PERFORMING ARTS - MUSIC

Music
 Art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of
form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of
rhythm, melody, and, in most Western music, harmony.

MUSICAL GENRES AND STYLES:

CLASSICAL MUSIC
Classical music is defined by the use of orchestral instruments, such as piano,
strings (violin, cello), wind instruments (oboe, clarinet), and trained human voices. It
focuses on complex compositions that evoke emotions, tell stories, or are
descriptive in nature. The term "classical" originates from the Latin "classicus,"
associated with the Roman elite, which explains its link to wealth and royalty.
Though it spans various subgenres from Medieval to Contemporary music, the core
Classical era is typically between the 1750s and 1820s, with the piano emerging as
a dominant instrument during this time.

Subgenre:
1. Concerto
2. Chamber
3. Sonata
4. Quartet
5. Ballade
6. Opera
7. Divertimento
8. Arabesque
9. Capriccio
10.Impromptu
11.Oratorio
12.Rhapsody
JAZZ Jazz is a genre of music in which melodies are improvised on a
particular instrument. It can pinpoint a variety of emotions from sorrow
to happiness, achieved by changes in texture, tempo and lyrics.
STYLES:
1. New Orleans
2. The Swing
3. Beebop
4. Free
5. Cool
6. Latin

10 MOST FAMOUS JAZZ MUSICIANS

 Duke Ellington (1899-1974)
 Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) - we named Armstrong one of the best jazz
trumpet players ever
 Billie Holiday (1915-1959)
 Ella Fitzgerald (1917-1996) - we named Holiday and Fitzgerald among the
best jazz singers of all time
 Art Blakey (1919-1990)
 Charlie Parker (1920-1955)
 Dave Brubeck (1920-2012) - we named Brubeck as one of the best jazz
pianists ever
 Miles Davis (1926-1991)
 John Coltrane (1926-1967)
 Herbie Hancock (1940-present)

ROCK
Rock music began as a rebellious sound and has grown into many different
styles, each with its own unique traits. Famous rock bands have made a lasting
mark, with their songs becoming favorites for millions. Rock music can be healing
and helps bring people together, creating a sense of belonging. This summary
celebrates the power and lasting appeal of rock music.

What is rock music?

Rock music is a broad genre that began as "rock and roll" in the U.S. in the
late 1940s and 1950s. It typically features simple melodies, energetic
beats, and is often played by small groups using electric guitars. Rock
songs usually follow a verse-chorus structure with a 4/4-time signature.
The genre often focuses on themes of romantic love but also addresses
social and political issues, and has since evolved into a diverse range of
styles.
Characteristics of rock music:
1. Loud and energetic sound
2. Guitar riff
3. Propulsive rhythm
4. Electric Instruments and drum kits
5. Wide array of lyrical subjects

Subgenre:
-Rock-‘n’-roll
Rock-‘n’-roll started in the 1950s, blending rhythm and blues, country, and gospel. It
features simple song structures and catchy tunes, focusing on youth, love, and
rebellion. Key artists include Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry.

-Blues rock
Blues rock combines traditional blues with rock instruments, emphasizing
emotional, expressive guitar solos. Notable figures in the genre are Eric Clapton and
Stevie Ray Vaughan.

-Indie rock
Indie rock is music made outside of major record labels, emphasizing creativity and
individuality. Indie bands vary widely in style and often follow a DIY ethos.

-Pop rock
Pop rock mixes catchy pop melodies with rock instruments, focusing on strong
hooks and polished sound. Examples include bands like The Beatles and Maroon 5.

-Jazz rock
Jazz rock, or fusion, blends jazz rhythms and improvisation with rock elements.
Important contributors include Miles Davis and Weather Report.
-Hard rock
Hard rock is known for its loud, aggressive sound, heavy use of distorted guitars,
and powerful vocals. Bands like Led Zeppelin and AC/DC are key to this genre, which
influenced heavy metal.

-Punk rock
Punk rock, emerging in the mid-1970s, features fast-paced, simple songs with
politically charged lyrics. Iconic punk bands include The Ramones and The Sex
Pistols.

