ME113 Wk10&11 Ch08

ME 113
Computer Aided Engineering

Drawing
Sectioning
Asst.Prof.Dr.Turgut AKYÜREK
Çankaya University, Ankara

Section Views
 Ordinary multiview drawings may not be enough to fully
explain the inner details of the objects in some cases.
 Section views are used in such cases.
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Section Views
Reel itself Section view of the reel

Section Views
 Sections can be used to reveal interior
features of an object that are not easily
represented using hidden lines.
 Aims of sectioning are;
– to improve the visualization of new
designs,
– to clarify multiview drawings,
– to facilitate the dimensioning of drawings.

Section Views
A Typical multiview technical drawing shows the right side view in full
section and removed section details.
Sectioning Basics
Cutting Planes
Imaginary cutting planes used to create section views are passed through
the object to reveal interior features.
Sectioning Basics
 Suppose a
cutting plane
through the top
view, then the
front view would
become a
section view.
Section View Reveals Hidden Features

Sectioning Basics
 The cutting plane (section plane)
is represented by section line with
arrows denoting the direction of
view. The portions cut by the
section view are cross-hatched.

Sectioning Examples
Mechanical assembly of a jet aircraft in section showing how parts

fit and their spatial relationship

Sectioning Examples
Bent cap section of a prestressed concreate box girder bridge superstructure

Sectioning Examples
Sectioned technical illustration of an internal combustion engine

Sectioning Steps
Suppose that we want to generate the section view of
the object shown below cut by the hatched plane.

Sectioning Steps
1. Denote the sectioning plane on a suitable view. For this
case select the top view. Name the sectioning plane by
letters (A-A', or A-A).
Top view of the part

Sectioning Steps
2. Draw what you see along the cutting plane and beyond on
the corresponding view (right side view in this case). Hatch
the portions where the cutting plane passes. Label the
section view than (Section A-A' or Section A-A).
Section view

Sectioning Basics
Treatment of Hidden Lines

Normally, hidden lines are omitted from
section views.
Sectioning Basics
Optional Use of Hidden Lines

Hidden lines can be shown in
section views to eliminate the need
for another view.

Sectioning Basics
Representing Surfaces and
Edges in Section Views

Some Details
 Not only the portions where
the cutting plane passes
are drawn, but also the
features beyond the cutting
plane are drawn. An
illustrative example is on
the right.
Correct Incorrect

Some Details
 Ribs, webs and
other thin
features:
– A rib or web is a
thin, flat part
that acts as a
support.
– Ribs, webs, lugs
and other thin
features are not
section lined
(crosshatched)
when the cutting
plane passes
parallel to the
feature. Incorrect Correct

Some Details
(A) True orthographic
projection sometimes yields a
misimpression of objects.
Foreshortening of features such
as holes, lugs, ribs, spokes,
and arms should be avoided.
(B) Recommended practice is
to rotate the feature into the
plane of projection to yield an
aligned view. Here both the
hole and the rib have been
rotated.

Some Details
When shown in section
views (case A), the web is
sectioned to indicate the
continuity of the material
throughout the
circumference of the wheel.
When shown in section
views (case B), spokes are
not sectioned to indicate
gaps around the
circumference.

Some Details

CAD Technique
Defining a Cutting Plane on a CAD Model Sectioned CAD Model

A 3-D CAD solid model can be The object is automatically cut
sectioned by positioning a cutting plane along the cutting plane to produce
relative to the object. a section view.

Visualization of Section Views
Counter Through
bore hole
Visualization of a Section View

A section view is created by drawing the outline of the surfaces cut by the
cutting plane. Details then are added to show surfaces behind the cutting
plane, such as the back of counterbored hole.
Visualization of Section Views
Through
hole
Counter
bore
Labeling Features for Visualization

The section view is created by passing an imaginary cutting plane vertically
through the object. Corners are labeled to assist in the visualization of the
orthographic section view.
Cutting Plane Lines
Placement of Cutting Plane Lines

The cutting plane line is placed in the
view where the cutting plane appears on
edge.
Cutting Plane Lines
Standard Cutting Plane Linestyles

Standard cutting plane linestyles are thick lines terminated with arrows.

Cutting Plane Lines
Horizontal Section View

A horizontal section view is
one in which the cutting
plane is on adge in the
front view and the top view
is sectioned.

Cutting Plane Lines
Profile Section View

A profie section view is one in which the
cutting plane is on edge in the front and
top views and the profile view is sectioned.

Cutting Plane Lines
Multiple Section Views
Multiple section views can be created
on a single multiview drawing. This
example shows horizontal and profile
section views. Note that each section
view is labeled to correspond to its
cutting plane line.

