Turfing Advice en

Turfing Advice
for Stadium and Venue Managers

Turfing Advice
for Stadium and Venue Managers
2
Contents 3
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 4
2. Understanding Turfing 5
3. Turfing Versus Seeding or Sprigging 6
4. Grass Type 8
5. Key Considerations 9
6. Countries with an Underdeveloped Turf Industry 10
7. Countries with a Well-developed Turf Industry 13

7.1 Supplier Selection 13
7.2 Turf Format 14
7.3 Turf Roll Thickness 15
7.4 Turf Roll Size 15
7.5 Timing 17
7.6 Turf Cost 17
8. Turf Preparation and Installation 18

8.1 Rootzone Preparation 18
8.2 Remove Existing Grass Cover 18
8.3 Cultivation 20
8.4 Laser Grading and Surface Consolidation 21
8.5 Surface Smoothing 22
8.6 Fertiliser Application 23
8.7 Turf Harvesting 23
8.8 Turf Quality at Harvest 24
8.9 Transport 25
8.10 Turf Laying 27
8.11 Joints and Plugging 29
8.12 Rolling 30
9. Aftercare 31
9.1 Guideline Maintenance Activities 31
10. Common Mistakes 32

10.1 Establishment Periods 32
10.2 Profile Layering 33
10.3 Durability of a Turfed Playing Surface 34
11. Protection of the Buyer 35

11.1 Pre-delivery 35
11.2 Point of Delivery 35
11.3 Post Installation 35
12. Conclusion 36
Glossary 37
4 Turfing Advice for Stadium and Venue Managers
1. INTRODUCTION
This guide provides basic recommendations and key points for decision-makers in football
organisations considering the turfing of football pitches. The guide will enable them to
make informed decisions in this area. Where possible the information contained in this
guide should be supplemented with expert advice.
For the purpose of this document, we have divided the subject into two broad sections.
The first section deals with turfing in countries where the turf industry is relatively under-
developed; the second section covers turf production and usage in countries that have a
history in turf production, where growing and harvesting techniques are more advanced.
Consideration by the reader therefore must be given to local availability and ultimate end
use of the turf in association with good turf management practices.
Turfing Advice for Stadium and Venue Managers 5
2. UNDERSTANDING TURFING
Turfing, also known as sodding, is the practice of installing pre-grown strips of turfgrass
(turf or sod), on to a prepared rootzone or turf-bed in order to create a natural grass
playing surface. Generally the turf strips contain an adhering soil or sand layer within the
turf; however, in certain situations, turf can also be installed as washed turf, for example
if the growing medium in which the turf is grown is not compatible with the growing
medium on which the turf will be laid.
The world is broadly divided into areas where warm season grasses grow and where cool
season grasses grow – see FIFA Manager’s Guide to Natural Grass Football Pitches. The
production of turf will either originate from seed in a cool season environment or from
sprigs (vegetative propagation from stolons – over-ground plant runners) that creep and
root independently to develop a grass cover in a warm season climate. The fundamental
principles of growing the grass to produce a strong root system to bind the turf together
are basically the same, based on a requirement for adequate water, light and nutrition to
develop healthy growth.
The practice of turfing is used as an alternative to situations where seeding or sprigging to

establish a football pitch is not viable. Such situations may include:
• Time limitations – a playing surface may be required to be in a playable condition in a
timescale that will not allow full germination and grow-in of a seeded or sprigged pitch.
• Playing season restrictions – ground and weather conditions during the close season are
not sufficiently long or warm enough for seeding or sprigging to be viable and turfing is
the only option for a complete surface replacement.
• Problems with existing surface – there is a lack of grass density, poor surface levels or
stability and a quick replacement of all or part of the pitch is necessary.
3. TURFING VERSUS SEEDING OR