-Funk rock
Funk rock combines funky rhythms with rock instruments, often featuring
syncopated bass lines and horns. Notable artists include Red Hot Chili Peppers and
Prince.
-Folk rock
Folk rock blends the acoustic, storytelling elements of folk with the amplified sound
of rock. Bob Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel are key contributors to this genre.
-Progressive rock
Progressive rock, or prog rock, features complex musical structures and often
incorporates classical influences. Bands like Pink Floyd, Yes, and Genesis are
pioneers of this genre.

Top Rock Bands:

1. The Rolling Stones
2. The Beatles
3. Led Zeppelin
4. Queen
5. Metallica

MUSIC THEORY
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. It’s the
grammar and syntax of the musical language. Just as understanding grammar can
enhance our ability to communicate in a language, grasping music theory can
deepen our appreciation and understanding of music. At its core, music theory
examines:
 Notes and scales: The basic building blocks of music.
  Rhythm and meter: The heartbeat and pulse of music.
 Melody and form: The tune you hum and the structure that holds a piece
together.
 Chords and harmony: How notes come together to create the accompaniment
to a melody, like the strumming of a guitar.
Music appreciation is a branch of musicology focused on teaching students to
understand and describe the contexts and creative processes of music composition.
It covers music literacy, core elements like pitch and texture, and explores aesthetic
theories related to listening. Classes typically include information about composers,
instruments, and different music styles, often designed for non-music students.
Students learn to listen to and respond to recordings or live performances of pieces
such as symphonies and operas. "Appreciation" involves understanding the value of
various music styles and can also relate to musical criticism, reflecting both positive
and negative responses to works.
Fundamentals of Music
The Fundamentals of Music encompass various aspects of music theory, including
melody, harmony, form, tonal structure, rhythm, orchestration, and performance
techniques. It examines the individual elements of tempo, melody, and harmony in
a piece, such as homophony versus polyphony. Texture refers to the layering of
sounds and their quality, described as "thick" or "thin" based on pitch density and
instrument diversity. Common texture types include monophonic (single melody)
and homophonic (melody with accompaniment).
Timbre Timbre, or tone color, refers to the unique quality of sound produced
by different musical instruments or voices, described using specific
adjectives. It involves identifying instrumentation and observing how
the way instruments are played or their material affects their sound.
Analyzing timbre is essential for understanding the emotions and
moods evoked by a musical piece.

MUSICAL GENRES AND STYLES:

Classical Music
o Origins: Ancient Greece and Rome, developed through the
Renaissance and Baroque periods.
o Characteristics: Formal structure, emphasis on melody and harmony,
often uses instruments like piano, violin, cello, and orchestra.
o Examples: Mozart's "Symphony No. 40," Beethoven's "Symphony No.
5," Bach's "Brandenburg Concertos."
Jazz
o Origins: Early 20th century, African American communities in New
Orleans.
 o Characteristics: Improvisation, syncopation, blues influences, often
uses instruments like saxophone, trumpet, piano, and drums.
o Examples: Miles Davis’s "Kind of Blue," Louis Armstrong's "What a
Wonderful World," Ella Fitzgerald's "Summertime."

Rock
o Origins: 1950s, influenced by blues, country, and rhythm and blues.
o Characteristics: Electric guitar-driven, often loud and energetic, lyrics
focus on themes of rebellion, love, and social issues.
o Examples: The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band," The
Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction," Led Zeppelin's "Stairway
to Heaven."
Pop
o Origins: 1950s, commercialized music for a mass audience.
o Characteristics: Catchy melodies, simple harmonies, often uses
electronic instruments and production techniques.
o Examples: Michael Jackson's "Thriller," Madonna's "Like a Prayer,"
Beyoncé's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)."
Hip Hop
o Origins: 1970s, Bronx, New York City.
o Characteristics: Rhythmic and spoken word, often uses turntables,
samplers, and electronic beats.
o Examples: Run-DMC's "My Adidas," Public Enemy's "Fight the Power,"
Kendrick Lamar's "To Pimp a Butterfly."
Electronic Dance Music (EDM)
o Origins: 1970s, influenced by disco and electronic music.
o Characteristics: Repetitive beats, electronic sounds, often used in
clubs and festivals.
o Examples: Daft Punk's "Get Lucky," Avicii's "Wake Me Up," Calvin
Harris' "Summer."
Folk
o Origins: Traditional music passed down through generations.
o Characteristics: Simple melodies and harmonies, often uses acoustic
instruments like guitar, banjo, and fiddle.
o Examples: Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind," Joan Baez's "Diamonds
and Rust," Simon & Garfunkel's "The Sound of Silence."
Country
 o Origins: Rural areas of the United States, influenced by folk, blues,
and gospel.
o Characteristics: Often uses guitars, banjos, and fiddles, lyrics focus
on themes of love, loss, and rural life.
o Examples: Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire," Dolly Parton's "Jolene," Taylor
Swift's "Love Story."

