American Association State

Designation: D244 – 09 Highway and Transportation Officials Standard

AASHTO No.: T59

Standard Test Methods and Practices for

Emulsified Asphalts1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D244; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope Density of Emulsified Asphalt See Test Method

D6937
1.1 These test methods and practices, given under the Residue by Low-Temperature Vacuum Distillation See Test Method
headings titled Composition, Consistency, Stability, and Ex- D7403
amination of Residue, cover the examination of asphalt emul- 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
sions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphaltic standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
base, water, and an emulsifying agent. The test methods cover only.
the following tests and practices: 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Test Sections
Composition:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Water Content 4-10 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Residue and Oil Distillate by Distillation See Test Method priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D6997
Residue by Evaporation See Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6934
Particle Charge of Cationic Emulsified Asphalts See Test Method 2. Referenced Documents
D7402
Consistency:
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
Viscosity (Saybolt Furol) See Test Method C778 Specification for Standard Sand
D7496 D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
Stability:
Demulsibility See Test Method
D70 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous
D6936 Materials (Pycnometer Method)
Settlement See Test Method D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D6930
Cement Mixing See Test Method
Atmospheric Pressure
D6935 D113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials
Sieve Test See Test Method D139 Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous Materials
D6933
Aggregate Coating See Practice
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
D6998 D977 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
Miscibility with Water See Test Method D2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in
D6999
Freezing See Practice Trichloroethylene
D6929 D2397 Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
Coating Ability and Water Resistance 11-18 D3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and Solid
Storage Stability of Asphalt Emulsion See Test Method
D6930 Bituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)
Examination of Residue 19-26 D6929 Practice for Freezing of Emulsified Asphalts
Identification Test for Rapid Setting Cationic Emulsified Asphalt 27-34 D6930 Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability of
Identification of Cationic Slow Set Emulsions See Test Method
D7402 Emulsified Asphalts
Field Coating Test on Emulsified Asphalts 35-40 D6933 Test Method for Oversized Particles in Emulsified
Emulsified Asphalt/Job Aggregate Coating Test 41-46 Asphalts (Sieve Test)
D6934 Test Method for Residue by Evaporation of Emul-
sified Asphalt
1
These test methods and practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-
tee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D04.42 on Emulsified Asphalt Test. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D244 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D0244-09. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D244 – 09

A = 45 to 55 mm E = 25 to 38 mm
B = 14 to 16 mm F = 186 to 194 mm
C = 12 to 16 mm H = 18 to 19 mm
D = 235 to 255 mm
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Water Content

D6935 Test Method for Determining Cement Mixing of D7496 Test Method for Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalt by
Emulsified Asphalt Saybolt Furol Viscometer
D6936 Test Method for Determining Demulsibility of E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Emulsified Asphalt E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
D6937 Test Method for Determining Density of Emulsified Sieves
Asphalt E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
D6997 Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt Ventilation Ovens
D6998 Practice for Evaluating Aggregate Coating using
Emulsified Asphalts 3. Sample Conditioning for Testing
D6999 Practice for Miscibility of Emulsified Asphalts 3.1 All emulsions with viscosity requirements of 50°C
D7402 Practice for Identifying Cationic Emulsified As- should be heated to 50 6 3°C in the original sample container
phalts in a 71°C water bath or oven. The container should be vented
D7403 Test Method for Determination of Residue of Emul- to relieve pressure. After the sample reaches 50 6 3°C, stir the
sified Asphalt by Low Temperature Vacuum Distillation sample to achieve homogeneity.

COMPOSITION

WATER CONTENT 6. Apparatus and Materials

4. Scope 6.1 Metal Still—The metal still (Fig. 1(a)) shall be a vertical
cylindrical vessel, preferably of copper, having a faced flange
4.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
the water content of an emulsified asphalt by reflux distillation at the top to which the head is tightly attached by means of a
using a water trap. clamp. The head shall be made of metal, preferably brass or
copper, and shall be provided with a tubulation 25.4 mm (1 in.)
5. Significance and Use in inside diameter.
5.1 This test method measures the amount of water present 6.2 Glass Still—The glass still (Fig. 1(b)) shall be a short-
in the emulsified asphalt, as distinguished from either bitumen neck, round-bottom flask, made of well-annealed glass, and
or petroleum solvent. having an approximate capacity of 500 mL.