SPRIGGING
It is generally accepted within the turf industry that a pitch established from seed or
sprigs, when grown and managed according to well-established industry principles, will
be superior in performance to a pitch established from turf. The grass is established
directly within the prepared rootzone which allows a uniform and consistent profile to be
achieved with no layering to impede or restrict water movement or rooting. In contrast,
a turfed pitch requires the turf to develop roots and extend them into the underlying
growing medium and in many cases where different materials are used within the
imported turf and the underlying growing medium, root growth into the profile can be
restricted, which affects turf establishment and surface stability.
In general:
• Seeding or sprigging a pitch will produce better root development which in turn allows
the most appropriate grass species and cultivars to be selected for a specific situation.
• Seeding or sprigging avoids compatibility problems between the constructed rootzone
or profile material and the imported turf.
• Seeding or sprigging is usually 50-70% cheaper than turfing.
• With seed or sprigging one is not limited by the area or quality of turf from the supplier.
However, in many cases, the need to establish a new playing surface cannot be achieved
fast enough from seed or sprigs and turfing is the only option. If installed and managed
correctly, turf can produce a more than acceptable surface. In some cases, limiting the risks
associated with incompatible rootzones is overcome with the growing of bespoke turf, on
a specified growing medium, but this approach requires careful planning at least two years
in advance.
Figure 1: A pitch
established from
seed limits potential
problems associated
with incompatibility
between the rootzone
and soil imported with
the turf
Figure 2: Sprigs of
warm season grass
cleaned, boxed
and delivered in
refrigerated lorries
ready for use.
Figure 3: Turfing of a
pitch using specialised
equipment and
machinery can create
an almost immediate
playing surface.
4. GRASS TYPE
With numerous species and cultivars/types available on the market, there is not one which
is appropriate for all situations. Grass cultivars suitable for sports fields are selected on the
basis of their characteristics and climate in which they perform best and selection must
be reviewed before placing an order. When turfing an entire surface for the first time,
it is always recommended to seek professional advice to help with the critical process of
turfgrass selection. There is a vast amount of technical information available comparing
different cultivars and species to determine which will perform best in a specific situation.
Remember, climate, extremes of weather, standard of playing surface required and level
of maintenance will also play a part in grass selection for the turf. Warm season and cool
season grasses will require careful review.
When returfing any area, it is recommended to use the same turfgrass cultivar(s) that
are used in the surrounding areas. If this is not possible, it is recommended to utilise at
least the same species in an effort to achieve a relatively similar appearance and playing
characteristic.
5. KEY CONSIDERATIONS
Having made the decision to install turf, there are a number of key issues to consider,
including:
• When is the surface required to be playable?
• What is the soil type at the installation site?
• What budget is available?
• What are the expected weather conditions?
• Are there any issues with access to the pitch (tracks and machinery)?
• What turf farms are available that match the type of turfgrass and growing medium
present at the site of installation?
• Do any of the turf farms have the capacity to supply enough of the required turf?
• Is there a competent contractor available with experience in laying turf, ideally on
football pitches?
• Are there adequate watering facilities available to keep the newly laid turf in good
condition during the establishment phase?
With requirements clearly established, ensuring that the works are carried out correctly
is essential to the success of the project. The following section details the key stages of a
turfing project.
6. COUNTRIES WITH AN
UNDERDEVELOPED TURF INDUSTRY
It is not uncommon for projects to be carried out in countries where there is not a well-
developed turf industry in support. This situation usually means there is a lack of high level
technology and/or resources, the implication being that turf harvesting and laying has to
be carried out at a basic level.
For large, well-funded projects (e.g. a stadium pitch), importation of turf or creation of a
dedicated turf nursery on-site may be viable options; however, for small scale or poorly-
funded projects, there may be more limitations on resources available. Possible examples
include:
• Turf types – only certain species/cultivars may be available, which are not ideal for the
situation but may be all that is available.
• Growing medium quality – turf farms are established only on natural soil types, some of
which may contain higher proportions of silt or clay than is desirable.
• Turf thickness and width – only small roll harvesting equipment may be available.
• Rootzone/seedbed preparation – a lack of laser-guided levelling equipment may result in
poor levels for installing turf.
• Laying equipment and quality – may be carried out manually and by unskilled labour
because of lack of availability of suitable installation machinery.
• Water availability – limitations may exist in terms of quantity, quality and application
methods.
• Aftercare – available skills, equipment, chemicals, fertilisers, etc. may all be limited.
Due to large variation in climates, resources, skills and knowledge between countries, it
is not possible to provide a single management plan that can cover all limitations in this
document. Some limitations will also carry larger risk and cost implications than others;
therefore each project must be planned according to its own merits. However, there are
several key points that should be taken into consideration during planning:
1. Use the most suitable and best quality turf available. This will require regular visits to
the turf farm during the growing stage to make sure it is being well managed ahead of
need. This approach will ensure a smooth transition between the turf in the farm and
the turf on the pitch.
2. Limit the transport time from the farm and storage on site before laying as much as
possible.
3. Ensure rootzone preparation and turf laying is carried out to the highest possible
standard.
4. Maximise water availability and application techniques to ensure uniform watering of
the pitch.
5. Sufficient time must be allowed between laying and playing to ensure the turf is well
knitted and rooted and that surface levels have been perfected to avoid disappointment
from players and spectators.
Point 5 above requires special mention. Unlike countries where a well-developed

harvesting and laying system is available (thick cut and big roll turf – see later), the
alternative is to use small roll/thin-cut turf when turfing. The grow-in period therefore
must be extended to allow for additional preparation work and establishment time. Small
roll/thin-cut turf will not carry the same initial durability as big roll turf and will require
more intensive care with constant monitoring (particularly in hot/dry climates). If such a
turfed surface is used before it is ready, it can easily tear up making the surface dangerous
and unplayable.
Finally, if there is any doubt about how such projects are going to be planned/managed, it
is always recommended to seek professional advice.
Figure 4: Blackened
turf left too long in
the roll before laying.
The grass has started
to rot but given time
can recover.
Figure 5: Gaps
between turfs from
poor installation
can lead to pitches
being unplayable,
even when the
majority of the pitch is
satisfactory.
Figure 6: Poor levelling during construction can

lead to isolated topdressing being required
after turfing. Such action can be a very slow
process as the turf has to re-establish in the top-
dressed areas each time to avoid inconsistency.
Figure 7: Turf laid at the same time. Turf
on left poorer,
probably caused by
transportation issues.
Figure 8: Same pitch

as above showing
good turf recovery
three to four weeks
after installation.
7. COUNTRIES WITH A WELL-DEVELOPED

TURF INDUSTRY
Countries with a better established turf industry are generally equipped in the growing
of high quality turf which can meet the needs of the high end user, have the harvesting
equipment to remove larger volumes of turf in a short space of time and are equally
able to remove existing grass and replace the surface within a short timescale, ready for
play. The detailed requirements which can be expected from a turf grower is much more
defined when compared to those countries who do not yet have a well-developed turf
industry.
7.1 Supplier Selection

A much larger percentage of turf farms cater to the landscape industry, compared to
those who specialise in the provision of sports turf. Therefore, in countries where a
well-developed turf industry is present, locating suitable turf sources for sports fields
and stadium pitches will generally be a lot easier and/or a wide range of products will
be available. This is not to say that where the turf industry is not so well advanced that
turfing cannot be considered as an option, but the quality of turf grown and harvesting
options will be limited and the option for thick cut turf will probably not be available.
In these situations, more time needs to be given between installation and play to allow
intensive management to perfect surface levels and develop a quality surface.
When choosing a turf supplier, points to consider include:

