Body

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of study
A clinic is a health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients. Clinics can be
privately managed or publicly operated and funded, and typically cover the primary health care
needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer specialized
treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays. Clinics are one of the most complexes of
building types. Each clinic is made of a wide range of services and functional units. (Statistical
Communique, 2011).Therefore, a clinic structure like any other structure should be regarded as a
body capable of resisting applied load without appreciable deformation, cracks or shear of one part
relative to another.
Reinforced concrete structure is a combination of beams, slabs, columns, foundation footings,
and walls, rigidly connected together to form a monolithic frame. Each of these individual
members must be capable of resisting the forces acting on it, so that the determination of these
forces is an essential part of the design process.
For a structure to fulfill its purpose, a number of design objectives are given which must be
specified and satisfied; Safety, serviceability, economy, beauty (Aesthetic condition), and
feasibility. In order to meet these and other design objectives, one must have a basic understanding
of how some construction materials behave when subjected to stress.
The design of an engineering structure must ensure that;
a. Under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and
b. During normal working conditions the deformation of the members does not detract from the
appearance, durability or performance of the structure. The design structural members in this
project were based on ultimate limit state and deflection was checked using serviceability limit
state of design.
1
1.1 Aim
To design a clinical section which will safely accommodate and withstand all loadings imposed on
it and which will also serve its basic purpose as a clinic. This is concerned with the determination
of the size and strength of the members to be able to withstand the effects of the bending moment
and shear forces while ensuring safety and economy.
1.2 Objectives
1. To prepare the working/structural drawings of a proposed Clinic.
2. To carry out structural analysis of members; roof, slabs, beams, stairs, column and foundations
3. To carry out structural design of the members; roofs, slabs, beams, stairs, columns and
foundations
4. To prepare the structural details of all the structural members.
1.3 Limitation
No soil test was performed, but base on previously executed projects in Gidan Kwano Minna, the
soil bearing capacity was assumed to be approximately 180KN/m2 which is good enough to
withstand the structure for its service life
1.4 Scope of study
The scope of this project involves the working drawings i.e. the architectural and structural
drawings. The manual analysis, design and detailing of the structural elements , i.e., beams, slabs,
columns, stairs, roof beams and foundations in line with the British Standard Code of Practice..
The structural element considered in the roof is timber.
2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Structural design
Member analysis in structural design and their behavior under loading condition require significant
attention from structural engineers in order that safety, stability, and economy is the reward of any
designed structure. Different approaches have been used by designers of structures and these
designers ensured that structural failure is avoided irrespective of the method use.
However, in the design of continuous beam by Oyenuga, 2011, reinforcement was provided for
each span in accordance with their respective bending moment. He also provided support
reinforcement with respect to the moment calculated at each support. This may look cumbersome
and time consuming to some designers, but this approach does not only bring about stability, but
also enhances economy.
Yusuf, 2005, design continuous beam by considering only the maximum bending moment in
reinforcement provision both at spans and supports. Structural stability is achieved through this
approach and at same time result in excessive reinforcement at the spans and supports with lesser
moment. The use of critical section in design is justified due to poor workmanship on site.
2.2 Soil bearing capacity
Soil bearing capacity is another factor to be considered in the design of structures; this is because
all the loads being considered in the structural design both the lives and dead loads are finally
transferred to the soil for the structure to stand. Having born this in mind, the engineer can now
make a decision on the type of foundation to be used. Below is the table of soil bearing pressure
and their corresponding foundation types
3
Soil Type Bungalow 2 – 5 Storey 3 – 5 Storey Medium High Rise
l
Good Soil Strip Strip Pad Pad Pile
>100KN/M2
Average Soil Strip Wide strip pad pile pile
75 – 100KN/M2
Poor Soil wide strip wide strip raft pile pile
40 – 70KN/M2
Bad Soil Slab raft beam & slab beam and pile pile
Raft slab raft
< 40KN/M2
Fig 2.0 Soil types and their suitable foundations. (Oyenuga, 2011.)
Today the individual is responsible for ensuring that building will remain standing while carrying
out their intended functions is the structural engineers.
2.3 Structural elements

2.3.1 Slab
A slab is a part of reinforced concrete structure which more often than not is subjected to bending
but in rare cases, subjected to shear. In most cases slabs are horizontal members, but at times used
as vertical members such as walls to infill panels. Slabs design centre more on flexure rather than
direct shear. Slab is checked for direct and punching shear where its thickness exceed 200mm.
The design of solid slabs considered singly reinforced section, that is, compression reinforcement
are hardly used. When the tension reinforcement is too significant, the slab thickness is and the
section is re-designed in order that shear is controlled.(Oyenuga, 2011). A slab is generally wide in
both directions and for design purposes, the shorter side is taken as the span and the slab designed
for 1m wide with the resulting reinforcements repeated over the other longer side. However, when
a slab is designed as spanning in the two axes, the two sides are taken as the spanning directions.
Various types of slabs are; Solid slabs, ribbed slab, flat slab, waffle slab etc.
Solid slabs are the most common especially in residential areas and offices and are generally
employed when the span does not exceed 6.0m.
4
2.3.2 Beam
Reinforced concrete beam design consists primarily of producing member which will adequately
resist the ultimate bending moments, shear force and torsional moments. At the same time
serviceability requirements must be considered to ensure that the member will behave
satisfactorily under working loads. It is difficult to separate these two criteria, hence design
procedure consist of a service of interrelated steps and checks. The three basic steps are
summarized her; (1) Preliminary analysis and member sizing, (2) Detail analysis and design of
reinforcement, and (3) Serviceability calculation
Design and detailing of the bending reinforcement must allow for factor such as anchorage bond
between the concrete and the steel. The areas of the tensile bending reinforcement also affect the
subsequent design of the shear and torsion reinforcement.
Beams are of different types; simply supported, cantilever, overhanging, continuous beam etc and
the method of analysis depend on the beam being handled. Simply supported beams are statically
determinate and the moment and shear force can easily be determined using manual calculation.
Continuous beams are statically indeterminate beams and the moment analysis cannot be easily
achieved as in the simply supported beam.
2.3.3 Columns
Columns are compression members although some may be subjected to bending either due to their
slenderness or due to asymmetrical loading from beams. In a structure, they carry the loads from
beams and the slabs down to the foundations. Design of column is govern by the ultimate limit
state, deflection and cracking during service condition is not usually a problem, but nevertheless
correct detailing of the reinforcement and adequate cover are important. Columns can be axially
loaded, uniaxially loaded and biaxially loaded. In the axially loaded column, the column only carry
axial load i.e. no moment is acting on the column. Uniaxial columns are columns with axial load
and moment in one direction. And for the biaxially loaded columns, axial load and moment in two
directions are involved.
Columns are also categorized as braced and unbraced columns. Clause 3.8.1.5 of BS 8110: Part 1:
1997, defines braced columns as those laterally supported by walls, design to resist all lateral
forces in that plane. It should be otherwise considered as unbraced.
5
Clause 3.8.1.3: Part 1: 1997, stated, a column may be considered as short column when both the
ratios lex/h and ley/b are less than 15 for braced columns and 10 for unbraced columns. It should
otherwise be considered as slender column.
Where, lex = effective height in x-x direction, ley =effective height in y-y direction
And h = column depth in x-x direction, b = column depth in y-y direction
2.3.4 Foundation Design

Foundations are horizontal members supporting the entire structure and transmitting the loads to
the soil below. They are sub-structure of columns, beams, walls, slabs and roofs. The safe bearing
capacity of the soil must not be exceeded otherwise excessive settlement may occur, resulting in
damage to the building facilities.
The earth under the foundation is the most variable of all the materials that are considered in the
design and construction of an engineering structure. Under one small building the soil may vary
from soft clay to dense rock. Also the nature and property of the soil will change with the season
and weather. In the design of foundation, the areas of the bases in contact with the ground should
be such that the safe bearing pressure will not be exceeded. Settlement takes place during the
working life of the structure, therefore, the design loading to be considered when calculating the
base areas should be those that apply to the serviceability limit state.(Mosley and Bungey, 1990)
In the calculation to determine the structural strength of the foundation, the thickness of the base
and the areas of reinforcement should be based on the loadings and the resultant ground pressure
corresponding to the ultimate limit state.
The common types of foundation are; strip, pad raft, strap and pile foundation. The foundation
type to be considered for a particular structure depends largely on the loads to be transmitted and
the receiving soil strata and must satisfy the following two fundamental and independent
requirements.
a. the factor of safety against shear failure of the supporting soil must be adequate and
b. the settlement should neither cause any unacceptable damage nor interfere with the
function of the structure. (Oyenuga, 2011).
6
2.3.5 Stair case
A staircase is a set of steps or flight leading from one floor to another. Each step consists of
horizontal portion or thread connected to a front part known as risers. The going of a step is the
horizontal distance between the faces of two consecutive risers. The rise of a step is the vertical
distance between the top of the consecutive threads.
7
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.1 Reinforcement
Reinforcements are iron bars used in reinforced concrete to take care tension effect. Section 7 of
BS8110; Part1: 1997, specifies that reinforcement should comply with BS4449, BS4461, BS4462
and that different types of reinforcement may be used in the same structural member. Hence, for a
beam, the main reinforcement might be high yield bars while steel bars are used for the links.
3.2 Method of analysis
Two method used for beam analysis in this project are;
a. Claperon’s Three Moment Equation and
b. Hardy Cross Method of Moment Distribution
Hardy Cross method of moment distribution is iterative in nature and the level of of accuracy
depends on where the iterative process stopped. The Clapeyron’s Three Moment Equation is exact
and may be cumbersome when the number of unknown exceeds three.(Oyenuga, 2011).
3.3 Design method
The design method of this project was based on the limit state approach. Structural elements
were design using the ultimate limit state and deflection was checked for the serviceability limit
state. This design approach a reasonable probability that the structure is safe under worst loading
and during normal working condition the deformation of the members does not detract from the
appearance, durability or performance of the structure. Despite the difficulty in assessing the
precise loading and variations in the strength of the concrete and steel, these requirements have to
be met.
8
Three basic methods using factors of safety to achieve sate, workable structures have been
developed. They are;
a. permissible stress method
b. load factor method and
c. limit state method.
3.3.1 Permissible Stress Method
The permissible stress method in which ultimate strengths of the materials are divided by a factor
of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within the elastic range. Because it is based
on an elastic stress distribution, it is not really applicable to a semi-plastic material such as
concrete, nor is it suitable when the deformations are not proportional to the load, as in slender
columns. It has also been found to be unsafe when dealing with the stability of structures subject
to overturning forces.(Mosley and Bungey,1990)
3.3.2 Load Factor Method

The load factor method uses the ultimate loads and the actual material strengths. The ultimate load
is obtained by multiplying the working load by a factor of safety. The method aims to ensure that
the strength of the structure calculated using the actual material strength is sufficient to support the
ultimate loading. As this method does not apply factors of safety to the material stresses, it cannot
directly take account of the variability of the material, and also it cannot be used to calculate the
deflections of cracking at working loads. (Mosley and Bungey, 1990)
3.3.3 Limit State Method

In the limit state method the working loads are multiplied by partial factors of safety and also
divides the material’s ultimate strengths by further partial factors of safety. This method of design
overcomes many of the disadvantages of the previous two methods. This is done by applying
partial factors of safety, both to the loads and to the material strengths, and the magnitude of the
factors may be varied so that they may be used either with the plastic conditions in the ultimate
state or with the more elastic stress range at working loads. This flexibility is particularly
9
important if full benefits are to be obtained from development of improved concrete and steel
properties.
Thus, anyway in which a structure may cease to be fit for use will constitute a limit state and the
design aim is to avoid any such condition being reached during the expected life of the structure.
The two principal types of limit state are the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state.
(Mosley and Bungey, 1990)
3.3.3.1 Ultimate Limit State; this requires that the structure must be able to withstand, with an
adequate factor of safety against collapse, the loads for which it is designed. The possibility of
buckling or overturning must also be taking into account, as must the possibility of accidental
damage as caused, for example, by an internal explosion. (Mosley and Bungey, 1990)
3.3.3.2 Serviceability Limit State; this ensures satisfactory behavior under service (i.e. working)
load. This principle criteria relating to service ability are the prevention of excessive cracking,
deflection, and durability. However, with certain types of structure and in special circumstances
other limit state criteria may have to be considered (e.g. fatigue, vibration, fire resistance etc).
(Mosley and Bungey, 1990)
3.4 Loading
Analysis of the structure begins with the evaluation of the structure’s own weight and the loads to
be supported. Such loads are variable both in magnitude and some in position. In general, there are
two types of loads and these are; (1) the dead load which is the load due to the weight of the
structure itself and calculated as the product of the specific weight and the volume of the structure.
(2) The imposed load which represent the loads of other material, which may be transient or
mobile in nature.
3.5 Characteristic strength of concrete
Characteristic strength of concrete is one of the important properties of concrete which indeed
unanimously by design engineer or any other person involved in the construction sector. The
compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic compressive strength of
150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fCU) - as per Indian Standards (ACI standards use cylinder of
diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm).
10
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete below which not more than
5% of the test results are expected to fall. This concept assumes a normal distribution of the
strengths of the samples of concrete.
11
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
BS811 Calculation Output

Ref.
SLAB DESIGN
DESIGN PARAMETER
Characteristic strength of concrete: fcu = 20N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete: fy = 460N/mm2
Clear height of wall = 3.0m
Unit weight of concrete = 24kN/m3
Rendering /plastering unit weight = 20kN/m3
Terrazzo unit weight = 22kN/m3
Wall unit weight (225mm block wall) = 12.5kN/m3
Imposes load (clinic) = 2.5kN/m2
Concrete cover = 25mm
Loading
Partition wall + rendering = (12.5x0.225) +(2x20x0.025) = 3.81KN/m2
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 24 = 3.6KN/m2
Finishes 0.05 x 20 = 1.0KN/m2
Total GK = 8.4125KN/m2
Impose load, QK = 2.5KN/m2
Design load, n 1.4GK + 1.6QK = 1.4(8.4125) +1.6(2.5) = 15.8KN/m2
Panel (1)
4225
2225
Clause
3.5.3.6 Ly/Lx = 4225/2225 = 1.89 >2 (Two-way slab)
12
Moment coefficient
Short span Long span
Table
3.15 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.093 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.045
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.070 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.034
Ultimate Bending Moment
Short span
Clause
Continuous edges; Msx = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − wlx2 = 0.093 x 15.8 x 2.2252 = 7.27KNm
3.5.3.4
Mid-span Msx = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + wlx2 = 0.070 x 15.8 x 2.2252 = 5.47KNm
Design
Short span
At edges: Mx = -7.27KNm, consider 1m wide
7.27 x 106
Clause K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 x 1000 x 1192 = 0.025<0.156
3.4.4.4
0.025
La = 0.5+ √0.25 − = 0.97 >0.95 Y10 @ 300
0.9
centres –
𝑍= la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm Top
7.27 x 106 ( 𝐀𝐒𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯 =
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 x 160 x 113.05 = 147.15mm2 262mm2)
𝑦
Provide Y10 @ 300 centres – Top (ASProv = 262mm2)

Mid - span: Mx = 5.47KNm
5.47 x 106
K = M⁄fcu bd2 = = 0.019 <0.156
20 x 1000 x 1192
Clause
3.4.4.4 La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.019⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
Z = lad = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

Y10@
5.47 x 106 300mm
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 x 460 x 113.05 = 110.72mm2 𝒄⁄
𝑦 𝒄 -
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 100 = 195mm2 > ASreq Bottom
(ASprov =
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2) 262mm2)
13
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2⁄ x 480 x 195 = 228.2N/mm2
Cluase Service stress: Fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 = 3
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 262
3.4.6.6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 5.47 x 106 /1000 x 1192 ≥ 0.56
477 – 228.2
M.F = 0.55 + (120(0.9+0.56)) = 1.9 < 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Table
Actual Span 2225
3.10 = = 9.8mn Deflection
depth x M.F 119 x 1.9
is
Therefore: Deflection is satisfactory
satisfactor
Hence d = 119mm (h = 150mm) is Ok y
Long span
Continuous Edge: Msy = 𝛽sy- wlx2 = 0.045 x 15.8 x 2.2252 = - 3.52kNm
Mid span = Msy+ = 𝛽sy+ wlx2 = 0.034 x 15.8 x 2.2252 = 2.65KNm
Design
At edges
Mx = -3.52KN/m
3.52 x 106
Clause K = M⁄fcu bd2 = = 0.015 < 0.156
20 x 1000 x 1072
3.4.4.4 0.015
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.9
0.9
Y10@
Z = lad = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm
300mm
3.52 x 10 6
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 x 460 x 101.65 = 79.21mm2 centres -
𝑦
0.13 x 1000 x 150 Top
ASmin = 0.13bh = = 195mm2
100
(ASprov =
Provide Y10@ 300mm centres - Top (ASprov = 262mm2)
262mm2)
Clause Mid span

2.65 𝑥 10 6
3.4.4.4 K = M⁄fcu bd2 = 20 𝑥 1000 1072 = 0.011 < 0.156
0.011
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95
0.9
14
Z = lad = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm Y10@
2.65 𝑥 106
300mm
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 59.65mm2 𝒄⁄
𝒄 -
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
Bottom
0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
ASmin = = = 195mm2 > ASreq (ASProv =
100 100
262mm2)
Provide Y10@ 300 𝑐⁄𝑐 – Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)
Panel (2)
2225mm
4225mm
Clause
3.5.3.6 𝐿𝑦⁄ 4225⁄
𝐿𝑥 = 2225 = 1.55 < 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Table 𝛽 Sy- = 0.055 𝛽 Sy- = 0.037
3.15 𝛽sy+ = 0.043 𝛽sy+ = 0.028
Short span
Clause Continuous edges; MX = 𝛽 SX- wlx2 = 0.0555 x 15.8 x2.7252 = 6.45kNm
3.5.3.4 Mid span; M𝑋 + = 𝛽 Sy+ wlx2 = 0.043 x 65.8 x 2.7252 = 5.04kNm
Design
Short span
At edges: MX- = 6.45kn
6.45 𝑥 10 6
K = M⁄fcu bd2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.022 < 0.156
Clause
0.022
3.4.4.4 La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113 .05mm

6.45 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 130.5mm2
𝑦
Y10@300
15
ASmin = 0.13bh% =
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
= 195mm2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
100
Top
195mm2 > ASreq (ASProv =
262mm2)
Provide Y10@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASprov = 262mm2)
Mid - Span
5.04 𝑥 10 6
K = M⁄fcu bd2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.017 < 0.156
Clause
3.4.4.4 0.017
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05

5.04 𝑥 106 Y10@300
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 102.01mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150 Bottom
ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 > Asreq (ASProv =
100
262mm2)
Provide Y10@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 − Breton (Asprov = 262mm2)
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞
Service stress: fS = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆
Clause 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
3.4.6.6 fs = 2⁄3 x 460 x 195⁄262 = 228.2N/mm2

5.04 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.3559
1000 𝑥 1192
(477−𝐹𝑠) (477−228.2)
Table M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝐾) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.35) = 2.2>2
3.10 Basic Span

= 26
d
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 2 = 9.8mn
depth x M.F
Deflection
Therefore: Deflection is satisfactory is ok
Hence d = 119mm (h = 150mm) ok
Long span
Continuous edge; 𝑀𝑠𝑦 − − 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.037 x 15.8 x 2.2752 = 4.34KNm
4.34 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.018 < 0.156
Clause
0.018
3.4.4.4 La = 0.5 + √10.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
16
Z = la x d = 0.97 x 107 = 101.65mm Y10@300
4.34 𝑥 106
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 97.7mm2 Top
𝑦
(ASProv =
ASmin = 195mm2 > ASreq 262mm2)
Provide Y10@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 – Top (ASprov = 262mm2)
Mid span
Clause
Msy + = βsy + wlx 2 = 0.028 x 15.8 x 2.7252 = 3.285KNm
3.5.3.4
3.285 x 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 x 1000 x 1072 = 0.014 < 0.156
Clause 0.014 Y10@
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95 ∴ la = 0.95 300mm
3.4.4.4 09
𝒄⁄ -
𝒄
Z = la xd = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm Bottom
3.285 x 106 (ASProv =
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 x 460 x 101.65 = 73.95mm2 262mm2)
𝑦
0.13 x 1000 x 150
ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 > ASreq
100
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 – Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)

Panel (3)
2225mm
4225mm
Clause
3.5.3.6 𝐿𝑦⁄ 4225⁄
𝐿𝑥 = 2225 = 1.89 ( A two way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Short Span Long span
Table 𝛽S𝑥 − = 0.067 𝛽S𝑦 − = 0.037
3.15 𝛽S𝑥 + = 0.050 𝛽S𝑦 + = 0.028
Clause Short span
3.5.3.4 Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − 𝛽s𝑥 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.067 x 15.82 x 2.2252 = 5.24KNm
Mid span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽s𝑥 + 𝑤l𝑥 2 =0.050x15.8x2.2252 =3.91KNm
17
Long span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − 𝛽s𝑦 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.037 x 158 x 2.2252 = 2.89knm
Mid span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽s𝑦 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.028 x 15.8 x 2.2252 = 2.19knm
Design
Short span
At edges; Ms𝑥 − = 5.24kNm
5.24×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = =
0.018 < 0.156
20×100×1992
0.018
La = 0.5+ √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95 la = 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

Clause 5.24 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 420 𝑥 113.05 = 116.16mm2 Y10@300
3.4.4.4 𝑦
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm2 > ASreq Top
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASprov = 262mm2) (ASProv =
262mm2)
Mid span; Ms𝑥 + = 3.9KNm
3.9 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.013 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.013⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05m

Clause 3.9 𝑥106
ASreq = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.08 = 78.94mm2
3.4.4.4 Y10@300
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm2 > ASreq mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Provide = Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 (ASProv = 262mm2) Bottom
(ASProv =
262mm2)
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2⁄ x 460 x 195 = 228.2N/mm2
Fs = 2⁄3 x fy x ⁄𝐴𝑆 3
3.9 𝑥106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.275
(477−𝑓𝑠) (477−228.2)
M.F = 0.5 + 120 (0.9−𝐾) ≤ 2 , 0.5 + 120 (0.9−0.275) = 3.8 > 2.0
Clause Basic Span
d
= 26
3.4.6.6
18
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 2 = 9.8mn
depth x M.F
Therefore: Deflection is satisfaction

Deflection
Hence, d = 119mm (h = 150mm) ok is ok
Long span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 2.89knm
2.89 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 460 𝑥1072 = 0.027 < 0.156
0.027
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

2.89 𝑥 106
3.4.4.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 65.1mm2 Y10@300
𝑦
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm2 >ASreq Top
(ASProv =
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2)
262mm2)
Mid span: Ms𝑦 + = 2.19KNm
2.19 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.009 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.009⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95, la = 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

Clause Y10@
2.19 𝑥 106
3.5.3.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 49mm 2 300mm
𝑦 𝒄⁄ -
𝒄
ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 >ASreq Bottom
(ASProv =
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) 262mm2)
Panel 4
P4
2725mm
4225mm
𝐿𝑦⁄ 4225⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2725 = 1.55 < 2 (Two way Slab)
Moment Coefficient
19
Clause Short span Long span
3.5.3.6 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.078 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.045
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.059 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.034
Table Short span
3.15 Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.078x15.8x2.7252 = 9.15KNm
Mid span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.059 x 15.8 x 2.7252 = 6.92KNm
Long span
Clause Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.045x15.8x2.7252 =5.27KNm
3.5.3.4 Mid span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.034 x 15.8 x 2.7252 = 3.99KNm
Design
Short span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 9.15KNm
9.15 𝑥 106
K = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.032 < 0.156
0.032
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

Clause 9.15 𝑥106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 185.2mm2
3.4.4.4 𝑦
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 >185.2mm2
100
Provide Y10@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2) Y10@

300mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Mid span: Ms𝑥 + = 6.92knm - Top
6.9 𝑥 106 (ASProv =
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.030 < 0.156 262mm2)
0.03
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Clause
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm
3.4.4.4
𝑀⁄ 6.9 𝑥 106
ASreq = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = = 110.3mm2
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

ASmin = 0.13bh% = 195mm2 > ASreq
100
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)
20
Long span Y10@
300mm
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 5.27knm 𝒄⁄ - Top
𝒄
5.27 𝑥 106 (ASProv =
K = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.023
262mm2)
0.023
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

3.4.4.4 𝑀⁄ 5.27 𝑥 106
ASreq = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = = 118.63knm
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000x 150 = 195mm2 >ASreq Y10@

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2) 300mm
𝒄⁄ -
Mid – Span: Ms𝑦 + = 3.97KNm 𝒄
Bottom
6
3.97 𝑥 10 (ASProv =
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.017 < 0.156
262mm2)
0.017
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.98, la = 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

Clause 3.97 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 89.37mm2
𝑦
3.4.4.4 Y10@
ASmin = 195mm2 > 89.37mm2 300mm
𝒄⁄ -
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) 𝒄
Bottom
Deflection (ASProv =
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 262mm2)
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 195⁄262 = 228.2N/mm2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣
6.92 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄ 𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.5
477−𝑓𝑠 477−228.2
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝐾) ≤ 2, = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.45) = 2.03 > 2
Basic Span
Clause = 26
d
3.4.6.6 Actual Span 2725
= 119 x 2 = 11.4mn
depth x M.F
Table
3.10 Therefore deflection is satisfactions
Deflection
Panel 5
is OK
21
2225m
9900mm
𝑙𝑦 ⁄ 9900⁄
𝑥 = 2225 = 4.4 > 2 (one way slab)
15.8KN/m2
Clause
3.5.3.6 2.225m
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8×2.2252
Mmax = = = 9.77𝑘𝑛𝑚
8 8
9.77×106
K= 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑2 = 20×1000×1192 = 0.034 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢
0.034
Clause la = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
3.4.4.4 Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 =113.05mm

9.77×106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 197. 76𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 0.95×460×113.05

Distribution steel = 0.13bh% = 195mm2
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
Deflection (ASProv =
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2⁄ x 460 x 197.76 = 231.4N/mm2 262mm2)
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 , 3
9.77 𝑥10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.68
477−𝑓𝑠 477−23.14
Clause M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.68) = 1.84 < 2
Basic Span
3.4.6.6 = 26
d
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 1.84 = 10.16mn
depth x M.F
Table Therefore; deflection is satisfaction
3.10 Hence, d = 199mm (h = 150mm) ok
22
Panel (6) 1375
Deflection
is ok
3675
𝐿𝑦 ⁄ 3675⁄
𝐿𝑥 = 1375 = 2.6 > 2 (One way slap)
15.8KN/m2
Clause
3.5.3.6 1.375m
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 1.3752

Mmax = = = 3.73knm
8 8
3.73 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.013 < 0.156
0.013
Clause La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
3.4.4.4 Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