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 D244 – 09
6.3 Heat Source—The heat source used with the metal still 9.2 Report the result as “... water weight percent, ASTM
shall be a ring gas burner of 100-mm (4-in.) inside diameter or D244.”
an electric mantle heater. The heat source for the glass still
shall be either an ordinary gas burner or an electric heater. 10. Precision and Bias
6.4 Condenser—The condenser shall be a water-cooled 10.1 The following criteria should be used for judging the
reflux glass-tube type, having a jacket not less than 400 mm in acceptability of results (95 % probability):
length, with an inner tube 9.5 to 12.7 mm in outside diameter. 10.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator should not be
The end of the condenser shall be ground to an angle of 30 6 considered suspect unless they differ by more than the follow-
5° from the vertical axis of the condenser. ing amount:
6.5 Trap—The trap shall be made of annealed glass con- Water Content, weight % Repeatability, weight %
structed in accordance with Fig. 1(c) and shall be graduated in 30 to 50 0.8
0.10-mL divisions from 0 to 2 mL, and in 0.20-mL divisions 10.1.2 The results submitted by each of two laboratories
from 2 to 25 mL. should not be considered suspect unless they differ by more
6.6 Solvent—Xylol or other petroleum distillate conforming than the following amount:
to the following distillation requirements: 98 % distills be-
Water Content, weight % Reproducibility, weight %
tween 120 and 250°C. This distillation shall be conducted in 30 to 50 2.0
accordance with Test Method D86.
COATING ABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE
7. Sample
7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the material for test 11. Scope
using standard procedures as specified in Practice D140. 11.1 This test method is intended to aid in the identification
of asphalt emulsions suitable for mixing with coarse graded
NOTE 1—The difficulties in obtaining representative samples for this
determination are unusually great, so that the importance of sampling calcareous aggregates. It can be applied to other aggregates.
cannot be too strongly emphasized. (See Note 2).

8. Procedure 12. Significance and Use

8.1 When the material to be tested contains less than 25 % 12.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability
water, place 100 6 0.1 g of sample in the still. When the of an asphalt emulsion to (1) coat an aggregate thoroughly, (2)
material contains more than 25 % water, use a 50 6 0.1-g withstand a mixing action while remaining as a film on the
sample. Thoroughly mix the sample to be tested with 200 mL aggregate, and (3) resist the washing action of water after
of solvent by swirling, taking proper care to avoid any loss of completion of the mixing.
material.
8.2 Connect the still, trap, and condenser by means of 13. Apparatus
tight-fitting corks as shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Adjust the end 13.1 Mixing Pan—A white-enameled kitchen saucepan with
of the condenser in the trap to a position which will allow the handle, of approximately 3-L capacity.
end to be submerged to a depth of not more than 1 mm below 13.2 Mixing Blade—A putty knife with a 31.8 by 88.9-mm
the surface of the liquid in the trap after distillation conditions steel blade with rounded corners. A 254.0-mm kitchen mixing
have been established. When using the metal still, insert a spoon may be used as an alternative.
heavy paper gasket, moistened with the solvent, between the 13.3 Sieves—Standard 19.0-mm and 4.75-mm sieves con-
lid and flange before attaching the clamp. forming to Specification E11.
8.3 When the ring burner is used with the metal still, place 13.4 Constant-Head Water-Spraying Apparatus—An appa-
it about 76.2 mm above the bottom of the still at the beginning ratus for applying tap water in a spray under a constant head of
of the distillation, and gradually lower it as the distillation 774.7 mm (Figs. 2 and 3). The water shall issue from the
proceeds. Regulate the heat so that the condensate falls from apparatus in a low-velocity spray.
the end of the condenser at a rate of from 2 to 5 drops per 13.5 Thermometer—An ASTM Low Softening Point Ther-
second. Continue the distillation at the specified rate until no mometer 15F (or 15C), having a range from −2 to 80°C and
water is visible on any part of the apparatus and a constant conforming to the requirements in Specification E1.
volume of water is obtained in the trap. Remove any persistent 13.6 Balance, capable of weighing 1000 g to within 60.1 g.
ring of condensed water in the condenser tube by increasing the 13.7 Pipet, of 10-mL capacity.
rate of distillation for a few minutes.
14. Materials
9. Calculation and Report
14.1 Aggregate—Standard reference aggregate3 shall be a
9.1 Calculate the water content as follows: laboratory-washed and air-dried limestone aggregate graded to
Water content, % 5 ~A/B!3 100 (1) pass the 19.0-mm sieve and be retained on the 4.75-mm sieve.
where:
A = volume of water in trap, mL, and 3
Limestone from the Monon Stone Co. of Monon, IN, has been found suitable
B = original weight of sample, g.
as reference aggregate.