• Turf format – ensure that the growing medium is suitable for turf growth and that it
matches or complements the installation site.
• Location – transport costs from a turf farm located close to the site of installation will be
lower than if the turf has to be transported from further away.
• Point of production - ideally inspect the turf to ensure that it is being grown specifically
for football use.
• Climate – it is important to try and match the climate where the turf farm is located to
the final installation site as closely as possible.
• Experience – always try to choose a supplier who has experience of producing turf for
football pitches.
• Equipment for harvesting and laying– this will determine the thickness of the turf and
the size of the rolls available.
• Transport equipment – some stadia have very tight traffic routes. The supplier will need
suitable equipment to move the turf around the venue once delivered.
• Capacity – it is important that the turf farm has an adequate supply of the required turf.
Ideally there is enough turf available to cover any issues which may arise with the first
shipment.
• Price – price will ultimately have a deciding factor on which turf farm to use; however it
is always recommended to ensure that a suitable product is being supplied before price
is taken into account.
It is probable in some regions/countries that there may not be a suitable turf supplier or
indeed any turf supplier available. In such circumstances, the two main options available
are to either import turf or develop a nursery at a nearby location, with the latter likely to
be the easier option. The importation of turf from another country is regarded as higher
risk as importing turf has customs and biosecurity implications, long transport times and
high associated costs. In any case, it is recommended to seek professional advice on such a
project, and always work with a highly experienced contractor.
Factors which may need to be considered when importing turf into a country include:
• The regulatory requirements for importing plant matter into a country.
• Protocols which need to be followed during the importation process (quarantine period,
chemical usage, pest monitoring, etc.).
• Associated paperwork to be completed.
• Transport distances, times and routes.
• Transport conditions and methodology and potential need for refrigeration.
• Harvesting and installation methodology.
• Costs and contingencies (e.g. border delays).
7.2 Turf Format

Turf comes in a variety of formats for installation. The decision on which format is used will
generally be made according to the planned use, time constraints, budget and availability.
In the majority of stadium cases, the use of big roll turf format is preferred. Formats
include:
• Standard Turf – turf established at a turf farm and grown on the local soil type. Often
this is the cheapest type of turf and used for community sports fields. It is not generally
recommended for use in stadiums or high quality sports fields.
• Specialised Turf – specific sports field type turfgrass established on an imported
proprietary sand-based rootzone material. The seed or sprigs from which the turf
has been established would be certified and the rootzone material analysed before
installation. This information could then be used to examine if the turf was suitable for
the playing surface on which it is to be installed.
• Custom Produced Turf – this turf follows the same production principles as the
specialised turf above. Turfgrass type and rootzone material are specified prior to
establishment to be the same (or as close to possible) as the venue at which it is to be
installed.
• Reinforced – specialised or custom produced turf prepared using a proprietary sand-
based rootzone material typically reinforced with fibres, mesh elements or a proprietary
backing material.
• Washed – harvested turf is washed to remove the material in which the turf has been
grown because the material does not match closely enough to the high quality sand-
based rootzone on which the turf will be laid.
7.3 Turf Roll Thickness

Due to the setup of most turf harvesting machinery, turf is generally cut between 15 mm
and 40 mm thick, although up to 90 mm is possible. Thicker turf is generally preferred
as thinner turf can result in a greater amount of stress being placed on the plant and it
creates a less durable surface in the short term.
7.4 Turf Roll Size

The turf roll sizes at the time of harvest can again vary. The information contained
identifies the three main sizes commonly used in the sports turf industry.
• Big roll – this is the largest of the three sizes available and is generally preferred
when turfing stadium pitches as it provides a more immediately stable surface and its
installation is more efficient. Such rolls are usually cut 30-50 mm thick and with a width
between 0.6 m and 2.4 m. Due to the weight of the biggest rolls, the turfing process
requires purpose built machinery to be used to lay the turf. Big roll turf lengths are
usually between 5 m and 15 m long.
• Small rolls – these are more commonly used by the landscape industry, although turfing
of smaller damaged areas with small roll turf on stadium pitches is also common. Due
to small rolls generally being thinner (15-25 mm), narrower (30-50 cm) and shorter
(max. 3 m), they are more labour intensive to lay, leave more joins, and are not as stable
immediately after laying. This ultimately results in the turf needing as much time as
seeding to establish the surface.
• Turf slabs – these are large square slabs of turf usually used for re-turfing goalmouths.
Sizes of turf slabs are highly variable and dependent on the producer’s harvesting
equipment. In some cases they can be made to order.
If rolls of turf are too long (and/or heavy) they can easily become damaged in the
harvesting process meaning turf is likely to be thrown away as waste. Generally the
producer should have a reasonable idea of their optimum harvesting length; however if
working with a custom produced turf, it is recommended that some testing is carried out
prior to harvesting to ensure any wastage is kept to a minimum.
One of the main problems associated with big roll turf is transportation and reducing
the risk of the big rolls overheating and the turf being spoiled. Depending on ambient
temperature during harvest and transport and distance between turf farm and stadium,
there may be a necessity for the harvested turf to be transported in refrigerated trucks
to reduce the potential for spoilage. Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is particularly
susceptible to blackening compared to Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass).
Figure 9: Example of
big roll turf ready for
installation.
Figure 10: Example of

small roll turf ready
for installation.
Figure 11: Turf

slabs cut ready for
installation.
7.5 Timing
The ideal time to carry out turfing will vary depending on the type of turfgrass used, the
local climate, the likely weather conditions during and after turfing and the nature of the
project. In general, it is best to carry out turfing during periods of peak growth to allow
for the fastest root development and anchorage of the turf.
However, more often than not, timing of a turfing project will depend on the schedule
of events for the venue in which it is to be installed. This can mean that turfing may
not always be carried out at the most ideal time of the year. In such cases it is always
recommended to allow as much time as possible between turfing and the first event,
especially for high impact sports such as rugby or American football, to allow the turf to
establish fully.
7.6 Turf Cost