3.73 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 75.5mm2
𝑦
ASminn = 195mm2 > 75.5mm2

Distribution steel = 0.13bh% = 195mm2
Deflection Provide
𝐴𝑆 195 Y10@300
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝑟𝑒𝑞⁄𝐴𝑆 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 262 = 228.2N/mm2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
3.73 𝑥 106
Bottom
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.26 (ASProv =
(477−𝑓𝑠) (477−228.2)
262mm2)
Clause M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) , 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.26) = 2.3 >2
3.4.6.6 Basic Span
d
= 26
23
Table Actual Span 1375
= 119 x 2 = 5.8mn
depth x M.F
3.10
Therefore deflection is satisfaction
Panel 7 Deflection
2850 is ok
P7
3675
𝑙𝑦⁄ 3675⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2850 = 1.28 < 2 (Two way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Clause Short Span Long Span
3.5.3.6 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.067 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.037

𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.050 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.028
Table Ultimate Bending Moment

3.15 Short span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.067x15.8 x 2.850 = 8.598KNm
Mid span Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.057 x 15.8 x 2.8502 = 7.315KNm
Long span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.037 x 15.8 x 2.8502 = 4.748KNm
Clause Mid span Ms𝑦 + 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.028 x 15.8 x 2.8502 = 3.593KNm
3.5.3.4
Design
Short span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 8.598knm
24
8.598 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.03 < 0.156
0.03
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05
3.4.4.4 8.598 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 174.03mm2
𝑦

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2)
Mid – span; Ms𝑥 + = 7.315knm Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
7.315 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 205 𝑥 1000 𝑥1192 = 0.0258 < 0.156 Top
(ASProv =
0.0258 262mm2)
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95, la = 0.95
0.9
Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

3.4.4.4 𝑀⁄ 7.315 𝑥 106
ASreq = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 113.05 = 148.06mm2

Y10@300
Deflection mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 195 Bottom
Service stress,fy = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 262 = 228.2N/mm2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (ASProv =
7.32 𝑥 106 262mm2)
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.526
477−𝑓𝑠 477−228.2
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑙𝑒) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.52) = 2.01 > 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Clause
Actual Span 2850
= 119 x 2 = 11.95mn
3.4.6.6 depth x M.F
Therefore, deflection is satisfaction

Hence, d – 119mm (h = 150mm) ok
Table
3.10 Long span Deflection
is ok
Continuous edge; Ms𝑦 − = 4.748knm
25
4.748 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥1072 = 0.21 <0.156
0.021
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65

Clause 4.748 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 106.88mm2
3.4.4.4 𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

100
Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2) Y10@300

Mid Span: Ms𝑦 + = 3.593knm mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Top
3.593 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.012 < 0.156 (ASProv =
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192
262mm2)
0.012
K = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

Clause
3.593 𝑥 106
3.4.4.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 88.98mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

100
∴ ASreq = 195mm2 Y10@300

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(ASProv =
Panel 8 262mm2)
2750
P8
3675
𝑙𝑦⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 1.3 <2 (Two – way slab)
Clause Moment Coefficient

3.5.3.6 Short span Long span
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.052 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.037
26
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.039 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.028
Table Short span
3.15 Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.052 x 15.8 x 2.752 = 6.2134KNm
Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.039 x 15.8 x 2.752 = 4.66KNm
Long Span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.037 x 15.8 x 2.752 = 4.42KNm
Clause Mid – span: Ms𝑦 + 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.028 x 15.8 x 2.752 = 3.3457KNm
3.5.3.4 Design
Short span
6.21 𝑥106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.022 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.022⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

6.213 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 125.77mm2
Clause 𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05
3.4.4.4 0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2
100
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2)

Mid – Span: Ms𝑥 + = 4.66knm Y10@300
4.66 𝑥 106
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.016 < 0.156 Top
𝑐𝑢
(ASProv =
0.016 262mm2)
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95
0.9
∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

4.66 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 94.32mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

100
Clause
∴ ASreq = 195mm2
3.4.4.4
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)
Y10@300
27
Deflection mm 𝒄⁄
𝒄
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 - Bottom
Fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 195⁄262 = 228.2N/mm2 (ASProv =
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
262mm2)
4.66 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.33
(477−𝑓𝑠) (477−228.2)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.5 + 120 (0.9+0.33) = 2.2 > 2
Basic Span
= 26
Clause d
Actual Span 2750
3.4.6.6 = 119 x 2 = 11.55mn
depth x M.F

Hence, d = 119mm (h = 150mm) Ok
Table Long span
Deflection
3.10 Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 4.42knm is ok
4.42 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.02 < 0.156
0.02
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.9 > 0.95
0.9
∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

4.42 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 99.5mm2
𝑦
Clause 0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 > Asreq
100
3.4.4.4
∴ ASreq = 195mm2 Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Top
(ASProv =
262mm2)
Mid – Span: Ms𝑦 + = 3.35KNm
3.35 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.015 < 0.156
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072
0.015
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95
0.9
Clause ∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

3.35 𝑥 106
3.4.4.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 75.41mm2
𝑦
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100
Y10@300
28
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(ASProv =
Panel (9) Interior Panel 262mm2)
P9
3675
3700
𝑙𝑦⁄ 3700⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 3675 = 1.0 < 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Clause
3.4.5.6
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.031 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.032
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.024 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.024
Short span
Table
continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.031 x 15.8 x 3.6752 = 6.62KNm
3.15
Mid – Span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.024 x 15.8 x 3.6752 = 5.12KNm
Long Span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.032 x 15.8 x 3.6752 = 6.83KNm
Clause
Mid Span: Ms𝑦 + 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.024 x 15.8 x 0.024 = 5.12KNm
3.5.3.4
Design
Short span
6.62 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 0.023 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.023⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm
29
6.62 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 134.0mm2
𝑦
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
Clause ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 > ASreq
100
3.4.4.4 Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2)

Mid – Span: Ms𝑥 + = 5.12knm Y10@300
5.12 𝑥 106 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.018 < 0.156 Top
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192
(ASProv =
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.018⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95 262mm2)
5.12 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 103.63mm2
𝑦
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
ASmin = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2 > ASreqq
100
∴ Asreq = 195mm2
Clause Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - BottomS (ASProv = 262mm2) Y10
3.4.4.4 @300mm
𝒄⁄ -
Deflection 𝒄
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2⁄ x 460 x 195⁄ BottomS
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆 , 3 262 = 228.2N/mm
2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
(ASProv =
5.12 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.36 262mm2)
477−195
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.36) = 2.4 > 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Actual Span 3675
= 119 x 2 = 15.44mn
depth x M.F
Clause Therefore deflection is satisfaction
3.4.6.6 Hence, d = 119mm (h = 150mm) Ok
Long span
Table Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 6.83knm Deflection
3.14 6.83 𝑥 106 is Ok
K= 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.024 < 0.156
30
0.024
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.97 > 0.95
0.9
Clause ∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

6.83 𝑥 10 6
3.4.4.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 153.7mm2
𝑦
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100

Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Mid Span: Ms𝑦 + = 5.12knm
Top
5.12 𝑥 106 (ASProv =
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.022 < 0.156
262mm2)
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.22⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

6
Clause 5.12 𝑥 10
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 115.26mm2
𝑦
3.4.4.4
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)

Y10@300
Panel 10(Simply Supported) mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
2225 Bottom
(ASProv =
262mm2)
P10
6450
𝑙𝑦⁄ 6450⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2225 = 2.8 > 2 (One- way slab)
Clause 15.8kN/m2
3.5.3.6
2.225m
31
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 2.2252
Mmax = = = 9.78knm
8 8
9.78 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.035 < 0.156
Clause
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.035⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
3.4.4..4
∴ Z = la x d = 0.95 x 199 = 113.05mm
9.78 𝑥 10 6
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 197.96mm2
𝑦
Provide Y10 @ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)

Distribution Steel Y10@300
2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm
Bottom
Provide γ10 @ 300 mm 𝐶⁄𝐶 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2) (ASProv =
262mm2)
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2⁄ x 460 x 197.96 = 231.7N/mm2
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 , 3 262
9.78 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.69
(477−231.7)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.69) = 1.83 < 3
Clause
Basic Span
3.4.6.6 = 26
d
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 1.83 = 10.22mn
depth x M.F
Therefore deflection is satisfaction

Table
Deflection
3.10 is Ok
Panel 11 (Interior Panel)
P11
3225
32
6450
𝑙𝑦⁄ 6450⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 3225 = 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Clause
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.063 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.032
3.5.3.6
𝛽𝑆𝑥 + = 0.048 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.024
Short Span
Table
continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.063 x 15.8 x 3.2252 = 10.35KNm
3.15
Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.048 x 15.8 x 3.2252 = 7.88KNm
Long span
continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.032 x 15 x 3.2252 = 5.26KNm
Mid – span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.024 x 15.8 x 3.2252 = 3.94KNm
Design
Clause
Short Span
3.5.3.4
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑥 − = 10.35KNm
10.35 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.036 < 0.156
0.034
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.95
0.9
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

10.35 𝑥 10 6
ASreq = 𝑀⁄ 2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 209.5mm
Clause
Provide Y10 @ 300 mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2)
3.4.4.4
Mid-Span: Ms𝑥 + = 7.88knm Y10@300
𝑀 7.88 𝑥 106 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
K = 𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.027 < 0.156
Top
(ASProv =
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.027⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95 262mm2)
𝑀⁄ 7.88 𝑥 106
ASreq = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 159.5mm2
33
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100
Provide Y10 @ 300 mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)

Clause Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
3.4.4.4
Deflection Bottom
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 195 (ASProv =
Service stress;fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 262 = 228.2N/mm2 262mm2)
7.88 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 =0.56
477−𝑓𝑠 (477−228.2)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.56) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.56) = 1.9 < 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Actual Span 3225
= 119 x 1.9 = 14.26mn
depth x M.F
Clause
3.4.6.6
Hence, d = 119m (h = 150mm)Ok
Long span
Table
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 5.26KNm
Deflection
3.1
5.26 𝑥 106 is Ok
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.023 < 0.156
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.023⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

5.26 𝑥 106
Clause ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 118.41mm2
𝑦
3.4.4.4 0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASpro = 262mm2)

Mid – span: Ms𝑦 + = 3.94knm Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
𝑀 3.94 𝑥 106 Top
K = 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.017 < 0.156
(ASpro =
262mm2)
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.017⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
Clause ∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

3.94 𝑥 106
3.4.4.4 ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 88.69mm2
𝑦
34
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
100
Y10@300
Provide Y10 @300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2) mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(ASprov =
Panel 12 262mm2)
P12
6450
2725
ly⁄ 6450⁄
𝑙𝑥= 2725 = 2.5 > 2 < 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 >
15.8KN/m2
Clause
3.5.3.6 2725
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8×2.7252
Mmax = = =14.6knm
8 8
14.6×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 =20×1000×1192 =0.052< 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.052⁄0.9 = 0.94 < 0.95
Z = la × d = 0.94 × 119 = 111.86mm

14.6×106
ASreg =𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95×460×111.86 = 298.6𝑚𝑚2
Clause 𝑦
3.4.4.4 Provide Y10 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom < ASpro = 314𝑚𝑚2

0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
Distribution steel = 0.13bh = = 195𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide Y10 @ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom < ASpro = 262𝑚𝑚2 Y10@300

mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(ASprov =
Deflection 262mm2)
ASreg
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 × fy × ASprov
298.6
= 2⁄3 × 460 × = 291.62N/m𝑚2
314
35
14.6 ×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000×1192 = 1.03
𝑠477−𝑓 (477−291.62)
M.F = 0.55 + 120(0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.55+ 120(0.9+1.03) = 1.35 < 2
Basic Span
Clause = 26
d
= 119 x 1.35 = 16.96mn
depth x M.F
Therefore deflection is satisfactory

Hence, d = 119mm (ℎ = 150𝑚𝑚) ok
Table
Panel 13 Deflection
3.10
4225 is Ok
P 13
4225
ly⁄ 4225⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 4050 = 1.04 < 2(𝑇𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)
Moment Coefficient
Short Span Long Span
Clause 𝛽s𝑥 − = 0.047 𝛽s𝑦 − = 0.045
3.5.3.6 𝛽s𝑥 + = 0.036 𝛽s𝑦 + = 0.034
Table Short Span
3.15 Continuous edge; =𝛽s𝑥 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.047 × 15.8 × 4.052 = 12.18KNm
Mid- span = 𝛽s𝑥 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.036 × 15.8 × 4.052 = 9.32KNm
Long Span
Continuous edges =𝛽s𝑦 − wl𝑥 2 = 0.045 × 15.8 × 4.052 = 11.66KNm
Mid- span = 𝛽s𝑦 + wl𝑥 2 = 0.034 × 15.8 × 4.052 = 8.81KNm
Clause
3.5.3.4 Design
Short span
Continuous edges; Ms𝑥 − = 12.18knm
36
M 12.18×106
K= f = 20×1000×1192 = 0.045< 0.153
cu bd2
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.043⁄0.9 = 0.94 < 0.95
Z = la×d = 0.94×119 = 111.86mm

𝑀 12.18×106
ASreg =0.95𝑓 = = 249.16𝑚𝑚2
𝑦𝑧 0.95 ×460 ×111.6
Clause Provide Y10 @ 300 mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 -Top (ASProv = 262mm2)

Y10 @ 300
3.4.4.4
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Mid-Span; M𝑠𝑥 + = 9.32 kNm
Top
M 9.32×106 (ASProv =
K=f 2 = 20×1000×119 2 = 0.033 < 0.156
cu bd 262mm2)
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − 0.033⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
∴ z = la × d = 0.95 × 119 = 113.05mm

𝑚 9.32×106
ASreg = 0.95𝑓 = = 190.6𝑚𝑚2
𝑦𝑧 0.95 ×460 ×111.86
ASreg = 0.136h% = 0.13×1000×150 = 195𝑚𝑚2 > ASreg

Provide Y10 @ 300 mm – Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)
Clause
Y10@300
3.4.4.4
Deflection mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 195
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = x 460 x 262 = 228.2mm2 (ASprov =
3
262mm2)
9.32 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.66
477−𝑓𝑠 477−228.2
M.F = 0.55 + ≤ 2, 0.55 + = 1.87 < 2
120 (0.9+𝑙𝑒) 120 (0.9+0.66)
Basic Span
= 26
d
Actual Span 4225
= 119 x 1.87 = 18.98mn
depth x M.F
Clause
3.4.6.6
Hence, d = 119mm (h = 150mm)Ok
Long span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑦 − = 11.66knm Deflection
Table
11.66 𝑥 106 is Ok
3.14 K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.51 < 0.156
37
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.051⁄0.9 = 0.94 < 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.934 x 107 = 100.58mm

11.66 𝑥106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑐 460 𝑥 100.58 = 265.3mm2
𝑦
Clause
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASprov = 262mm2)
Provide
3.4.4 .4
Mid – Span Y10@300
8.81 𝑥 106
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.038 < 0.156 Top
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072
(ASprov =
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.038⁄0.9 = 0.95 > 0.95 262mm2)
∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

8.81 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 195.3mm2
𝑦
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)

Y10@300
Clause Panel 14 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
4225 Bottom
3.4.4.4
(ASprov =
P14 262mm2)
5000
𝑙𝑦⁄ 5000⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 4225 = 1.2 < 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment Coefficient
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.063 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.045
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.047 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.034
Clause
3.5.3.6
Short Span
Continuous edge: Ms𝑥 − 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.063 x 15.8 x 4.2252 = 17.76kNm
Mid – Span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.047 x 15.8 x 4.2252 = 13.25kNm
38
Table Long Span
3.15 Continuous Edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.045 x 15.8 x 4.2252 = 12.69knm
Mid – Span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.034 x 15.8 x 4.2252 = 9.59knm
Clause Design
3.5.3.4 Short span
17.76 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.063 <0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.063⁄0.9 = 0.92 < 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.92 x 119 = 109.98mm

17.76 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 369.52mm
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 109.98

Clause
3.4.4.4 Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 13.26knm
Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
13.26 𝑥 10 6
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.047 <0.156
Top
(ASprov =
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.047⁄0.9 = 0.94 < 0.95 262mm2)
Z = la x d = 0.94 x 119 = 113.4mm

13.26 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 420 𝑥 112.4 = 295.6mm2
𝑦

Clause
3.4.4.4 Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
Deflection (ASprov =
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 3 x 460 x
2 295.6
= 240.5N/mm2 262mm2)
377
13.26 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.94
477−𝑓𝑠 477−240.5
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+ 0.94) = 1.62 < 2
39
Clause Basic Span
= 26
d
= 119 x 1.62 = 21.9mn
depth x M.F
Therefore, deflection is satisfactory

Hence d = 119mm (h = 150mm) Ok
Table Long span
3.10 Continuous Edge: Ms𝑦 − = 12.69knm

12.69 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.055 < 0.156
Deflection
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.055⁄0.9 = 0.93 < 0.95 is Ok
Z = la x d = 0.93 x 107 = 99.51mm

12.69 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 99.51 = 291.81mm2
𝑦

Clause
3.4.4 .4
Mid – Span: Ms𝑦 + = 9.59kNm
9.59 𝑥 106
Y10@300
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.042 < 0.156 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Top
(ASprov =
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.042⁄0.9 = 0.95
262mm2)
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm
9.59 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 215.9mm2
𝑦
Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(ASprov =
PANEL 16 ( Simply Supported) 262mm2)
P16
2400
40
1225
𝑙𝑦/⁄ 6450 ⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2775 = 2.3 > 2 (One-way slab)
15.8kN/m
2
1.225m
Clause 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 2.775

Mmax = = = 15.2knm
3.5.3.6 8 8
15.2 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.055 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.055⁄0.9 = 0.93 < 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.93 x 119 = 110.67mm

15.2 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 110.67 =314.29mm2
𝑦

0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥150
Clause Distribution steel = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2
100
3.4..4.4 Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 314.29 Y10@300
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 377 = 255.6N/mm2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
15.8 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 1.07 (ASprov =
262mm2)
477−𝑓𝑠 477−255.6
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+1.07) = 1.5 < 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Actual Span 1225
= 119 x 1.5 = 6.86mn
depth x M.F
Clause Therefore, deflection is satisfactory

3.4.6.6 Hence, d = 119mm (h = 150mm) Ok
41
Panel 17
Table
3.10 P17 3000
4625 Deflection
𝑙𝑦⁄ is Ok
4625⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 3000 = 1.5 < 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment Coefficient
Short Span Long Span
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.078 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − = 0.045
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.059 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + = 0.034
Clause
3.5.3.6
Short Span
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑥 − 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.07 x 15.8 x 32 = 12.98kNm
Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.05 x 15.8 x 32 = 8.11kNm
Table
Long Span
3.15
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑦 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.045 x 15.8 x 32 = 6.399kNm
Mid – span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.034 x 15.8 x 32 = 4.83kNm
Design
Short span
Clause
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑥 − = 12.98knm
3.5.3.4
12.98 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥1192 = 0.046 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.046⁄0.9 = 0.94 < 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.94 x 119 = 118.86mm

12.98 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 111.86 = 265.53mm2
𝑦

Mid – Span: Ms𝑥 + = 8.11kNm
8.11 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.028 < 0.156
42
Y10@300
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.028⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Top
∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm (ASprov =
8.11 𝑥 106 262mm2
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 113.05 = 75.5mm2
𝑦
Clause
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm2 > ASreq
3.4.4 .4
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 195 Y10@300
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 262 = 228.2N/mm2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
8.11 𝑥 106
Top
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.57 (ASprov =
(477−𝑓𝑠) (477−228.2)
262mm2)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2, 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.57) = 1.9 < 2
Basic Span
= 26
d
Actual Span 3000
= 119 x 1.9 = 13.3mn
depth x M.F
Clause
3.4.6.6
Long span
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑦 − = 6.399knm
Table
6.399 𝑥 106
K = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.028 < 0.156
3,10 deflection
is ok
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.028⁄0.9 ≤ 0.96 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

6.399 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 142.7mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65
Clause ASmin 0.13bh% = 195mm2 > ASreq

3.4.4 .4 Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASprov = 262mm2)
Mid – Span: Ms𝑦 + = 4.83knm

4.83 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑑 2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.021 < 0.156
43
Y10@300
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.021⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm (ASprov =
4.83 𝑥 106 262mm2)
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 108.7mm2
𝑦
Clause
3.4.4 .4
Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Panel 18
Bottom
(ASprov =
P18 262mm2
2225
8175
𝑙𝑦⁄ 8175⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2.225 = 3.6 > 2 (1-way slab –Simply Supported)
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 2.2252
Mmax = = = 9.78knm
8 8
9.78 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.035 < 0.156
Clause
3.5.3.6 La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.035⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

9.78 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 197.96mm2
𝑦
Clause Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)

3.4.4.4 0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
Distribution steel = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2
100

Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 197.96 Y10@300
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2⁄3 x 460 x 262 = 231.7N/mm2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
9.78 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.69 (ASprov =
262mm2)
(477−𝑓𝑠) (477−231.7)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2 = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.69) = 1.84 < 2
44
Basic Span
= 20
d
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 1.84 = 10.16mn
Clause depth x M.F
3.4.6.6 Therefore, deflection is satisfactory

Panel 19
Table 10900
3.10
P19
2225 Deflection
is OK
𝑙𝑦⁄ 10900⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 2225 = 4.8 > 2 (one-way slab – simply supported)
15.8kN/m2
2.225
m2
𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 2.2252
Mmax = = = 9.78kNm
8 8
9.78 𝑥106
Clause K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.035 < 0.156
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192
3.5.3.6
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.035⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
∴ z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

9.78 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 197.96mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 420 𝑥 113.05
Clause
3.4.4.4
0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
Distribution steel = 0.13bh% = = 195mm2
100

Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 197.96
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 2⁄3 x 460 x = 231.7N/mm2
262
Y10@300
9.78 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.69 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
(477−𝑓𝑠) 477−231.7
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2 = 0.55 + = 1.84 < 2 (ASprov =
120 (0.9+0.69)
262mm2)
Basic Span
= 20
d
45
Actual Span 2225
= 119 x 1.84 = 10.16mn
depth x M.F
Clause
3.4.6.6
Panel 20
3225
Table
3.10
Deflection
6450
is Ok
𝑙𝑦⁄ 6450⁄
𝑙𝑥 = 3225 = 2 (Two-way slab)
Moment coefficient
𝛽𝑠𝑥 − = 0.098 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.044
𝛽𝑠𝑥 + = 0.074
Clause Ultimate Bending Moment
3.5.3.6 Short Span
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑥 − = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 − 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.098 x15.8 x 3.2252 = 16.1kNm
Mid Span: Ms𝑥 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 + 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.074 x 15.8 x 3.2252 = 12.16kNm
Table Long span
3.15 Mid span: Ms𝑦 + = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 2 𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.044 x 15.8 x 3.2252 = 7.2kNm
Design
Short Span
Continuous Edge: Ms𝑥 − = 16.1knm
16.1 𝑥 106
Clause K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.057 < 0.156
3.5.3.4
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.057⁄0.9 = 0.93 < 0.95, la = 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.93 x 119 = 110.67mm

46
16.1 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 = 332. 9mm2
𝑦 460 𝑥 110.67

Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 12.16knm
12.16 𝑥 106
Clause K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.043 < 0.156
3.4.4.4
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.043⁄0.9 = 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm Y10@300

mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
12.16 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 113.05 = 246.1mm2 Bottom
𝑦 (ASprov =
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2) 262mm2)
Deflection
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 246.1
Service stress; fs = 2⁄3 x fy x 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 x 460 x = 288.1N/mm2
262
12.16 𝑥 106
Clause K = 𝑀⁄𝑏𝑑 2 = 1000 𝑥 1192 = 0.86
Y10@300
3.4.4.4 (477−𝑓𝑠)
M.F = 0.55 + 120 (0.9+𝑘) ≤ 2
(477−288.1)
= 0.55 + 120 (0.9+0.86) = 1.4 < 2 mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Bottom
Basic Span (ASprov =
= 26
d 262mm2)
Actual Span 2750
= 119 x 2 = 11.55mn
depth x M.F
Therefore deflection is satisfactory

Clause
3.4.6.6
Long span
Mid – span: Ms𝑥 + = 7.2kNm
7.2 𝑥 1065
Table K = 𝑀⁄𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1072 = 0.031 < 0.156
3.10 Deflection
La = 0.5 + √0.25 – 0.031⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95 is Ok
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

7.2 𝑥 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 101.65 = 162.1mm2
𝑦
47
ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000 x 150 = 195mm2 > ASreq
Clause
3.4.4.4
Y10@300
mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 -
Top
(ASprov =
262mm2
48
BS8110 CALCULATION OUTPUT
REF
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM
DESIGN PARAMETER
Fcu = 25N/mm2
Fy = 460N/mm2
Overall depth of beam, h = 450mm
Diameter of main reinforcement =20mm(assumed)
Diameter of links =
10mm(assumed)
1
Effective depth, d = h - cover- diameter of link - 2main
reinforcement
LOAD FROM PANELS

 Load from one way panel to short span =0
1
 Load from one way panel to long span = 2 𝑛𝑙𝑥
1
 Load from two way panel to short span = 3 𝑛𝑙𝑥
1 1
 Load from two way panel to long span = 3 𝑛𝑙𝑥 (1 − 3𝐾2 )
Where
𝑙𝑦
K = 𝑙𝑥
n = slab design load(15.8KN/m2
lx = length of shotr span, ly = length of long span
BEAM LOAD FOR ALL BEAM

Beam self weight 0.225 x 0.5 x 24 = 2.7KN/m
Wall load(with rendering) (2.9 + 0.5)3 = 10.2KN/m
Beam finishes 2 x 0.025 x 20 x 0.45 = 0.5KN/m
Total GK = 13.4KN/m GK =
13.4KN/m
Design load, n = 1.4GK = 1.4 x 13.4 = 18.75kN/m
n=
18.75KN/m
49
PANEL 𝑙𝑦 n = 1.4GK + 1.6QK = 15.8KN/m2
K = 𝑙𝑥
SHORT SPAN(KN/m2) LONG SPAN(KN/m2)
1 4225⁄ = 1.89 11.72 15.94
2225
2 4225⁄ = 1.55 14.35 24.99
2725
3 4225⁄ = 1.89 11.72 15.94
2225
4 4225⁄ = 1.55 14.35 24.99
2725
5 9900⁄ = 4.4 0 17.57
2225
6 3675⁄ = 2.6 0 10.86
1375
7 3675⁄ = 1.28 15.01 17.93
2850
8 3675⁄ = 1.3 14.48 17.44
2750
9 3700⁄ = 1.006 19.36 19.74
3675
10 6450⁄ 0 17.58
2225 = 2.8
11 6450⁄ 16.99 23.35
3225 = 2
12 6450⁄ 0 21.53
2725 = 2.3
13 4225⁄ 21.33 22.13
4050 = 1.04
14 500⁄ 22.25 25.65
4225 = 1.2
15 6450⁄ 0 21.92
2775 =2.3
16 2400⁄ 6.45 8.78
1225 = 1.9
17 4625⁄ 15.8 20.19
3000 = 1.5
18 8175⁄ 0 17.58
2225 = 3.6
19 10900⁄ 0 17.58
2225 = 4.8
6450⁄
20 3225 = 2 16.99 23.35
50
BS8110 CALCULATION OUTPUT
REF
Beam I 〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
A. Member (𝐷 − 𝐺〉
For all beam = 18.75 KN/m
Panel load 〈𝑝1 〉 = 15.94KN/m
Total = 34.69KN/m
B. Member(𝐺 − 𝐻〉
Total = 18.75KN/m
C. Member (𝐻 − 𝐽〉
Panel load 〈𝑝4 〉 = 24.99KN/m
Total = 43.74KN/m
34.69KN/m 18.75KN/m 43.74KN/m
4.225m 2.225m 4.225m
D G H J
Moment Analysis Using Three Moment Equation