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 D244 – 09

1 in = 25.4 mm 8 in. = 230.2 mm

2 in. = 50.8 mm 1 ft = 304.8 mm
6 in. = 152.4 mm 1 ft 103⁄4 in. = 577.9 mm
73⁄4 in = 196.9 mm 2 ft 11⁄2 in. = 647.7 mm
2 ft 61⁄2 in. = 774.7 mm

NOTE 1—Use galvanized steel sheeting for the tank. All joints and fitting attachments shall be soldered and shall be watertight. All couplings shall be
standard brass garden hose fittings. The 19-mm pipe valve shall be placed as close as possible to the bottom of the tank, allowing space to shut off the
valve. The tank shall be placed on a suitable stand, so that the distance from the bottom of the spray head to the top of the test sample is 0.914 m 6
25.4 mm.
FIG. 2 Constant-Head Flow Tank

NOTE 2—Aggregates other than limestone may be used provided 16.3 Weigh 4.0 g of CaCO3 dust in the mixing pan and mix
calcium carbonate is omitted throughout the test method. Laboratory with the 461 g of aggregate for approximately 1 min by means
washing and air-drying of such aggregates shall also be omitted. of a mixing blade to obtain a uniform film of dust on the
14.2 Calcium Carbonate—Chemically pure, precipitated aggregate particles.
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shall be used as a dust to be mixed NOTE 3—The total weight of aggregate and dust shall equal 465 g. If no
with the standard reference aggregate. calcium carbonate is included, the weight of aggregate alone shall be 465
14.3 Water—Tap water of not over 250 ppm CaCO3 hard- g.
ness for spraying over the sample. 16.4 Weigh 35 g of the asphalt emulsion into the aggregate
in the pan and mix vigorously with the mixing blade for 5 min
15. Sample using a tossing action created by a back-and-forth motion in an
15.1 The sample shall be representative of the asphalt elliptical path of the mixing blade or spoon. At the end of the
emulsion to be tested. mixing period, tilt the pan and permit any excess emulsion not
on the aggregate to drain from the pan.
16. Procedure for Tests with Dry Aggregate 16.5 Remove approximately one half of the mixture from
the pan and place it on absorbent paper and evaluate the
16.1 Carry out the test at 23.9 6 5.5°C. coating.
16.2 Weigh 461 g of the air-dried, graded reference aggre- 16.6 Immediately spray the mixture remaining in the pan
gate in the mixing pan. with tap water from the constant-head water spraying apparatus

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 D244 – 09

NOTE 1—A Speakman, Model 235S, all brass, fixed shower head has been found acceptable.
NOTE 2—Existing 101.6-mm diameter shower heads may continue to be used.
NOTE 3—0.05 in. = 1.3 mm
6 in. = 152.4 mm
73⁄4 in. = 196.9 mm
FIG. 3 Spray Nozzle Assembly

to cover the mixture. The distance from the sprayhead to the 17.2 Pipet 9.3 mL of water to the aggregate and CaCO3 dust
sample shall be 305 6 75 mm. Then carefully pour off the mixture into the mixing pan and mix thoroughly to obtain
water. Continue spraying and pouring off the water until the uniform wetting.
overflow water runs clear. Carefully drain off the water in the 17.3 Continue in accordance with 16.4-16.8.
pan. Scoop the mixture from the mixing pan on to absorbent
paper for evaluation of coating retention in the washing test. 18. Interpretation of Results
16.7 Evaluate the mixture immediately by visual estimation
as to the total aggregate surface area that is coated with asphalt. 18.1 Evaluate and report the following information for tests
16.8 Repeat the evaluation by visual estimation of the with both dry and wet aggregate:
coating of aggregate surface area by asphalt after the mixture 18.1.1 At the end of the mixing period, record the coating of
has been surface air-dried in the laboratory at room tempera- the total aggregate surface area by the asphalt emulsion as
ture. A fan may be used for drying if desired. good, fair, or poor, where a rating of “good” means fully coated
by the asphalt emulsion exclusive of pinholes and sharp edges
17. Procedure for Tests with Wet Aggregate of the aggregate, a rating of “fair” coating applies to the
17.1 Proceed in accordance with 16.1-16.3. condition of an excess of coated area over uncoated area, and