Turfing is generally expensive with costs being 50-70% higher than establishing a pitch
from seed or sprigs. However, depending on transports costs, the total cost of turfing can
be significantly higher again as the cost of harvesting, transporting and installing the turf
far outweighs the cost of actually producing the turf. The cost per square metre of turf can
also vary significantly depending on thickness, soil type and quality. The time of year and
current stock levels at the turf farm may also influence the price.
8. TURF PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION

The process of turf installation has developed and improved significantly over the last 20
years. Installing turf by hand is regarded as time-consuming and often yields poor results
with longer establishment phases required. Where the turf industry is not so advanced,
this may be the only available option and therefore needs to be undertaken with great
care. Most turfing projects now use purpose-built machinery specific to the industry.
However, prior to the installation of any turf, it is imperative that the installed surface is
formed correctly to ensure both a suitable growing medium, as well as safe footing for
players. The following section details the methods for preparing a turf-bed and correct
turf installation techniques. Surface preparation is independent of turf quality and should
be regarded as a priority for any successful turfing project.
8.1 Rootzone Preparation

The key elements for ensuring the success of turfing part or all of a surface are to provide
a profile into which roots are able to establish easily and to provide a smooth, level surface
on which the turf can be laid without causing tripping hazards for players.
The following sections identify the key steps in rootzone and turf-bed preparation. It
should be noted that while the sections below focus mainly on full pitch turfing projects,
the same stages are all required when smaller areas are turfed. However the equipment
used to carry out certain stages of a small turfing project may be different and more likely
to have a larger proportion of manual operations.
Key steps in the rootzone preparation process:

• Remove existing grass cover
• Cultivate the profile
• Laser grade the profile surface
• Smooth the surface
• Apply pre-turfing fertiliser
8.2 Remove Existing Grass Cover

If working with an existing pitch, it is highly likely that the existing turf cover will have
to be removed. While there are several ways in which this can be carried out, the most
effective is to use a machine that strips off the existing turf (e.g. a Koro Field TopMaker
or similar). This piece of machinery can evenly remove the existing grass cover, leaving a
relatively clean rootzone surface. This machinery also has the ability to vary the depth of
material being removed to match the depth of the new turf to be installed, allowing for
minimal material having to be imported during the re-levelling stage. If this machinery is
not available, grass cover can be removed by using turf harvesting equipment, excavators
etc. but this method is not as precise as using specialised equipment.
Figure 12: Turfgrass

removal via
excavators.

removal with a
wheeled loader.

removal via Koro Field
TopMaker.
8.3 Cultivation
When working with an existing surface where the turf has been removed, it is often good
practice to cultivate (mix) the existing profile prior to returfing to break up any layers that
may have formed under the removed turf. Equipment commonly used for this process
includes a specialised rotovator or power harrow. Usually only the upper rootzone may
need to be lightly cultivated, with any loose material from the cultivation process being
used to remove any small undulations which may have arisen.
When turfing smaller areas, it may not be feasible to use tractor driven equipment to carry
out the cultivation process. In such cases, this may have to be carried out by small self-
driven equipment, or if existing levels are satisfactory, by light hand-raking to loosen the
surface.
Figure 15: Proprietary

sports turf cultivator
being used to cultivate
the entire football
pitch prior to levelling
and turf installation.
Figure 16: Light

manual cultivation of
the surface using hand
rakes and brushes
prior to turfing in
a goal mouth area.
Note: surface levels
were good following
turf removal so heavy
cultivation was not
required here.
8.4 Laser Grading and Surface Consolidation

When carrying out a full/large scale turf replacement, a tractor driven laser grader should
be used across the entire pitch to ensure surface levels are as specified prior to turfing.
When smaller/isolated areas are being turfed using a tractor driven laser grader may not
be feasible due to space requirements. In such a case levelling of the area may have to be
carried out manually by experienced persons. Following all levelling, the surface should
then be firmed using appropriate equipment with turf tyres.
Figure 17: Levelling

carried out by a
tractor driven laser
grader.
Figure 18: Manual

levelling using flat-
edged rakes may
need to be used in
areas where tractor
mounted levelling
units cannot access or
turn.
Figure 19:
Consolidation/rolling
of the surface using
turf tyres. Note:
consolidation with
turf tyres is preferred
over using a flat
roller as it applies a
greater amount of
pressure on a single
point, meaning more
even compaction is
achieved across the
entire surface.
8.5 Surface Smoothing

Following consolidation, smoothing of the surface will be required to remove the tyre
marks prior to the turf being laid. Various pieces of equipment can be used to carry out
the smoothing process, with a light raking or brushing unit being pulled by a light tractor
achieving the best results.
Figure 20: Tractor-

mounted power rake
being used to give
the final finish after
consolidation of the
rootzone, before
turfing.
Figure 21: Where

suitable brushing/
raking equipment is
not available, a light
smoothing with a
levelling bar can also
be acceptable.
8.6 Fertiliser Application