Support Moment
MD = MJ = 0
34.69 ×4.2253
4.225 MD + 2 MG (4.225 + 2.225) + 4.225 MH = +
4
18.75 ×2.2253
4
12.9MG + 4.225MH = 705.7------------------------------------- (1)

51
18.75 ×2.2253
2.225 MG + 2 MH 〈2.225 + 4.225〉 + 4.225 MJ = +
4
43.74 ×4.2253
4
2.225MG + 12.9MH = 876.34----------------------------------- (2)
Now solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we have
MG = 34.39KNMm
MH = 62.0KNM
Span Moment
𝑊𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐺 34.69 × 4.2252 0 +34.39

MD-G = - = – = 60.2KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑊𝐿2 𝑀𝐺 + 𝑀𝐻 18.75 𝑋 2.2252 34.39+62.0

MG-H = - = – = -36.59KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐻 + 𝑀𝐽 43.74 × 4.2252 62.0+0

MH-J = - = – = 66.5KNm
8 2 8 2
Shear Force
𝑊𝐿 〈𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐺 〉 34.69 ×4.225 0−34.39

VD-G = + = + = 65.1KN
2 𝐿 2 4.225
𝑊𝐿 〈𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐷 〉 34.69 𝑋 4.225 34.39

VGD = + = + 4.225 = 81.4KN
2 𝐿 2
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐻 18.75 ×2.225 〈34.39−62〉

VGH = + = + = 8.45KN
2 𝐿 2 2.225
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐻 − 𝑀𝐺 18.75 ×2.225 〈62−34.39〉

VHG = + = + = 33.3kN
2 𝐿 2 2.225
𝑤𝑙 𝑀𝐻 − 𝑀𝐼 43.74 𝑋 4.225 62−0

VHT = + = + = 107.1KN
2 2 2 4.225
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐼 − 𝑀𝐻 43.74 𝑋 4.225 62
VI.H = + = - 4.225 = 77.72KN
2 𝐿 2
Design
Support: Maximum moment @ support is at MH = 62KNm
M 62 𝑥 106
K = = 25 ×225 𝑥 4052 = 0.067 < 0.156
fcu bd2
52
𝑘
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − ≤ 0.95
0.9
Clause
3.4.4.4
= 0.5 + √ 0.25 − 0.067⁄0.9 = 0.92
Z = la × D = 0.92 × 405 = 372.mm
62.0 × 106 3Y16

ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 ×372.6 = 383.2mm2
𝑦
〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 =
2〉
Provide 3 Y16 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚 - Top
603𝑚𝑚2 〉 -
Spans: Maximum Span Moment is at MH-J = 66.5KNm
Top
bf = bw + 0.1 (0.7L), L = 4225mm
bf = 225 + 0.1 (0.7 X 4225) = 520.75mm
M 66.5 × 106
K=f = 25 𝑥 520.75 × 5052 = 0.03 < 0.156
cu bd2
Clause
3.4.4.4 La = 0.5 +√0.25 − 0.03⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95, la = 0.95
z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384.75mm
66.5 × 106 3Y16

ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0..95 ×460 ×384.74 = 396.1mm2
𝑦 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 =
603𝑚𝑚2 〉 –
Provide 3Y16 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉 – Bottom Bottom
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear force occurs at VHT = 107.1KN

Clause 𝑉 107.1 × 103
Shear Stress V = 𝑏𝑑 = = 1.17N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
3.4.5.2
Inner Support
𝑏
At distance of from column surface shear force, V = 107.1 – 43.74〈𝑑 + 2〉
Shear force, V = 107.1 – 43.74 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 84.5KN
53
84.5 × 103
Shear stress, V = 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.92
225 𝑥 405
1
Clause (100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑑〉 ⁄3 〈400/ 𝑑 〉1⁄4
Design concrete shear stress Vc = 0.79 𝑚
3.4.5.4
400 /d ≤ 1.0 400⁄
405 = 0.98
Vc = 0.632 (100 x603⁄225 𝑥 405〉 1⁄3 〈0.98〉 1⁄4 = 0.55 N/mm2
Conditions
1. v < 0.5vc
2. 0.5vc< v < 0.4 + vc
3. 0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑛
Satisfies Condition 2
Clause 0.28 < 0.92 < 0.95

3.4.5.5 Spacing R8@
250mm𝒄⁄𝒄
𝐴𝑆𝑈 0.4𝑏 0.4 ×225
= 0.95𝐹𝑉 = = 0.379 as links
𝑆𝑉 𝑌𝑉 0.95 ×250 𝑨
〈 𝒔𝒗 =
𝑺𝒗
𝐴
Provide R8@ 250mm𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆𝑠𝑣 = 0.402〉 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
𝑣
End Support
0.225
Shear at the face support force 〈𝑉𝐼𝐻 〉 = 77.72 − 43.74 (0.405 + 〉=
2
55.08KN
55.08 × 103
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.604
225 ×405
Clause 1 1
0.79 〈100 𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏𝑑〉3 〈400⁄𝑑〉4
Design Concrete Stress, vc =
3.4.5.4 𝜆𝑚
1
where 𝜆𝑚 = 1.25 = 0.632 〈100𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏𝑑 〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.55𝑁/mm2
satisfy condition 2
54
0.5vc < v< 0.4 + vc
0.28 < 6.604 < 6.95

\
Spacing R8@
Clause 250mm𝑐⁄𝑐
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏 0.4 𝑥 225 as links
= 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑉 = 0.95 ×250 = 0.379
3.4.5.5 𝑆𝑉 𝑣 𝐴
〈 𝑠𝑣 =
𝑣𝑆
𝐴
Provide R8@ 250mm𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆𝑠𝑣 = 0.402〉 0.402〉
𝑣
Beam (2) 〈𝑻 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
Load Estimation
For all beam = 18.75KN/m
Panel Load (P1 〉 = 15.94KN/m
Panel load 〈𝑃2 〉 = 24.99KN/m
Total load = 59.68KN/m

59.68kn/m
4.225m
D G
𝑤𝑙2
Mmax = = 133.17KNm
8
Shear Force
𝑊𝑙 59.68 ×4.225
VD = = = 126.074KN VG = VD = 126.07KN
2 2
Bending Reinforcement
Mmax = 133.17KNm
bf = bw + 0.2L = 225 + 0.2 (4225) = 1070MM
𝑀 133.17 × 106
K= 2
= 25 × 4052 ×1070 = 0.030 < 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑑
55
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.030⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384.75mm

3.4.4.4 6
133.17 ×10
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 ×384.75 = 792.03mm2
𝑦
2Y20
Provide 2Y20 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉 − 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉 −
Provide 2Y10 Top as hangers bar 𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear force VD = VG = 126.0KN
281.3 × 103
Shear Stress V = = 3.08N/mm2 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
Support
At the distance the from the column face

Clause
225
3.4.5.2 Shear force = 126.07 – 59.7 〈0.405 + 〉 = 95.18KN
2
95.53 × 103
Shear Stress V = = 1.05N/mm2
225 ×405
Clause 100𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉15 〈400 〉1⁄4

Design Concrete Shear Stress 〈𝑣𝐶 〉 = 0.632 〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑 =
3.4.5.4
0.64N/mm2
Satisfy Condition 3
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8 √𝐹𝐶𝑈
1.04 < 1.05 < 4
Spacing Y10 @
3000mm
Clause 𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑣(𝑣− 𝑣𝑐 〉 225 (1.05−0.64〉
= = = 0.38 AS 1mks
𝑆𝑣 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×2500 𝑨𝑺
3.4.5.5 〈 𝑽=
𝑺𝑽
𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑〉
Provide Y10 @ 3000mm AS 1mks 〈 𝑆 = 0.523〉
𝑉
56
Beam 3 〈𝑻 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
Load estimation
Panel load 〈𝑃〉 = 2 × 24.99 = 49.98KN/m
68.73kn/m
4.225m
VH VJ
𝑊𝑙2 68.73 × 4.2252

Mmax = = = 153.4KNm
8 8
Shear force
𝑊𝑙 68.73 ×4.225
VH = VJ = = = 145.19KN
2 2
Mmax = 153.4KNm
bf = bv + 0.2L = 225 + 0.2 x 4.225 = 1070mm
153.4 × 10 6
K= 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 25 ×4022 ×1070 = 0.034 < 0.156 singly reinforced
𝑦
Clause
3.4.4.4 La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.024⁄0.9 = 0.96 < 0.95
Z = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75mm 3Y20 –
153.4 × 106 Bottom

𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑤 = = 0.95 ×460 ×384.75 = 912.4mm2
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
Provide 3Y20 –Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉
𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Provide 2Y10 - Top as hangers bar
57
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear VH = VJ = 145.2KN
145.2 × 103
Shear Force = = 1.5N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
Clause
Support
3.5.4.2
At the distance the from the column face
Shear Force V= 145.2 – 68.73 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 109.6KN
109.6 × 103
225 ×405
1 1
Clause Design Concrete Shear vc = 0.632 〈100 × 943⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 =
3.4.5.4
0.636N/mm2
Satisfy Condition 3
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
1.04 < 1.2 < 4 Spacing

Y10 @
27mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Clause as 1mks
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑣 (𝑣− 𝑣𝑐 ) 225 (.2−0.636〉 𝑨𝑺
3.4.5.5 = = = 0.534 〈 𝑽=
𝑆𝑣 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250 𝑺
𝑽
𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏〉
𝐴𝑆
Provide Y10 @ 27mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as 1mks 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 0.571〉
𝑉
Beam 4 〈𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴 𝟑〉
Beam 5 ( T – Beam)
Load Estimation
For all seam = 18.75KN/m
58
Panel load 〈𝑃4 〉 = 24.99KN/m
Total Load = 43.74KN/m
43.74kn/m
4.225m
𝑤𝑙 2 43.74 ×4.2252
Mmax = = = 97.59KNm
8 8
Shear force
𝑤𝑙 43.74 ×4.225
VH = VJ = = = 92.4KN
7 2
Mmax = 97.59KNM
bf = bv + 0.2L = 225 + 0.2 × 4225 = 1070mm
97.59 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = = 0.02 < 0.156 , Single
Clause 𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 ×4052 ×1070
3.4.4.4. reinforced
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.02⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95, la = 0.95
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚

3Y16 –
97.59 × 106
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 580.4mm2 Bottom
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×384.75
Provide 3Y16 – Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉
Provide 2Y10 Top as hangers bar 𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum Shear Force; VH = VJ = 92.4KN
Clause 𝑉 92.4 × 103

Shear Stress V = 𝑏𝑑 = = 1.02N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
3.4.5.2
Support
59
At the distance the from column face
Shear force V = 92.4 – 43.7 (0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 69.78KN
69.78 × 103
Shear stress; V = = 0.76N/mm2
225 ×405
100𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉13 〈400 〉14

Design Concrete Stress, vc = 0.632 〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑
Clause
1 1
3.4.5.4 = 0.632 〈100 × 603⁄225 × 405〉3 × 〈0.98〉4 = 0.55N/mm2
Satisfy Condition 2
Y10 @
0.5vc < v < vc + 0.4
225mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
𝑨𝑺
0.275 < 0.76 < 0.95 〈 𝒗=
𝑺𝒗
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕〉
Spacing
Clause 𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏 0.4 ×225
= 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 = 0.95 ×250 = 0.4
𝑆𝑉 𝑣
3.4.5.5
𝐴𝑆
Provide Y10 @ 225mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 〈 𝑆 𝑣 = 0.477〉
𝑣
Beam 6 〈𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐〉
Load Estimation
Panel Load 〈𝑃7〉 = 17.93KN/m

36.68KN/m
4.225m
60
𝑤𝑙2 36.68 ×4.2252
Mmax = = = 81.84KNm
8 8
Shear
𝑊𝑙 36.68 ×4.225
VH = VJ = = = 77.48KN
2 2
Mmax = 81.84KNm
bf = bw + 0.2L = 225 + 0.2 × 4225 = 1070mm
𝑀 81.84 × 106
K=𝑓 = 25 × 4052 ×1070 = 0.018 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑑2
Clause
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 1.018⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
3.4.4.4
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
81.84 × 106
𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 486.7mm2 3Y16 –
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×384.75
Bottom
𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Provide 2Y10 – Top AS hangers bar
Shear Reinforcement
Shear force VH = VJ = 77.48KN
𝑉 77.48 × 103
Clause Shear Stress V = 𝑏 = = 0.89N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
𝑤 𝑑 225 ×405
3.4.5.2
Support
At the distance d from column face
0.225
Shear force V = (77.48 – 36.68 〈0.405 + 〉 = 58.5KN
7
58.5 × 103
Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.64N/mm2
225 ×405
61
1
1
Design concrete stress, vc = 0.632 〈100𝐴⁄𝑏 𝑑 〉3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉 ⁄4
𝑤
Clause 1
1⁄
= 0.632 〈100 × 603⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉 4 = 0.55N/mm2
3.4.5.4
Satisfy condition 2
0.5vc < v < vc + 0.4
0.275 < 0.64 < 0.9
Spacing R10 @ 225

𝒄⁄ as link
𝒄
𝑨𝑺
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑤
= 0.95𝐹𝑦 =
0.4 ×225
= 0.4 〈 𝑽 =
Clause 𝑺𝑽
𝑆𝑉 𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕〉
3.4.5.5 𝐴𝑆
Provide R10 @ 225 𝑐⁄𝑐 as link 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 0.477〉
𝑉
Beam 8 〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
Load Estimation
A. Member 1 〈𝐴 − 𝐶〉
For all beam 18.75KN/m
Panel load 〈𝑃7 〉 15.01KN/m
Point load from beam 16 at 1.375m = 87.4KN/m
B. Member 2 〈𝐶 − 𝐷〉
C. Member 3 〈𝐷 − 𝐺〉
Point load from bean 19 at 0.525m = 102.28KN
D. Member 4 〈𝐺 − 𝐻〉
62
E. Member 5 〈𝐻 − 𝐽〉
F. Member 6 〈𝐽 − 𝐿〉
Point load from beam 25 〈8 − 11〉 at 2.225mm = 69.25KN/m
G. Member 2 〈𝐶 − 𝐷〉
87.4K 02.2K 69.2KN

NN
1.375
0.525 N
33.76kn/m 54.16kn/m 58.04kn/m
41.98kn/m 44.4kn/m
33.23kn/m
18.75kn/m
4.225M 2.225 4.225 2.225m 4.225m 4.95m 4.225

A C D G H J L M
Moment Analysis Using Moment Distribution Method fixed end Moment

2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 33.76 ×4.2252 87.4 ×1.375 ×2.852
M1AC = -〈𝑤𝑙 ⁄12 + 〉= +
𝐿2 12 4.2252
= 〈50.22 + 54.68〉 = −104.9𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑊𝐿2 2 33.76 ×4.2252 87.4 ×2.85 ×1.3752

M1CA = + 𝑃𝑏𝑎 ⁄𝐿2 = +
12 12 4.2252
= 50.22 + 26.38 − 176.6𝐾𝑁𝑚
63
𝑊𝐿2 〈33.23 ×2.2252 〉
M1CA = =- = -13.71KNm
12 12
2
M1DC = + 𝑊𝐿 ⁄12 = +13.71KNm
2 2 54.16 ×4.225 102.2 ×0.525 ×3.7 2 2
M1DG = -〈𝑊𝐿 ⁄12 + 𝑃𝑎𝑏 ⁄𝐿2 〉 = − 〈 + 〉
12 4.2252
= 〈80.56 + 41.15〉 = −121.7𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑊𝐿2 2 54.16 ×4.2252 〈102.2 ×3.7 ×0.5252 〉
M1GD = + 𝑃𝑏𝑎 ⁄𝐿2 = +
12 12 4.2252
= 80.56 + 5.83 = 86.39KNMm

2 −18.75 ×2.2252
M1GH = + 𝑊𝐿 ⁄12 = = -7.74KNm
12
MGH = +7.74KNm
2 2
M1HJ = 𝑊𝐿 ⁄12 = 58.04 × 4.225 ⁄12 = -86.34KNm
M1JH = +86.34KNm
𝑊𝐿2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 41.98 ×4.752 69.2 ×2.225 ×2.7252

M1J.L = + = + = -132.38KNm
12 𝐿2 12 4.952
2 2 41.98 ×4.752 69.2 ×2.725 ×2.2252
M1LJ = 𝑊𝐿 ⁄12 + 𝑃𝑏𝑎 ⁄𝐿2 = +
12 4.952
85.72 + 38.1 = +123.8KNm

𝑊𝐿2 −44.4 ×4.2252
M1L.M = = = -66.05kNm
12 12
𝑊𝐿2
M1M.L = = + 66.05kNm
12
Stiffness
Joint C
KAC = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.71EI
KCD = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.225 = 1.797EJ
D.FAC = 0.710𝐸𝐼⁄0.71𝐸𝐼 + 1.797𝐸𝐽 = 0.283
D.FCD = 1 - 0.283 = 0.717

JOINT D
KDC = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝑙⁄2.225 = 1.797EI
KDG = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.946EI
D.FDC = 1.797𝐸𝐼⁄〈1.797𝐸𝐼 + 0.946𝐸〉 = 0.655

64
D.EDG = 1 – 0.655 = 0.345
Joint G
KGD = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝑙⁄4.225 = 9.946EI
KG.H = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.225 = 1.797EI
D.FGD = 0.946𝐸𝐼⁄〈0.946𝐸𝐼 + 1.797𝐸𝐼〉 = 0.345
D.EG.H = 1 – 0.345 = 0.655

Joint H
KH.G = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝑙⁄2.225 = 1.797EI
KH.J = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.946EI
D.FH.G = 1.797𝐸𝐼⁄〈1.797𝐸𝐼 + 0.946𝐸𝐼〉 = 0.655
D.EG.H = 1 – 0.345 = 0.655

Joint J
KJ.H = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝑙⁄4.225 = 0.946EI
KJ.L = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.95 = 0.808EI
D.FJ.H = 0.946𝐸𝐼⁄〈0.946𝐸𝐼 + 0.808𝐸𝐼〉 = 0.539
D.EJ.L = 1 – 0.539 = 0.461

Joint L
KL.J = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝑙⁄4.95 = 0.808EI
KL.M = 3𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.710EI
D.FL.J = 0.808𝐸𝐼⁄〈0.808𝐸𝐼 + 0.710𝐸𝐼〉 = 0.532
D.FL.M = 1 – 0.532 = 0.468
65
1
A
+105 -105
-0.5
-0.08
-0.3
-1.8
-33
-100
-17.8
MA = 0
+76.6
0.283
Support
C
1.9 -4.7 -1.7 6.9 11.75 -25.2 +35.5 -45.1 -13.71 70.7
-42.1 0.15
-0.2 0.3 -0.8 1.2 -1.4
-0.1 0.3 -0.4 0.6 -0.7 +2.4 -22.5 70.7
MC = 42.8KNm
-2.4
MD = 86.1KNm
+85.3 3.8 13.5 -3.5 -12.6 +23.5 +13.71 0.655
D
Moment
-86.1 -0.05 0.2 -0.2 0.3 -0.35 +1.3 -1.4 +2.0 -1.7 6.9 -7.6 +12.4 -13.5 37.3 -121.7 0.345
0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.5 0.7 1.0 -2.7 +18.6 -27.1 +86.39
+66.7 -0.7 13.5 -3.5 +6.2 -15.2 0.345
G
-65.9 1.1 -5.2 +25.7 -51.5 -7.74 0.655

0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -1.1 1 -1.3 4.5 -6.7 +4.15 -29.0
-0.1 -0.4 -0.5 0.4 -0.6 25.7 51.5 +7.74
0.2 -2.6 2.1 -3.4 +9.1 -14.5 +8.3
+34.14 0.655
H
+34.79 -0.03 -0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.15 1.1 0.6 1.1 0.2 +4.8 0.49 4.4 +12.9 27.1 -86.34 0.345
0.1 -0.07
66
-0.5 -0.32 0.55 -0.3 0.6 -2.1 2.4 +2.2 +0.97 0.532
+129.07 0.4 +13.5 +25.8 +86.34
J
-128.9 -0.05 1.1 -0.1 0.3 -2.9 +0.83 -15.3 +22.1 -132.3 0.461
0.04 -0.05 0.03 -0.3 0.15 -0.25
-0.02 0.08 -0.16 +0.06 -0.12 +11.05 -30.6 +123.8

0.3 -0.6 -0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.42 -5.8
+98.3 0.532
L
-0.1 -27.0 -66.1 0.468
0.07
-0.1
-0.2
-5.2
0.05
0.28
-66.1 +66.1
-98.2 0
1
M
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
FEM
Balance
FEM
FEM
FinalFEM
Carry over
Balance
Carry over
Carry over
Carry over
FEM Joint
Balance Joint
moment
Carry over
Carry over
Balance Joint
Balance Joint
Carry over
Balance Joint
Balance Joint
FEM Joint
MG = 66.7KNm
MH = 34.8KNm
MJ = 129KNm
ML = 98.3KNm
MM = 0
Span moment
𝑊𝐿2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐶 33.78 × 4.2252 87.4 ×2.85 ×1.375 0+42.8
MA-C = + − = + −
8 𝐿 2 8 4.225 2.05
75.3 + 81.1 – 21.4 = 135KNm

𝑊𝐿2 𝑀𝐶 + 𝑀𝐷 33.23 × 2.2252 42.8+861
MC-D = − = +
8 2 8 2.05
20-.56 – 64.45 = 135KNm
𝑊𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐺 54.16 × 4.2252 102.2 ×0.525 ×3.7

MD-G = + 𝑃𝑎𝑏⁄𝐿 − = + −
8 2 8 4.225
86.1+66.7
2
120.8 + 46.8 – 76.4 = 91.2KNm

2 𝑀𝐺 + 𝑀𝐻 18.75 × 2.2252 66.7+34.8
MG-H = 𝑊𝑙 ⁄8 − = − = 11.6 – 50.75
2 8 2
= -39.15KNm
2 𝑀𝐻 + 𝑀𝐽 58.04 × 4.2252 34.8+129.0
MH-J = 𝑊𝑙 ⁄8 − = − = 129.5 – 81.9 =
2 8 2
47.6KNm
𝑊𝐿2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑀𝐽 + 𝑀𝐿 41.98 ×4.952 69.2×2.225 ×2.725 129+98.3
MJ-L = + − = + −
8 𝐿 2 8 4.95 2
128.5 + 84.74 – 113.65 =

99.59KNm
2 𝑀𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀 44.4 × 4.2252 98.3+0
ML-M = 𝑊𝑙 ⁄8 − = − = 99.1–49.2 =
2 8 2
49.95KNm
Shear Force
𝑊𝐿 𝑃𝑏 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑀𝐶 33.76 ×4.225 87.4 ×2.85 0−42.8
VA.C = + − = + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.225 4.225
71.3 + 58.9 – 10.1 = 120.1KN
67
𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐴 33.76 ×4.225 87.4 ×1.375 42.8−0
VC.A = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + 𝑃𝑎⁄𝐿 + = + +
𝐿 2 4.225 4.225
71.3 + 58.9 – 10.1 = 109.8KN

𝑀𝑐 − 𝑀𝐷 33.23 ×2.225 42.8−86.1
VC.D = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 − = + = 36.9 – 19.4 =
𝐿 2 2.225
17.5KN
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶
VD.C = + = 36.9 + 19.4 = 56.3KN
2 𝐿
𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐺 54.16 × 4.225 102.2 ×3.704 86.1−66.7
VD.G = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + 𝑃𝑎⁄𝐿 + = + +
𝐿 2 4.225 4.225
114.4 + 89.5 + 4.5 = 208.4KN

𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐷 18.75 ×2.225 66.7−34.8
VG.D = + − = + = 20.8 + 14.33 =
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.225
35.14KN
𝑤𝑙 𝑀𝐻 − 𝑀𝐺
VH.G = + = 20.8 – 14.33 = 6.47KN
2 𝐿
𝑤𝑙 𝑀𝐻 − 𝑀𝐽 58.04 ×4.225 34.8−129
VH.J = + = + = 122.6 – 22.4 =
2 𝐿 2 4.225
100.2KN
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐽 − 𝑀𝐻
VJ.H = + = 122.6 + 22.4 = 145KN
2 𝐿
𝑊𝐿 𝑃.𝑏 𝑀𝐽 − 𝑀𝐶 41.98 ×4.95 69.2×2.225 98.3−129
VJ.L = + − = + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.95 4.95
103.9 + 31.1 – 6.2 = 128.8KN

𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑀 44.4 ×4.225 98.3−0
VL.M = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 93.7 + 23.2 = 116.9KN
𝐿 2 4.225
𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝐿
VM.L = 𝑊𝐿⁄2 + = 93.7 - 23.2 = 70.5KN
𝐿
Support: maximum moment at support = 129KNm
129 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.139 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 25 ×225 ×4052
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − 0.139⁄0.9 = 0.81
Z = la × d = 0.81 × 405 = 328.05mm

129 ×106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = = 899.8mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×328.05
Clause
Provide 3Y20 Top 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉
3.4.4.4
Span
68
Maximum Moment at Span = 135KNm
bf = bw + 0.1〈0.7𝐿〉 225 + 0.1 〈0.7 × 4.225〉 = 520.75mm
135 ×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = = 0.063 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 ×520.75 ×4052
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − 𝑘⁄0.9 ≤ 0.95
= 0.5 +√0.25 − 0.063⁄0.9 = 0.92 < 0.95
Z = la × d = 0.92 × 405 = 372.6mm

135 ×106
Clause AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = = 829.1mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×372.6
3.4.4.4
Provide 3Y20 Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943mm2
Shear Reinforcement
3Y20 Top
Inner Supports: Maximum Shear Force = 208.4KN
208.4 ×103
Shear Stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 2.2N/mm2 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
225 ×405