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 D244 – 09
a rating of “poor” applies to the condition of an excess of 18.1.3 After air-drying in the laboratory, record the coating
uncoated area over coated area. of the total aggregate surface area by the asphalt as good, fair,
18.1.2 After spraying with water, record the coating of the or poor.
total aggregate surface area by the asphalt as good, fair, or 18.1.4 Comments about the results of the test may be
poor. included in the evaluation.

EXAMINATION OF RESIDUE

19. Scope 24. Penetration

19.1 Tests for specific gravity, ash content, solubility in 24.1 Determine the penetration on a representative portion
trichloroethylene, penetration, ductility and float test are sug- of the residue in accordance with Test Method D5.
gested for examination of the emulsified asphalt residue 24.2 Precision—The following criteria should be used for
obtained by distillation or evaporation (see Test Method D6934 judging the acceptability of results (95 % probability):
and Test Method D6997). 24.2.1 Duplicate results by the same operator should not be
considered suspect unless they differ by more than the follow-
20. Significance and Use ing amount:
20.1 The suggested procedures are used to characterize and Penetration of Residue, range Repeatability, points
80 to 200 15
evaluate the properties of emulsified asphalt residues.
24.2.2 The results submitted by each of two laboratories
21. Specific Gravity should not be considered suspect unless they differ by more
than the following amount:
21.1 Determine the specific gravity on a representative
Penetration of Residue, range Reproducibility, points
portion of the residue in accordance with Test Method D70 or 80 to 200 30
Test Method D3289.
25. Ductility
22. Ash Content 25.1 Determine the ductility on a representative portion of
22.1 Determine the ash on a representative portion of the the residue in accordance with Test Method D113.
residue in accordance with the rapid routine test method of ash 26. Float Test
determination, as described in Section 7 of Test Methods . 26.1 Determine the float test on a representative portion of
the residue in accordance with Test Method D139 except revise
23. Solubility in Trichloroethylene 6.2 of Test Method D139 as follows: Pour the residue into the
23.1 Determine the solubility in trichloroethylene on a collar at or near 260°C preferably, directly from the still. If the
representative portion of the residue in accordance with Test residue has been allowed to cool below 260°C, reheat it to
Method D2042. 260°C with stirring and pour into the collar.

PRACTICE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR RAPID-SETTING CATIONIC EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

27. Scope 29. Apparatus

27.1 This practice covers a procedure for identifying rapid- 29.1 Mixing Container—Glass beaker or stainless steel
setting cationic emulsified asphalts. Their inability to coat a beaker or bowl, 1000 mL capacity.
specific silica sand distinguishes them from medium and slow 29.2 Washing Container—Beaker made from borosilicate
setting cationic grades. glass, 1000 mL capacity.
29.3 Stainless Steel Spatula or Glass Rod.
28. Significance and Use 29.4 Oven—Convection or forced-draft, capable of main-
28.1 This practice is based upon the rapid asphalt deposition taining 120 to 150°C.
properties of rapid setting cationic emulsified asphalt as a 29.5 Balance—Capable of weighing 5006 0.1 g.
function of sand surface area and surface charge. The test 29.6 Drying Pan—Stainless steel or glass, 150-mm by
method differs from the usual coating test because the material 225-mm or larger.
passes the requirement when it fails to coat the specified silica 29.7 Graduated Cylinder—Made from borosilicate glass,
sand. 500-mL capacity.
28.2 Impurities in the silica sand often prevent the emulsion 29.8 Thermometer—ASTM No. 67C or as specified in
from passing the test. Washing the sand to remove impurities Table 1 of Specification E1.
prior to test is required. Impurities affecting test results are 29.9 Eye Protection—Suitable safety glasses or other ap-
normally due to the presence of iron (Fe+++) and organic propriate eye protection.
dewatering agents that can alter sand surface charge. 29.10 Hand Protection—Suitably acid and alcohol resistant.