Application of a suitable high phosphate grade fertiliser is commonly made prior to the
turf being installed. It is recommended that the specific fertiliser for such an application
should be determined according to a nutrient test of the soil. Any application should be
carried out by a manual spreading unit to ensure surface levels are not affected.
8.7 Turf Harvesting

Harvesting is the stage at which the turf is first removed from the original growing
site and it is the first time the turf starts to be put under stress. Ideally turf should be
harvested, delivered and laid within 24 hours. However, if this is not always feasible,
additional means of managing the turf may need to be implemented to ensure it remains
in a suitable condition for installation.
Harvesting is usually carried out by an automated machine which cuts and rolls the newly
harvested turf. These rolls are then placed manually on to a pallet for transport. The size
of each roll will determine the number of rolls stacked on a single pallet. Smaller rolls of
turf commonly have up to 50 rolls on a single pallet, while big roll turf will usually only
have a single roll on a pallet.
In order to keep the turf in optimum condition during the harvesting process, the
conditions during harvesting need to be taken into consideration. Generally it is not
recommended to carry out harvesting during rainfall (or when the turf is saturated) or
during periods of extreme high or low temperatures. In regions where high temperatures
are always common (e.g. Middle East) it would be ideal to reduce the time between
harvesting and laying as much as possible, and to store the turf rolls in shade. Carrying out
harvesting at night is also a good way to reduce the risk as it allows for cooler storage at
night, and for laying to occur during the day.
Figure 22: Big roll

turf harvesting taking
place.
Figure 23: Small roll

turf harvesting.
8.8 Turf Quality at Harvest

A high quality of turf at the time of installation is the key to success of a turfing
programme. Prior to harvesting it is recommended that an assessment of the turf is carried
out by a suitably qualified person. In choosing/assessing suitable turf for a football pitch, it
is important to consider a number of characteristics that may influence the quality of the
turf:
• Age – the age of the turf is an important consideration and will vary between warm
season grasses, which can establish within four months, and cool season turf, which
often requires eighteen months in order to have the maturity required for sports turf.
• Root quantity/quality – conduct a simple visual check of the root system to check that
they are white, wide and vigorous. A dense mat of rhizomatous and stoloniferous
growth is essential in warm season turf.
• Thatch - the layer of living and dead stems, leaves and roots between the growing grass
and the soil – generally with turf of the age identified above, the thatch layer would not
be expected to be excessive; however this should always be checked as too much thatch
can impact on plant health and turf performance. As a guideline, the maximum thatch
depth should be no greater than one third of the cutting depth.
Figure 24: Evidence

of thatch layer in the
profile.
• Species composition – it is important to ensure the species composition in the turf

meets the requirements of the project and/or what has been specified. It would not be
expected to find no weed species present in the imported turf. However, weed species
should be minimal and acceptance will be governed by the quality of the turf grower,
local circumstances and what is deemed locally acceptable.
• Avoiding disease – it would be expected that all turf supplied is disease- and pest-free.
Any evidence of disease (both active and inactive) should be noted and followed up with
an assessment identifying the disease and what chemicals have been used to control it.
Turf should be treated with a wide-spectrum fungicide prior to transport to prevent any
incoming diseases, but, fungicide use will be governed by local regulations on the use of
pesticides.
8.9 Transport
The importance of a proper transportation method can often be overlooked. Damage to
turf during this stage is highly possible, particularly over long distances. Even over short
distances turf transportation requirements are significant and can be a costly undertaking.
Enough turf for a standard football pitch may require around a total of 30 truckloads for
transport.
Key transportation considerations:

• Turf should have been treated with a wide-spectrum fungicide to prevent incoming
diseases during transportation where local regulations allow.
• Turf transportation is a specialist area, so where possible it is important to work with a
logistics specialist who works regularly with nurseries/farms.
• The length of time turf will remain alive will be dependent on weather conditions
during transport, turf thickness and roll length. However, during warmer conditions it
is not advisable for the turf to be in transit for more than 24 hours unless in a climate
controlled environment. Refrigerated transport units are used for turf transport with
reasonable success; however turf transported in this way should ideally stay in the
transport unit for no longer than three days and success will be species dependant.
• If refrigeration is not required, loads must be protected from wind and be completely
protected by a suitable covering.
• Transport costs can vary greatly depending on the project, how far the turf must be
transported and how much turf there is (i.e. weight). Although transport costs can be
reduced greatly by reducing the thickness, this must be considered against the playing
characteristics that will be required and how soon the turfed area is needed for play.
Figure 25: Turf being

transported in a
refrigerated truck.
Figure 26: Turf being

unloaded after being
transported in a
refrigerated truck.
8.10 Turf Laying

As mentioned earlier, the process of turf installation has developed and improved
significantly over the last 20 years. Most major installations now use complex laser-guided
machinery specific to the industry, which can lay a hectare of turf in 24-48 hours if the
planning has been done correctly with adequate resources of machinery and manpower.
This is exceptional and a more likely expectation is that a football pitch will be turfed
within four or five days.
Carrying out turf installation according to established industry techniques is essential

when laying new turf. Each contractor will have slight variations in these techniques
based largely on experience and available equipment. However, the main quality control
requirements to achieve when laying turf include:
• No gaps between rolls.
• Joints at the end of rolls should be staggered, similar to brick work.
• Edges of rolls should be butted against each other to ensure maximum contact between
rolls (this is generally achieved by overlapping rolls and cutting the ends)
• Turfgrass plants should not be inverted or rolled under adjoining rolls.
• Small pieces of turf should not be used to patch gaps in the turf as these will dry out and
fail quickly, while also being visually unattractive.
• Levels between rolls must be flush to ensure there are no tripping hazards for players.
It is recommended that a representative from the final installation site (e.g. head
groundsman or venue consultant) is present throughout the seedbed/rootzone
preparation and turf installation process. They should ensure that turf is being laid to the
highest of standards and they should regularly check that turf supplied is as specified.
Figure 27: Poorly laid

