FDTP - Vibration Rs
FDTP - Vibration Rs
FDTP - Vibration Rs
UNIT 1
CONCEPT OF VIBRATION
REQUIREMENT VEHICLE
• Carry people:
• safety, ride comfort, Economic
• Safety means not crash only the behavior when accl, brakes and cornering.
• ride comfort- vibration
• Economic – only tire
• Vehicle has to listen to the driver – (safety – linked with this secod
point)
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FDTP - VEHICLE DYNAMICS, SVCE 23 to 30th November, 2016
Vibration
• It is a periodic motion which taken place when any elastic system is
displaced from the equilibrium position.
• In vehicle vibration causes human discomfort. Discomfort is equally depend
on both amplitude and frequency of vibration.
• The purpose of tyre is primarily to protect the wheel against road whereas
main spring take care of ride comfort.
• The problem of vehicle vibration is extremely complicated in nature.
• The analysis of vehicle vibration presented in this chapter uses deterministic
mathematical model based on idealisation.
Cont..
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Types of vibration
According to the acting force
• Free or Natural vibration
• Forced vibration
• Damped vibration
Free vibrations
When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement then
the body is called free vibration
Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates under the action of forces inherent
in the system itself due to initial disturbance, and when the externally applied forces
are absent.
The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies,
which are properties of the dynamical system, established by its mass and stiffness
distribution.
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Cont…
Forced vibration
•The vibration that takes place under the excitation of external forces is called forced
vibration.
•If the frequency of excitation coincide with one of the natural frequencies of the system,
a condition of resonance is encountered and dangerously large oscillations may result,
which results in failure of major structures, i.e., bridges, buildings, or airplane wings etc.
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Damped vibrations
when there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is
called damped vibration.
•Because of friction & other resistances vibrating systems are subjected to damping to
some degree due to dissipation of energy.
•Damping has very little effect on natural frequency of the system, and hence the
calculations for natural frequencies are generally made on the basis of no damping.
•Damping is of great importance in limiting the amplitude of oscillation at resonance.
Longitudinal vibrations.
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft than the
vibration are known as longitudinal vibrations.
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Transverse vibration
When the particle of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular tot the
shaft than the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations
Torsional vibrations
When the particle of the shaft or disc moves in a circle about the axis of the shaft
then the vibration are known as torsional vibrations
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Cont…
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Three translation
1) Bobbing up and down
2) Swaying back and forth
3) Moving forward and backward
Three rotations
1) Rolling about longitudinal axis
2) Pitching about lateral axis
3) Yawing about vertical axis
Cont…
i. The body
ii. The frond and rear axles
iii. Eight distinct spring
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LUMPED MASS
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Conti…
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Motion Variables
• Vehicle motion is usually described by the velocities (forward,
lateral,vertical, roll, pitch and yaw) with respect to the vehicle fixed
coordinate system, where the velocities are referenced to the earth fixed
coordinate system.
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𝐹 𝑡 − 𝐶𝑥 𝑡 − 𝐾𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑀𝑥(𝑡)
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑥 𝑡
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Free vibration
In this case F(t) = 0 of the above equation simplifies to
Cont…
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Cont…
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Prob 1- The spring of a motor vehicle carry a total load of 11281.5 N of with equal
springing front of rear the combined spring rate is 88290 N/m. Calculate the
frequency of vertical natural vibration with dampers removed,. If the dampers are
adjusted to give a total damping force 4415.5Nm/s. Calculate the frequency of
damped vibrations of the ratio of the second downward movement to the first
download movement.
Solution
Given
W= 11282.5 N
K= 88290N/m
= 8.77rad/sec.
C= 4415.5Nm/s
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= 1.363
= 0.248 cps.