Shear force V = 208.4 – 54.16s 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 180.3KN
180.3 × 103
Shear stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 1.7N/mm2
225 ×405
Clause
100𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉1⁄3 〈400 〉1⁄4
Design concrete Shear Stress, vc = 0.632〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑
3.4.5.2
1 1⁄
= 0.632 〈100 × 943⁄225 × 405〉 ⁄3 〈0.98) 4 = 0.64N/mm2 =
0.64N/mm2
Clause 3Y20
Bottom
3.4.5.4 Satisfy conditions 3 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟗𝟒𝟑mm2
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝒇𝑪𝒖
1.04 < 1.97 < 0.4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏 〈𝑣 − 𝑣𝐶 〉 225〈1.97−0.64〉
⁄𝑆 = 𝑤 ⁄0.95𝑓 = = 1.26
𝑉 𝑦𝑣 0.95×250
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Provide R10@ 100mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 1.57〉
𝑉
69
End Support: Shear Force = 120KN
3 R10@
Clause Shear Stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = 120 × 10 ⁄225 × 405 = 1.3 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 100mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
3.4.5.5 as links
〈𝑨𝑺𝑽⁄𝑺 =
Shear force V = 120 – 33.76 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 102KN 𝑽
𝟏. 𝟓𝟕〉
3
Shear Stress V = 102 × 10 ⁄225 × 405 = 1.1N/mm2
Design Concrete Stress 〈𝑣𝐶 〉
1
1⁄
Clause vC = 0.632〈100 × 943⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉 4 = 0.64N/mm2
3.4.5.2 Satisfy condition 3
0.4 + vC < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
1.04 < 1.1 < 4
Spacing
Clause 𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏 〈𝑣 − 𝑣𝐶 〉 225 〈1.1−0.64〉
⁄𝑆 = 𝑣 ⁄0.95𝐹 = = 0.44N/mm2
3.4.5.4 𝑉 𝑦𝑉 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Provide R8 @ 200mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.503〉
𝑉
Beam 9
Load Estimation R8 @
Clause 200mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
3.4.5.5 A. Member 1 〈𝐻 − 𝐼1 〉 as links
For all beam = 18.75KN/m 𝑽
𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑〉
Panel Load 〈𝑃11〉 = 2 × 23.35 = 46.7𝐾𝑁/𝑚
B. Member 2 (I1 – K)
Panel Load 〈𝑃11〉 = 2 × 23 = 46.7KN/m

65.45KN/m
4.225m 4.225m
70
H l1 K
Support Moment
MH = M K = 0
65.45 ×3.337843
3.337MH + M11 〈3.37 + 3.113〉 + 3.113𝑀𝐾 = +
4
65.45 ×3.11325
4
12.9 MI1 = 608.02 + 493.6 = 85.39KN
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐻 +𝑀𝐼1 65.45 ×3.3372 0+85.39

MH –I1 = - = − = 48.4KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐼1 + 𝑀𝐾 65.45 × 3.1132 85.39+0

MI1 – K = − = − = 36.58𝐾𝑁𝑚
8 2 8 2
Shear Force
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐻 − 𝑀𝐼1 65.45 ×3.337 0−85.39

VHI1 = + = + = 83.6𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿 2 3.337
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐼1 − 𝑀𝐻 65.45 ×3.337 85.39−0

VI1H = + = + = 134.7𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿 2 3.337
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐼1 − 𝐾 65.45 ×3.113 85.39−0

VI1K = + = + = 129.3𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿 2 3.113
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐾 − 𝑀𝐼1 65.45 ×3.113 0−85.39

VKI1 = + = + = 74.4𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿 2 3.337
Design
Support: Maximum Moment @ Support MI = 85.39Nm
K=𝑀 6
⁄𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑑2 = 85.39 × 10 2 = 0.09 < 0.156
25 ×225 × 405
71
0.09
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − = 0.88
0.90
Z = la × d = 0..88 × 405 = 359.4mm
85.39 × 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄ = 0.95 ×460 ×359.4 = 543.7mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧
Provide 3Y16 – Top 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 605𝑚𝑚2 〉
Clause Span: Maximum Span Moment is at MH –I1 = 48.4KN

3.4.4.4 3Y16 –
bf = bw + 0.2〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.2〈0.7 × 3337〉 = 692.18mm
Bottom
48.4 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 25 ×692.18 × 4052 = 0.017 < 0.156 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
0.017
la = 0.5+√0.25 − = 0.98 > 0.95
0.9
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
𝑀 48.4 × 106
ASreq = 0.95𝑓 = = 2878.86mm2
𝑦 𝑍 0.95 ×460 ×384.75
Clause Shear Reinforcement

3.4.4.4 3Y12 –
Maximum shear force is at5 VI1K = 129.3KN
Bottom
Shear force V = 129.3KN
𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
𝑉 129.3 × 103
Shear stress = 𝑏 = = 1.42N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝐶𝑈
𝑤 𝑑 225 ×405
Inner Support
Clause At distance the from column face
3.4.5.2
0.225
Shear force V = (129.3 – 65.45 〈𝑑 + 〉 = 129.3 – 65.45 〈0.405 +
2
0.225
〉 = 95.4KN
2
72
𝑉 95.4 × 103
Shear stress v = = 225 × 405 = 1.05N/mm2
𝑏𝑑
100𝐴𝑠 1 400 1
Design Concrete Stress vc = 0.632 〈 〉3 〈 〉4
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑑
Clause
3.4.5.2 100 ×339 1 1
= 0.632 〈225 ×405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.45N/mm2
Satisfy condition 3
Clause 0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢

3.4.5.4
0.85 < 1.05 < 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑉− 𝑉𝐶 〉 225 〈1.05−0.45〉

= = = 0.57
𝑆𝑣 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑉 0.95 ×250
Clause
𝐴𝑆
Provide R10 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑣 = 0.628〉
3.4.5.5 𝑣
R10 @
End Support
250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Maximum shear force at support VHI1 = 83.6KN as links
𝑨𝑺
〈 𝒗=
𝑺𝒗
𝑉 83.6 × 103 0.92𝑁
Shear Stress V = 𝑏 = = < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟖〉
𝑣 𝑑 225 ×405 𝑚𝑚2
0.225
Shear force V =( 83.6 – 65.45 〈0.405 + 〉 = 49.7𝐾𝑁
2
49.7 × 103
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = =- 0.55N/mm2
𝑤 225 ×405
Clause
3.4.5.2
Design concrete stress vc
100𝐴𝑠 1 400 1 100 ×339 1 1

vc = 0.632 〈 〉3 〈 〉4 = 0.632 〈 〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.45N/mm2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 225 ×405
Satisfy Condition 2
0.5vC < v < vC + 0.4

73
Clause 0.225 < 0.55 < 0.85
3.4.5.4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑤 0.4 ×225
= = 0.95 ×250 = 0378
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝑆
Provide R8 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑣 = 402〉
𝑣
R8 @
250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Clause Load Estimation
as links
3.4.5.5
1. Member I 〈𝐴 − 𝐶〉
𝑨𝑺𝒗
〈 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
𝑺𝒗
Panel load 〈𝑃7 〉 17.93 KN/m
2. Member 2 〈𝐶 − 𝐸〉
Panel load 〈𝑃15 〉 21.92 KN/m
3. Member 3 〈𝐸 − 𝐺〉
Panel load 〈9〉 19.36 KN/m
Pane load 〈𝑃15 〉 21.48KN/m
From beam 16, point load on beam 10, member 〈𝐴 − 𝐶〉 = 87.35𝐾𝑁

87.35KN
74
1.375 58.9KN/m 59.6.KN/m
55.2KN/
m
4.225m 2.750m 3.7m
A C E G
Moment Analysis Using Principle of Three Moment Equation
MA = MG = 0 〈𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑〉
4.225MA + 2MC 〈4.225 + 2.75〉 + 2.75 𝑀𝐸
58.9 ×4.2253 4.2222 − 1.3752 55.2 ×2.7503

= + 87.35 × 1.375 ( )+
4 4.224 4
13.94MC + 2.75 ME = 1110.5 + 453.7 + 286.99
13.94MC + 2.75ME = 1851.2 ------------------------------ (1)
55.2.753 59.6 × 3.73

2.75MC + 2ME 〈2.75 + 3.7〉 + 3.7𝑀𝐺 = +
4 4
2.75MC + 12.9ME = 286.99+ 754.73
2.75MC + 12.9ME = 1041.72-------------------------------------------(2)
13.94MC + 2.75ME = 1851.2----------------------------------- (1)
2.75SMC + 12.9ME = 1041.72 ---------------------------------- (2)
Solve Equation (1) and (2) simultaneously, we have
MC = 121.9KNm, ME = 54.75KNm
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑃 𝑎𝑏 𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐶 58.9 × 4.2252 87.35 ×1.375 ×2.85 0+121.9

MA-C + − = + ⌈–
8 𝐿 2 8 4.225 2
131.425 + 40.1156 – 60.95 = 110.59KN
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐶 + 𝑀𝐸 55.2 ×2.7 52 121.9+54.75

MC-E = − = − = -36.14KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐸 + 𝑀𝐺 59.6 × 3.72 54.75−0

ME-G = − = − = 74.615𝐾𝑁𝑚
8 2 8 2
Shear
75
𝑊𝐿 𝑃𝑏 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑀𝑐 58.9 ×4.225 87.35 ×2.85 0−121.9
VAC = + + = + + = 154.5KN
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.225 4.225
𝑀𝐸 − 𝑀𝐶 54.75−121.9
VEC = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 75.9 + = 51.48𝐾𝑁
𝐿 2.75
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐸 55.2 × 2.75 121.9−54.75
VCE = + = + = 75.9 + 24.4 =
2 𝐿 2 2.75
100.3KN
𝑀𝐸 − 𝑀𝐶 54.75−121.9
VEC = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 75.9 + = 51.48𝐾𝑁
𝐿 2.75
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐸 − 𝑀𝐺 59.6 ×3.7 54.75− 0

VEG = + = + = 110.26 + 14.79 = 125.05KN
2 𝐿 2 3.7
𝑊𝐿 𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐸
VGE = + = 110.26 − 14.79 = 95.47𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
Design
Support: Maximum moment occur at Mc = 121.9KN\m
121.9 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25 ×225 × 4052 = 0.13 < 0.156
𝐶𝑈
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.13⁄0.9 = 0.82 < 0.95
Z = la × d = 0.82 × 405 = 334.1mm
121.9 ×106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = = 884.9𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×334.1
Provide 3Y20 – Top bar〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span: Maximum Moment is at span MA-C = 110.59KNm

3Y20 – Top
bf = bw + 0.2〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.2〈0.7 × 4225〉 = 816.5mm bar
110.59 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 25×816.5 × 4052 = 0.033 <0.156 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.33⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384 .7𝑚𝑚2
110.59 × 106
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.9 5𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 × 384.74 = 657.7mm2
𝑦
76
Provide 4Y16 – Bottom bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 804𝑚𝑚2 〉
Clause
Shear Reinforcement
3.4.4.4
Maximum Shear occur at VC.A = 181.7KN
4Y16 –
181.7 ×103 Bottom bar
Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = 1.9N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
𝑤 225 ×405 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟖𝟎𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
At distance the from the column face
Shear Force = 181.7 - 58.7 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 151.3KN
151.3 × 103
225 ×405
1 1
Design Concrete Stress vc = 0.632 〈100𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏 𝑑 〉3 〈0.98〉4
𝑤
1 1
= 0.632 〈100 × 804⁄225 × 405 〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.603N/mm2
Clause
3.4.5.2 Satisfy Conditions 3
0.4 + VC < V < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
1.003 < 1.6 < 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏𝑤 〈 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐶 〉 225 〈1.6−0.603〉

Clause = = = 0.9
𝑆𝑉 0.95 𝐹𝑦 𝑉 0.95 ×250
3.4.5.4
𝐴𝑆
Provide Y10 @ 125mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 1.047〉
𝑉
End Support

Y10 @
125mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Clause 0.225
Shear force V = 154.5 – 58.9 〈0.405 + 〉 = 124.4𝐾𝑁
2
3.4.5.5 as links
𝑨𝑺
124.4 × 103 〈 𝑽=
Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = 1.365N/mm2 𝑺𝑽
𝑤 225 ×405
𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕〉
1 1
Design Concrete Stress, vc = 0.632 〈100𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏 𝑑 〉3 〈0.98〉4 =
𝑤
77
0.603N/mm2
Clause
Satisfy Condition 3
3.4.5.2
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑣
1.083< 1.365< 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑣−𝑣𝑐 〉 225 〈1.365− 0.603〉

Clause = = = 0.72
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
3.4.5.4
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Provide Y10 @ 200mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.785〉
𝑉
Beam 11〈𝑻 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
Load Estimation
Y10 @
For all beam 18.75KN/m 200mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
Panel load 〈𝑃13 〉 22.13KN/m as links
Clause
3.4.5.5 Panel load 〈𝑃17 〉 15.8KN/m 𝑽
𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓〉
Total load 〈𝑈𝐷𝐿〉 = 56.68KN/m
Point load from beam 27 〈𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 13 − 14〉
47.72KN/m
2.4m
13〈𝑅1 〉 14 〈𝑅2 〉
𝑊𝑙 47.72 ×2.4
R1 = R2 = = 57.26𝐾𝑁
2 2
Point load from beam 17 = 57.26KN
57.26KN
1.225 56.68KN/m
4.225
a b
L N
78
Ultimate Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 56.68 × 4.2252 57.26 × 1.225 ×3

MMGX = + = + = 176.27KNm
8 𝐿 8 4.225
bf = bw + 0.2〈𝐿〉 = 225+ 0.2 × 4225 = 1070𝑚𝑚
176.27 ×106
K = 25×1070 ×4052 = 0.04 < 0.156, Single reinforced
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.04⁄0.9 = 0.95
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
𝑀 176.27 × 106
AS = 0.95 𝑓 𝑧 = = 1048.4mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×384 .75
Provide 4Y20 – Bottom bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1260𝑚𝑚2 〉
Provide 2Y10 hanger bars – Top ASprov = 157mm2
Shear
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 56.68 ×4.225 57.26 ×3
Clause VL = + = + =119.7365+ 40.65 = 160.3KN
2 𝐿 2 4.225
3.4.4.4 𝑊𝐿 𝑃𝑎 57.26 ×1.225

VN = + = 119.74 + = 136.34KN
2 𝐿 4.225
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear Décor VL = 160.3KN
160.3 × 103
Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = 1.75N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑤 225 ×405
Inner Support
At distance the from column face
Shear force = (60.3 − 56.68 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 124.5𝐾𝑁
124.5 × 103
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = 225 ×405
=1.36N/mm2
𝑤
79
1 1
Design Concrete Stress, vC = 0.632〈100𝐴𝑆 ⁄𝑏𝑑 〉3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉4
1
1
= 0.632 (100 × 1260⁄225 × 405〉 〈0.98〉4 = 0.7N/mm2
3
Clause Satisfy Condition 3
3.4.5.2 0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
1.1 < 1.36 < 4
Clause
Spacing
3.4.5.4
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑣− 𝑉𝑐〉 225 〈1.36 −0.7〉
= = 0.62
𝑣 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆
Provide R10@ 225mm as links 〈 𝑆 𝑣 = 0.698〉
𝑉
Load Estimation
1. Member 1 〈𝐶 − 𝐸〉
Clause For all beam 18.75KN/m

3.4.5.5 Panel load〈𝑃15 〉 21.92KN/m
Panel load 〈19〉 17.58KN/m
2. Member 2 〈𝐸 − 𝐺〉
3. Member 3 〈𝐺 − 𝐼〉
Panel load〈𝑃11 〉 23.35KN/m

80
4. Member 4 〈𝐼 − 𝐾〉
5. Member 5 〈𝐾 − 𝑀〉
Point load on member 3 & 5
53.32 ×3.225
R1 = R2 = 𝑊𝑙⁄2 = = 85.97KN
2
49.06KN/m
2.4m
13 14
〈𝑅1 〉 〈𝑅2 〉
𝑊𝑙 49.06 ×2.4
R1 = = = 58.87KN
2 2
58.8KN
85.97KN
58.25KN/m 59.68KN/m
2.725 36.33KN/m
3.95m
2.75 3.7m 4.45m 4.225m
C E G I K M

+ +
81
MC = MM = 0
58.25
2.75MC + 2ME〈2.75 + 3.7〉 + 3.7MG = (2. 753 + 3. 73 〉
4
10.9ME + 3.7M`G = 1040.48--------------------------------------- (1)
3.7ME +2MG〈3.7 + 4.45〉 + 4.45𝑀𝐼
58.25 × 3.73 59.68 ×4.453 85.97 ×2.225〈4.452 − 2.2252 〉

= + +
4 4 4.45
3.7ME + 16.3MG + 4.45MI = 2690.8 ------------------------------- (2)
4.45MG +MI 〈4.45 + 4.225〉 + 4.225MK
59.68 (4.453 + 4.2253 〉 85.97 ×2.225 〈4.452 − 2.2252 〉

= +
4 4.45
445MG + 17.35MI + 4.225MK = 3078.4--------------------------- (3)
4.225 MI + 2MK 〈4.225 + 3.95〉 + 3.95MM
59.68 ×4.2253 36.33 ×3.953 58.87 ×2.725〈3.952 − 2.7252 〉

= + +
4 4 3.95
4.45MI + 16.35MK = 2015.2 ------------------------------------ (4)
From equation (1)
ME = 95.5 – 0.339MG
From Equation 4
MK = 123.3 – 0.272MJ
Substitute ME and MK into equation 2 and 3
3.7〈95.5 − 0.339𝑀𝐺 〉 + 16.3𝑀𝐺 + 4.45𝑀𝐼 = 2690.8---------------- (6)
372.45 + 15.04MG + 4.45MI = 2690.8
15.04MG + 4.45MI = 2318.35 ------------------------------------------- (7)
4.45MG + 17.35MI + 4.225 〈123.3 − 0.272𝑀𝐼 〉 = 3078.4
4.45MG + 17.2MI
82
Solve equation 6 & 7 simultaneously. We have
MG = 117.90KNm, MI = 125.7KNm
ME = 95.5 – 0.339 〈117.13〉 = 55.79𝐾𝑁𝑚
MK = 123.3 – 0.272 〈125.7〉 = 89.1KNm
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙 2 𝑀𝐶 + 𝑀𝐸 58.25 ×2.752 0 +55.79

MC-E= 8
− 2
= 8
– 2
= 55.1 – 27.895 = 27.21KNm
𝑊𝑙 2 𝑀𝐸 + 𝑀𝐺 58.25 ×3.72 55.79 +117.0

ME – G = 8
− 2
= 8
– 2
= 99.68- 86.39 =
13.29KNm
𝑊𝑙 2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑀𝐺 + 𝑀𝐼 59.68 × 4.452 85.97 ×2.225 ×2.225 117.0 + 125.7

MG – I= 8
+ 𝐿
− 2
= 8
+ 4.45
− 2
147.7 + 95.64 – 121.35= 121.99KNm
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝑖 + 𝑀𝑘 59.68 × 4.2252 125.7 +89.1

MI-K= 8
− 2
= 8
− 2
= 133.16 – 107.4 =
25.76KNm
𝑊𝑙 2 𝑀𝐾 + 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑎𝑏 36.33 ×3.952 58.87 ×2.725 ×1.225 89.1+0

MK-M = 8
− 2
+ 2
= 8
+ 3.95
− 2
70.85 + 49.75- 44.55 = 76.1KNm
Shear
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐸 58.25 ×2.75 0−55.79
VC.E = + = + = 80.1 – 20.3 = 59.8KN
2 𝐿 2 2.75
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐸 − 𝑀𝐶
VE.C = + = 80.1 + 20.3 = 100.4𝐾𝑁
2 2
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐸 − 𝑀𝐺 58.25 ×3.7 55.79−117

VE-G = + = + =107.76 – 16. 54 = 91.22KN
2 𝐿 2 3.7
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐸 58.25 ×3.7 117−55.79

VG-E = + = + = 107.76 + 16.54 = 124.3KN
2 𝐿 2 3.7
83
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑀𝐺 − 𝑀𝐼 59.68 ×4.225 85.97 ×2.225
VG -I = + + = + + 125.7 – 117.0
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.45
= 126.1 + 42.99 + 1.96 = 171.1KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐼 − 𝑀𝐾 59.68 ×4.225 125.7 ×89.1

VI-K = + = + = 126.1 + 8.66 = 134.7KN
2 𝐿 2 4.225
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐾 − 𝑀𝐼
VK -I = + = 126.1 − 8.66 = 117.43𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐾 − 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑏 36.33 ×3.95 36.33 ×3.95 58.87 ×1.225

VK-M= + = + + + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 2 3.95
123.3−0
3.95
= 7175+ 18.25 + 31.22 = 121.2KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝑚 − 𝑀𝑘 36.33 ×3.95 58.87 ×2.725 0−123.3

VM -K = + + = + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 3.95 3.95
= 71.75+ 40.61 – 31.22 = 81.14KN
Design
Support: For support G and I maximum moment is 125.7KNM
125.7 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.14 < 0.156
𝑐𝑣 25 ×225 ×4052
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.14⁄0.9 = 0.81 < 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.81 X 405 = 328.1mm
125.7 × 107
ASreq = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 867.7mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×328.1
Provide 3 – Y20 Top bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉
Support E And K: Maximum moment is 89.1KNm

Clause
89.1 × 106
3.4.4.4 K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 < 0.156 = 25 ×225 × 4052 = 0.09 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.09⁄0.9 = 0.88 < 0.95

3 – Y16
Top bars
84
Z = la x d = 0.88 X 405 = 359.4mm 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
89.1 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 567.3mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460×359.4
Provide 3 – Y16 Top bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span
Span K – M & G – I, moment is 121.99KNm

Clause
bf = bw + 0.2〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.2〈0.7 × 4450〉 = 848mm
3.4.4.4 3 – Y16
121.99 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏 𝑑2 = = 0.04 < 0.156 Top bars
25 ×848 ×4052
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.04⁄0.9 = 0.953
Z = la × d = 0.95 X 405 = 384.75mm
121.99 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 725.5mm2
𝑦 0.95×460 ×384.75
Provide 4 Y16 Bottom bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 804𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span C – E, E – G,M And I – K; Maximum Moment is 27.21KNm

Clause
bf = bw + 0.2〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.2 〈0.7 × 2750〉 = 610mm
3.4.4.4
27.21 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 25 ×610 × 4052 = 0.011 < 0.156 4 Y16
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 Bottom
bars
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.011⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
𝟖𝟎𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Z = la × d = 0.95 X 405 = 384.75mm
27.21 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 16183mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460 ×384.75
0.15𝑏ℎ 0.15 ×225 ×450

ASmm = = = 151.8𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞
100 100
Provide 3Y12 Bottom bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 339𝑚𝑚2 〉
85
Shear Reinforcement 3Y12
Maximum Shear occur at = 171.1KN Bottom
171.1 × 103 bars

Shear Force v= 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = 225 ×405
= 1.8N/mm2 < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
𝑤
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 =
Inner Support
𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Shear Force 171.1 – 59.68 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 171.1 – 30.88 =
140.2KN
Clause 𝑉 140.2 × 103

Shear Stress V =𝑏𝑑 = = 1.53N/mm2
225 ×405
3.4.5.2
1 1
`100𝐴𝑆
Design concrete Stress, vC = 0.632〈 ⁄𝑏 𝑑〉3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉4
𝑤
1 1
vC = 0.632〈`100 × 804⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.603
Satisfy Condition 3
Clause
0.4 + < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
3.4.5.2
1.0 < 1.53 < 4
Clause
3.4.5.4 Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑣− 𝑣𝑐 〉 225 〈1.53−0.603〉
= = = 0.87
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆
Provide R12@ 175mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 0.897〉
𝑉
End Support

R12@
Shear force V = 81.14 – 36.33 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 81.14 - 18.8 = 175mm 𝒄⁄
𝒄
86
62.34KN as links
𝑨𝑺
Clause 〈 𝑽=
62.34 ×103 𝑺𝑽
Shear Stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = 0.68 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟕〉
3.4.5.5 225 405
1
Design Concrete Stress; vc = 0.632 〈100 × 804 ⁄225 × 405〉4
1
〈0.98〉4 = 0.603
Satisfy condition 2
0.5vC < v < 0.4 + vC
0.3 < 0.68 < 1.003
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑤 0.4 ×225
𝑆𝑉
= 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣
= 0.90 ×250
= 0.378
Clause
3.4.5.4 𝐴𝑆
Provide R8 @250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 402〉
𝑉
Beam 13 (L – Beam)
Load Estimation
A. Member 1〈𝐴 − 𝐶〉
Panel load〈𝑃14〉 22.25KN/m
R8
Total load 41.0KN/M @250mm
Clause 𝑐⁄ as links
B. Member 2〈𝐶 − 𝐹〉 𝑐
3.4.5.5 𝐴𝑆𝑉
〈 = 402〉
For all beam 18.75KN/m 𝑆𝑉

Total load 36.3KN/m
C. Member 3〈𝐹 − 𝐺′〉
Total load 59.68KN/m
87
D. Member 4〈𝐺′ − 𝐼〉
E. Member 5〈𝐼 − 𝐾〉 18.75KN/m

For all beam 17.58 KN/m
Total load
F. Member 6〈𝐾 − 𝑀〉
Total load 36.3KN/m
G. Member 7〈𝑀 − 𝑁〉
Total load 36.3KN/m
41.0KN/m 36.3KN/m 59.8KN/m 36.3KN/m

43.55KN/m
4.225 4.45 3.113 3.337 4.225 3.95 3.0

A C F G’ I K M NN
N
Moment Analysis Using Moment Distribution Method
Fixed End Moment
−𝑊𝐿2 40.0𝑋4.225
M1AC = = = -59.5KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
M1CA = = +59.5KNm
12
88
−𝑊𝐿2 −36.3𝑋4.452
M1CF = = = -59.9KNm
12 12
𝑊𝐿2
M1FC = = +59.9KNm
12
−𝑊𝐿2 −59.8𝑋3.1122
M1FG1 = = = -48.29KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
M1G1F = = +48.29KNm
12
−𝑊𝐿2 −59.8𝑋3.3372
M1GI = = = -55.49KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
MIG1 = = +55.49KNm
12
−𝑊𝐿2 −36.3𝑋4.2252
MIK = = = -53.9KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
MIKI = = +53.9KNm
12
−𝑊𝐿2 −36.3𝑋3.952
MIKM = = = -47.19KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
MIMk = = +47.19KNm
12
−𝑊𝐿2 −34.55𝑋32
MIMN = = = -25.91KNm
12 12
+𝑊𝐿2
MINM = = +25.91KNm
12
Stiffness
Joint C
KCA = 3𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.71EI
KCF = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.50 = 0.88EI
D.FAC =0.71E⁄0.71𝐸𝐼 + 0.88𝐸𝐼 = 0.46