Section (Cross-Hatch) Lines
General
Purpose
Section
Line
ANSI Standard Section Lines for Various

Materials

Examples of Good and Poor
Section Lining Techniques

Section Line Placement

Avoid placing section lines parallel or perpendicular to visible lines.

Notes in Section-Lined Areas

Section lines are omitted around notes and dimensions.

Outline Sectioning
Outline sectioning is used on large areas.

Thin Parts in Section

Thin parts in section are represented without section lines
(ASME Y14.2M-1992).

Section View Types
 Full section
 Half section
 Offset section
 Aligned section
 Revolved (Rotated)
section
 Broken-out section
 Removed section
 Assembly section
 Auxiliary Section
Full Section
The object is cut thoroughly.

Full Section

Creating a Full-Section View

Half Section
Half sections are used with symmetrical parts and with
cylinders, in particular as shown in the figures.
Half Section
A half-section view is created by passing a cutting plane halfway through
the object.

Half Section

Offset Section
Offset Section
An offset-section view is created by bending the cutting plane at 90-degree
angles to pass through important features.
Offset Section
Multiple Offset Sections

Multiple offset-section views use labels for identification.

Offset Section

Offset Section

Aligned Section
The filter cover has tri-
symmetric features
that are equally spaced
around the circular
body. For this case, an
aligned section
technique is
appropriate. An
angular cutting plane
cuts through two of the
three slots as shown
on the figure.

Aligned Section

Aligned Section
Aligned Section
Aligned section conversions are used to rotate the holse into position along
the vertical center line.

Aligned Section
Aligning Spokes
Aligning spokes in section views is the conventional method of
representation.

Aligned Section
Aligning Lugs
Aligning lugs in section views is the conventional method of representation.

Aligned Section
Aligning Ribs
Aligning ribs in section views is the conventional method of representation.

Rotated (Revolved) Section
Imaginary slices of this
chisel are taken
perpendicular (at right
angles) to the view shown.
The slices are then rotated
90º in place where the "slice"
was cut.
If the revolved section does
not fit within the edges of the
cut surface, break lines are
used to show the section, as
shown on the far left section
of this chisel drawing.

Rotated (Revolved) Section
Revolved (Rotated) Section

A revolved-section view is created by passing a
cutting plane through the object, then revolving the
cross section 90 degrees.

Broken-out Section
A broken-out section view is created by breaking off
part of the object to reveal interior features.
Broken-Out Section
A broken-out section view is created by breaking off part of the object to
reveal interior features.

Removed Section
 A removed section is
the same as a revolved
section, except that the
perpendicular "slice" is
"removed" to another
area of the drawing.
 Cutting-plane lines and
the corresponding
removed sections
are labeled with UPPER
CASE letters in double
alphabetical order:
AA, BB, CC, etc.

Removed Section
Removed Section
A removed section view is created by
making a cross section, then moving
it to an area adjacent to the view.

Removed Section
Multiple Removed-Section
Views of a Connecting
Rod Identified with Labels

Removed Section
Scaled-Section View
A scaled removed section view is placed at any convenient location and
labeled with the scale.

Removed Section
Aligning Removed-Section Views

In one technique, the removed-section view is aligned along center lines
adjacent to the regular view.

Assembly Section
Assembly section views are typically full or half sections

of multiple assembled parts.
Assembly Section

Assembly Section
In addition to thin structural
features, parts not sectioned
also include standard
mechanical elements such as
shafts, bolts, screws, nuts,
rivets, keys, pins, bearings
(roller or ball), and gear teeth.
Here the shaft, bolts, and
nuts of the assembly are not
sectioned even though they
are cut by the cutting plane.

Assembly Section
Standard Parts not Section Lined

Standard parts, such as fasteners and shafts, are not section lined in
assembly sections, even if they are cut by the cutting plane.

Assembly Section
Section Lining Adjacent Parts

Adjacent parts in an assembly section are section lined at different angles
so that individual parts can be more easily identified.

Assembly Section
Translucency of a CAD Model

With a 3-D CAD model, translucency can be used instaed of cutting planes
to reveal interior features.

Auxiliary Section
A Full Auxiliary Section View

Auxiliary Section
A Partial Auxiliary Section View

Parts of the object appearing behind the auxiliary section view sometimes
are not drawn, to improve the clarity of the drawing.

Conventional Breaks
Examples of Conventional Break Symbols Used for

Various Materials

Sectioning in AutoCAD

Sectioning in AutoCAD
If we have more than one part in our view, we will need to make
sure that it stands out. Here we have the same part, but with
another piece placed inside it.