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Cont…
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Cont…
(% by m)
Cont…
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Cont…
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Solution
W = 1785.4 N
N= 900rpm
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Cont…
Cont…
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Cont…
= -0.52 mm
Free vibration
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Free vibration
Spring coupled system With damper
For mass 1
For mass 2
Free vibration
Spring coupled system With damper
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Free vibration
For mass 1
For mass 2
Free vibration
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Free vibration
Spring coupled system Without damper
Free vibration
Spring coupled system Without damper
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Free vibration
Spring coupled system Without damper
Free vibration
Spring coupled system Without damper
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Free vibration
Mass coupled system damper
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Free vibration
Mass coupled system damper
𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 (𝑥 + 𝑙2 𝜃) + 𝐶1 (𝑥 − 𝑙1 𝜃) + 𝑘1 (𝑥 − 𝑙1 𝜃) + 𝑘2 (𝑥 + 𝑙2 𝜃) = 𝐹1 (𝑡)
Free vibration
Mass coupled system Without damper
Gives,
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Where
The amplitude ratio of bounce and pitch oscillation for two natural frequencies are given
by
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Vibration absorber
Vibration Absorber
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Vibration absorber
The mass which is excited can have zero amplitude of vibration of the spring mass
system which as coupled it vibrates freely.
Vibration absorber are used to control structure resonance.
Vibration absorber
The equations of motion are
And
No damper
And
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Vibration absorber
Vibration absorber
[A]{X}= {F}
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Vibration absorber
{X}= [A]-1{F}
Vibration absorber
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Prob 7.
For mass 1
For mass 2
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Ist mode
2nd mode
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• The system has more than one degrees of freedom are known as
several or multi degrees of freedom the system
• It has many equations of motion and as many natural frequencies as
the number of degrees of freedom.
• It becomes vey difficult to find out natural frequencies and mode
shapes It can be done with help of computers and quite relative with
some approximate like Rayleigh’s method, Holzeis Method,
Dunkersleys method and Matrix method etc..
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Displacement method.
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Mass I
Mass II
Mass III
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Substitute
Substitute the values in above equation we will get Eigen vector for respective Eigen
values.
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Prob : 1
Mass I
Mass II
Mass III
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𝜆= ωn²
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W = load
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Cont…
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Cont…
Cont…
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Transducers
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The output voltage is proportional to the strain, it can be calibrated to read the
strain directly.
Piezoelectric Transducers
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Cont…
where v is called the voltage sensitivity and t is the thickness of the crystal. The values of the
piezoelectric constant and voltage sensitivity for quartz are and 0.055 volt-meter/N,
respectively.
Where
D is the magnetic flux density (teslas),
l is the length of the conductor (meters), and
v is the velocity of the conductor relative to the magnetic
field (meters/second)
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Vibration Pickups
Cont…
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Vibrometer
Accelerometers
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Frequency-Measuring Instruments
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Signal Analysis
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Torsional System
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Cont…
Where ,
Kt is the torsional stiffness of shaft,
Ip is the rotor polar moment of inertia, kg-m2,
J is the shaft polar second moment of area,
l is the length of the shaft and
q is the angular displacement of the rotor.
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• For a rotating shaft there is a speed at which, for any small initial deflection, the
centripetral force is equal to the elastic restoring force.
• At this point the deflection increases greatly and the shaft is said to "whirl". Below and
above this speed this effect is very much reduced.
• This critical (whirling speed) is dependent on the shaft dimensions, the shaft material and
the shaft loads . The critical speed is the same as the frequency of traverse vibrations.
• The critical speed Ncof a shaft is simply
Cont…
Symbols
m = Mass (kg)
Nc = critical speed (rev/s )
g = acceleration due to gravity (m.s-2 )
O = centroid location
Where G = Centre of Gravity location
m = the mass of the shaft assumed concentrated at single point . L = Length of shaft
k is the stiffness of the shaft to traverse vibrations E = Young's Modulus (N/m2)
I = Second Moment of Area (m4)
y = deflection from δ with shaft rotation =
For a horizontal shaft this can be expressed as ω
δ static deflection (m)
ω = angular velocity of shaft (rads/s)
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Cont…
Consider a rotating horizontal shaft with a central mass (m) which has a centre of gravity
(G)slightly away from the geometric centroid(O)
Cont…
Equating these forces...
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