D.FAC = 1-0.46 = 0.54
Joint F
KFC = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.50 = 0.88E
KFG1 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.112 = 1.28EI
D.FFC = 0.88EI⁄0.88𝐸𝐼 + 1.28𝐸𝐼 = 0.41

D.FFG1 = 1-0.46 = 0.59
Joint G
89
KG1F = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.112 = 1.28EI
KGI = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.337 = 1.28EI
DFGF = 1.28EI⁄1.28𝐸𝐼 + 1.19𝐸𝐼 = 0.52

DFGI = 1-0.52 = 0.48
Joint I
KIG = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.337 = 1.19EI
KIK = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.95EI
DFG1F = 1.19EI⁄1.19𝐸𝐼 + 0.95𝐸𝐼 = 0.56

DFIK = 1-0.56 = 0.44
Joint K
KKI = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄4.225 = 0.95EI
KKM = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.95 = 1.01EI
DFKI = 0.95EI⁄0.95𝐸𝐼 + 1.01𝐸𝐼 = 0.48

DFKM = 1-0.48 = 0.52
Joint M
KMK = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.95 = 1.01EI
KMN = 3𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄3 = 1.0EI
DFMK = 1.01EI⁄1.01𝐸𝐼 + 1.0𝐸𝐼 = 0.5

DFMK = 1-0.5 = 0.5
90
A
1
0
+59.5 -59..5
M
+0.005
+0.04
+0.16
-1.104
+0.028
+0.18
+61.23 +0.2 +59,5 0.46
F-G1 =
C
-61.21 +0.005 0.04 +0.03 -2.4 -59.9 0.54

-0.01 -0.08 -0.06 +0.18 -0.34 +0.22 -0.4 +1.29 0.22
2
2
2
MA-C = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8
+0.02 -0.66 0.11
Mc-F = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 -
+0.11
MG1-I = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8
-0.115
8
-0.04 0.02 -0.02 +0.09 -0.68 -0.8 -4.8 +59.9
0.41
F
+54.29 -0.16
-54.4 -0.05 +0.07 -0.04 +0.04 -0.23 -0.17 -0.98 -48.29 0.59
2
+0.3 0.17 +1.0 -1.17 +1.85 -6.85
2
𝑀𝐶 +𝑀𝐹
−𝑀𝐴 +𝑀𝐶
−𝑀G1 +𝑀𝐼
-0.59 -3.43
=
-0.02 +0.14 -0.12 -0.09 -0.49 0.34 +2.0 0.52
+50.4 +0.01 +0.07 +0.59 +3.7 +48.29
=
G
=
𝑤𝑙 2⁄ −𝑀𝐹+𝑀𝐺1 =
-50.9 +0.01 -0.01 +0.12 +0.06 +0.55 -0.65 -55.49 0.48
-0.14 -0.04 0.31 -0.06 +1.8 -0.45 +3.5
8
8
+0.16 -1.29 +1.8
36.3𝑥4.4𝟓2
8
+0.9
8
+55.74 -0.07 +0.06 +0.03 -0.28 +0.28 -0.08 -0.11 +55.49
-0.02
I
-0.89 0.58
41𝑥4.2𝟐𝟓2
–
-
-55.98 -0.04 -0.01 -0.003 -0.22 -0.07 -1.01 -0.69 -53.9 0.44
59.8𝑥3.3372
59.8𝑥3.1122
+0.04 +0.22 -0.01 +1.4 -0.09 -1.6
91
–
–
2
8
-0.04 +0.43 -0.51 -0.05 -0.35
+52.74 -0.009
Span Moment
-0.05
0𝑥61.23
+0.08 -0.11 -0.005 -0.19 -3.2 +53.9 0.48
+2.8
2
K
61.23+54.29
2
-52.68 -0.002 +0.09 -0.005 +0.03 +0.46 -0.38 -0.2 -3.45 0.52
+0.001 -0.06 0.44 +3 -5.4 -47.2
54.29+50.4
50.4+55.98
+0.23 -0.1 +1.5 -1.73
+36.49 -0.02 +0.04 -0.12 +0.05 -0.75 +0.87 +47.2
+0.002 -0.003 -10.7 0.5
M
-36.57 -10.7 -25.9 0.5
= 72.39
-0.02
-0.75
+0.05
+0.87
-0.12
+0.002
0
1
-25.9 +25.9
= 20.0KNm
N
= 83.2 – 53.19
FEM
Carry out
Carry out
Carry out
Final M
Carry out
Carry out
= 91.48 – 30.62 = 60.8KNm

Carry out
= 89.8 – 57.76= 32.4KNm

Balance joint
Balance joint
Balance joint
– 52.35 Balance joint

Balance joint
Balance joint
Balance joint
= 30.0KNm
2 −𝑀 +𝑀 36.3𝑥4.2252 55.98+52.74
MI-K = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 𝐼2 𝐾 = – = 80.9 – 54.4
8 2
= 26.5KNm
2 −𝑀𝐾 +𝑀𝑀 36.3𝑥3.952 52.74+36.57
MK-M = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 = – = 70.79 – 44.65
2 8 2
= 26.1KN
2 − 𝑀𝑀 +𝑀𝑁 34.55𝑥32 36.57+0

MMN = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 = – = 38.86 – 18.28
2 8 2
= 20.58KNm
Shear Force
𝑀𝐴 +𝑀𝐶 41𝑥4.225 0𝑥61.23
VA-C = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 86.6 – 14.49 = 72.1KN
𝐿 2 4.225
𝑀𝐶 +𝑀𝐴
Vc-A = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 86.6 + 14.49 =101.09KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐶 +𝑀𝐹 36.3𝑥4.45 61.23−54.29
VC-F = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 80.76 – 1.56
𝐿 2 4.45
=82.3KN
𝑀𝐹 +𝑀𝐶
VF-C = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 80.76 – 1.56 =79.2KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐹 +𝑀𝐺1 59.8𝑥3.112 54.29−50.4
VF-G1 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 93.0 + 1.25 = 91.7KN
𝐿 2 3.112
𝑀𝐺1 +𝑀𝐹
VG1-F = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 93.0 + 1.25 = 91.73KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐺1 +𝑀𝐼 59.8𝑥3.337 50.4−55.98
VG1-I = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 99.78 -1.67 = 98.1KN
𝐿 2 3.337
𝑀𝐼 +𝑀𝐺1
VI-G1 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 99.78 - 1.67 = 101.45KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐼 −𝑀𝐾 36.3𝑥4.225 55.98−52.74
VI-K = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 76.68 -0.76 = 77.6KN
𝐿 2 4.225
𝑀𝐾 −𝑀𝐼
VK-I = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 76.68 - 0.76 = 75.92KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐾 −𝑀𝑀 36.3𝑥3.95 52.7−36.57
VK-M = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 71.69 - 4.08 = 75.7KN
𝐿 2 3.95
𝑀𝑀 −𝑀𝐾
VM-L = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 71.69 - 4.08 = 67.6KN
𝐿
𝑀𝐾 −𝑀𝑀 36.3𝑥3.95 52.7−36.57
VK-M = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 71.69 - 4.0 =75.7KN
𝐿 2 3.95
𝑀𝑀 −𝑀𝑁 34.55𝑥3.0 36.57−0
VM-N = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 51.83 + 12.19
𝐿 2 3
=64.02KN
VMN = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 +𝑀𝑁 − 𝑀𝑀 = 51.83 + 12.19 = 39.64KN
92
Support: maximum moment at support = 61.23KNm
61.23𝑥106
K= 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑 2 = = 0.066
𝑐𝑢 25𝑥225𝑥4052
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.066⁄0.9 = 0.92
Z = la x d = 0.92 x 405 = 372.6mm

61.23𝑥106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥372.6 = 376.0mm2
Provide 3Y16 Top 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 402mm2 〉

Span
Span A-C; Moment = 60.8KNm
bf = bw + 0.1 〈0.7𝑙〉 = 225 + 0.1〈0.7𝑥4225〉 = 520.75mm
60.8𝑥106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25𝑥520.75𝑥4052 = 0.028
𝑐𝑢
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.028⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384.75mm

60.8𝑥106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥384.75 = 361.61mm2
3Y16 Top
Provide 3Y16 Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 402mm2 〉
Clause
Span
3.4.4.4
Maximum Moment = 32.1KNm 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝐦𝐦𝟐 〉
Bf = bw + 0.1 〈0.7𝑙〉 = 225 + 0.1〈0.7𝑥4450〉 = 536.5mm

32.1𝑥106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏 𝑑2 = 25𝑥536.5𝑥4052 = 0.014
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.014⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384.75mm

Clause 32.1𝑥106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥384.75 = 190.1mm2 33E 3Y16
3.4.4.4 Bottom
Provide 3Y16 Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 402mm2 〉 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 =
ASMIN =
0.15𝑏ℎ
=
0.15𝑥255𝑥450
= 151.87mm 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝐦𝐦𝟐 〉
100 100
Provide 2Y12 Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 226mm2 〉
93
Shear Reinforcement
For All Support ; Maximum shear force V =101.45KN
101.45𝑥103
Shear stress, v = 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 1.1KNm2 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢
255𝑥405
At distance d from column face

Shear force = 101.45 – 59.8 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 70.5KN
70.5𝑥10 3
Shear stress V = 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = 255𝑥405 = 0.77KN/mm2
Design concrete stress vc 3Y16

Vc = 0.632 〈100 𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏𝑑 〉1/3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉1/4 Bottom
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 =
= 0.632 〈100𝑋 402⁄225𝑥405〉1/3 〈0.98〉1/4 = 0.48N/mm2 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝐦𝐦𝟐 〉
Satisfy Condition 2
0.5VC < V < 0.4 + Vc
0.24VC < 0.77 < 0.88
Clause
3.4.5.2
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑤 0.4𝑥225
⁄𝑆 = 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 0.95𝑥250 = 0.378
𝑈
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Clause Provide R8@250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉
𝑣
3.4.5.4
Beam 14 〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴 〉
Load Estimation
(A) Member 1 〈𝐹 − 𝐺〉

R8@250m
94
Clause (B) Member 2 〈𝐹 − 𝐼〉 m 𝒄⁄𝒄 as
links
3.4.5.5
For all beam 18.75KN/m 〈𝑨𝑺𝑽⁄𝑺 =
𝒗
Panel load 〈𝑃20 〉 23.35KN/m 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
42.1KN/m
3.112m 3.337m
F G I
Moment analysis using three moment equation

42.1
3.112MF + 2MG〈 3.112 + 3.337〉 + 3.337𝑀𝐽 = 〈3.1123 + 3.3373 〉
4
MF = M I = 0
12.898MG1 = 708.3
MGI = 54.9KNM
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐹 + 𝑀𝐺1 42.1 ×3.1122 0+54.9

MF-G1 = − = − =50.6 + 27.45 = 78.05KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀𝐺1 + 𝑀𝐼 42.1 ×3.1122 54.9 +0

MG1-I = − = − = 58.6 – 27.45 = 31.15KNm
8 2 8 2
Shear
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐹 − 𝑀𝐺1 42.1 ×3.112 0−54.9

MF-G1 = − = − = 65.5 + 17.64 = 83.14KN
2 𝐿 2 3.112
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐺1 − 𝑀𝐹 42.1 ×3.112 54.9−0

MG1- F = − = − = 65.5 - 17.64 47.86KN
2 𝐿 2 3.112
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐺1 − 𝑀𝐼 42.1 ×3.337 54.9−0

MG1-I = − = − = 70.24 + 16.45
2 𝐿 2 3.112
=86.69KN
95
𝑊𝑙 𝑀𝐼 − 𝑀𝐺1
MI-G1 = − = 70.24 - 16.45 = 53.79KN
2 𝐿
Support: Moment at Support MG1 = 54.9KN
54.9 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.059 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 25 ×225× 4052
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.059⁄0.9 = 0.93 < 0.95
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.93 × 405 = 376.65𝑚𝑚
54.9 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 ×376.65
= 333.54mm2
𝑦
Provide 3Y12 Top bars (ASprov – 339mm2)
Span; Maximum span Moment MG1-1 = 31.15KNm
bf = bw + 0.1〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.1 〈0.7 × 3.337〉 = 458.59mm
31.15 ×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = = 0.011 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 ×458.59 ×4052
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.011⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.9 5

Clause
Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
3.4.4.4
31.15 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 185.26mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460×384.75
Provide 2 Y12 bottom bars〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 226𝑚𝑚2 〉 3Y12 Top

bars (ASprov
Shear Reinforcement – 339mm2)
Inner Support
Maximum shear force, V = 86.69KN
86.69 × 103 0.95𝑁

Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
𝑤 225× 405 𝑚𝑚2
96
1 1
Design Concrete Stress, vc = 0.632〈100𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏 𝑑 〉3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉4
𝑤 2 Y12
Clause
1 1
bottom
3.4.4.4 = 0.632 〈100 × 226⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.39N/mm2 bars
Satisfy condition 3 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
0.79 < 0.95 < 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏𝑤 (𝑉− 𝑉𝐶 〉 225 〈0.95−0.97〉

= = = 0.15
Clause 𝑆𝑉 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
3.4.5.2 𝐴𝑆
Provide R8@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 as links〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 0.335〉
𝑉
Clause Beam 15〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉

3.4.5.4
Load Estimation
(A) Member 1 〈8 − 12〉

For all beams 18.75KN/m
R8@
(B) Member 2 〈12 − 11〉 300mm𝒄⁄𝒄
as
Clause For all beams 18.75KN/m 𝑨𝑺
links〈 𝑺 𝑽 =
𝑽
3.4.5.5 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓〉
44.4KN/m
29.6KN/m
3.675m 5.0m
8 12 15

97
M8 = M15
29.6 44.4 × 53
3.675 M8 + 2 〈3.675 + 5〉 M12 + 5M15 = × 3.6793 +
4 4
17.35 M12= 1754.78
M12 = 101.14KNM
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀8 + 𝑀12 29.6 × 3.6752 0+101.14

M8-12 = − = − = 49.67 – 50.57
8 2 8 2
= -0.59KNm
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀12 + 𝑀15 44.4 × 52 101.14+0

M12-15 = − = − = 138.75 – 50.57
8 2 8 2
= 88.18KNm
Shear
𝑊𝑙 𝑀8 − 𝑀12 29.6 × 3.675 0+101.14
M8-12 = + = − = 54.39 – 27.52 =
2 𝐿 2 3.675
26.86KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑀12 − 𝑀8
M12-8 = + = 54.39 + 27.52 = 81.91𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 𝑀12 − 𝑀15 44.4 × 5 101.14−0

M12-15 = + = − = 111+20.23 = 131.23KN
2 𝐿 2 5
𝑊𝑙 𝑀15 − 𝑀12
M15-12 = + = 111 − 20.23 = 90.77𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
Design
Support 12; Moment = 101.14KNm
101.14 × 106
K = 25 ×25 ×4052 = 0.11 < 0.156
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.11⁄0.9 = 0.85 ≤ 0.95
z = la x d = 0.85 x 405 = 347.2mm
98
1.1.14 𝑥106
As = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = =666.6mm2
𝑦 0.95 𝑥 406 𝑥 347.2
Provide 4 Y16 bar Top (ASProv = 804mm2)
Span: For all span
Maximum Moment = 88.18kNm
bf = bw + 0.1 〈0.7L〉 = 225 + 0.1 〈0.7 X 5000〉 = 575mm
88.18 𝑋 106
K = 25 𝑋 575 𝑋 4052 = 0.04 < 0.156
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.04⁄0.9 = 0.953 > 0.95
Clause
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384.75mm
3.4.4.4 4 Y16 bar
88.18 𝑋 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑋 406 𝑋 384.75
= 524.5𝑚𝑚2 Top
𝑦
(ASProv =
804mm2)
Provide 3Yl6 Bottom bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum Shear Force V is 90.77KN
90.77 × 103
v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = 0.99 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
Clause 𝑤 225 ×405
3.4.4.4 At distance the from column face

3Yl6 Bottom
Shear Force V= 99.L 77- 44.4 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 76.79𝐾𝑁 bars
𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
76.79 × 103
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.84N/mm2
225 ×405
1 1
100𝐴𝑆
Design Concrete Stress vc = 0.632 〈 ⁄𝑏 𝑑〉3 〈400⁄𝑑𝑠〉4
𝑤
1 1
= 0.632 〈100 × 603⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.55N/mm2
99
Satisfy condition 2
0.5vC < v < 0.4 + vC

Clause
0.275 <0.84 < 0.95
3.4.5.2
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏 𝑤 0.4 ×225
𝑆𝑉
= 0.95 ×250 = 0.95×250
= 0.378
𝐴𝑆
Clause Provide R8@ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 402〉
𝑉
3.4.5.4
Load Estimation

Pane load〈𝑃7 〉 17.93KN/m
47.54KN/m
R8@ 250mm
Clause 𝒄⁄ as links
3.675 𝒄
𝑨𝑺
3.4.5. 5 〈 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
8 12 𝑺𝑽
M8 = M12= 0
𝑊𝑙2 47.54 ×3.6752

MMax = = = 80.1KNm
8 8
bf = bw + 0.2L = 225+ 0.2〈3675〉 = 960𝑚𝑚
80.1 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 ≤ 0.156 = = 0.02 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25×960 ×4052
Singly reinforced
la = 0.5+ √0.25 − 0.02⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 X 405 = 384.75mm

100
6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95×460×384.75 = 476.4𝑚𝑚2
80.1×10
𝑦
Provide 2716 + 1412 bottom bar < ASprov = 514𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2710 as hanger bars - Top < ASprov = 157𝑚𝑚2 >
Shear
101 47.54×0.675
𝑉12 = 𝑉8= = =87.4 KN
2 2
Shear Reinforcement
2716 + 1412
Shear force V = 87.4KN
Clause 87.4×102
bottom bar
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225×405 =0.95 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢
3.4.4.4
< ASprov =
1 1
Design Concrete Stress,vc = 0.632 〈100𝐴𝑆⁄𝑏 𝑑〉 〈400⁄𝑑𝑠〉 3 4
𝑤 514𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 0.632(100 × 514⁄225 × 405)1/3 (0.98)1/4 = 0.52N/𝑚𝑚2
Satisfy Condition 3
0.4 + 𝑣𝑐 < v < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
0.92 < 0.95 < 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑣− 𝑣𝑐 〉 225 〈0.95−0.52〉

= = = 0.407
𝑆𝑣 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆
Clause provide R8@ 225mm𝑐⁄𝑐 as link 〈 𝑆 𝑣 = 0.447〉
𝑉
3.4.5.4
Load estimation
A. Member 1〈8 − 12〉

101
Panel load 〈𝑃7 〉 17.93KN/m R8@225m
m𝒄⁄𝒄as link
Total load = 54.12KN/m 𝑨𝑺𝒗
Clause 〈 =
𝑺𝑽
3.4.5.5 B. Member 2 〈12 − 14〉

𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟕〉
Panel load 〈14〉 25.65KN/m
C. Member 3 〈14 − 15〉

54.12KN/M
44.4KN/M
3.675 2.775 2.225
8 12 14 15
M8= M15 = 0
54.12 ×3.6753 44.4 ×2.7753

3.675M8 + 2M12 〈3.675 + 2.775〉 + 2.775M14 = +
4 4
12.9M12 + 2.775M14 =908.74-------------------------------------------- (1)
44.4 〈2.7753 + 2.2253 〉

2.7754M12+ M14 〈2.775 + 2.225〉 + 2.225𝑀 = 4
2.775M12 + 10M14 = 359.47---------------------------------------------- (2)
M12 = 66.69KNm, M14 = 17.44KNm
Span Moment
102
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀8 + 𝑀12 54.12 × 3.6752 0+66.69
M8-12= − = − = 91.37–33.35
8 2 8 2
=58.03KNm
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀12 + 𝑀14 44.4 × 2.7752 66.69+17.44

M12-14 = − = − = 42.74 – 42.065 =
8 2 8 2
0.675KNm
𝑊𝑙2 𝑀14 + 𝑀15 44.4 × 2.7752 17.44+0

M14-15 = − = − = 27.47- 8.72=
8 2 8 2
18.75KNm
Shear
𝑊𝑙 𝑀8 − 𝑀12 54.12 × 3.675 0−66.69
M8.12 = − = − = 99.45- 18.15= 81.3KN
2 𝐿 2 3.675
𝑊𝑙 𝑀12 − 𝑀8
M12.8 = − = 99.45 + 18.15 = 117.6𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 𝑀12 − 𝑀14 44.4 × 3.675 0−66.69

M12.14 = − = − = 61.61 + 17.76=
2 𝐿 2 2.775
79.4KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑀14 − 𝑀12
M14.12 = − = 61.61 − 17.76 = 43.85𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 𝑀14 − 𝑀15 44.4 × 2.225 17.44−0

M14.15 = − = − = 49.395 +7.84 =
2 𝐿 2 2.225
57.24KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑀15 − 𝑀14
M15.14 = − = 49.395 − 7.84 = 41.56𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿
Support: Maximum moment = 66.69KNm
66.69 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.072 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 22 ×225×4052
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.072⁄0.9 0.91 ≤ 0.95
Z = La × d = 0.91 × 405 = 368.55mm
103
66.69×106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95×460×368.55 = 414.08𝑚𝑚2
𝑦
Provide 4Y12 top bars 〈 AS prov = 425𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span
Maximum moment at span = 58.03KNm
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 0.2 〈0.7L〉 = 225+0.2〈0.7 × 3675〉 = 739.5mm
58.03×106
K = 25×739.5×4052 = 0.019<0.56
Clause
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.019⁄0.9 = 0.97 > 0.95
3.4.4.4
4Y12 top
Z = La 𝑥 d = 0.95×405 = 384.75mm bars
〈 𝐀𝐒 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯 =
58.03×10 6 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95×460×384.75 = 345.14𝑚𝑚2
𝑦
Provide 2Y16 Bottom bars 〈 ASprov = 402𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Clause
Maximum shear force, V = 81.3KN 2Y16
3.4.4.4 Bottom
81.3 𝑥 103 bars
Shear stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏 𝑑 = = 0.89N/mm < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 〈 𝐀𝐒 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯 =
𝑤 225 𝑥 405
𝟒𝟎𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Shear force V = 81.3 – 54.12 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉
1⁄ 1⁄
Design Concrete Stress, vc = 0.632 〈100 𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑑〉 3 〈400/𝑑〉 4
1⁄ 1⁄
= 0.632 〈100 𝑥402/225 𝑥 405〉 3 〈0.98〉 4 = 0.477N/mm2
Satisfy condition 2
104
0. 0.238 < 0.58 < 0.4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 0.46 0.4𝑥 225
= 0.95𝑓10𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 250 = 0.378
𝑆𝑣 𝑦
Clause
𝐴𝑆𝑣
3.4.5.2 Provide R8@ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 = 0.402 〉
𝑆𝑣
Beam 18〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
Load estimation
Clause A. Member 1 〈1 − 5〉
3.4.5.4 For all beam 18.75KN/m
R8@
Panel load 〈𝑃2 〉 14.35KN/m 250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
as links
Total load 33.10KN/m 𝑨𝑺𝒗
〈 𝑺𝒗 =
Clause 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐 〉
B. Member 2 〈8 − 5〉
3.4.5.5
Point load on member (1) from beam 2 = 126.07KN
Point load on member (2) from beam 6 = 126.07KN
126.07KN 2.72M 126.07KN

2.225M
33.10KN
4.95 4.95
1 5 8
105
M1 = M8 = 0
126.1 2.225 〈4.952 − 2.2252 〉
4.95M1 + 2M5 〈4.95 + 4.95 〉 + +
4.95
126.1 ×2.725〈4.952 – 2.7252 〉
4.95
19.8M5 = 2007.3 + 1108.23 + 1185.45
M5 = 430.98⁄19.8 = 217.27𝐾𝑁𝑚
Span Moment
𝑊𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑀1 + 𝑀5 33.10×4.952 126.1 ×2.225×2.725 0+217.22

M1-5 = + - = + −
8 𝐿 2 8 4.95 2
=147.23KNm
𝑊𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝑀5 + 𝑀8 33.10×4.952 126.1 ×2.725 ×2.225 217.22+0

M5-8 = + - = + − =
8 𝐿 2 8 4.95 2
147.23KNm
Shear Force
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑀1 − 𝑀5 33.10×4.95 126.1 ×2.725 0 − 217.22
M1.5 = + + = + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.95 4.95
81.92 + 69.42 – 43.88 = 107.1KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑀5 − 𝑀1 33.10×4.95 126.1 ×2.725 217.22−0

M5.1 = + + = + +
2 𝐿 𝐿 2 4.95 4.95
81.92 + 56.68 + 43.98 = 182.48KN
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑀5 − 𝑀8
M5.8 = + + = 81.92 + 56.68 + 43.98 = 182.48𝐾𝑁
2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 𝑃𝑏 𝑀8 − 𝑀5
M8.5 = + + = 81.92 + 69.42 − 43.88 = 107.1KN
2 𝐿 𝐿
Support: Moment = 217.22KNm
217.22 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄ = = 0.23 > 0.156
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 25 ×225 ×4052
106
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.156⁄0.9 = 0.78
Z = la × d = 0.78 × 405 = 314.6mm
217.22 ×106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460 ×314.6 = 1580.0mm2
𝑦
Provide 3Y25 + 1T16Top bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1671𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span: Moment = 147.23KNm
bf = bw + 0.1〈0.7𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.1〈0.7 × 4950〉 = 571.5mm
147.23 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 25×571.5 ×4052
= 0.06 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 3Y25 +
1T16Top
bars
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.06⁄0.90 = 0.95
Clause 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4 Z = la × d = 0.915X 405 = 372.6mm
147.25 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝐹 𝑧 = = 904.2mm2
𝑦 0.95 ×460×372.68
Provide 3Y20 Bottom bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 943𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
3Y20
Maximum Shear force V = 218.76KN Bottom
bars
182.48 × 103 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 =
Clause Shear Stress v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225×405
= 20N/mm2< 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
𝟗𝟒𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4
0.225
Shear Force, V = 2182.48 – 33.12 〈0.405 + 〉
2
165.35 × 103
Shear stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225 ×405
= 1.8𝑁/mm2
400𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉13 〈400 〉14

Design Concrete Stress vc = 0.632 〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑
107
1 1
= 0.632 〈100 × 9.3⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.64𝑁/mm2
Clause
Satisfy Condition 3
3.4.5.2
0.4 + vc < v < 0.8√𝐹𝑐𝑢
1.1 < 1.8 < 4
Clause Spacing
3.4.5.4 𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏𝑤 〈𝑉− 𝑉𝐶 〉 225 〈2.1−0.7〉

𝑆𝑉
= 0.95𝐹𝑌𝑉
= 0.95 ×250
= 1.326
𝐴𝑆
Provide R12 @ 150mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑆 𝑉 = 1.507〉
𝑉

