Angle of Deviation Project

JESUS NEVER FAILS
St. PAUL PUBLIC SCHOOL – CBSE

SENIOR SECONDARY
PANIKANKUPPAM, PANRUTI.
2023 – 2024
PROJECT
NAME :
STD :
ROLL NO :
SUBJECT :
TOPIC :
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL

1
St. PAUL PUBLIC SCHOOL – CBSE
SENIOR SECONDARY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ________________________________ , a
student of class XII has successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project ____________________________________
________________________________________________________
Under the guidance of
______________________________________
during the year 2023-2024 in partial fulfilment of practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, NEW DELHI.
Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner
2
PHYSICS PROJECT
TOPIC:
To investigate the dependence, of
the angle of deviation on the angle of
incidence, using a hollow prism filled, one
by one, with different transparent fluids.
Submitted by:-
3
S.NO TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 5-6
2. AIM 7
3. APPARATUS 7
4. THEORY 7-10
5. DIAGRAM 11
6. PROCEDURE 12-13
7. OBSERVATION 13
8. RESULTS 14
9. PRECAUTIONS 14
10. SOURCE OF ERRORS 15
4
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element

with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact
angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism
with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type. Some
types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material
that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and
fluorite. Prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow).
Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light

was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the color.
Newton’s experiments demonstrated that all the colors
already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and
that “corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out
because particles with different colors traveled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later that
Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory with
5
Huygens’ wave theory to show that color is the visible
manifestation of light’s wavelength.
Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the

red color from one prism through second prism and found
the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the
colors must already be present in the incoming light and
white light consists of a collection of colors. As the white
light passes through the triangular prism, the light separates
into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet. This collection of colors formed by
the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of white
light into its spectrum is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels through

the prism at different speeds. Violet travels the slowest
through the prism; hence we can see it refracting the most.
On the other hand, red passes through at a much fast rate
which makes its angle of refraction less, hence red is too
scarce to be seen.
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Experimental setup
AIM:
To investigate the dependence, of the angle of

deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hallow prism
filled, one by one, with different transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow

prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc), drawing
pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins, graph papers and
a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism –
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical
plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is the base of the prism
and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
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DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism.
RQ is the incident ray.

QS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
RQN1 = i = angle of incidence
SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism
QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism
TSN2 = e = angle of emergence
BAC = A = angle of prism
SFK = D = angle of deviation
In QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)
D = i + e – (r1 + r2)
… (1)
In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰
… (2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then
A + QN3S = 180
… (3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r 2
… (4) Eq. (1) become
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D=i+e-A
D+A=i+e
… (5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
 Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is
called angle of minimum deviation.
It is represented by the symbol Dm.
 Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals
‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’ decreases
from large value and angle of deviation decreases. When
angle of deviation is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’
becomes equal.
The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.

sin i sin e
∵ n=
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. ( sin r1 = sin r 2 )
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 =

r (say).
We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
A
⇒
r= 2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e
From relation, A+D=i+e

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We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
A+ Dm
⇒
i= 2
From Snell’s law,

sin i
n= sin r
A+ D
sin m
2
We have n= sin
A
2
10
This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism
material.
DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles

11
PROCEDURE:
1. A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board
with the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the paper was
drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the straight line
XX’ at suitable distances of about 6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn on points
Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn
making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with the
normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it was taken
as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the line XX’
and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line R1Q1
and the distance between the pins were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked through
face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and was
brought in line with the two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at about 2cm
apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4 and P3 as
images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their pricks on
the paper were encircled.
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14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,Q3 and
Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were drawn to
obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays
R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were measured.
These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism.
This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰
S.No. Angleof Angle of Angle of Angle of

incidence deviation for deviation deviation for
water for kerosene turpentine oil
oil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
13
RESULTS:
❖ The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
❖ The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
❖ Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s

Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s
PRECAUTIONS:
• The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
• The pins should be fixed vertical.
• The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
• Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
14
• The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:
• Pin pricks may be thick.
• Measurement of angles may be wrong,
15

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JESUS NEVER FAILS

St. PAUL PUBLIC SCHOOL – CBSE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL

This is to certify that ________________________________ , a

student of class XII has successfully completed the research on the

below mentioned project ____________________________________

Under the guidance of

during the year 2023-2024 in partial fulfilment of practical examination

conducted by AISSCE, NEW DELHI.

Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

10. SOURCE OF ERRORS 15

In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element

Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light

Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the

Dispersion occurs because each color travels through

To investigate the dependence, of the angle of

Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow

RQ is the incident ray.

The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 =

Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e

From relation, A+D=i+e

From Snell’s law,

DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles

S.No. Angleof Angle of Angle of Angle of

1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

❖ The refractive indices of the-

❖ Speed of light in-

Water v = 2.3x108 m/s

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