Aashto t27

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE
AND COARSE AGGREGATES

AASHTO T 27
SCOPE
The sieve analysis, commonly known as the gradation test, is a basic essential test for all
aggregate technicians. The sieve analysis determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate
particles, by size, within a given sample) in order to determine compliance with design,
production control requirements, and verification specifications. The gradation data may be used
to calculate relationships between various aggregate or aggregate blends, to check compliance
with such blends, and to predict trends during production by plotting gradation curves
graphically, to name just a few uses. Used in conjunction with other tests, the sieve analysis is a
very good quality control and quality acceptance tool.
NOTE: Accurate determination of material passing the No. 200 (75 m) sieve cannot be made
with this test alone. This test is recommended to be used in conjunction with AASHTO T 11 to
determine the amount of material finer than the No. 200 (75 m) sieve.
SUMMARY OF TEST
A known weight of material, the amount being determined by the largest size of aggregate, is
placed upon the top of a group of nested sieves (the top sieve has the largest screen openings and
the screen opening sizes decrease with each sieve down to the bottom sieve which has the
smallest opening size screen for the type of material specified) and shaken by mechanical means
for a period of time. After shaking the material through the nested sieves, the material retained
on each of the sieves is weighed.
The cumulative method requires that each sieve beginning at the top be placed in a previously
weighed pan (known as the tare weight), weighed, the next sieve's contents added to the pan, and
the total weighed. This is repeated until all sieves and the bottom pan have been added and
weighed.
Apparatus
Balance, general purpose class G2 (AASHTO M231).
Sieves, mounted on suitable frames, designed not to leak. Sieves shall conform to AASHTO
M92.
Mechanical sieve shaker, if used, must provide a vertical or lateral and vertical motion to the
sieve, causing the particles thereon to bounce and turn so as to present different orientations to
the sieving surface. Sieve shakers must provide sieving thoroughness within a reasonable time.
1
Oven, capable of maintaining 230 9F (110 5C). When tests are performed in the field
where ovens are not available, test samples may be dried in suitable containers over open flame
or electric hot plates with sufficient stirring to prevent overheating.
Sample Preparation
Samples should be obtained in the field and reduced to test size in accordance with AASHTO T
248. Samples are dried to a constant weight in an oven set at 230 9F (110 5C), in an
electric skillet, or over an open flame.
The original sample must be reduced to a test sample size which falls within the minimum and
maximum weight in the following table.
WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE
AGGREGATE SIZE
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
No.1
68,000 g
90,700 g
No.2
No.5, No. 8, and No. 91
No. 9
No. 11
No. 12
No.53
No.73
B-Borrow: 1/2 in. (12.5 mm), 1 in. (25.0
mm), 1 in. (37.5 mm), & 2 in. (50
mm)
B-Borrow: No. 4 (4.75 mm) & No. 30
(600 m)
Fine Aggregate
11,300 g
6000 g
4000 g
2000 g
1000 g
6000 g
5000 g
4000 g
--8000 g
6000 g
---8000 g
--6 000 g
300 g
---
300 g
---
Procedure
1.
Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1 g by total weight of sample. This weight will
be used to check for any loss of material after the sample has been graded. Select
suitable sieve sizes in accordance with the specifications.
2.
Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size from top to bottom and begin agitating
and shaking the sample for a sufficient amount of time.
For coarse aggregate, the large tray shaker is most commonly used (Figure 1).
This device provides a clamping mechanism which holds the sieve in place during
agitation. Shakers of this make need to be run 5 minutes for size 9 or larger and
10 minutes for sizes smaller than size 9.
For fine aggregate, round 8" (203.2 mm) or 12" (304.8 mm) sieves are commonly
used (Figure 2). These sieves are self-nesting and supported in a shaking
mechanism at the top and bottom by a variety of clamping and/or holding
mechanisms. Small shakers of this type require shaking times of 15 minutes to
adequately grade the fine aggregate sample.
Figure 1
Large Tray Shaker
Figure 2
Small Sieve Shaker
NOTE: Every effort should be made to avoid overloading the sieves. AASHTO
defines overloading large sieves as weight retained in excess of 2.5 times the
sieve opening in in. (mm), as expressed in gm/in.2 (kg/m2). For fine aggregate, no
weight shall be in excess of 4 gm/in.2 (7 kg/m2).
3.
Coarse Aggregates
After the material has been sieved, remove each tray, weigh each size, and record
each weight to the nearest 0.1 g. Be sure to remove any aggregate trapped within
the sieve openings by gently working from either or both sides with a trowel or
piece of flat metal until the aggregate is freed. Banging the sieve on the floor or
hitting the sieve with a hammer will damage the sieve. The final total of the
weights retained on each sieve should be within 0.3% of the original weight of the
sample prior to grading. Particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) should be handsieved. When passing large stones through sieves, do not force the aggregate
through the sieve openings.
4.
Fine Aggregates
Weigh the material retained on each sieve size to the nearest 0.1 g. Ensure that all
material entrapped within the openings of the sieve are cleaned out and included
in the weight retained. This may be done using brushes to gently dislodge
entrapped materials. The 8 in. (203 mm) or 12 in. (304.8 mm) round sieves need
to be handled with special care due to the delicate nature of their screen sizes. As
a general rule, use coarse wire brushes to clean the sieves down through the No.
50 (300 m) sieve (Figure 3). Any sieve with an opening size smaller than the
No. 50 (300 m) should be cleaned with a softer cloth hair brush (Figure 4). The
final total of the weights retained on each sieve should be within 0.3% of the
original weight of the sample prior to grading.
Figure 3
Use Wire brush on Coarse Sieve
Figure 4
Use Hair Brush on Fine Sieves

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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE

AND COARSE AGGREGATES

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