Clause R12 @
Panel load〈𝑃9 〉 19.47KN /m 150mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
3.4.5.5
as links
𝑨𝑺
Total load = 55.66KN /m 〈 𝑽=
𝑺𝑽
𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟕〉
55.66KN/m
3.675m
8 12
𝑊𝐿2 55.66 ×3.6752

Mmax = = = 93.97KNm
8 8
bf = bw + 0.2(0.7L) = 225 + 0.2(0.7 ×3675) = 592.5mm
93.97 ×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏 𝑑2 = = 0.039 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 ×592.5 ×4052
108
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.039⁄0.90 = 0.954 > 0.95
∴ Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
93.97 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460×384.75
= 558.9 mm2
𝑦
Provide 3Y16 Bottom bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉
Provide 2Y10 as hangers bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 157𝑚𝑚2 〉

Clause
3.4.4.4 Shear Force
𝑊𝑙 55.66 ×3.675 3Y16
V8 = V12 = = = 102.28𝐾𝑁
2 2
Bottom bar
Shear Reinforcement
Shear Force V = 102.28KN
𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
102.28 ×103
Shears Stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 1.12N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
Shear Force, V = 102.28 – 55.66〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 73.48KN
𝑉𝑆⁄ 73.48 × 103

Shear Stress, v = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.81N/mm2
225 ×405
100𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉13 〈400 〉14

Design Concrete Stress vC = 0.63〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑
1 1
= 0.637 〈100 × 603⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.55N/mm2
Satisfy conditions 2
Clause
0.5vc < v < 0.4 + vC
3.4.5.2
0.275 < 0.81 < 0.95
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑤 0.4 ×225

⁄𝑆 = = = 0.378
𝑉 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆
𝑉
109
Clause Beam 20 〈𝑳 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
3.4.5.4 Load Estimation
Panel load 16.99KN/m
Clause
35.74KN/m
3.4.5.5
3.225
15 16
𝑊𝑙2 35.74 ×3.2252
MMax = = = 46.46KNm
8 8
𝑊𝐿 35.74 ×3.225
Shear, V15 = V16 = = = 57.63KN
2 2
bf = bw + 0.2L = (225 + 0.2 × 3225) = 870mm
46.46× 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = = 0.013 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 ×870×4052
la = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.013⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95
∴ Z = la × 𝑑 = 0.95 × 405 = 384.75𝑚𝑚
40.46 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 ×460×384.75
= 276.3 mm2
𝑦
Provide 3Y12 Bottom bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 339𝑚𝑚2 〉
Provide 2Y10 hangers bar – Top 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 157𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Clause
Shear Force V = 57.63KN
3.4.4.4
57.63×103
Shears Stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.83N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 ×405
110
Shear Force, V = 57.63 – 35.75〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 39.13KN 3Y12

Bottom bar
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐 =
𝑉𝑆⁄ 39.13× 103
Shear Stress, v = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.43N/mm2 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
225 ×405
100𝐴𝑆⁄ 〉13 〈400 〉14

Design Concrete Stress vC = 0.63〈 𝑏𝑑 ⁄𝑑
1 1
= 0.637 〈100 ×⁄225 × 405〉3 〈0.98〉4 = 0.45N/mm2
Satisfy conditions 2
Clause 0.5vc < v < 0.4 + vC
3.4.5.2 0.275 < 0.81 < 0.95
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑉 0.4𝑏𝑣 0.4 ×225

⁄𝑆 = = = 0.378
𝑉 0.95𝐹𝑦𝑣 0.95 ×250
𝐴𝑆
𝑉
Clause Beam 21 〈𝐓 − 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴〉
3.4.5.4 Load Estimation
A. Member 1 〈1 − 3〉
For all beam 18. 75 KN/m
Panel load 〈𝑝1 〉 11. 72 KN/m
Panel load 〈𝑝5 〉 17. 57 KN/m R8 @
Total = 48.04 KN/m 250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
as links
𝑨𝑺
B. Member 2 〈3 − 5〉 〈 𝑽=
𝑺
Clause 𝑽
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
3.4.5.5 For all beam 18. 75 KN/m
Panel Load 〈𝑝2 〉 14. 35 KN/m
Panel Load 〈𝑝5 〉 17. 57 KN/m
Total Load 50.67 KN/m
111
C. Member 3 〈5 − 8〉
For all bean 18. 75 KN /m
Total = 50. 67 KN/m
D. Member 4 〈8 − 11〉
Total load = 56. 69 KN/m
E. Member 5 〈11 − 14〉
M1 = M14 = 0
48 .04 𝑥 2.2253 50.67 ×2.7253

2.225M1+2M3 〈2.225 + 2.725〉 + 2.725 𝑀5 = +
4 4
9.9 M3 + 2.725 M5 = 388.62 ………….. (1)
2.725 M3 + 2 M5 〈2.725 + 4.95〉 + 4.95 M8

112
50.67 126.1 ×2.725
= (2. 7253 + 4. 95126.17KN
3〉
+ 〈4. 952 – 2. 7252 〉
4 4.95
2.7257m 95.47KN/m
56.69KN/m
2.48.04KN/m
725 M3 + 15. 50.67KN/m
35 M5 + 4. 95 M8 = 2978. 18 ……………. (2)
36.33KN/m
m
4.2.225
95 M5 + 2 M 8〈4.95 + 3.225〉4.95
2.725
+ 3.225 M11 3.225 3.225
1 50.67 𝑥 4.9533 56.69 ×3.22535 2.725 14

= + + 126. 1 x 〈4.8 952 − 2. 725
11 2 〉
4 4 4.95
4.95 M5 + 16. 35 M8 + 3. 225 M11 = 1536.4 + 475.37 + 1185.45
4.95 M5 + 16. 35 M8 + 3.225 M11 = 3197.23 ………… (3)
3.225 M8 + 2 M11 〈3.225 + 3.225〉 + 3.225 M14
56.69 ×3.2253 36.33 ×3.2253 3.2252 – 0.452

= + + 95.47 x 0.45〈 )
4 4 3.225
3.25 M8 + 12.9M11 = 915. 87 …………. (4)
From equation (1)
M3 = 39.25 – 0.2752 M5
From equation (4)
M11 = 70.99 – 0.2519 M8
Put the values of M3, we have
2.725 〈39.25 − 0. 2752 M5 〉 + 15.35 M5 + 4. 95 M8 = 2978
106. 95 – 0.7499 M5 + 15.35 M5 + 4.95 M8 = 2978.18
14.6 M5 + 4. 95 M8 = 2871. 23 ………. (5)
Put the value of M11 into equation 3, we have
4.95 M5 + 16.35 M8 + 3.225 〈70.99 − 0.2519 M8 〉 = 3197
4.95M5 + 15.54 M8 = 2968.28 ………… 6
Solve equation 5 & 6 simultaneously, we have
M5 = 147. 86 KNm
113
M8 = 143. 91 KNm
M3 = 39.25 – 0.2752 〈147.86〉 = −1.47KNm
M11 = 70. 99 – 0.2519 〈143.91〉 = 34.73KNm
Span Moment
𝑤𝑙2 M1 +M3 48.04 ×2.2252 1.44+0

M1-3 = + = - 〈 〉 = 29.72 + 0.72 =
8 2 8 2
30.44KNm
𝑤𝑙2 M3 +M5 50.67 × 2.7252 − 1.44+14786

M3-5 = - = - 〈 〉 = 47.03 + 73.21
8 2 8 2
= 12 8.24KNm
𝑤𝑙2 M5 +M8 𝑝𝑎𝑏 50.67 × 4.952 126.1 ×2.725 ×2.225

M5- 8 = - + = + -
8 2 𝐿 8 4.95
147.86+143.91
2
= 155.19 + 154. 45 – 145.88 = 163.75 KNm
𝑤𝑙2 M8 +M11 56.69 ×3.2252 143.91+34.73

M8-11= - = – = 73.7 – 89.32
8 2 8 2
= - 15. 62 KN
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 M11 +M14 36.33 × 3.2252 95.47 ×0.45 ×2.775 34.73+0
M11-14 = + - = + –
8 𝐿 2 8 3.225 2
= 47. 23 + 36. 96 – 17. 37 = 66.82 KNm
Shear
𝑤𝑙 M1 −M3 48.04 ×2.225 〈− 1.44〉

V1.3 = + = +〈0 − 〉 = 53.44 + 0.64 = 54.09KN
2 𝑙 2 2.225
𝑤𝑙 M3 −M1
V3.1 = + = 53.14 – 0. 64 = 52.5KN
2 𝑙
𝑤𝑙⁄ + M3 −M5 50.67 ×2.725 1.44−147.86

V3.5 = 2 =. +〈 〉 = 69.04+54.78 =
𝑙 2 2.725
14.25KN
114
𝑤𝑙 M5 −M3
V5.3 = + = 69.04 + 54.8 = 123.84KN
2 𝑙
𝑤𝑙 Pb M5 −M8 50.67 ×4.95+ 26.1 ×2.225 147.86−143.91

V5.8 = + + = + +
2 𝑙 𝑙 2 4.95 4.95
= 125.4 + 56.68 + 0. 7979 = 182.87KN
𝑤𝑙 M8 −M5 50.67 ×4.95 126.1 ×2.725 143.91−147.86

V8.5 = + Pa⁄L + = + +〈 〉 =
2 L 2 4.95 2
125.4 + 69. 42 – 0.79 = 194.03KN
𝑤𝑙 M8 −M11 56.69 ×3.225 143.91−34.73

V8.11 = + = + = 91.41 +35.85 =
2 L 2 3.225
125.26KN
𝑤𝑙 M1 −M8
V11.8 = + = 91. 41 – 33. 85 = 57.57KN
2 L
w𝑙 Pb M11 − M14 36.33 ×3.225 95.47 ×2.775 34.73−0

V11.14 = + + = + +
2 L L 2 3.225 3.225
= 58. 58 + 82 15 + 10. 77 = 151.5KN
wl Pa M14 −M11 36.33 ×3.225 95.47 ×0.45 0 –34.73

V14.11 = + + = + +
2 L L 2 3.225 3.225
= 58.58 + 13.32 – 10 .77 = 61.13KN
Support; maximum moment = 147.86 KNm
147.86 × 106
K = M⁄f 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25 × 225 ×4052 = 0.15
cu
1a = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.150⁄0.9 = 0.77
Z = 1a × d = 0.77 × 405 = 314. 6mm
147.86 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95×460×314.6 = 1075.5mm2
𝑦
Provide 4Y20 - Top(ASProv =1260mm2)
Span; Maximum moment at span = 163.75KNm
115
bf = bw + 0.2 〈0.71〉 = 225 + 0.2 〈0.7 𝑥 4950〉 = 918𝑚𝑚
163.75 × 10 6
K = M⁄f 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25 × 918 × 4052 = 0.043
cu
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.043⁄0.9 = 0.77
Clause
Z = la × d = 380. 7mm
3.4.4.4
163.75 × 106
As = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 984.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 0.95 × 460 × 380.7
4Y20 -
2
Provide 4Y20 - Top (ASprov = 1260mm ) TOP(ASProv
=1260mm2)
Shear Reinforcement
For all support: maximum shears = 194.03KN
194.03 × 103
Shear stress v = 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 2.12 N /𝑚𝑚2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 × 405

Clause
Shear force = 194.0 3 – 50. 67 〈0.405 − 0.225⁄2〉 = 167. 8KN
3.4.4.4
167.8 × 103
Shear stress, v = V⁄bd = = 1.84 N/mm2 < 0. 8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 × 405
4Y20 - Top
𝐴
Design concrete stress; vc = 0.632 〈100 𝑆⁄𝑏𝑑〉 1⁄3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉 1⁄4 (ASprov =
1260mm2)
vc = 0.632 〈100 × 1260⁄225 × 405〉 1⁄3 〈0.98〉 1⁄4 = 0.7N/mm2
Satisfy condition 3
0.5vc < v < 0.4 + vc
0.159 < 0.54 < 0.79

Clause
3.4.5.2
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 225∁𝑣 −𝑣𝑐 ) 225 〈1.84−0.7〉

⁄𝑆 = = = 1.08
𝑣 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 𝑥 250
116
𝐴𝑆𝑣
Provide R 12 @ 200mm𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 1.13〉
𝑣
Clause
3.4.5.4 Beam 22 ( T - Beam)
Load estimation
A. Member 1 〈1 − 4〉
For all beam 18.75kN/m
Panel load 〈𝑃4〉 14.35kN/m
Total load 50.67kN/m
B. Member 2 〈4 − 6〉
Panel load 〈𝑃4〉 14.35kN/m R 12 @
Clause
Panel load 〈𝑃5〉 17.57kN/m 200mm𝒄⁄𝒄
3.4.5.5 as links
〈𝑨𝑺𝒗⁄𝑺 =
𝒗
C. Member 3 〈6 − 7〉 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑〉
Panel load 〈𝑃5〉 17,57kN/m
D. Member 4 〈7 − 8〉
E. Member 5 〈8 − 11〉
F. Member 6 〈11 − 14〉
117
50.67KN/m 53.32KN/m
36.32K/m 48.04KN/m
2.725
1 4 2.725 6 2.225 2.225 8 3.225
7 11 3.22514
Moment Analysis Using moment distribution method

Fixed End Moment
2 2
𝑀1 1.4 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = - 〈50.67 𝑥 2.725 ⁄12〉 = - 31.35kNm
2
𝑀1 4.1 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12= - = + 31.35kNm
2 50.67𝑥2.7252
𝑀1 4.6 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = - = -31.35kNm
12
2
𝑀1 6.4 = + 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = +31.35kNm
2 36.32𝑥2.2252
𝑀1 6.7 = + 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 – = -14.98kNm
12
2
𝑀1 7.6 = + 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = +14.98kNm
2 48.04𝑥2.2252
𝑀1 7.8 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = -19.82kNm
12
2
𝑀1 8.7 = + 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = +19.82kNm
2 53.32𝑥3.2252
𝑀1 8.11 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = = - 46.21kNm
12
2
𝑀1 11.8 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = + 46.21kNm
2 53.32𝑥3.2252
𝑀1 8.11 = - 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = = - 46.21kNm
12
2
𝑀1 14.11 = + 𝑊𝑙 ⁄12 = + 46.21kNm
Stiffness
Joint 4
K4.1 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄2.725 = 1.100EI
K4.6 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.725 = 1.46EI

118
DF4.1 = 1.1𝐸𝐼⁄1.1𝐸𝐼 + 1.46𝐸𝐼 = 0.429
DF4.6 = 1 - 0.429 = 0.571
Joint 6
K6.4 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.725 = 1.46EI
K6.7 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.725 = 1.79EI
DF4.1 = 1.46𝐸𝐼⁄1.46𝐸𝐼 + 1.79𝐸𝐼 = 0.449

DF4.6 = 1 - 0.449 = 0.551
Joint 7
K7.6 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.225 = 1.46EI
K7.8 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.225 = 1.46EI
DF7.6 = 1.46𝐸𝐼⁄1.46𝐸𝐼 + 1.46𝐸𝐼 = 0.5

DF7.8 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5
Joint 8
K8.7 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄2.225 = 1.46EI
K8.11 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.225 = 1.46EI
DF8.7 = 1.46𝐸𝐼⁄1.46𝐸𝐼 + 1.24𝐸𝐼 = 0.54

DF7.8 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.46
Joint 11
K11.8 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄3.225 = 1.24EI
K11.14 = 4𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄3.225 = 0.93EI
DF11.8 = 1.24𝐸𝐼⁄1.24𝐸𝐼 + 0.93𝐸𝐼 = 0.571

DF11.14 = 1 - 0.571 = 0.429
119
1
1
-31.35
+31.35 0.429
+31.35 0 0
-31.35 0.57
1
+0.07
+0.03
+0.27
0.44
-7.34
+31.35
6
0.01 -14.98 9
0.55
+0.03 -0.05 -0.09 0.17 +0.33 1.2 -9.5
1
-0.005 +0.01 +0.03 -0.05 -0.09 +0.33 -4.8 +2.4 0.5
+0.17 +14.98
7
-0.05 0.17 -19.81 0.5
0.07 +0.03 -0.09 +0.33 7.2 +2.4
+0.03 -0.05 -0.09 +0.32 1.2 +14.3

+0.07 0.17 +19.81 0.54
8
+12.3 -46.21 0.46
120
-0.08
+0.02
+0.28
+46.21
0.571
11
0 0
-46.21 0.429
-46.21 1
-46.21
14
FEM
Carry over
Carry over
Carry over
Carry over
Balance joint
Balance joint
Balance joint
Balance joint
-0.005
-11.4 -0.005
+34.5 -0.005
Balance joint
-0.005 -0.005
+31.35
-46.21
0
-24.2
-34.2
-31.35
-+46.21
+23.6
+11.4
0
Final moment
Support Moment
M1 = 0 , M4 = 31.35kNm, M6 = 24.2kNm, M6 = 11.4KNm,
M8 = 34.5kNm , M11 = 46.21kNm , M14 = 0
Span Moment
2 𝑀1 +𝑀4 50.67×2.7252 0+31.35
M1-4 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - = 47.03 -15.67 = 31.36kMm
2 8 2
2 𝑀4 +𝑀6 50.67×2.7252 31.35+24.2
M4-6 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - = 47.03- 27.7 = 19.33KNm
2 8 2
2 𝑀6 +𝑀7 36.32×2.2252 24.2+11.4

M6-7 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - = 22.48 - 17.65 = 4.83KNm
2 8 2
2 𝑀7 +𝑀8 40.04×2.2252 11.4+34.5
M7-8 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - =24.7 - 22.95 = 1.75KNm
2 8 2
2 𝑀8 +𝑀11 53.32×3.2252 34.5+46.21
M8-11 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - =69.3–40.34 = 28.9KNm
2 8 2
2 𝑀11 +𝑀14 53.32×3.2252 46.21+0
M11-14 = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄8 - = - = 69.3 – 23.1 = 46.2KNm
2 8 2
Shear Force
𝑀1 +𝑀4 50.67×2.7252 0.31.35
V1.4 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = = = 69.03 - 11.5 = 57.53KN
𝐿 2 2.725
𝑀4 +𝑀1
V4.1 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 69.03+11.5 = 80.53KN
𝐿
𝑀4 +𝑀6 50.67×2.7252 31.35−24.2
V4.6 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 69.03 + 2.6 = 71.6KN
𝐿 2 2.725
𝑀6 +𝑀4
V6.4 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 69.03 + 2.6 = 66.43KN
𝐿
𝑀6 +𝑀7 36.32×2.225 24.2−11.4
V6.7 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 40.4 + 5.75 = 46.2KN
𝐿 2 2.225
𝑀 −𝑀
V7.6 =𝑤𝑙⁄2 + 7 2 6 = 40.4 -5.75 = 34.65KN
𝑀7 − 𝑀6 48.04 𝑥 2.225 11.4−34.5
V7.8 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 53.4 -10.38 = 43.02KN
2 2 2.225
121
𝑀8 −𝑀7
V8.7 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 53.4 + 10.38 = 63.78KN
2
𝑀8 − 𝑀11 53.32 𝑥 3.225 34.5−46.21
V8.11 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 85.9 -3.6 =81.9KN
2 2 3.225
𝑀11 − 𝑀8
V11.8 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 85.9 + 3.6 = 89.5KN
2
𝑀11 − 𝑀14 53.32 𝑥 3.225 46.21−0
V11.14 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = + = 85.9 -14.3 = 100.2KN
2 2 3.225
𝑀14 − 𝑀11
V14.11 = 𝑤𝑙⁄2 + = 85.9 - 14.3 = 71.6KN
2
Support: maximum moment at support = 46.21KNm
46.21 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝐹 𝑏𝑑2 = 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 4052 = 0.05
𝐶𝑈
La = 0.5 +√0.25 − 0.05⁄0.9 = 0.94
Z = la x d = 0.94x405 =380.7mm
46.25𝑥10 6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓𝑦𝑧 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥380.7 = 277.7mm2
Provide 3Y12 top 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 339𝑚𝑚2 〉

Span; For all spans: maximum moment = 46.2knm
Bf = bw + 0.2〈0.76〉 =225+0.2〈0.7𝑥3225〉 =676.5mm
𝑀 46.2𝑥102
K= 𝑓 = 25𝑥676.5𝑥4052 = 0.016
𝑐𝑢 𝑏+𝑑2
La = 0.5+√0.25 − 0.016⁄0.9 = 0.94
Z = la x d = 0.95x405 = 384.75mm
46.2𝑥106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥384.75 = 274.7mm2
𝑦
Provide 3Y12 bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 339𝑚𝑚2 〉

Shear Reinforcement
Inner support: maximum shear force V=100.2kn
100.2𝑥103
Shear stress, v= 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225𝑥405 = 1.09N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢

Shear stress, v=100.2-53.32〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 72.6KN
122
72.6𝑥103
Shear stress, v= 𝑣⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225𝑥405 = 0.79N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress, vc

vc = 0.632〈100 𝐴𝑠⁄𝑏𝑑 〉1/3 〈400⁄𝑑 〉1/4
= 0.632〈100 339⁄225𝑥405〉1/3 〈0.98〉1/4 = 0.45n/mm2
Clause Satisfy Condition 2

3Y12 top
3.4.4.4 0,5vc < v < 0.4 + vc 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
0.225 < 0.79 < 0.85 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣⁄ 0.4𝑏𝑣⁄ 0.4𝑥225
𝑠𝑣 = 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 0.95𝑥250 = 0.378
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Provide R8@250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉
𝑉
End Support
Maximum shear force V = 71.6KN
At distance d from column face 3Y12
bottom
shear force = 71.6 x 53.32〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 44.0KN 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
Clause
44.0𝑥103 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4 Shear stress, v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.48N/mm2
225𝑥405
Design concrete shear stress, vc
vc = 0.632〈100 339⁄225𝑥405〉1/3 〈0.98〉1/4 = 0.45N/mm2

Satisfy Condition 2
0,5vc < v < 0.4 + vc
0.225 < 0.48 < 0.85
Clause Spacing
3.4.5.2 𝐴𝑆𝑉⁄ 0.4𝑥225
0.4𝑏𝑤⁄
𝑆𝑉 = 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 0.95𝑥250 = 0.378
𝐴𝑆𝑉
Provide R8@250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉
𝑉
123
Clause
3.4.5.4
Beam 23 (L - Beam)
Load Estimation
A. Member 1 〈14 − 15〉 R8@250m

m 𝒄⁄𝒄 as
links
Clause B. Member (2) 〈15 − 16 〉 〈𝑨𝑺𝑽⁄𝑺 =
𝑽
3.4.5.5 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
Panel load 〈p20 〉 16. 99 KN/m
35. 74 KN/m
18. 75 KN/m
Clause
3.4.5.2 2.225 3.225
16
14 15
Clause M14 = M16 = 0
3.4.5.4 18.75 × 2.2253

2.225 M14 + 2 M15 〈2.225 + 3.225〉 + 3.225 M16 = +
4
35.74 × 3.2253
4
10.9 M15 = 351.3, M15 = 32. 23KNm R8@250m

m 𝒄⁄𝒄 as
Span Moment links
Clause 〈𝑨𝑺𝑽⁄𝑺 =
𝑤𝑙2 M14 + 𝑀15 18.75 × 2.2252 0+32.23 𝑽
3.4.5.5 M14 -15 = − = – = - 4.5 KNm 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
8 2 8 2
𝑤𝑙2 𝑀15 + 𝑀16 35.7 × 3.2252 32.23+0

M15-16 = - = – = 30. 29 KNm
8 2 8 2
Shear Force
wl M14− M15 18.75 × 2.225 0−32.23

V14-15 = + = + 〈 〉 = 20. 85 - 14.48
2 4 2 2.225
124
= 6. 36 KN
wl M15− M14
V15-14 = + = 20. 85 + 14. 48 = 35. 3 KN
2 L
wl M15 −M16 35.74 × 3.225 32.23−0

V15-16 = + = + = 57.63 + 9.99 = 67. 6 KN
2 L 2 3.225
WL M16 −M15
V16-15 = + = 57. 63 – 9.99 = 47.6 KN
2 L
Support: maximum moment = 32. 23 KNm
32.23 × 106
K = M⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑2 = = 0.035
𝑐𝑢 25 𝑥 225 × 4052
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.035⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 387. 75mm
32.23 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 × 460 × 384.75 = 191. 6𝑚𝑚2
𝑦
Provide 2Y12 - Top bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢 = 262𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span ; For all span maximum moment is 30. 29 KNm
bf = bw + 0.1 〈0.7 𝐿〉 = 225 + 0.1 〈0.7 × 3225〉 = 450.75𝑚𝑚
30.29 × 10 6
K = M⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑2 = 25 × 225 × 4052 = 0.032 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.032⁄0.9 = 0.96 > 0.95
Z = la x d = 0.95 x 405 = 384. 75mm
30.29 × 106
As = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 × 460 × 384.75 180. 15𝑚𝑚2
𝑦
Provide 2Y12 - Bottom bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 =226𝑚𝑚2 〉
125
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear V = 67. 6 KN
67.6 × 103
Shear stress, v = V⁄bd = = 0.74N / mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 × 405
At the distance of from the column face
Shear force V = 67. 6 – 35. 74 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2 〉 = 49. 1 KN

Clause
49.1 × 103
3.4.4.4 Shear stress, v = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = 225 × 405 = 0.54 N/mm2
2Y12 - Top
A 1 1
Design concrete stress, vC = 0.632 〈100 S⁄𝑏𝑑 〉 ⁄3 〈400⁄𝑑〉 ⁄4 bar
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒖 =
1 1 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
= 0.632 〈100 × 226⁄225 × 405〉 ⁄3 〈0.98〉 ⁄4 = 0.39/ mm2
Satisfy condition 2
0.5vc < v < 0.4 + vc
0.195 < 0.54 < 0.79
Spacing
Clause ASv 0.4b 0.4 × 225

= 0.95 fyw = 0.95 × 250 = 0.378
Sv v
3.4.4.4
ASv
Provide R 8 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as limits 〈 = 0.402〉
Sv
2Y12 -
Bottom
bars
〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =𝟐𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Beam 24 〈𝐋 − 𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐦〉
Load estimation
A. Member (1) 〈1 − 4〉
126
B. Member (2) 〈4 − 6〉

Clause
3.4.5.2 Panel load 〈𝑝4 〉 14. 35 KN/m
C. Member (3) 〈6 − 7〉
Clause D. Member 4 〈7 − 8〉
3.4.5.4
Panel load 11. 72 KN/m
33.10 KN / M 18. 75 KN / M 30. 47 KN /M

