CIVE1171 Lecture 1

CIVE1179 Lecture 1
Introduction & Limit State Design
Dr Rick Chan
School of Civil, Envir. & Chem Engng
CIVE1179 - What you will learn in this course
•  Limit State Design - design philosophy for

modern day structures
•  Estimation of dead, imposed (live) and
wind loads
•  Design of beams, columns, steel roofs and
simple connections
•  Stability of structures
•  Design of a multistorey low-rise steel
building
RMIT University 2
Assessment
•  Model beam testing - 20%

– Groups of 3 members
– Fabrication starts in week 4 in lab sessions
– Fabrication will take~2 hours.
– Testing will be carried out ~week 8
– Submission of a test report
•  3-storey building design project - 30%
– Same group of 3 members
– Design report due week 12
•  End of the semester examination - 50%
– Hurdle, you must get 50% from exam to pass the course
– You will get an NH grade if you fail final exam
RMIT University Slide 3

Learning resources
•  Course Guide on RMIT web site

– Teaching schedule
•  Prescribed text – AS4100 (the steel design code), AS1170 (the loading code)
– Download PDF from our library website, print them out.
•  OneSteel Hot rolled products catalogue (Learning Hub)
– We will only use pages of UB and UC
•  Metal roof system catalogues (Learning Hub)
•  Recommended text: The behavior and design of steel structures to AS4100,
NS Trahair and MA Bradford, Spon Press

Steel grades and sections
•  Different cooling rate of molten steel, chemical composition and

manufacturing process will result in different yield stress and ductility in
steel
•  Steel strength grades commonly used in structural applications in
Australia are “300PLUS”, conforming to AS/ANZ3679. They are hot rolled
sections. Chemical composition in different grades of steel is governed by
AS3679, ensures ductility permitting plastic design criteria
•  Table 2.1 of AS4100 provides yield stresses and tensile strengths of

different strength grades.
•  For 300 Plus, yield strengths of 280 - 320MPa depending on thickness
AS4100 p21
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Examples of hot-rolled sections
I sections, UB SHS sections

I-section
SHS
Channel or RHS
H-section
H sections: C-section RHS sections
UC

Steel section catalogue
•  available steel sections in Australia

•  List useful sectional properties e.g. moment of inertia, etc

Steel structures
•  Structures are required to support loads / resist forces, transfer these loads
and forces to foundations
•  3D in their extent, can be reduced to 2D or 1D elements for easy analysis
•  Steel members are usually thin-walled, i.e. members are usually made up of
thin plates, such as I- and box sections
•  Steel sections are hot-rolled (most common), welded (or compound) or cold-
formed
•  Structural members are connected by pins, rivets (not used anymore), bolts
and welds

Design of steel structures
•  Satisfy the needs for which it was created

– Design structure according to architect’s
drawing
•  Stability – ensure robustness of structure
•  Strength - will not fail in its design lifetime under
design loads (dead, imposed, wind, earthquake,
etc)
•  Serviceability of structure is not impaired by
excessive deflections, vibrations, etc
•  Economy – initial cost and maintenance
•  Ease of fabrication and construction
– (time = money in construction industry) RMIT’s Swanston
Academic Building – a
steel structure

Fabrication off-site
Assembled on-site

Implications to design engineers
•  Finalise design drawing months

before construction
•  Cannot change design in the last
minute
•  Very little tolerance on site
•  Some connections can be done in
workshop, others on site.
•  Design and plan connection details
very carefully to facilitate site
installation
Slide 12
Real life example: A sport arena
METAL
ROOF
ABOVE
37 m
MAIN GAME ARENA
63 m
Truss layout
Transverse Section
Longitudinal Section
Turning Up of Temporary
Half Main Truss Supporting Tower
Installation of Half Main Trusses
Construction sequence
Photo 1 Photo 2
Photo 3 Photo 4
Loads on structures
•  Permanent loads (Dead loads): G