turf with gaps clearly
visible between rolls.
Figure 28: Obvious

level changes
between rolls can
be hazards for
players.
Figure 29: Immediately

following turfing,
joints will still be
visible, but no gaps
between rolls should
be present.
The installation of big roll turf is carried out using a mechanical laying machine. Rolls
should be laid to ensure good contact with the existing rootzone. Following the turf being
laid, a second piece of machinery will be used to push the newly laid roll tight with the roll
to the side of it. Finally, the ends of each roll should be overlapped and cut to ensure that
each end fits neatly together (rather than relying on the existing edges of two rolls being
square).
All the same principles still apply when carrying out small roll turfing. However, the laying
process is usually carried out manually due to the more manageable size of the rolls.
Figure 30: Push

machinery laying big
roll turf.
Figure 31: Push

machinery is used to
ensure turf is tight
with the adjacent
rolls.
8.11 Joints and Plugging

Every single joint should be checked to ensure there are no gaps and also no grass plants
have been turned in or pushed under another roll of turf.
It is very rare that an entire turfed pitch will be perfect. Following completion of the
turfing stage, the surface should be checked for any poor areas of turf that need to be
replaced. Such areas should be replaced by plugging. In order to ensure plugged areas
have sufficient strength and do not dry out too rapidly, it is recommended that areas are
plugged with a single piece of turf no smaller than 30 cm x 30 cm.
Figure 32: Plugging of poor areas on a newly turfed surface. The area to be plugged on
the right is smaller than the minimum recommended size of 30 cm x 30 cm.
8.12 Rolling
Following the completion of the turfing and plugging, the final process is to flat roll the
surface. Rolling not only helps to work out any micro-level issues that may have been
imported with the turf itself, but it is also to help bind the joins. Depending on the
surface, it is recommended to use a roller no heavier than 1.5 tonnes, and at no stage
should a vibrating roller be used. Turning at the ends of runs should also be minimised as
much as possible to limit wear. Heavier rollers should only be used in consultation with an
expert.
Figure 33: Rolling

using self-propelled
ride-on roller. (Note:
rollers should always
be washed prior to
rolling to ensure any
contaminants are not
brought onto the
field).
Figure 34: Tractor

driven flat agricultural
roller.
9. AFTERCARE
A post turfing maintenance programme of works is essential to the success of a newly
turfed surface, with poor maintenance being one of the most common reasons for failure.
The aftercare programme should be developed specific to the pitch and customised
according to climate, turf type, format, weather conditions and requirement for use.
Above all else, ready access to water is a basic requirement and is essential during warm
weather. Under warm conditions (i.e. >20o C), both warm season and cool season turf can
start to degrade within several hours, and die within 1-2 days if water is not continually
available.
If there is any concern regarding the maintenance programme, it is best to employ a

professional to review the existing programme or to develop a new programme. With
new venues without a full time maintenance team it is also common practice for the
installation contractor to carry out a period (e.g. 3-12 months) of maintenance to ensure
the surface is managed correctly and to deal with any problems.
Figure 35: Use of the irrigation system is essential to ensure ongoing health of the turf during and
after turfing.
9.1 Guideline Maintenance Activities

A bespoke programme will need to be worked out according to the events schedule, local
availability of equipment and materials and the specific characteristics of the site. As a
guideline, the following list of maintenance activities will be required.
• Mowing (rotary)
• Mowing (cylinder)
• Mowing (triplex)
• Rolling
• Brushing
• Liquid fertiliser application
• Granular fertiliser application (subject to soil analysis)
• Fungicide application (according to manufacturer’s recommendations and rates)
• Irrigation application
• Aeration (needle tines)
10. COMMON MISTAKES

When carried out correctly, turfing projects can be relatively simple and problem-free.
However, projects can also very easily fail and cost a lot of money. Among the most
common mistakes are:
• Location – installing a low shade-tolerant turf grown in an open environment into a
stadium environment where there are heavy shade problems.
• Inappropriate use – using the pitch too soon after installation or too frequently.
• Inappropriate materials – installing soil-based turf over a sand-based rootzone, so
eliminating all the benefits the sand rootzone provides.
• Inadequate levels preparation prior to turfing – once the turf is laid it is a very difficult
and time consuming operation to restore levels to an acceptable standard. This work
should always be completed prior to turfing.
• Turf netting – some turf producers grow turf on netting to help the turf knit together
and speed up production. Turf grown this way should be avoided. Checks can be made
with a simple visual inspection of the root zone prior to installation.
• Transporting turf – once turf has been harvested and rolled it will start rotting very
quickly, so time in transport in the rolled state must be kept to a minimum.
• Poor quality turf – the installation of poor quality turf will mean an increased
establishment phase until the surface is of an acceptable quality.
• No irrigation – not having water available or not irrigating enough will cause turf health
to decline rapidly.
• Poor aftercare – newly laid turf is very vulnerable. A lack of proper aftercare will result in
a rapid lack of quality.
It is essential that the right knowledge about the pitch and the required maintenance of
the turf is available before proceeding with a turfing project. If there are any concerns
regarding the items identified above, it is recommended to seek professional advice.
10.1 Establishment Periods