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 D244 – 09
30. Materials the drying pan. Place pan with sand in an oven and dry the sand
30.1 Silica Sand, F-95, whole grain. at a temperature of 120 to 150°C to constant mass.
30.2 Hydrochloric Acid, reagent, 36.5 % to 38.0 %. 32.6 Allow sand to cool and transfer dry sand to a suitable
30.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, reagent, 100 %. container. Mix sand for approximately 30 s to obtain unifor-
30.4 Distilled Water. mity.
TYPICAL GRADATION
33. Procedure
Millimetres 0.850 0.425 0.300 0.212 0.150 0.106 0.075 0.053 33.1 Test at 25 6 5°C.
% Passing 100 99 97 89 56 17 2 T
33.2 Weigh 465 g of the washed silica sand blend into a
31. Emulsified Asphalt (Emulsion) Sample 1000 mL beaker. Add 35 g of the emulsified asphalt to be tested
31.1 Obtain a representative sample of the rapid-setting and mix vigorously with a spatula for approximately 2 min
cationic emulsified asphalt for test. using a combined stirring and kneading action. At the end of
the mixing period, tilt the beaker and allow any excess
32. Sand Preparation emulsified asphalt, which is not on the sand, to drain from the
32.1 Prepare 400 mL of 5 % hydrochloric acid, by volume, beaker.
in isopropyl alcohol by mixing 20 mL hydrochloric acid into a 33.3 Place the completed mix on absorbent paper. Visually
blend of 80 mL distilled water and 300 mL isopropyl alcohol in estimate the amount of uncoated and coated area in the
a 500 mL graduated cylinder. mixture. See Note 4.
32.2 Weigh 500 g of the F-95 silica sand into a 1000 mL
34. Interpretation of Results
beaker. Add 400 mL of the 5 % hydrochloric acid in isopropyl
alcohol/water mixture into the beaker containing the silica sand 34.1 From the visual estimation of the amount of uncoated
and stir for 5 min with a stainless steel spatula or a glass rod. area and coated area in the mixture, record the coating of the
32.3 Decant the acid/alcohol/water mixture carefully with- total sand surface area by the asphalt emulsion. An excess of
out loss of sand. uncoated area over the coated area shall be considered as a
32.4 Wash sand with at least 400 mL of hot distilled water, passing rating for identification of rapid-setting cationic emul-
50° to 70°C stir for approximately 1 min. Decant water without sified asphalt.
loss of sand. Repeat water washing the sand two more times. NOTE 4—Visual estimation is less accurate at moderate levels of
32.5 Scrape washed sand onto drying pan avoiding as much coating than at the two extremes. If results are inconclusive, the washing
loss of sand as is possible and spread sand over the surface of and mixing procedure should be repeated.

PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING FIELD COATING OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS

35. Scope 38.3 Dispensing Graduate, 50-mL capacity, preferably plas-

35.1 This is a quick field test method to ascertain the tic.
compatibility of an emulsified asphalt with the job aggregate. 38.4 Serving Spoon, long-handled.

36. Summary of Practice 39. Procedure

36.1 A measured amount of the job aggregate is hand-mixed 39.1 Derim the 1⁄2-L can.
with a measured amount of the emulsified asphalt supplied to 39.2 Fill the can level with the job aggregate, deleting any
the job. The ability of the emulsified asphalt to remain as a sizes above 19 mm.
coating during a 5-min mixing cycle is observed. The resis- 39.3 Measure out 50 mL of emulsified asphalt.
tance offered by the coating to wash-off is determined by 39.4 Dump the aggregate (39.2) and the emulsified asphalt
repeated filling with water and emptying a container of the (39.3) into the porcelain saucepan.
coated aggregate. 39.5 Hand mix vigorously for 5 min with the long-handled
spoon.
37. Significance and Use 39.6 Observe (1) whether the stone is fully coated with the
37.1 The practice is proposed for use at the project site to emulsified asphalt and rate the coating as good, fair or poor—a
determine (1) the ability of an emulsified asphalt to coat the job rating of good means fully coated by the emulsified asphalt
aggregate, (2) the ability of the emulsified asphalt to withstand exclusive of pinholes and sharp edges of the aggregate, a rating
mixing, and (3) the water resistance of the emulsified asphalt of fair applies to the condition of an excess of coated area over
coated aggregate. uncoated area, and a rating of poor applies to the condition of
an excess of uncoated area over coated area; and (2) the
38. Apparatus presence, if any, of free water, which denotes breakdown of the
38.1 Metal Containers, 1⁄2-L capacity (friction-top pint emulsified asphalt.
cans). 39.7 Refill the 1⁄2-L can with the coated stone.
38.2 Metal Porcelain Saucepan, (21⁄2 to 3-L), equipped with 39.8 Set the can of coated stone upright in the porcelain
a handle. saucepan.