Other Genres:
o Soul: Blend of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.
o Funk: Rhythmically complex, often uses bass lines and syncopation.
o Metal: Heavy, distorted sound often uses electric guitars and drums.
o Reggae: Jamaican music, characterized by offbeat rhythms and lyrics
often dealing with social issues.

Classical Music: Known for orchestral instruments, complex compositions, and

subgenres like Baroque, Romantic, and Modern. Famous composers include Bach,
Mozart, and Beethoven.
o Orchestral: Large ensembles featuring strings, woodwinds, brass, and
percussion.
o Chamber Music: Smaller ensembles, often featuring string quartets
or trios.
o Opera: Dramatic musical works with singing, acting, and elaborate
sets.
o Ballet: Music written specifically for dance, often featuring orchestral
accompaniment.
o Piano Music: Solo works for piano, ranging from sonatas to études.

Pop Music: Features catchy melodies, simple lyrics, and subgenres like Dance-pop,
Electropop, and Teen pop. Popular artists include Lady Gaga and BTS.
o Pop: Catchy melodies, simple song structures, and often commercially
successful.
o Electronic Dance Music (EDM): Music created using electronic
instruments and synthesizers, often with a focus on danceability.
o R&B: Soulful vocals, smooth rhythms, and often romantic themes.
o Hip Hop: Rhythmic music with rapping, DJing, and often social
commentary.
o Country: Music with roots in rural America, featuring acoustic
instruments and often themes of love, loss, and life in the countryside.
Rock Music: Characterized by electric guitars and powerful vocals. Subgenres
include Classic Rock, Heavy Metal, and Punk. Notable bands include Led Zeppelin,
The Rolling Stones, and Nirvana.
o Rock 'n' Roll: Energetic, danceable music with electric guitars, drums,
and vocals.
o Hard Rock: Heavy, distorted sound with powerful vocals and
aggressive guitar riffs.
o Heavy Metal: Extreme subgenre with fast tempos, distorted guitars,
and often aggressive lyrics.
o Punk Rock: Fast, raw, and rebellious music with simple song
structures and DIY aesthetics.
o Alternative Rock: Diverse subgenre encompassing various styles,
often with introspective lyrics and experimental instrumentation.
Hip-Hop Music: Originating from 1970s NYC, known for rap and beats. Subgenres
include Old School, Gangsta Rap, and Trap. Key figures include Tupac and Jay-Z.
Country Music: Storytelling-focused with subgenres like Traditional Country,
Outlaw, and Bluegrass. Artists include Johnny Cash and Dolly Parton.
Electronic Music: Heavy use of technology and synthesizers. Subgenres include
House, Techno, and Dubstep. Artists like Daft Punk and Deadmau5 are key.
Jazz Music: Improvisation-driven, subgenres include Swing, Bebop, and Fusion.
Influential figures include Miles Davis and John Coltrane.
o Swing: Characterized by syncopated rhythms and improvisation.
o Bebop: Fast tempos, complex harmonies, and improvisational solos.
o Blues: Rooted in African American musical traditions, featuring
melancholic melodies and expressive vocals.
o Fusion: Blends jazz with other genres like rock, funk, or Latin music.
o Dixieland: Early form of jazz, featuring brass instruments and a lively,
upbeat sound.
Blues Music: Characterized by its chord progressions and emotion-driven lyrics.
Subgenres include Delta, Chicago, and Texas Blues. Key artists include B.B. King and
Muddy Waters.
Gospel Music: Religious-themed with subgenres like Traditional, Contemporary,
and Southern Gospel. Known for its vocal harmonies and uplifting messages.
Latin Music: Rhythmic and diverse, with subgenres like Salsa, Merengue, and
Reggae. Artists like Celia Cruz and Bob Marley made significant contributions.