Turfed pitches have the primary advantage of being playable much sooner than seeded
or sprigged pitches, especially where modern big roll turf technology is used. With high
quality big roll turf and good workmanship, turfed pitches have been known to host a
game almost immediately. However it is generally recommended even when using big roll
turf to allow a minimum of 1-2 weeks between turfing and use to allow the turf to bed in
(i.e. for new roots to anchor the turf into the underlying profile). In contrast, seeding or
sprigging is much more dependent on the growing conditions at the time of establishment
where it can normally be expected to be upwards of 60 days to become playable. Playing
on the turf too early is a common mistake.
10.2 Profile Layering

The process of turfing effectively adds an extra layer to the surface of the pitch profile.
The addition of such a layer can create an interface between these two layers which in
turn can cause problems with root establishment from the turf layer into the underlying
profile as well as potential water movement restrictions through the profile. An option
to reduce the impact of this interface effect can be to ‘custom grow’ the turf to match
the growing medium on which the turf will be laid. This option is commonly used for
high profile venues which will sometimes have their own turf nursery established on site
with compatible materials. It is therefore essential that any turf being purchased from an
outside supplier is assessed before purchase and installation to ensure it is suitable.
Figure36: Pitch profile

where the turf was
established on clay
soil and then installed
over a sand profile.
The difference in
these materials is
likely to limit root
development and
water movement
into the sand profile
below.
Figure 37: Pitch profile

where the turf was
established on a sandy
rootzone and installed
on a soil rootzone.
10.3 Durability of a Turfed Playing Surface

The extent of root development has a direct effect on the durability of a turfed surface,
which is why seeded pitches take longer to mature than turfed pitches. With pitches
established from turf, the turfgrass plants are able to mature off-site before harvest,
with minimal usage and the turf is harvested and installed when mature. With seeding or
sprigging, the establishment needs to be managed and turf maturity takes place on-site.
A well-maintained, mature, healthy turf is expected to start producing new roots as soon
as it is harvested and laid on a rootzone. In addition, a turfed pitch is more likely to possess
an established organic layer which will further help the immediate durability of the
surface. Seeded surfaces require 6-12 months before a noticeable and useful thatch layer
starts to develop although sprigged surfaces will show noticeable stoloniferous activity (i.e.
development and spreading of new runners) within 3 – 4 months under optimal growing
conditions.
However, if turfing is carried out at a less than ideal time of year, or if turf vigour is poor,
older turfgrass plants in the turf may not have a growth habit as aggressive as young plant
growth meaning that root mass production can be slow. In such cases, turf may appear
well established at the surface but underneath can be weak and quickly succumb to wear,
disease or other factors that lead to deterioration.
11. PROTECTION OF THE BUYER

When carrying out a turfing project, there is generally a significant amount of money
being invested and projects are usually carried out under challenging deadlines. As a
client, there are several key points that should be addressed during a turfing project. If
there are any concerns, it is again recommended to seek professional advice.
11.1 Pre-delivery
• Where possible, the turf farm should be visited and the exact area of turf required
should be pre-booked. It is recommended to choose a first, second and third preference
in case something unexpected occurs with the first choice of turf.
• Full details (including germination certificates) on the seed used to grow the turf should
be requested.
• Areas affected by weed or pest activity or which are weak should be marked in the field
and not harvested.
• Ideally, a week before turfing, it is recommended to visit the turf farm again to check
the chosen area.
• A representative should be present when the turf is harvested, ideally a member of the
ground staff from the sports venue where the turf will be installed. Turf should not be
harvested from different locations on a field or from peripheral areas where quality is
likely to be lower.
• Adequate access and space for unloading the turf must be available at the sports venue
where the turf will be installed.
11.2 Point of Delivery

When receiving the delivery on site, a quick inspection should be conducted both before
and during unloading the turf:
• Check for a rotten smell, however slight. This may indicate that the rotting process
has started, fungus may be present and/or the refrigeration setting, if used, may be
incorrect.
• Check the temperature inside the truck – if it feels warm, use a thermometer to record
the temperature.
• When the turf is delivered, make an evaluation of the quality of the turf by checking the
thickness, density, roll length and colour, etc.
• Check the temperature of the turf close to the centre of each roll and take photographs.
If there are issues with the quality of the turf on delivery, contact the supplier.
11.3 Post Installation

• Check after one week to ensure that no disease is evident.
• Take photographs.
Assuming the above checks are positive, responsibility for the turf should then pass to
the buyer after this period. If problems are identified, it may be necessary to request the
replacement of some rolls of turf or even a complete replacement of the pitch.
12. CONCLUSION
The practice of turfing will always carry some risk. The information in this document,
if taken into consideration, will help to reduce these risks and enable the key decision-
makers to make informed decisions when it comes to turfing a football pitch. The
document outlines the key factors which should be considered before, during and after
the turfing process.
It is recommended that the information contained in this document is supplemented with

professional advice in order to obtain the best results.
GLOSSARY
Aeration Mechnical operation to intensively penetrate the rootzone with
(needle tines) round needle tines with the objectives of improving ventilation,
encouraging root development and enhancing drainage.
Big roll turf Larger cultivated turf, harvested and laid with specialist
equipment and size of generally 0.6-2.4 m wide and 5-15 m long.
Biosecurity Reducing the risk of introducing or spreading invasive, non-

native species and harmful pests and diseases by implementing
appropriate measures.
Cool season grasses Turfgrass species best adapted to growth during cool, moist
periods of the year; commonly having temperature optimum in
the range of 15-24°C.
Cultivars Plants of a single species that differ from another in specific

characteristics. A cultivated variety of a species.
Germination Certificate provided with purchased seed and gives information