– Loads which remains constant (in time and space) after construction
– Self-weight of structure, finishes, and other permanent construction or
equipment
– Dead loads are usually estimated by engineers, reference can be made to
Appendix A of AS1170.1
•  Imposed loads (Live loads): Q
– Loads results from its use by occupants
– Vary both in space and time
– Loading code specifies peak loads which have 95% probability of not
being exceeded over a 50 year period
– Long / short term service loads are specified by multiplying reduction
factors
•  Wind loads: W
•  Earthquake loads: E
•  Snow: Su

Min live loads specified in Table 3.1 of AS1170.1
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Forces of nature
Earthquake
Wind
Snow

Limit State Design
•  Limit state - a condition that represents a boundary of structural usefulness
beyond which the structure ceases to fulfill its intended function.
•  The philosophy of limit state design is to achieve acceptable probabilities
that a structure will not become unfit for its intended use, i.e. it will not
reach a limit state during the expected life of the structure
•  Two Limit States are defined in Section 2 of AS1170.0
1.  Ultimate Limit State
i.  Stability Limit State
ii.  Strength Limit State
2.  Serviceability Limit State

Stability Limit State Strength Limit State
Ultimate Limit State
Serviceability Limit State

Slide 26
(1) Stability Limit State
– Overturning, uplift or sliding
Slide 27
(2) Strength limit state
•  Safety against the extreme loads during the intended life of the structure
– Fracture of a tension member
– Buckling of a column
– Onset of yielding
– Lateral buckling of a beam
– Flexural-torsional buckling of a beam-column
– Local buckling of plates
– Frame instability
– Rupture of a connection element
– etc
•  Strength limit state is satisfied if its calculated nominal capacity, reduced by a
capacity factor φ, exceeds the sum of nominal load effects multiplied by load
factors γ.
– Factored resistance ≥ Factored load effects
– Design strength provided ≥ Required strength


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(3) Serviceability limit state
•  Concerned with functional requirements of the structure under normal service

conditions
•  Causes discomfort to occupants, distress to non-structural elements, reduce/
eliminate economic gain
– Deflection limitation of a beam
– Drift limitation of a column
– Rotation limitation of a connection
– Vibration of floor

(3) Serviceability limit state
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Conclusion for today
•  Recap of steel’s mechanical properties, i.e. yield stress, Young’s modulus,

etc.
•  Dead loads, live loads and environmental loads.
– AS1170.0 – general
– AS1170.1 – dead & live loads
– AS1170.2 – wind loads
•  Limit state design philosophy
•  Ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state
•  Load combinations for ULS and SLS
RMIT University 33

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What are the three limit states defined in AS1170.0?

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What are the main loads considered in structural design according to the passage?

What are the main loads considered in structural design according to the passage?

CIVE1179 Lecture 1

Introduction & Limit State Design

• Limit State Design - design philosophy for

• Model beam testing - 20%

RMIT University Slide 3

• Course Guide on RMIT web site

RMIT University Slide 4

• Different cooling rate of molten steel, chemical composition and

• Table 2.1 of AS4100 provides yield stresses and tensile strengths of

I sections, UB SHS sections

RMIT University Slide 7

• available steel sections in Australia

RMIT University Slide 8

RMIT University Slide 9

• Satisfy the needs for which it was created

RMIT University Slide 10

RMIT University Slide 11

• Finalise design drawing months

• Permanent loads (Dead loads): G

RMIT University Slide 22

RMIT University Slide 24

RMIT University Slide 25

Ultimate Limit State

Serviceability Limit State

– Overturning, uplift or sliding

RMIT University Slide 28

RMIT University Slide 29

• Concerned with functional requirements of the structure under normal service

RMIT University Slide 31

• Recap of steel’s mechanical properties, i.e. yield stress, Young’s modulus,

You might also like

•  Limit State Design - design philosophy for

•  Model beam testing - 20%

•  Course Guide on RMIT web site

•  Different cooling rate of molten steel, chemical composition and

•  Table 2.1 of AS4100 provides yield stresses and tensile strengths of

•  available steel sections in Australia

•  Satisfy the needs for which it was created

•  Finalise design drawing months

•  Permanent loads (Dead loads): G

– Overturning, uplift or sliding

•  Concerned with functional requirements of the structure under normal service

•  Recap of steel’s mechanical properties, i.e. yield stress, Young’s modulus,