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 D244 – 09
39.9 Fill the can with water and pour off. Repeat this step 40. Report
five times.
40.1 Report the observations made in 39.6 and 39.10 as the
39.10 Dump the contents of the can onto newspapers.
results from this practice.
Repeat the observations made in 39.6 and record.

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT/JOB AGGREGATE COATING PRACTICE

41. Scope 45. Procedure

41.1 This practice may be used to identify the adequacy of 45.1 Weigh 300 g of dry job aggregate into the container
slow setting grade of emulsified asphalt to mix with and coat a and add water basis dry weight of aggregate. Immediately
dense and fine-graded job aggregate. It is a laboratory practice begin to mix vigorously for 1 min or until all aggregate
of screening emulsified asphalt candidates for mixing with and surfaces subjectively appear to be wetted (as a guide, 2 to 8 %
coating job aggregates and is not to be construed as a mix water for dense-graded aggregate and 4 to 12 % water for
design test method. fine-graded aggregate). The natural moisture in a job aggregate
may be used in the test if predetermined. Additional water may
then be added, if necessary, to obtain the desired level of water
42. Summary of Practice
to be used for prewetting the aggregate.
42.1 A weighed amount of dry job aggregate is hand-mixed 45.2 Add the emulsion and immediately begin to mix
with a weighed amount of water for prewetting the aggregate. vigorously, scraping sides and bottom of container, for 15 to
The wetted aggregate is then hand-mixed with a weighed 120 s or until maximum coating has been attained (as a guide,
amount of emulsified asphalt of known asphalt-cement content basis dry mass of aggregate, 3 to 7 % Asphalt Cement (A/C)
until maximum coating of the job aggregate is obtained. (Mix residue for dense aggregate and 4 to 8 % A/C residue for fine
time is usually 15 to 120 s.) The adequacy of emulsified asphalt aggregate). Example: 8 % emulsion at 60 % solids would be
for mixing with job aggregate is determined by using various equivalent to 4.8 % asphalt cement residue in the mix.
amounts of water and emulsified asphalt until a maximum 45.3 If mix appears to be too dry and insufficiently coated
coating of the job aggregate is obtained. This coating is rated repeat 45.1 and 45.2, using an increased amount of water or
as good, fair, or poor. emulsified asphalt, or both. If mix appears to be too wet from
excessive water or emulsified asphalt, or both, repeat 45.1 and
43. Significance and Use 45.2, using less water or emulsified asphalt, or both.
45.4 For each job aggregate mix observe and record the
43.1 The conditions of the practice are designed to identify amount of aggregate prewetting water and asphalt cement
the adequacy of emulsified asphalt, slow-setting grade (CSS- residue from the emulsified asphalt and note the one mix which
D 2397 and SS-D 977) for mixing with and coating dense- provides the best aggregate coating.
graded aggregate and fine-graded aggregate. 45.5 Rate the best coating as good, fair, or poor using the
ratings as defined in Section 18.
44. Apparatus
46. Report
44.1 Containers—A 1000-mL glass beaker, a 1.0-L friction-
46.1 Report the observations made in 45.2 and 45.3 relating
top metal can, or 1000-mL stainless steel beaker or bowl. to amount of aggregate prewetting water and residual asphalt
44.2 Mixing Tool—A steel spatula or its equivalent, having needed for best obtainable aggregate coating.
a blade approximately 200 mm in length. 46.2 Report the maximum coating achieved as good, fair, or
44.3 Balance, capable of weighing 1000 g to within 60.1 g. poor in accordance with Section 18.

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