certificates on the percentage of germinated seed together with
un-germinated seed, abnormal seedlings, hard seed and dead
seed.
Granular fertiliser Fertiliser applied in the form of granules, typically 3 mm in

application diameter.
Growing medium The material that plants grow in – providing the necessary
physical, biological and chemical conditions required for growth.
Koro Field TopMaker Specialist equipment used in the removal of the superficial layer
of turf and associated thatch to a uniform depth.
Laser-guided levelling Equipment automatically controlled by laser to pre-programmed

equipment design levels to achieve a consistent grade.
Liquid fertiliser A method of nutrient application as a solution of dissolved

application fertiliser.
Mowing (cylinder) Method of grass cutting where the cutting blade moves in a
vertical plane and cuts due to the action of cylinder blades
against the static lower blade.
Mowing (rotary) Method of grass cutting by means of a high speed blade cutting
in a horizontal plane.
Mowing (triplex) Grass cutting by means of a motorised, lightweight, ride-on

mower with three mowing cylinders.
Nutrient test Chemical analysis to determine levels of the principle nutrients

for plant growth.
Plugging
A method of turf repair by inserting cores or plugs of turf to

replace local bare or weak areas of turf on a pitch.
Profile Cross-sectional make-up of the underlying construction of a pitch.
Rootzone The layer of growing medium in which the majority of plant

roots are found.
Seeding The process of applying seed to a prepared surface for the

purpose of plant establishment.
Small roll harvesting Mechanical equipment used for lifting turf in small (standard)
equipment sized rolls, approximately 15-25 mm thick and generally up to 3 m
long and 30-50 cm wide.
Sodding The process of laying pre-grown strips of turfgrass (turf of sod)

on a prepared surface.
Species composition Identification of the individual species (and percentage

contribution) in an established grass cover or turf.
Sprigs A single plant section (stolon, rhizome or tiller) with several

growth nodes used to establish turf by vegetative means.
Sprigging Establishing new turf by planting sprigs.
Stolons A jointed, above-ground, creeping stem or runner that can

produce roots and shoots at each node.
Stoloniferous activity The process of plants spreading by producing stolons.
Thatch The layer of living and dead stems, leaves and roots between the
growing grass and soil.
Turf format Type of substrate or cultivation method used in turf production

and associated size of turf at harvesting.
Turf tyres Tyres with a smooth tread to prevent turf marking and usually
low ground pressure to minimise compaction forces.
Turf-bed The prepared surface of the growing medium on which the turf/
sod is laid.
Turfing The process of laying turf (or sod) on a prepared surface.
Vegetative Asexual propagation of plants not by seed but by vegetative

propogation means, e.g. runners, stolons, sprigs, rhizomes, tillers, bulbs etc.
Warm season grasses Turfgrass species best adapted for optimum growth in
temperatures commonly in the range of 27-35°C.
Wide spectrum A fungicide which can control several plant diseases.

fungicide
President: Joseph S. Blatter

Secretary General: Jérôme Valcke
Address: Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA-Strasse 20
P.O. Box
8044 Zurich
Switzerland
Telephone: +41 (0)43 222 7777
Fax: +41 (0)43 222 7878
Internet: FIFA.com
Manager’s Guide to Natural Grass Football Pitches

Concept: FIFA Development Department
Photos: FIFA, Getty Images
Translation: Language Services
Layout: FIFA
Printing: galledia ag, Berneck, Switzerland 11.14 bru 2500 TRE/dkr/pma
Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA-Strasse 20 P.O. Box 8044 Zurich Switzerland
T: +41 (0)43 222 7777 F: +41 (0)43 222 7878 FIFA.com

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Turfing Advice

for Stadium and Venue Managers

3. Turfing Versus Seeding or Sprigging 6

6. Countries with an Underdeveloped Turf Industry 10

7. Countries with a Well-developed Turf Industry 13

8. Turf Preparation and Installation 18

10. Common Mistakes 32

11. Protection of the Buyer 35

The practice of turfing is used as an alternative to situations where seeding or sprigging to

3. TURFING VERSUS SEEDING OR

Point 5 above requires special mention. Unlike countries where a well-developed

Figure 6: Poor levelling during construction can

Figure 8: Same pitch

7. COUNTRIES WITH A WELL-DEVELOPED

7.1 Supplier Selection

When choosing a turf supplier, points to consider include:

7.2 Turf Format

7.3 Turf Roll Thickness

7.4 Turf Roll Size

Figure 10: Example of

Figure 11: Turf

7.6 Turf Cost

8. TURF PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION

8.1 Rootzone Preparation

Key steps in the rootzone preparation process:

8.2 Remove Existing Grass Cover

Figure 12: Turfgrass

Figure 13: Turfgrass

Figure 14: Turfgrass

Figure 15: Proprietary

Figure 16: Light

8.4 Laser Grading and Surface Consolidation

Figure 17: Levelling

Figure 18: Manual

8.5 Surface Smoothing

Figure 20: Tractor-

Figure 21: Where

8.6 Fertiliser Application

8.7 Turf Harvesting

Figure 22: Big roll

Figure 23: Small roll

8.8 Turf Quality at Harvest

Figure 24: Evidence

• Species composition – it is important to ensure the species composition in the turf

Key transportation considerations:

Figure 25: Turf being

Figure 26: Turf being

8.10 Turf Laying

Carrying out turf installation according to established industry techniques is essential

Figure 27: Poorly laid

Figure 28: Obvious

Figure 29: Immediately

Figure 30: Push

Figure 31: Push

8.11 Joints and Plugging

Figure 33: Rolling

Figure 34: Tractor