R8@
250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
2. 725 2. 725 2.225 2.225
1 4 6 7 8
as limits
Clause 𝐀𝐒
〈 𝐯 =
Moment analysis using three moment equation 𝐒
𝐯
3.4.5.5
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
M1 = M2 = 0
2. 725 M1 + 2 M4 〈2.725 + 2.725〉 + 2.725 M6 = 33. 1〈2.7253 +

1
2.7253 〉 × 4
10. 9 M4 + 2. 725 M6 = 334. 8 ---------------------------------------- 1
33.1 × 2.7253
2. 725 M4 + 2 M6 〈2.725 + 2.225〉 + 2.225 M7 = +
4
18.75 × 2.2253
4
2. 725 M4 + 9.9 M6 + 2.225 M7 = 219.1 -------------------------- 2
127
18.75 × 2.223 30.47 × 2.2253
2.225 M6 + 2 M7 〈4.45〉 + 2.225 M8 = +
4 4
2.225 M6 + 8.9 M7 = 135. 54 ----------------------------- 3
From equation 1
M4 = 30. 72 – 0. 25 M6
From equation 3
M7 = 15. 22 – 0. 25 M6
Put the value of M4 and M7 into equation 2
2. 725 〈30.72 − 0.25M6 〉 + 9.9M6 + 2. 225 〈15.22 − 0.25M6 〉 = 219. 1
83. 712 – 0. 6812 M6 + 9.9M6 + 33. 8645 – 0. 5563 M6 – 219. 1
117. 57 + 8. 6625M6 = 219. 1
M6 = 11.72 𝐾𝑁𝑚
M4 = 30. 72 – 0. 25 〈11.72〉 = 27.78 KNm
M7 = 15. 22 – 0. 25 〈11. 72〉 = 12.29 KNm
Span Moment
𝑤𝑙2 𝑀1+ 𝑀4 33.1 × 2.7252 0+27.78

M1-4 = - = – = 30. 72 – 13. 89 = 16. 83 KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑤𝑙2 M4 +M6 27.78+ 11.72

M4-5 = - = 30. 72 – = 10. 97 KNm
8 2 2
𝑤𝑙2 M6 +M7 18.75 × 2.2252 11.72+12.29

M6-7 = - = - = 11.6–12.00 = - 0.405KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑤𝑙2 M7 +M8 30.47 ×× 2.2252 12.29+0

M7-8 = - = - = 18.85 – 6.145 = 12.7KNm
8 2 8 2
Shear
𝑊𝑙 M1 −M4 33.1 𝑥 2.725 0 − 27.78
V1.4 = + = + = 40.1 - 10. 19 =
2 4 2 2.725
29. 91KN
128
𝑊𝑙 M4 −M1
V4.1 = + = 40.1 + 10. 19 = 50. 29 KN
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 M4 −M1 33.10 × 2.725 27.78−11.72

V4.6 = + = + = 45.0 +7.23 =
2 𝐿 2 2.725
= 53. 32KN
𝑊𝑙 M6 −M4
V6.4 = + = 45. 09 – 7. 23 = 37. 86 KN
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 M6 −M7 18.75 × 2.225 11.72−12.29

V6.7= + = +
2 𝐿 2 2.225
𝑊𝑙 M7 −M6
V7.6 = + = 20. 85 + 0. 2561 = 21. 11 KN
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑙 M7 −M8 30.47 × 2.225 12.29 − 0

V7.8 = + = + = 33. 8978 + 5.5236 = 39.4 KN
2 𝐿 2 2.225
𝑊𝑙 M8 −M7
V8.7= + = 33. 8978 – 5. 5236 = 28. 37 KN
2 𝐿
Support: Maximum Moment at Support = 27. 78 KNm
27.78 × 106
K = M⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = = 0.03
𝑐𝑢 𝑓 25 × 225 × 4052
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.03⁄0.9 = 0.965 > 0.95
:. Z = la × d = 0. 95 × 405 = 384. 75mm
27.78 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 165.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 0.95 × 460 × 384.75
Provide 2Y12 - Top bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 262𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span; Maximum moment at span = 16. 83 KNm
bf = bw + 0.1〈0.7𝑙〉 = 225 + 0.1〈0.7 × 2725〉 = 415. 75mm
16.83 × 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0. 0098
𝑐𝑢 2.5 × 415.75 × 4052
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.098⁄0.9 = 0.99 > 0.95
129
Z = la × d = 0.95 × 405 = 3384.75mm
16.83 × 106
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = =100.09𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 0.95 × 460 × 384.75
0.15𝑏ℎ 0.15 × 225 𝑥 450

ASmin = = = 151.88𝑚𝑚2
100 100
Provide 2Y12 - Bottom bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 226𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear force, V = 53. 32 KN
53.32 𝑥 103
Shear stress v = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0. 59 N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 𝑥 405
Inner Support
At the distance d from the column face
Shear force V = 53. 32 – 33.10 〈0.105 + 0.225.⁄2〉 = 36. 19 KN
36.19 𝑥 103
Shear stress, v = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.397N/mm2
225 𝑥 405
2Y12 - Top
bar
100𝐴𝑆 1 400 1 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4 Design concrete shear stress 〈𝑣𝑐 〉 = 0.63( )3 ( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
100×226 1 400 1
= 0.63( )3 ( )4 = 0.395N/mm2
225×405 405
Satisfy condition 2
0.5𝑣𝑐 < 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
0.0197 < 0.397 <
Spacing
Clause 𝐴𝑆𝑣 0.4 𝑥 225

⁄𝑆 = 0.4𝑏𝑤⁄0.95𝑓 = 0.95 𝑥 250 = 0. 378
𝑣 𝑦𝑣
3.4.4.4
2Y12 -
Bottom bar
130
𝐴𝑆 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
Provide R 8 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 𝑣⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉 `
𝑣 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
End Support
Shear force = 29. 91 – 33. 1 〈0.405 + 0.225⁄2〉 = 12.7 𝐾𝑁
12.7 𝑥 103
Shear stress, = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.13N/mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 𝑥 405
100×226 1 400 1
Design concrete shear stress v𝑐 = 0.63( )3 ( )4
225×405 405
= 0.395N/mm2
Clause Satisfy condition 2
3.4.5.2 0.5𝑣𝑐 < 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
0.0197 < 0.14 < 0.4
Spacing
Clause 𝐴𝑆𝑣
⁄𝑆 = 0.4𝑏⁄0.95 = 0.4 𝑥 225⁄0.95 𝑥 250 = 0. 378
𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣
3.4.5.4
𝐴𝑆𝑣
Provide R8 @ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉
𝑣

R8@
Load estimation
250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
as links
A. Member 1〈8 − 11〉
𝒗
Clause For all beam 18. 75 KN/m 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
3.4.5.5 Panel load 〈𝑝11 〉 16. 99 KN/m
131
B. Member 2 〈11 − 45〉

Clause
3.4.5.2 Panel load 〈𝑝11 〉 16. 99 KN/m
Clause Total load = 57. 27 KN/m
3.4.5.4
57. 27 KN/m
3. 225m 3. 225m
8 11 14
R8 @
Moment analysis using three moment equation 250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
as links
M8 = M14 = 0
𝒗
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
Clause
3.4.5.5 3.225M8 + 2M11 〈3.225 + 3.225〉 + 3.225 M14 = =
57.27
〈3.2253 + 3.2253 〉
4
12. 9 M11 = 960. 48 , M11 = 74. 46 KNm
Span Moment
𝑤𝑙2 M8 +M11 57.27 𝑥 3.2252 0+74.46

M8-11= - = – = 74.46 – 37.23
8 2 8 2
=37. 23 KNm
𝑤𝑙2 M11 +M14

M11-14 = - = 74. 46 – 37. 23 = 37. 23KNm
8 2
Shear Force
𝑤𝑙 M8 −M11 57.27 𝑥 3.225 0−74.46
V8.11 = + = + = 92. 35 – 23.1 = 69. 25KN
2 L 2 3.225
132
𝑤𝑙 M11 −M14
V11.14 = + = 92. 35 + 23.1 = 115. 45KN
2 L
𝑤𝑙 M14 −M11
V14.11 = + = 92. 35 – 23.1 = 69. 25 KN
2 L
Support: moment at support = 74. 46 KNm
74.46 𝑥 10 6
K= 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑2 = 25 𝑥 225 𝑥4052 = 0.081
𝑐𝑢
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.081⁄0.9 = 0.9
Z = la x d = 0.9 x 405 = 364. 5mm
74.46 𝑥 10 6
As = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 364.5 = 467.5𝑚𝑚2
𝑦
Provide 3Y16 Top bars 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span; For all span maximum moment = 37. 23 KNm
bf = bw + 0.2 〈0.7L〉 = 225 + 0.2 〈0.7 𝑥 3225〉 = 676.5𝑚𝑚
37.23 𝑥 106
k = M⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 25 𝑥 676.5 𝑥 4052 = 0.013
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.013⁄0.9 = 0.98
Z = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0. 95 x 405 = 384. 75mm

𝑦
37.23 𝑥 106
As = = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 384.75 = 221.43 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2Y12 Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 226𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
For all support maximum shear force = 115. 45 KN
133
115.45 𝑥 103
Shear stress, v = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 1.26 N /mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 𝑥 405
Shear force, v = 115. 45 – 57. 27 〈0.405 + 0.225/2〉 = 85. 81 KN 3Y16 Top
85.81 𝑥 103 bars

Shear stress v = V⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 0.94 N/mm2
225 𝑥 405
Clause Design concrete shear stress vc
3.4.4.4 𝟔𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
100×226 1 400 1 2
Vc = 0.63( )3 ( )4 = 0.395N/mm
225×405 405
Satisfy condition 3
0.4 +vc < 𝑣 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢
0. 795 < 0.94 < 4
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 𝑏𝑤 〈v − v 〉 225 〈0.94−0.395〉

Clause ⁄𝑆 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑐 = 0.95 𝑥 250
𝑣 𝑣 2Y12
3.4.4.4 Bottom
𝐴𝑆𝑣
Provide R 10@ 275mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as limle 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.571〉 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
𝑣
𝟐𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Beam 26 〈𝐓 − 𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐦 〉
Load Estimation
A. Member 1 〈8 − 13〉
B. Member 2 〈13 − 14〉

Clause
3.4.5.2 For all beam 18.75 KN/m

134
Point load from beam 11 = 160. 3 KN

Clause
3.4.5.4
160. 3 KN
62. 41 KN/m
11
3. 225 3. 225
8 14
M8 = M14 = 0
Clause
3.4.5.5 2.4 M8 + 2 M11 〈2.4 + 3.225〉 + 3.225 M14
62.41 160.3 𝑥 0825〈3.2252 − 0.82)

〈3.2253 + 3.2253 〉 +
4 3.225
12.9 M8 = 324.55 + 398.5, M8 = 56. 06 KNm
Shear
𝑤𝑙 M8 −M11 62.41 𝑥 3.225 0.56.06
V8.11 = + = + = 100.6 – 17.38
2 L 2 3.225
= 83. 2KN
𝑤𝑙 M11 −M8
V11.8 = + = 100. 6 + 17. 38 = 117. 98 KN
2 L
𝑤𝑙 M11 −M14
V11.14 = + = 100.6 + 117.38 = 117. 98 KN
2 L
𝑤𝑙 M14 −M11
V14.11 = + = 100. 6 – 17.38 = 83.2KN
2 L
Span Moment
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 M8 +M11 62.41 𝑥 3.2252 0+56.06

M8-11 = + – = – = 81.14 – 28.3 =
8 𝐿 2 8 2
= 53. 11 KNm
135
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 M11 +M14
M11-14 = + – = 81. 14 + 98.4 – 28.3 = 151.25KNm
8 𝐿 2
Support: maximum moment = 56. 06 KNm
56.06 𝑥 106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 4052 = 0.061
𝑐𝑢
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.061⁄0.9 = 0.93
Z = la x d = 0.93 x 405 = 376.65mm
56.06 𝑥 10 6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 376.65 = 340.59mm2
𝑦
Span; Moment at Span = 151. 25 KNm
𝑏𝑓 = bw + 0.2 〈0.7L〉 = 225 + 0.2 〈0.7 𝑥 3225〉 = 676.5mm
151.25 𝑥 10 6
K = M⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑2 = 2.5 𝑥 676.5 𝑥 4052 = 0.055
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
la = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.055⁄0.9 = 0.93
Z = la x d = 0.93 x 405 = 376. 65mm
151.25 𝑥 10 6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 376.65 = 918. 91mm2
𝑦
Shear Reinforcement
For all support: Maximum shear = 117. 98 KN
117.98 𝑥 10 3
Shear stress, v = V⁄bd = 225 𝑥 405 = 1.29 N /mm2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢

136
Shear force, v = 117.98 – 62. 41〈0.405 + 0.225/2〉 =85.6KN
85.6 𝑥 103
Shear stress, v = V⁄bd = 225 𝑥 405 = 0.94 N / MM2
100×943 1 400 1 2Y16Top

Design concrete stress, vc = 0.63( )3 ( )4 = 0.64N/mm2
Clause 225×405 405
〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 =
3.4.4.4 Satisfy condition 2
402𝑚𝑚2 〉
0.5vc < 𝑣 < 0. 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑐
0.32 < 0.94 < +1. 04
Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 0.4 𝑥 225

⁄𝑆 0.4𝑏⁄0.95𝑓 = 0.95 𝑥 250 = 0.378
𝑣 𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝑆𝑣
Provide R 8@ 250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 as links 〈 ⁄𝑆 = 0.402〉
𝑣
Beam 28 〈𝐋 − 𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐦〉
Load Estimation 5Y16 Top

A. Member 〈8 − 13〉 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4
Panel load 〈P13 〉 22. 13 KN/m
Total 40. 88 KN/m
B. Member 2 〈13 − 15〉
Panel load 〈P17 〉 20. 19 KN/m

Clause
3.4.5.2 Total load 38. 94 KN/m
40.88 KN/M 38.94 KN/M
15
8 13
137
Clause
M8 = M15 = 0
3.4.5.4
40.88 𝑥 4.053 38.94 𝑥 4.6253
4.05 M8 +2 M13 〈4.05 + 4.625〉 + 4.625 M15 = + R 8@
4 4
250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
17. 35 M13 = 1642. 02 as links
M13 = 94. 64 KNm 𝒗
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐〉
Clause Span Moment
3.4.5.5
𝑤𝑙2 𝑀8 +𝑀13 40.88 𝑥 4.052 0+94.64
M8-15 = - = – = 88.81 – 47.32 = 41. 49 KNm
8 2 8 2
𝑤𝑙2 𝑀13 +𝑀15 38.94 𝑥 4.6252 94.64+0

M13-15 = - = – = 104.12 – 47. 32 56. 8KNm
8 2 8 2
Shear Force
𝑤𝑙 𝑀8 −𝑀13 40.88 𝑥 4.05 0 – 94.64
V8.13 = - = + = 82. 782 – 23.37 = 59. 41 KN
2 𝐿 2 4.05
𝑤𝑙 𝑀13 −𝑀8
V13.8 = + = 82. 782 + 23. 37 = 106. 15 KN
2 𝐿
𝑤𝑙 𝑀13 −𝑀15 38.9 𝑋 4.625 94.64 –0

V13.15 = + = – = 89. 95 + 20.46 = 110.41KN
2 2 2 4.625
𝑤𝑙 𝑀15 −𝑀13
V15.13 = + = 89.95 - 20.46 = 69.49KN
2 𝑙
Support: maximum moment = 92.64KNm
94.64×106
K = 𝑀⁄𝑓 𝑏𝑑 2 = 25×225×4052 = 0.103 < 0.156
𝑐𝑢
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.103⁄0.9 = 0.87
Z = la x d = 0.87 x 405 = 352. 35mm
94.64 𝑥 10 6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = 0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 352.35 = 614. 64mm2
𝑦
138
Provide 2Y20 Top bar 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 628𝑚𝑚2 〉
Span; Maximum moment at span = 56. 8 KNm
bf = bw + 0. 1 〈0.7 𝐿〉 = 225 + 0. 1〈0.7 𝑥 4625〉 = 548. 57mm
56.8 𝑥 106
K = M⁄𝑓 𝑏 𝑑2 = 25 𝑥 548.75 𝑥 4052 = 0.025
𝑐𝑢 𝑓
Z = la x d = 0. 95 x 405 = 384. 75mm
56.8 × 10 6
AS = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧 = = 337.8mm2
𝑦 0.95 × 460 × 384.75
Provide 3𝑌12Bottom 〈𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 339𝑚𝑚2 〉
Shear Reinforcement
Maximum shear force = 110. 41 KN
110.41 × 103
Shear stress,v = 𝑉⁄𝑏𝑑 = = 1.2 N/mm2 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢
225 × 405
Shear force = 110. 41 – 40. 88 〈0.40 + 225⁄2〉 = 89. 25 KN
89.25 × 103
Shear stress, v = = 0.979N/mm2
225 × 405
100×628 1 400 1
Design concrete shear stress,v = 0.63( )3 ( )4 = 0. 45N/mm2
225×405 405
Satisfy condition 3
0. 4 + vc < 𝑣 < 0.8 √𝑓𝑐𝑢 2Y20 Top

bar
0.85 < 0.97 < 4 〈𝑨𝑺𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 =
Clause
𝟔𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
3.4.4.4 Spacing
𝐴𝑆𝑣 255 〈0.979−0.45〉

⁄𝑆 = bw 〈𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 〉 /0.95fyv = 0.95 × 250 = 0.501
𝑣
𝑨𝑺𝒗
R10@ 275mm 𝒄⁄𝒄 as links 〈 ⁄𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏〉
𝒗
139
𝟑𝒀𝟏𝟐Botto
m
𝟑𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐 〉
Clause
3.4.4.4
Clause
3.4.5.2
Clause
3.4.5.4
R10@
275mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
as links
𝒗
𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏〉
Clause
3.4.5.5
140
BS8110 REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
DESIGN PARAMETER
Fcu = 20N/mm2
Fy = 410N/mm2
Tread = 300mm
Riser = 150mm
Diameter of steel bar (Assumed) = 12mm
Thickness of waist = 150mm
Unit weight of concrete = 24KN/m2
Cover = 25mm
Flight 1
Flight Information
Riser 10 × 150 =1500mm =1.5m
Tread 9 × 300 = 2700mm = 2.7m
Span , Ls = L + 0.5La = 2700 + 0.5(1000) = 3200mm = 3.2m

Clause
√3002 + 1502
3.10.1.3 Slope factor = =1.14
3002
Loadings
Concrete own weight (waist) 0.15 × 24 = 3.6KN/m2
Steps 0.5 × 0.15 × 24 = 1.8KN/m2
Finishes, say = 1.2KN/m2
141
Live load (Clinic) = 2.5KN/m2
At Ultimate Limit State
Design load, = 1.4Gk + 1.6QK =[(3.6 + 1.2)1.14 +1.8)1.4 + (2.5)1.6 =14.18KN/m
Clause per m
3.2.1.2.2 12
Effective depth, d = 150 – 25 – = 119mm
2
𝑤𝑙2 14.18×3.22
Maximum bending moment = = = 18.15KNm
8 8
𝑀
K=𝑓 2
≤ 0.156, Consider 1m width
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
18.15 ×106
K = 20×1000×1192 =0.064
𝑘
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = ≤ 0.95
0.064
Y12@200mm
= 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.92
0.9
Clause 𝒄⁄ ( ASprov =
𝒄
3.4.4.4 Z = La × d = 0.92 × 119 = 109.48mm
566mm2
𝑀 18.15×106
AS = = = 425.6mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.95×410×109.48
Provide Y12@200mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 ( ASprov = 566mm2) Y12@300mm
Transverse Distribution 𝒄⁄ ( ASprov =

𝒄
0.13bh/100 = 0.13×1000×150/100 = 195mm2 262mm2
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑝 ( ASprov = 262mm2)
142
Deflection
2 𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞
Service stress, fy = 3 × fy × 𝐴𝑆 ≤2
Clause 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
3.4.6.6 2 425.6
= × 410 × = 205.5N/mm2
3 566
18.15 ×106
K = M/bd2 , = 1.28
1000 × 1192
477−𝐹𝑠
Modification Factor, M.F = 0.55 + ≤2
120(0.9 +𝑘)
477−205.5
= 0.55 + = 1.58
120(0.9 +1.28)
Basic span/d = 20
Table 3.10
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 3200 Therefore ,
= = 17.02mm
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑚.𝑓 119 𝑥 1.58
deflection is
Therefore , deflection is satisfactory
satisfactory
Hence, h(waist = 150mm) is 0K
143
BS8110 REF CALCULATOIN OUTPUT
Flight 2
FLIGHT INFORMATION
Riser 11 × 150 =1650mm =1.65m
Tread 10 × 300 = 3000mm = 3.0m

Clause
Span , Ls = L + 0.5(La + LB) = 3000 + 0.5(225 + 1000) = 3612.5mm = 3.6125m
3.10.1.3
√3002 + 1502
Slope factor = =1.14
3002
Loadings
Concrete own weight (waist = 175mm) 0.175 × 24 = 4.2KN/m2
Steps 0.5 × 0.15 × 24 = 2.1KN/m2
Finishes, say = 1.2KN/m2
Live load (clinic) = 2.5KN/m2
At Ultimate Limit State
Design load, = 1.4Gk + 1.6QK = [(4.2 + 1.2)1.14 + 2.1)1.4 + (2.5)1.6 = 15.4KN/m

Clause
per m
3.2.1.2.2
12
Effective depth, d = 175 – 25 – = 144mm
2
𝑤𝑙2 15.4×3.61252
Maximum bending moment = = = 20.1KNm
10 10
𝑀
K=𝑓 2 ≤ 0.156, Consider 1m width
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
144
20.1×106
K = 20×1000×1442 =0.05
𝑘
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = ≤ 0.95
0.05
= 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.94
0.9
Clause Z = La × d = 0.92 × 144 = 135.36mm

Y12@250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄
3.4.4.4 𝑀 20.1×106
AS = = = 381.24mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.95×410×135,36
( ASprov = 452mm2)
Provide Y12@250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 ( ASprov = 452mm2)
Transverse Distribution Y10@300mm
0.13bh/100 = 0.13×1000×150/100 = 195mm2 𝒄⁄ 𝑻𝒐𝒑 ( ASprov

𝒄
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑝 ( ASprov = 262mm2) = 262mm2
Deflection
Service stress, fs = 3 × fy × 𝐴𝑆 ≤2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
Clause
2 381.24
3.4.6.6 = × 410 × = 230.6N/mm2
3 452
20.1 ×106
K = M/bd2 , = 1.41
1000 × 1192
Table
477−𝐹𝑠
Modification Factor, M.F = 0.55 + ≤2
3.10 120(0.9 +𝑘)
477−230.6
= 0.55 + = 1.44
120(0.9 +1.41)
145
Basic span/d = 20
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 3612.5

= = 17.42mm
146
Design Of Landing
Span = 200mm = 2.0m
Width = 1000mm = 1.0m
Effective depth, d = 150 – 25 – 12/6 = 119mm
Loading
Own load = 0.15 × 24 × 1.0(width) ×1.4 = 5.04KN/m
Finishes 1.2 × 1.0 × 1.4 = 1.68KN/m
Live load(2.5KN/m2) 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.6 = 6.0KN/m

10 ×0.30
Flight load on landing 15.4 x = 23.1KN/m
2
Design load, w = 35.82KN/m
𝑤𝑙2 35.82 ×22

Maximum moment = = = 17.91KNm
8 8
17.91×106
K= =0.063
20×1000×1192
𝑘
La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = ≤ 0.95
Clause = 0.5 + √0.25 −

0.063
= 0.92
0.9
3.4.4.4
Z = La × d = 0.92 × 119 = 109.4mm
𝑀 17.91×106 Y12@250mm 𝒄⁄𝒄

AS = = = 420.3mm2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.95×410×109.4
( ASprov = 452mm2)
Provide Y12@250mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 ( ASprov = 452mm2)
147
Transverse Distribution
0.13bh/100 = 0.13×1000×150/100 = 195mm2
Provide Y10@300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑝 ( ASprov = 262mm2)
Deflection
Service stress, fs = 3 × fy × 𝐴𝑆
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
2 420.3
= × 410 × = 254.1N/mm2
3 452
17.91 ×106
K = M/bd2 , = 1.26
1000 × 1192
477−𝐹𝑠 477−254.1
Modification Factor, M.F = 0.55 + ≤ 2 = 0.55 + =
120(0.9 +𝑘) 120(0.9 +1.41)
Clause
3.4.6.6 1.41
Basic span/d = 20
Table 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 2000

= = 11.92mm
3.10
148
Bs8110 CALCULATION OUTPUT
REF
ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF COLUMN
DESIGN INFORMATION
Column dimension =225mm by
225mm
Diameter of bar =20mm
Diameter of stirrup =10mm
Cover to reinforcement =25mm
Characteristic strength of concrete =25N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel =460N/mm2
N/fcubh, N = axial load
M/fcubh2 M= moment
Asc = 0.0026𝛼fcubh (uniaxially loaded)
𝑁−0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ
ASC = 0.8𝑓 (axially loaded)
𝑦 −0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢
Size of links = ¼ bar size

Spacing of links = 12 x bar size
Member sizing
Floor beam 450mm x 225mm
Roof beam 300mm x 225mm
Column size 225mm x 225mm
NOTE: Roof load on column is calculated thus, 1.5 x 1.5AKN/m2.
Where A is Area of roof on column.
Loadings on roof beams
Self weight 0.3 x 0.225 x 24 x 1.4 = 2.27KN/m
Finishes 20 x 0.025 x 2 x 1.4 = 0.42KN/m
Total = 2.67KN/m
149
INTERNAL COLUMN
Column 5G
Loading
Concrete own weigth 24 x 0.225 x 0.225 x 3 x 1.4 = 5.0KN
Finishes 20 x 0.025 x 0.225 x 3.0 x1.4 = 1.95KN
Self weight = 6.95KN
1st floor – Roof level
Roof load(live and dead) 1.5 x 1.5 x 3.225 x 3.8375 = 27.85KN
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.225
Roof beam(D-G) = = = 5.65KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 2.725
Roof beam(3-5) = = = 3.64KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.95
Roof beam(5-8) = = = 6.61KN
2 2
Total load on column = 50.69KN

Ground – First floor
Load from above = 50.69KN
𝑤𝑙 68.73 𝑥 4.225
Floor beam(D-G) = = = 145.19KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 50.67 𝑥 2.725
Floor beam(3-5) = = = 69.04KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 50.67𝑥 4.95 126.1 𝑥2.225
Floor beam(5-8) = + = + = 182.1KN
2 𝐿 2 4.95
Total load on column(N) = 403.28KN
COLUMN 8G(critical)
Loading
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.95
Roof beam(5-8) = = = 5.64KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 3.225
Roof beam(8-11) = = = 4.31KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.225
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 2.225
Roof beam(G-H) = = = 4.1KN
2 2
150
Ground – First Floor
𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 50.67𝑥 4.95 126.1 𝑥2.725
Floor beam(5-8) = + = + = 194.83KN
2 𝐿 2 4.95
𝑤𝑙 56.69 𝑥 3.225
Floor beam(5-11) = = = 91.41KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 54.16𝑥 4.225 102.28 𝑥0.525
Floor beam(d-g) = + = + = 127.1KN
2 𝐿 2 4.225
𝑤𝑙 18.75 𝑥 2.225
Floor beam(G-H) = = = 20.85KN
2 2

