces
2.Free – standing sculpture or statue
3.Portrait sculpture – often famous romans
8. Renaissance Period – which means “rebirth”
Famous Italian/Renaissance Sculptors:

 1.Michaelangelo

 2.Donatello

 3.Verrochio
-Sculptures are primary called to serve a revived and militant Roman
Catholicism
9. Romanesque and Gothic

 Romanesque sculpture was dignified naturalness

 Gothic followed ideal trends

10. English Sculpture

 Principal representative: John Flaxman

  Changes in English sculpture since 1875 Is due to French influence
Famous Filipino Sculptors - to be known in the middle of the 19th
century.

 Tolentino Guillermo ( 1890 - 1976)

His best known masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument.

 Eduardo Castrillo (1942 – 2016)

His popular works include “The Redemption"

 Napoleon Abueva (1930 – 2018)

One of his famous sculpture is “The Transfiguration”.
Napoleone Abueva one of Tolentino's student, is known as the
first Filipino Modern sculptor. His works include
" Ring of the Gods."