Drawing Section Views in AutoCAD
Begin by drawing the part below. You do not need to draw the Isometric
view, it is just for reference.

To draw the "Cutting Plane" that marks the section, draw a line and then
use the leader command to make the arrows. Add text for the "A"s.
 Copy the related view.
 Change the hidden lines.
 Remove the lines that lost edge position.
Section view before hatching:

Hatching in AutoCAD
 From “draw” pull-down menu
choose hatch or click the hatch
icon.
 You will get Boundary hatch
dialog box.
 Select a hatching pattern
(Hatching pattern should be
the same for the same
material).
 Use ANSI31 as a pattern for
sections. You can choose 0.5,
0.75 or 1 as a scale depending
of your drawing.
 Select the object to hatch.
Start the Hatch command and pick in the spots shown below.
Pick all the three areas at the same time so that the hatch
creates one object instead of three.


Section Views with 3-D CAD
A Section View Created of

a 3-D CAD Model

Section View Exercise 8_1.dwg
Generate the section
view A-A'
Full Section
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Full Section

Generate the section
view A-A'
Be careful on the
direction of viewing.
Full Section

Full Section

Generate
the section
view A-A'
Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Offset Section

Offset Section

Full Section

Full Section

Draw the multi view. Then, generate
the section view on the front view.
Full Section

Full Section

Draw the multi view. Then, generate the section view on the side view.
Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Aligned Section

Aligned Section

Aligned Section

Aligned Section

Half Section

Half Section

Aligned Section

Aligned Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Full Section

Problem 8.1 (Figure 8.53 (C))
Sketch, or draw with CAD, full-
section views. Each grid is 0.25’’
or 10 mm.

Problem 8.2 (Figure 8.54 (D))
Sketch, or draw with CAD,
offset-section views. Each grid is
0.25’’ or 10 mm.

Problem 8.3 (Figure 8.55(B))
Sketch, or draw with CAD, half-section
views. Each grid is 0.25’’ or 10 mm.

Problem 8.5 (Figure 8.57 (5))
the views with sections as
indicated by the cutting
plane lines. Each grid is
0.25’’ or 10 mm.

Problem 8.5 (Figure 8.57 (18))
the views with sections as
indicated by the cutting
plane lines. Each grid is
0.25’’ or 10 mm.

Problem 8.6 (Figure 8.59) Counter Block
Sketch, or draw with CAD, then create the necessary views, including a
section view, or create a 3-D model.

Problem 8.6 (Figure 8.63) Taper Collar

Problem 8.6 (Figure 8.65) Heavy-Duty V-Pulley

Classic Problem 1 – End Plate
Select views that will best describe the piece. Draw the multiviews, one of
which is sectioned.

Figure 8.70 – Roller-Model TX
Construct 3-D solid part, then create the necessary views, including a
section view.

English – Turkish Dictionary
section kesit sectioning Kesit alma Section view Kesit görünüş
Inner details İç ayrıntılar Reel makara Cutting plane Kesme düzlemi
hatching tarama Cross-hatching Kesit tarama hatched taralı
web support destek lug Sap, kulp
spoke Cant teli (kolu) Full section Tam kesit Half section Yarım kesit
Offset section Çıkıntılı kesit Aligned section Hizalı kesit Rotated section (Ekseni etrafında)
döndürülmüş kesit
Revolved (bir eksen etrafında) Assembly section Montaj kesiti nut somun
section döndürülümüş kesit
bolt civata rivet perçin screw vida
key kama pin pim bearing (mil) yatak, burç
gear dişli İnterior features İç özellikler

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What are section views used for?

What are section views used for?

What are the aims of sectioning?

What are the aims of sectioning?

ME 113

Computer Aided Engineering

Çankaya University, Ankara

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Reel itself Section view of the reel

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Section View Reveals Hidden Features

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Mechanical assembly of a jet aircraft in section showing how parts

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Bent cap section of a prestressed concreate box girder bridge superstructure

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Sectioned technical illustration of an internal combustion engine

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Top view of the part

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Treatment of Hidden Lines

Optional Use of Hidden Lines

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Defining a Cutting Plane on a CAD Model Sectioned CAD Model

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Visualization of a Section View

Labeling Features for Visualization

Placement of Cutting Plane Lines

Standard Cutting Plane Linestyles

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Horizontal Section View

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Profile Section View

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ANSI Standard Section Lines for Various

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Section Line Placement

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Notes in Section-Lined Areas

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Thin Parts in Section

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