COLUMN 11K
Loading
1st – Roof level
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 3.225
Roof beam(8-11) = = = 4.31KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 3.225
Roof beam(11-14) = = = 4.31KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.225
Roof beam(I’-K) = = = 9.87KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 3.113
Roof beam(G-H) = = = 4.2KN
2 2

𝑤𝑙 57.27 𝑥3.225
Floor beam(8-11) = =
2 2
=92.35KN
𝑤𝑙 57.27 𝑥 3.225
Floor beam(11-14) = = = 92.35KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 65 𝑥 3.113
Floor beam(I’-K) = = = 101.87KN
2 2
151
EXTERNAL COLUMN
COLUMN 1D(critical)
Loading
1st floor– Roof level
𝑤𝑙 2.67 𝑥 4.225
2 2
𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 2.677𝑥 4.95 5.64 𝑥2.725
Roof beam(1-5) = + = + = 9.71KN
2 𝐿 2 4.95

𝑤𝑙 34.69 𝑥 4.225
Floor beam(D-G) = = = 73.3KN
2 2
𝑤𝑙 𝑃𝑎 33.1 𝑥 4.95 126.1 𝑥2.725
Floor beam(1-5) = + = + = 151.34KN
2 𝐿 2 4.95
DESIGN
All External columns apart from column 8J,8L,13N,15I,12A,8D,and
5D are designed as column group one. The internal columns and the
one mentioned above fall into group two. This is as a result of different
load transferred to them by calculation, the one with critical load is
consider for design
152
Column Group One (Column 1D)
Member stiffness
𝑀𝐸 𝑥 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙
Mcol =Σ𝐾
𝑐𝑜𝑙 + Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Where ME = the fixed end moment of the beam

Σ𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙 = sum of all column stiffness
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = sum of all beam stiffness
Column stiffness, Kcol =I/L where I =BD3/12
∴ Kcol = BD3/12L
First Floor - Roof Level

Length, L = 3175mm
225 𝑥4503
Stiffness (KCOL) = = 67276.47mm3
12 𝑥 3175
KCOL (floor – floor), length,L = 3075mm

225 𝑥4503
12 𝑥 3075
Beam stiffness
1st –Roof Level
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(D-G) = = = 404.4 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 4225
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(1-5) = = = 348.17 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 4950
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 749.57x 103mm3

Floor beam stiffness ( flange beams)
K = kbh3/L
Kbeam(4225mm) L-BEAM
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.1(0.7L) = 225 + 0.1(0.7 x 4225) = 520.75mm
bw/bf = 225/520.75 = 0.43
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
k = 0.122(from graph)
0.122 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = 4225
= 592.043 x 103mm3
153
Kbeam(4950mm) L-Beam
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.1(0.7L) = 225 + 0.1(0.7 x 4950) = 571.5mm
bw/bf = 225/571.5 = 0.4
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
0.123 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = = 509.472 x 103mm3
4950
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (592.043 + 509.472)103 = 1101.515 x 10 3mm3

Fixed end moment
𝑤𝑙2
M= 12
W =design ultimate load , L = length beam

Roof level, design load = 2.67KNm
Along X-X axis
𝑤𝑙2 2.67 𝑥 4.2252
M(D-G) = = = 3.97KNm
12 12
MXX = 3.97 KNm

Along Y-Y axis
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎 2.67 𝑥 4.952 5.64 𝑥 2.225 𝑥 2.7252
M(1-5) = + = + = 9.3KNm
12 𝑙 12 4.952
Roof Level
MXX = 3.97KNm, MYY =9.3KNm
Kcol =67.267 x 103mm3, Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 749.57 x 103mm3
Floor level
Along x-x axis
𝑤𝑙2 34.69 𝑥 4.2252
M(D-G) = =
12 12
=51.603KNm
MXX = 51.603KNm
Along Y-Y axis
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 33.1 𝑥 4.952 126.1 𝑥 2.225 𝑥2.7252
M(1-5) = 12
+ 𝑙2
= 12
+ 4.952
= 152.63KNm
154
Floor level
MXX = 51.603KNm, MYY =152.63KNm
Kcol =(67.267 + 69.455)103mm3 = 136.722 x 103mm3,
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =1101.515 x103mm3
Moment At The Top Of The Column (1st Floor – Roof Level)
Mcol =Σ𝐾
3.97 𝑥 67.267
MCOL(X-X) = = 0.33KNm
67.267 𝑥 749.57
9.3 𝑥 67.267
MCOL(Y-Y) = 67.267 𝑥 749.57 =0.8 KNm
Moment At The Bottom Of The Column (1st Floor – Roof Level)

51.603 𝑥 67.267
MCOL(X-X) = 136.722 𝑥 1101.515 = 2.8KNm
152.603 𝑥 67.262
MCOL(Y-Y) = 136.722 𝑥 1101.515 = 8.29KNm
Moment At The Top Of The Column (Groud -1st Floor)

51.603 𝑥 69.455
MCOL(X-X) = 136.722 𝑥 1101.515 = 2.9KNm
152.63 𝑥 69.45
MCOL(Y-Y) = 136.722 𝑥 1101.515 = 8.6KNm
Design
Moment M = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2
Clause
M1 = the smallest of the two moment at the foot and top
3.8.3.2
M2 = the largest of the two moment at the foot and top
1st Floor – Roof Level
MXX = 0.4(0.33) + 0.6(2.8) =1.812KNm
MYY = 0.4(0.8) + 0.6(8.29) =5.3KNm
Ground Floor -1st Floor
MXX = 0.4(2.8) + 0.6(2.9) =2.86KNm
MYY = 0.4(8.29) + 0.6(8.6) = 8.5KNm
Design
Column size = 225mm by 225mm
Link diameter = 10mm
Bar size = 20mm
155
Effective depth,d = 225-25-10-20/2 =180mm
Effective length of column, le = 𝛽LO
𝛽 = 0.75, L0 = 3175mm
Le =0.75 x 3175 =2381.25mm
Slenderness ratio
Clause 𝐿𝑒𝑦 2381.25
= = 10.58 < 15
ℎ 225
3.8.3.3 𝐿𝑒𝑥 2381.25
= = 10.58 < 15
ℎ 225
All column are designed as braced column
Column Design 1st floor – roof Ground – first

parameter level floor
Load(KN) 34.1 265.34
M(X-X) (KNm) 1.812 2.86
M(Y-Y) (KNm) 5.3 8.5

Axial load = 34.1KN
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x34.1 x0.225 = 0.4KNm
Minimum moment less than MXX and MYY , therefore column is
biaxially loaded.
∅ 20
d = cover + 2 = 25 + = 35mm
2
h’ = h – d’ = 225 – 35 =190mm
b’ = b – d’ = 225 – 35 =190mm
𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 1.812 x 106/190 =9536.6
ℎ′
𝑀𝑦𝑦
=5.3 x 106/190 = 27894.7
𝑏′
∴ MYY > MXX Increase MYY

Clause
𝛽𝑏′𝑀𝑋
MY’ = MYY +
3.8.4.5 ℎ′
𝑁 34.1 𝑥 103
𝜙 =𝑓 = = 0.027
𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 225
𝛽 =1.0 – 1.1644 𝜙 = 1.0 – 1.1644(0.027) = 0.97

156
0.97 𝑥 190 𝑥 1.812
MY’ = 5.3 + = 7.1KNm
190
𝑁 34.1 𝑥 103
= 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 225 = 0.03
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ
𝑀 7.1 𝑥 106
= 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 2252 = 0.02
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ2
d/h = 180/225 = 0.8, (use chart 0.8)

Provide 4-
∝ falls below 0.00 in the chart, nominal reinforcement is therefore
Y16mm bars
provided
Provide
ASCMIN =0.40/0bh must not less than 4 bars for rectangular column
R12@192mm c/c
Provide 4-Y16mm bars
as links
Provide R12@192mm c/c as links

Axial load = 501.53KN
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 265.34 x0.225 = 2.99KNm
2.99KNm > MXX(2.86KNm) and < MYY(8.5KNm)
Column is design as uniaxially loaded and MYY = 8.5KNm is used
ASC = 0.0026fcubh (for high tension steel)
𝑁 265.34 𝑥 103
= 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 225 = 0.21
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ
𝑀 8.5 𝑥 106
= 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 2252 = 0.03
d/h = 180/225 = 0.8, (use chart 0.8)

provided Provide 4-
ASCMIN =0.40/0bh must not less than 4 bars for rectangular column Y16mm bars
Provide 4-Y16mm bars Provide
Provide R12@192mm c/c as links R12@192mm c/c

as links
157
Column Group 2 (Column 8G)
Member stiffness
Mcol =Σ𝐾
Where ME = the fixed end moment of the beam

Σ𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙 = sum of all column stiffness
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = sum of all beam stiffness
Column stiffness, Kcol =I/L where I =BD3/12
∴ Kcol = BD3/12L
First Floor - Roof Level
Length, L = 3175mm
225 𝑥4503
12 𝑥 3175
KCOL (floor – floor), length,L = 3075mm

225 𝑥4503
12 𝑥 3075
Beam stiffness
1st –Roof Level
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(G-H) = = = 767.907 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 2225
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(D-G) = = = 404.4 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 4225
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(5-8) = = = 345.170 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 4950
𝐼 225 𝑥4503
Kbeam(8-11) = = = 529.796 x103mm3
𝐿 12 𝑥 3225
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2047.27 x 103mm3

Floor beam stiffness ( flange beams)
K = kbh3/L
Kbeam(2225mm)
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.2(0.7L) = 225 + 0.2(0.7 x 2225) = 536.5mm
bw/bf = 225/536.5 = 0.42
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
158
0.121 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = = 111.5x 103mm3
2225
Kbeam(4225mm)
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.2(0.7L) = 225 + 0.2(0.7 x 4225) = 816.5mm
bw/bf = 225/816.5 = 0.28
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
0.143 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = = 693.951 x 103mm3
4225
Kbeam(4950mm)
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.2(0.7L) = 225 + 0.2(0.7 x 4950) = 918mm
bw/bf = 225/918 = 0.25
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
0.148 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = = 613.022 x 103mm3
4950
Kbeam(3225mm)
bw = 225mm
bf = bw + 0.2(0.7L) = 225 + 0.2(0.7 x 3225) = 676.5mm
bw/bf = 225/676.5 = 0.33
h/H = 150/450 = 0.33
0.135 𝑥 225 𝑥 4503
K = = 858.27 x 103mm3
4950
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2276.74 x 103mm

Fixed end moment
𝑤𝑙2
M= 12
W =design ultimate load

L = length beam
Roof level, design load = 2.67KNm
159
Along x-x axis
𝑤𝑙 2 2.67 𝑥 4.2252
M(D-G) = = = 3.97KNm
12 12
𝑤𝑙 2 2.67 𝑥 2.2252
M(G-H) = 12
= 12
= 1.10KNm
MXX = 2.87 KNm

Along Y-Y axis
𝑤𝑙2 2.67 𝑥 4.952
M(5-8) = = = 5.45KNm
12 12
2.67 𝑥 3.2252
M(8-11) = = 2.31KNm
12
Roof Level
Kcol =67.267 x 103mm3, Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2047.27 x 103mm3
Floor level
Along x-x axis
𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎 54.16 𝑥 4.2252 102.28 𝑥3.7 𝑥0.5252
M(D-G) = + = + = 86.4KNm
12 𝑙 12 4.225
𝑤𝑙2 18.75 𝑥 2.2252
M(G-H) = = = 7.74KNm
12 12
MXX = 78.66KNm
Along Y-Y axis

𝑤𝑙2 𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 50.73 𝑥 4.952 126.1 𝑥 2.225 𝑥2.7252
M(5-8) = + = + =188.49KNm
12 𝑙2 12 4.952
𝑤𝑙2 56.69 𝑥 3.2252
M(8-11) = = = 49.13KNm
12 12
MYY =139.36KNm
Floor level
Kcol =(67.267 + 69.455)103mm3 = 136.722 x 103mm3,
Σ𝐾𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =2276.743 x103mm3
Moment At The Top Of The Column (1st Floor – Roof Level)
Mcol =Σ𝐾
2.87 𝑥 67.262
MCOL(X-X) = 67.267 𝑥 1376.576 = 0.1KNm
160
3.14 𝑥 67.267
MCOL(Y-Y) = 67.267 𝑥 1376.576 = 0.1KNm
Moment At The Bottom Of The Column (1st Floor – Roof Level)

78.66 𝑥 67.267
MCOL(X-X) = 136.722 𝑥 2282.484 = 2.19KNm
139.36 𝑥 67.262
MCOL(Y-Y) = 136.722 𝑥 2282.484 = 3.9KNm
Moment At The Top Of The Column (Groud -1st Floor)

78.66 𝑥 69.455
MCOL(X-X) = 136.722 𝑥 2276.76 = 2.3KNm
139.36 𝑥 69.45
MCOL(Y-Y) = 136.722 𝑥 2272.74 = 4.01KNm
Design
Moment M = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2
M1 = the smallest of the two moment at the foot and top
M2 = the largest of the two moment at the foot and top
MXX = 0.4(0.1) + 0.6(2.19) =1.4KNm
MYY = 0.4(0.1) + 0.6(3.9) =2.4KNm
MXX = 0.4(2.19) + 0.6(2.3) =2.3KNm
MYY = 0.4(3.9) + 0.6(4.01) =4.0KNm
Column size = 225mm by 225mm

Link diameter = 10mm
Bar size = 20mm
Effective depth,d = 225-25-10-20/2 =180mm
Effective length of column, le = 𝛽LO
𝛽 = 0.75, L0 = 3175mm
Le =0.75 x 3175 =2381.25mm
All column are designed as braced column
161
Column Design 1st Floor – Roof Ground – First
parameter Level Floor
Load(KN) 60.53 501.67
M(X-X) (KNm) 1.4 2.3
M(Y-Y) (KNm) 2.4 4.0

Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 60.3 x0.225 =0.68KNm
Minimum moment less than MXX and MYY , therefore column is
biaxially loaded.
∅ 20
d = cover + 2 = 25 + = 35mm
2
h’ = h – d’ = 225 – 35 =190mm
b’ = b – d’ = 225 – 35 =190mm
𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 1.4 x 106/190 = 7368.4
ℎ′
𝑀𝑦𝑦
=2.4 x 106/190 = 12631.6
𝑏′
Clause ∴ MYY > MXX Increase MYY

𝛽𝑏′𝑀𝑋
3.8.4.5 MY’ = MYY +
ℎ′
𝑁 60.53 𝑥 103
𝜙 = = = 0.05
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 225
𝛽 =1.0 – 1.1644 𝜙 = 1.0 – 1.1644(0.05) = 0.94

0.94 𝑥 190 𝑥 1.812
MY’ = 4.0 + = 3.43KNm
190
𝑁 60.53 𝑥 103
= = 0.05
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 225
𝑀 3.43 𝑥 106
= 25 𝑥 225 𝑥 2252 = 0.01
d/h = 180/225 = 0.8, (use chart 0.8)

provided
ASCMIN =0.40/0bh must not less than 4 bars for rectangular column
162
Provide 4-Y16mm bars Provide 4-
Provide R12@192mm c/c as link Y16mm bars
Ground Floor -1st Floor Provide

R12@192mm c/c
as link
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 501.67 x0.225 =5.64KNm
Minimum moment greater than MYY and MXX , the column is axially
loaded.
𝑁−0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ 501.67 𝑥 103 −0.4 𝑥 25 𝑥225 𝑥 225
ASC = = = –4580mm2
0.8𝑓𝑦 −0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.8 𝑥 460−0.4 𝑥 25
ASC is less than zero , i.e., very small. Minimum reinforcement is Provide 4-
provided Y16mm bars
Provide 4-Y16mm bars Provide
Provide R12@192mm c/c as links R12@192mm c/c

as links
163
ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF FOUNDATION
DESIGN INFORMATION
Diameter of reinforcement = 16mm

Cover to reinforcement = 40mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu = 25N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, fy = 460N/mm2
Pad Foundation (Group 2)

Load on column =501.67KN
Safe bearing pressure = 180KN/m2
Self weight = 40KN
Ultimate load = 501.67KN
501.67
Service load on column = = 358.34KN
1.4
At serviceability limit state

Load 1.0GK = 1.0(358.34 + 40) = 328.1KN
358.34
Area required = = 2.21m2
180
Provide base area of (1.5m by 1.5m) = 2.25m2
At ultimate limit state

Design load, n = 1.4GK = 1.4(40) + 501.67 = 557.67kN
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 557.67
Earth pressure = = = 234.33KN/m2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 1.96
Compressive anchorage length = 24 x bar size = 24 x 16 = 384mm
Footing thickness
164
H = Compressive anchorage length + cover +2bar size
= 384 + 40 + 2(16) = 456mm
Provide thickness of 500mm
∅ 16
Effective depth,d = h - cover - 2 = 500 - 40 - = 452mm
2
Net upward pressure

Pnet = earth pressure – pressure due to base thickness
pressure due to base thickness = 𝜆𝑓 𝜌ℎ
where 𝜆𝑓 = factor of safety =1.4
𝜌 = unit weight of concrete
ℎ = base thickness
Pnet = 247.85 - (1.4 x 24 x 0.5) = 231.1KN/m2
At column face,
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Shear force v = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑑
557.67 𝑥 103
Shear force v = = 1.4N/mm2 < 4N/mm2
4 𝑥 225 𝑥 452
The base thickness 500mm is OK
Punching shear
Punching shear perimeter
1.5d
1500mm
Critical section shear(1.0d)
1500mm Critical section for design
Critical perimeter = column perimeter + 8 x 1.5d

165
= 4(225) + 8 x 1.5 x452 = 6324mm
Area within critical perimeter = (225 + 3d)2 = (225 + 3 x 452)2 = 2.5 x
106mm2
Provided base area = 1.96m2. This is less than area within critical
perimeter; therefore punching shear cannot be checked. i.e., critical
perimeter 1.5d from column face lies outside the base area.
Bending reinforcement
1.0d
1.5m
Critical section shear
Critical section for design

0.6375 0.225 0.452 0.1855
0.63752
Maximum bending moment = 247.85 x1.4 x = 75.55KNm
2
Consider 1m width
𝑀 75.55 𝑥 106
K=𝑓 = 25 𝑥 1000 𝑥4522 = 0.015
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
la = 0.95
Clause z = la x d = 0.95 x 452 = 429.4mm
3.4.4.4 75.55 𝑥 106
As = = 429.4mm2
0,95 𝑥 460 𝑥 429.4
Provide Y16@
0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13 𝑥 1500 𝑥 500
ASmin = = = 975mm
100 100 200mm c/c
Provide Y16@ 200mm c/c (ASprov = 1010mm2) (ASprov =
1010mm2)
166
Final check
1 1 1
100𝐴𝑆 ⁄3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
( ) ( ) ( )
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
Clause Design concrete stress, vc = 0.79 where 𝜆𝑚 =
𝜆𝑚
3.4.5.4 1.25
1 1 1
100 𝑥 1010 ⁄3 400 4 25 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1400 𝑥 452 452 25
Shear stress, vc = 0.79 = 0.33N/mm2
1.25
At critical section for shear, 1.0d from column face

Clause Shear force,V = 231.1 x 1.4 x 0.1355 = 64.3KN
3.4.5.2 64.3 𝑥 103
Shear stress, v = = 0.09N/mm2 < 0.33N/mm2
1500 𝑥 452
Section is adequate in shear
Pad Foundation (Group 1)

Load on column = 265.7KN
Safe bearing pressure = 180KN/m2
Ultimate load = 265.7KN
265.7
Service load on column = = 189.8KN
1.4
Self weight (10o/o of service load) = 19KN
At serviceability limit state

Load 1.0GK = 1.0(189 + 19) = 208KN
208
Area required = 180 = 1.2m2
Provide base area of (1.2m by 1.2m) = 1.44m2
At ultimate limit state

Design load, n = 1.4GK = 1.4(19) + 265.7 = 292.3kN
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 292.3
Earth pressure =𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 203KN/m2
1.44
Compressive anchorage length = 24 x bar size = 24 x 16 = 384mm
167
Footing thickness
H = Compressive anchorage length + cover +2bar size
= 384 + 40 + 2(16) = 456mm
Provide thickness of 500mm
∅ 16
Effective depth,d = h - cover - 2 = 500 - 40 - = 452mm
2
Net upward pressure

Pnet = earth pressure – pressure due to base thickness
pressure due to base thickness = 𝜆𝑓 𝜌ℎ
where 𝜆𝑓 = factor of safety =1.4
𝜌 = unit weight of concrete
ℎ = base thickness
Pnet = 203 - (1.4 x 24 x 0.5) = 186.2KN/m2
At column face,
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Shear force v = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑑
Clause 292.3 𝑥 103

Shear force v = = 0.72N/mm2 < 4N/mm2
4 𝑥 225 𝑥 452
3.4.5.2
The base thickness 500mm is OK
Punching shear
168
Punching shear perimeter
1200mm
1.5dsection shear(1.0d)
Critical
1200mm Critical section for design
Critical perimeter = column perimeter + 8 x 1.5d

= 4(225) + 8 x 1.5 x452 = 6324mm
Area within critical perimeter = (225 + 3d)2 = (225 + 3 x 452)2 = 2.5 x
106mm2
Provided base area = 1.44m2. This is less than area within critical
perimeter; therefore punching shear cannot be checked. i.e., critical
perimeter 1.5d from column face lies outside the base area.
Bending reinforcement
1.0d
1.2m
Critical section shear
Critical section for design

0.4875 0.225 0.452 0.0355
0.48752
Maximum bending moment = 203 x1.2 x = 24.122KNm
2
169
Consider 1m width
𝑀 24.122 𝑥 106
K=𝑓 2
= 25 𝑥 1000 𝑥4522 = 0.005
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
Clause
la = 0.95
3.4.4.4
z = la x d = 0.95 x 452 = 429.4mm
24.122 𝑥 106
As = = 128.5mm2
0,95 𝑥 460 𝑥 429.4
0.13𝑏ℎ 0.13 𝑥 1200 𝑥 500

ASmin = = = 780mm2
100 100
Provide Y16@ 250mm c/c (ASprov = 804mm2) Y16@ 250mm c/c

(ASprov =
Clause Final check 804mm2)
3.4.5.4 1 1 1
100𝐴𝑆 ⁄3 400 4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
( ) ( ) ( )
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
Design concrete stress, vc = 0.79 where 𝜆𝑚 =
𝜆𝑚
1.25
Clause 1 1 1
100 𝑥 804 ⁄3 400 4 25 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1200 𝑥 452 452 25
3.4.5.2 Shear stress, vc = 0.79 = 0.3N/mm2
1.25
At critical section for shear, 1.0d from column face

Shear force,V = 186.2 x 1.4 x 0.0355 = 9.25KN
9.25𝑥 103
Shear stress, v = = 0.02N/mm2 < 0.33N/mm2
1200 𝑥 452
Section is adequate in shear
170
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 CONCLUSION
This project has been able to improve undergraduate knowledge on manual analysis and design of
structures using BS8110.
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
Although design software are not time consuming unlike manual approach, but designer’s
knowledge is greatly improved, when structural analysis is based on manual approach. It is
therefore recommended that students should thoroughly learn the manual method of structural
analysis and design and should not prefer the use of software in design consideration to manual
approach.
171
REFERENCES
Statistical Communiqué on the 20011 National Economic and Social Developments
BS8110 Part1, 2 & 3; (1997) British Standard Structural use of concrete. Code of practice for
Design and Construction.
M.J. Smith and B.J. Bell (1971): Theory of structure second edition, E.L.P.S. Macdonald and
Evans Limited.
Mosley W.H. Bungey J.H and Hulse R, (1999) Reinforce Concrete Design. Fifth edition Palgrave
(publisher).
Oyenuga V.O. (2011). Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design (A Consultant/computer Based

Approach) Second Edition. Ascros Ltd. Surulere Lagos.
Reynolds C.E. and Steedman J.C. (1994). Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook. Tenth
edition. T.J. Press (Padstow) Ltd, Cornwall (Publishers) Theory of structure.
W.M.C. McKenzie (2004). Design of Structural Element: Structural analysis techniques. .
172

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Background of study

The design of an engineering structure must ensure that;

a. Under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and

1. To prepare the working/structural drawings of a proposed Clinic.

4. To prepare the structural details of all the structural members.

2.0 RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Structural design

2.2 Soil bearing capacity

Good Soil Strip Strip Pad Pad Pile

Average Soil Strip Wide strip pad pile pile

Poor Soil wide strip wide strip raft pile pile

Raft slab raft

2.3 Structural elements

And h = column depth in x-x direction, b = column depth in y-y direction

2.3.4 Foundation Design

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.2 Method of analysis

Two method used for beam analysis in this project are;

a. Claperon’s Three Moment Equation and

b. Hardy Cross Method of Moment Distribution

3.3 Design method

a. permissible stress method

b. load factor method and

c. limit state method.

3.3.1 Permissible Stress Method

3.3.2 Load Factor Method

3.3.3 Limit State Method

3.5 Characteristic strength of concrete

BS811 Calculation Output

Provide Y10 @ 300 centres – Top (ASProv = 262mm2)

Z = lad = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

Clause Mid span

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113 .05mm

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05

3.4.6.6 fs = 2⁄3 x 460 x 195⁄262 = 228.2N/mm2

3.10 Basic Span

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 – Bottom (ASprov = 262mm2)

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.013⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05m

Therefore: Deflection is satisfaction

Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

La = 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.009⁄0.9 = 0.98 > 0.95, la = 0.95

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

Provide Y10@ 300mm𝑐⁄𝑐 - Top (ASProv = 262mm2) Y10@

0.13 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)

Clause Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

ASmin = 0.13bh% = 0.13 x 1000x 150 = 195mm2 >ASreq Y10@

Z = la x d = 0.95 x 107 = 101.65mm

3.4.4.4 Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 =113.05mm

Provide Y10@ 300mm 𝑐⁄𝑐 - Bottom (ASProv = 262mm2)

Table Therefore; deflection is satisfaction

3.10 Hence, d = 199mm (h = 150mm) ok

𝑤𝑙𝑥 2 15.8 𝑥 1.3752

3.4.4.4 Z = la x d = 0.95 x 119 = 113.05mm

ASminn = 195mm2 > 75.5mm2