International Composers/Musicians:

-Classical:
- Johann Sebastian Bach (Germany):
- Brandenburg Concertos: A set of six concertos for various instruments.
- Mass in B Minor: A significant Baroque choral work.
- The Well-Tempered Clavier: Two volumes of preludes and fugues in all
24 keys.

- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austria):

- The Marriage of Figaro: A celebrated comic opera.
- Don Giovanni: A dramatic opera with powerful music.
- Symphony No. 40 in G Minor: A frequently performed symphony.

- Ludwig van Beethoven (Germany):

- Symphony No. 5 in C Minor: Known for its iconic opening motif.
- Symphony No. 9 in D Minor: Features the famous "Ode to Joy."
- Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight": A romantic piano sonata.

- Igor Stravinsky (Russia):

- The Rite of Spring: A groundbreaking ballet that caused a riot at its
premiere.
- Petrushka: A ballet about a puppet brought to life.
- The Firebird: Based on a Russian folktale.

- Johannes Brahms (Germany):

- Symphony No. 4 in E Minor: Considered one of his greatest works.
- Violin Concerto in D Major: A favorite among violinists.
- Hungarian Dances: Lively dances often performed at concerts.

- Richard Wagner (Germany):

- The Ring Cycle: A four-opera cycle about Norse gods.
- Tristan und Isolde: Known for its innovative harmony.
- Parsifal: A sacred opera based on the Holy Grail legend.
- George Gershwin (USA):
- Rhapsody in Blue: A piano concerto blending jazz and classical styles.
- An American in Paris: A symphonic poem reflecting Paris's energy.
- Porgy and Bess: An opera depicting African American life in the South.

- Guillaume de Machaut (France):

- Messe de Nostre Dame: A key medieval polyphonic mass.
- Le Livre dou Voir Dit: A secular narrative about a knight in love.

Jazz:
- Miles Davis (USA):
- Kind of Blue: Introduced modal jazz.
- Bitches Brew: Fusion of jazz with rock and funk.
- Sketches of Spain: Spanish-influenced jazz compositions.

- John Coltrane (USA):

- A Love Supreme: A significant spiritual jazz album.
- Giant Steps: Features complex jazz compositions.
- Blue Train: Showcases his early saxophone mastery.

- Ella Fitzgerald (USA):

- The Cole Porter Songbook: Interpretations of Cole Porter's songs.
- Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook: Features
Gershwin's works.
- Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers and Hart Songbook: Interpretations of
Rodgers and Hart's songs.

- Louis Armstrong (USA):

- "What a Wonderful World": An uplifting classic.
- "Hello, Dolly!": Known for its catchy melody.
 - "When It's Sleepy Time Down South": Recognized for its bluesy feel.

Rock:
- The Beatles (UK):
- Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band: A landmark rock album.
- Abbey Road: Features the famous "Medley" side.
- Rubber Soul: Marked a shift toward a more introspective sound.

- The Rolling Stones (UK):

- "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction": A classic rock anthem.
- Sticky Fingers: Includes the iconic "Brown Sugar."
- Exile on Main St.: Known for its ambitious and experimental nature.

- Led Zeppelin (UK):

- Stairway to Heaven: A well-known rock ballad.
- Whole Lotta Love: A hard rock anthem with powerful riffs.
- Kashmir: Noted for its exotic and mystical atmosphere.

- Bob Dylan (USA):

- Blowin' in the Wind: A powerful protest song.
- Like a Rolling Stone: Considered one of the greatest rock songs.
- The Times They Are a-Changin': Known for its social commentary.

Pop:
- Michael Jackson (USA):
- Thriller: One of the best-selling albums ever.
- Bad: Features hits like "Bad" and "The Way You Make Me Feel."
- Dangerous: Includes hits like "Black or White."

- Madonna (USA):
 - Like a Virgin: Defined the 1980s pop sound.
- True Blue: Features hits like "Live to Tell."
- Like a Prayer: Known for its controversial themes.

- Beyoncé (USA):
- Dangerously in Love: Established her solo career.
- B'Day: Features hits like "Deja Vu."
- I Am... Sasha Fierce: Includes the hit "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)."

