SHIVAANI VIDHYAA MANDIR

ARANTHANGI

TO STUDY OF AC TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED BY

NAME:SHIVRANJANI.S

CLASS:XII-A
 SHIVAANI VIDHYAA MANDIR
ARANTHANGI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS PROJECT
2019-2020
REG.NO:
This is certified to be bonafied record of work done by
SHIVRANJANI.S of class XII in the physics lab of the school
during the year 2019-2020
Submitted for the

ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION held on
………………………..
At
……………………………………………………………………………………

Principal Teacher in charge

Internal examiner External examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my thanks to our chairman
Mr.Durai,correspondent Dr.Vimala and
our principal Mr.Sivakumar for inspiring me in the
preparation of this project
I would also like to thank my physics
teacher,Mr.Sam,svm school for their immense help
and guidance in the completion of my project.It is
only due to their efforts that my project could be
completely susscessfully
This report is submitted as a part of practial
Examination included in curriculum of CBSE for All
india senior secondar Examination to be held in the
year 2019-2020
Name of the student:S.SHIVRANJANI
Roll number: ....................
 CONTENTS

1.AIM
2.APPARATUS:
3.THEORY:
4.PROCEDURE:
5.OBSERVATIONS
6.RESULTS:
7.SOURCES OF ERRORS:
8.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished
surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles between the surfaces
depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that
of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides,
and in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be used to
break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the
rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light
into components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless,
and that the prism itself produced the color. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles” (particles) of light
were fanned out because particles with different colors traveled
with different speeds through the prism. It was only later that Young
and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’ wave
theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light’s
wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through second prism and found the color
unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be
present in the incoming light and white light consists of a collection
of colors. As the white light passes through the triangular prism, the
light separates into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet. This collection of colors formed by
the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of white light into
its spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels through the prism at
different speeds. Violet travels the slowest through the prism; hence
we can see it refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its angle of refraction less,
hence red is too scarce to be seen.

AIM

To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the

angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with
different transparent fluids.

APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different
liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc), drawing pins, pencil, half meter
scale, thump pins, graph papers and a protractor.

THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism Diagram shows section ABC of
a prism taken by a vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is
the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism.

RQ is the incident ray. QS is the refracted ray. ST is the emergent

ray.
RQN1 = i = angle of incidence
SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism QSN3 = r2 = angle of
incidence inside prism TSN2 = e = angle of emergence
BAC = A = angle of prism SFK = D = angle of deviation
In QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)
D = i + e – (r1 + r2)
… (1)
InQS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰
… (2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then A + QN3S =
180
… (3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r 1 + r2
… (4) Eq. (1) become
D = i + e - A D + A = i + e…(5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is called angle of
minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals ‘i’ and other
value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of deviation decreases. When angle of
deviation is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.
The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. ( sin i sin e
∵ n=
sin r 1 = sin r )
2

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).

We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
A
⇒
r= 2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e

From relation, A + D = i + e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
A+ Dm
⇒
i= 2

From Snell’s law, n = sin i sin r

We have n=

This relation is useful for demination of

n for prism material
 A + Dm A
sin sin
2
DIAGRAM

DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles

PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with the
help of drawing pins.
A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about 6cm.
Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn making angles
of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with the normals.
One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
The boundary of the prism was marked. 9.Two pins P1 and P2 were
fixed vertically on the
line R1Q1 and the distance between the pins were about 2cm.
The images of points P1 and P2 were looked through face AC.
Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and was brought in
line with the two images.
Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4 and P3 as
images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,Q3 and Q4 for
i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the boundary of
the prism to meet produced incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4
at points F1,F2,F3 and F4.
Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4.
Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism. This gives
angle A.
Observations were recorded
OBSERVATIONS

Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰

S.No. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
incidenc e deviatio n deviatio n deviatio n
for water for kerosen for turpenti
e oil ne oil

1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
RESULTS:

The angle of minimum deviation for –

Water Dm = 23⁰C Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C Turpentine oil Dm =
32⁰C

The refractive indices of the-

Water n = 1.32 Kerosene oil n = 1.46 Turpentine oil n = 1.44
Speed of light in-

Water v = 2.3x108 m/s Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s Turpentine oil

v = 2.08x108 m/s

PRECAUTIONS:
The angle of incidence should lie between 35⁰ – 60⁰.

The pins should be fixed vertical.

The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10mm.

Arrow heads should be marked to represent

the incident and emergent rays.

The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:

Pin pricks may be thick.

Measurement of angles may be wrong.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following sources were used for the appropriate information

required to complete the project:

Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII

NCERT textbook of class XII
Google