muscles

MUSCLE TONE
THREE PHASES OOF PROPAGATION OF ACTION
- Is the constant tension produced by muscles of
POTENTIAL
the body over a long period of time.
1. Resting Membrane Potential
GRADATION OF STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
2. Depolarization – action potential
3. Repolarization – return to potential Increased strength of a muscle contraction, as a
whole, occurs in three ways and is based on
TWO TYPES OF GATED ION CHANNELS
different principles
• Ligand-gated ion channels
Size principle: The smallest motor units are
→ Ligand – is a mo
activated first.
• Voltage-gated ion channels
Recruitment principle: Increasing the number of
LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS motor units activated simultaneously increases the
→ Ligand is a molecule that binds a receptor overall muscle tension.
→ Receptor a protein/glycoprotein that has a Excitatory input/rate coding principle: Increasing
receptor site to which a ligand can bind the frequency of stimulation of individual motor
→ Ligand-gated ion channels are channels with units increases the percentage of time that each
gates that open to a ligand binding receptor that active muscle fiber develops maximum tension
is part of the ion channel
• Neurotransmitters GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
• Acetylcholine - Golgi tendon organs detect tension at tendons
ACETYLCHOLINE - autogenic inhibition (referring to this
inhibitory input to an agonist muscle (prime
• Released by motor neurons supplying skeletal mover) and an excitatory message to the
muscle antagonist (opposing) muscle.
• It binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels in the
MUSCLE SPINDLES
membrane of muscle fibers
• As a result, the Na+ channels open, allowing - Located within the muscle
Na+ to enter the cell - Compares length of the muscle spindle with the
length of skeletal muscle fibers
ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE
- For maintenance and regulation of postural
- Action potentials either will not occur, or if they muscle tone.
do, are all the same.
Ex: Muscle stretch reflexes
→ Subthreshold stimulus too weak
→ Threshold stimulus minimum stimulus POSTURAL TONE
strength required
- Development of muscular tension in specific
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION muscles that maintain body segments in their
proper relationships to maintain posture.
- a.k.a "Synapse" - Antigravity muscles (Trunk mm, UE flexors, LE
- junction between muscle and nerve extensors)
• Pre-synaptic terminal • Kinesthesia is movement sense
• Synaptic cleft • Proprioception is position sense
• Post-synaptic membrane/Motor end-plate
• Synaptic vesicles
PATTERN GENERATORS Functional Applications and Clinical Considerations
- Complex muscle activation patterns that • Peripheral Nerve Injury
produce purposeful movement through neural • Cerebral palsy
connections at spinal cord level • Cerebrovascular Accident
- Stepping/walking • Basal ganglia disorders
MOTOR CONTROL WITH THE BRAINSTEM • Cerebellar disorders

-
-
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
supraspinal postural control and proximal
Muscle activity and strength
movement TYPES OF MUSCLE ACTIVATION
reticulospinal tract (UE ext trunk LE flex)
• Isometric
vestibulospinal tract (UE fles, trunk LE ext) • Isotonic
• Concentric (positive work)-mm
CEREBRAL MOTOR CENTERS
• Eccentric (negative work) external force
- Pyramidal tract/Corticospinal tract • Isokinetic - constant rate of movement
MOTOR CORTEX ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
• Frontal lobe - Primary motor cortex - Preamplifier to Amplifier to Recorder to EMG
- Premotor cortex record
- Supplementary motor cortex - Electrodes are placed over the muscle to detect
changes in electric potential associated with
CEREBELLUM
muscle fber activation. The electrical activity
- "coordinator" of motor activities "seen by the electrodes is greatly amplified by
- programming rapid movements electronic equipment, recorded, and stored for
- correcting the course of rapid movements later analysis
- correlating posture and movement
MUSCLE ANATOMIC ACTIVITY
- "Great comparator"
- The cerebellum regulates balance and • Origin (Proximal attachments)
coordination. • Insertion (Distal attachments)
- IPSILATERAL • Action
BASAL GANGLIA (1) The proximal attachment is stabilized
- play a vital role in the regulation of posture and (2) The distal attachment moves toward the
muscle tone proximal attachment (concentric contraction)
- No input from SC, but with direct input to
cortex (3) The distal segment moves against gravity or a
- Important role in the control of both automatic resistance; and
and voluntary movement and exerting effects on (4) The muscle acts alone.
the motor planning areas of the motor cortex
MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIGNIFICANCE IN MUSCLE
MOTOR LEARNING FUNCTION
- is concerned with how motor skills are acquired • Type I
and how they are made proficient, transferred, • Type Ila
and retained to allow consistent, accurate, and
• Type llb
automatic motion.
 TYPES OF MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY MUSCLE SIZE
• Agonist - muscle that is the principle muscle - Parallel?
producing a motion or maintaining a posture - Length
(Prime movers) - Cross-section?
• Antagonist is a muscle or a muscle group that - Hypertrophy
provides the opposite anatomic action of the - Atrophy – decrease in muscle size
agonist
FIBER ARCHITECTURE
A. I - Toe region
→ When stress is applied to the tissue, this slack - Strap
is taken up within the toe region of the stress - Pennate: Uni, Bi, and Multipennate (MC)
strain curve
LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIPS AND
→ (N) length after release PHYSIOLOGICAL LENGTH OF MUSCLE
B. II - Elastic region
→ Once the tissue is elongated to the point at - Active Tension – responsible for muscle
which the slack is taken out of the structure so it tension during shortening
becomes taut. - Passive Tension – adds to muscle tension
→ tissue's elastic properties are stressed. during lengthening
→ (N) length after release PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY
C. III - Plastic region
→ In this range, there is microscopic damage to the When muscles become elongated over two or more
structure; some of the tissue ruptures because it joints simultaneously, they may reach the state of
is unable to withstand this amount of stress. passive insufficiency.
→ permanent change in the tissue's length occurs TENODESIS
D. Necking range
→ past the plastic range Passive tension of muscles that cross two or more
joints may produce passive movements of those
→ At this point, more and more microscopic
joints. This effect is called tenodesis
ruptures occur until the tissue becomes
macroscopically damaged. ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY
→ tissue is weakening
Active insufficiency occurs in multi-joint muscles
CREEP when the muscle is at its shortest length when its
ability to produce physiologic force is minimal.
- Creep is the elongation of tissue from the
application of a low-level load over time
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE MUSCLE PERFORMANCE:
1) the muscle's size;
2) the architecture of muscle fibers;
3) the passive components of the muscle;
4) the physiological length of the muscle or
length-
5) tension relationship of the muscle;
6) the moment arm length of the muscle;
7) the speed of muscle contraction;
8) the active tension; and
9) age and gender