Hip Hop:
- Run-DMC (USA):
- "My Adidas": Popularized product placement in hip hop.
- "Walk This Way": Introduced a harder sound to hip hop.
- "King of Rock": Established their prominence in the genre.

- Public Enemy (USA):

- "Fight the Power": A landmark protest song.
- "Bring the Noise": Known for its aggressive sound.
- Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos": Features complex lyrics.

- Kendrick Lamar (USA):

- To Pimp a Butterfly: Acclaimed for its themes and innovative sound.
- Good Kid, M.A.A.D City: Known for autobiographical storytelling.
- DAMN.: Recognized for its powerful lyrics and production.
LOCAL COMPOSERS/MUSICIANS:
 Philippines:
o Ryan Cayabyab: Composer and conductor, known for his
contributions to Philippine music.
 "Anak": A popular song that is known for its heartwarming
lyrics.
  "Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika": A song that celebrates
Philippine music.
o Lea Salonga: Singer and actress, known for her role as Kim in "Miss
Saigon."
 "A Whole New World": A song from the Disney film "Aladdin."
 "I'd Give My Life for You": A song from the musical "Miss
Saigon."
 Japan:
o Toru Takemitsu: Composer known for his minimalist and
experimental music.
 "November Steps": A piece for orchestra that is known for its
delicate and atmospheric sound.
 "Rain Tree Sketch II": A piece for piano that is known for its
evocative and melancholic atmosphere.
o Ryuichi Sakamoto: Composer, musician, and actor, known for his
work in film and electronic music.
 "Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence": A theme song for the film
of the same name.
 "The Last Emperor": A score for the film of the same name.
 Brazil:
o Heitor Villa-Lobos: Composer known for his use of Brazilian folk
music in his works.
 Bachianas Brasileiras: A series of works that blend Brazilian
folk music with classical forms.
 The Amazonas Suite: A suite for orchestra that is inspired by
the Amazon rainforest.
o Gilberto Gil: Singer-songwriter and musician, known for his blend of
Brazilian folk and pop music.
 "Aquele Abraço": A popular song that is known for its uplifting
message.
 "Coração Vagabundo": A song that is known for its poetic
lyrics.

RULE/CIRCLE OF FIFTHS
- What it is: The circle of fifths is a circular diagram that visually
represents the relationships between the twelve major and minor keys in
Western music, based on the interval of a perfect fifth.
- How it works:
- Start with C major, which has no sharps or flats.
- Moving clockwise, each key is a perfect fifth above the previous key
(e.g., G major is a fifth above C major, D major is a fifth above G major).
- As you move around the circle, you add sharps; each key has one more
sharp than the last.
- After F♯ major (which has seven sharps), the next key, C♯ major, is a
fifth above F♯ major but also the same as D♭ major, indicating the circle
"wraps around" to flats.
- Moving counterclockwise, each key is a perfect fifth below the previous
key, with each key having one fewer sharp or one more flat than the last.

- Key Signatures: The circle of fifths helps understand key signatures by

showing how sharps and flats are added for each key as you move around
the circle.
- Chord Progressions: It aids in understanding chord progressions, as
many are based on the relationships between the keys depicted in the
circle.
- Relationship between Keys: The circle illustrates how closely related
different keys are; nearby keys are more closely related than those further
apart.
- The "Wrap Around": The circle "wraps around" because after seven
sharps, adding another sharp equals adding a flat, shifting from sharps to
flats.
- Minor Keys: The circle represents minor keys using the parallel minor for
each major key, such as A minor for C major.
- Beyond the Circle: While essential in music theory, the circle of fifths is
part of a larger system that includes concepts like modulation, harmony,
and counterpoint.CONCERT OR MUSICAL

PERFORMANCES FROM INFLUENTIAL COMPOSERS AND MUSICIANS:

-Beethoven's Symphony No. 9: Premiered on December 22, 1808, in Vienna, this
symphony is a significant masterpiece of the Romantic era and a major cultural
event in classical music history.
- Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts: Starting on January 18, 1958, these
educational concerts for children introduced a new generation to classical music,
combining entertainment with informative content.
- Terry Riley's In C: Premiered on November 4, 1964, in New York City, this
minimalist piece marked a significant moment in contemporary music, known for its
simplicity and repetitive structure.