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    Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 4

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    Harith Emaad
    The document discusses hydrologic losses such as evaporation, transpiration, interception, depression storage, and infiltration. It provides details on each process, defining them and explaining how they relate to surface runoff and groundwater. Measurement methods for evaporation are also examined, including the use of evaporimeters, empirical equations, and analytical models like the water budget and energy balance approaches.

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    Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 4

    Uploaded by

    Harith Emaad
    41 views17 pages
    The document discusses hydrologic losses such as evaporation, transpiration, interception, depression storage, and infiltration. It provides details on each process, defining them and explaining how they relate to surface runoff and groundwater. Measurement methods for evaporation are also examined, including the use of evaporimeters, empirical equations, and analytical models like the water budget and energy balance approaches.

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    Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 4

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    The document discusses hydrologic losses such as evaporation, transpiration, interception, depression storage, and infiltration. It provides details on each process, defining them and explaining how they relate to surface runoff and groundwater. Measurement methods for evaporation are also examined, including the use of evaporimeters, empirical equations, and analytical models like the water budget and energy balance approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views17 pages

    Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 4

    Uploaded by

    Harith Emaad
    The document discusses hydrologic losses such as evaporation, transpiration, interception, depression storage, and infiltration. It provides details on each process, defining them and explaining how they relate to surface runoff and groundwater. Measurement methods for evaporation are also examined, including the use of evaporimeters, empirical equations, and analytical models like the water budget and energy balance approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Hydrologic losses

    • In engineering hydrology, runoff is the main area of interest, so


    evaporation and transpiration phases are treated as “losses .”
    • If precipitation not available for surface runoff is considered as
    “loss”, then the following processes are also “losses :”
    • Interception
    • Depression storage
    • Infiltration
    • In terms of groundwater (Hydrogeology), infiltration process is
    a “gain .”
    • Aspects of interseption, deprission storage and infiltration that
    are important in engineering hydrology are defined briefly here:
    Interception:
    -Interception is the part of the rainfall that is intercepted by the
    earth’s surface and which subsequently evaporates .
    • The interception can take place by vegetal cover or depression
    storage in puddles.
    • Interception can amount up to 15-50% of precipitation, which is
    a significant part of the water balance .
    Depression storage:
    • Depression storage is the natural depressions within a
    catchment area which store runoff. Generally, after the
    depression storage is filled, runoff starts .
    • A paved surface will not detain much water .
    Infiltration: The process by which water on the ground surface
    enters the soil. The rate of infiltration is affected by soil
    characteristics.
    1- Evaporation:
    Is the process by which water changes from its
    liquid state to gaseous state. Water is transferred
    from the surface to the atmosphere
    through evaporation .
    Evaporation is proportional to:
    1- Vapor pressure
    2-Temperature
    3- Wind speed
    4- Atmospheric pressure
    5- Quality of water
    6- Size of water body.
    Factors affecting evaporation
    1- Vapor pressure: The rate of evaporation is proportional to the
    difference between the saturation vapour pressure at the water
    temperature (ew( and the actual vapour pressure in the air (ea)

    EL = C (ew – ea)
    EL = rate of evaporation (mm/day(
    C = constant
    ew and ea are in mm of mercury;The above equation is known
    as Dalton’s law of evaporation. Evaporation takes place till
    ew >ea , condensation happen if ew < ea
    2- Temperature: evaporation increase if the
    water temperature is increased. The rate of
    evaporation also increase with the air
    temperature
    3- Wind speed: The rate of evaporation
    increase with increase of wind speed.
    4- Atmospheric pressure: A decrease in
    barometric pressure increase evaporation
    - Quality of water: When a solute is dissolved
    in water, the vapor pressure of the solution is
    less than that of pure water and hence causes
    reduction in the rate of evaporation.
    • Types of Evaporation
    1- Evaporation :Evaporation from water body or water
    stored in the pores of the soil i.e., soil moisture .
    2- Transpiration :Evaporation from plants.
    3- Evapotranspiration: from a catchment or an area is
    the summation of both water,soil and plants.
    Measurement of evaporation
    • The amount of water evaporated from a water surface
    is estimated by the following methods :
    1- Using evaporimeter
    2- Empirical equations
    3- Analytical methods

    1- Evaporimeters : Water containing pans which are


    exposed to the atmosphere and loss of water by
    evaporation measured in them in the regular intervals.
    a) Class A Evaporation Pan
    b) ISI Standard pan (Indian Standards Institute )
    c) Colorado sunken pan
    d) USGS Floating pan
    Evaporimeters:
    Demerits of Evaporation pan:
    1.Pan differs in the heat-storing capacity and heat
    transfer from the sides and bottom which reduces the
    efficiency.
    2. The height of the rim in an evaporation pan affects
    the wind action over the surface.
    3.The heat-transfer characteristics of the pan material is
    different from that of the reservoir.
    Pan Coefficient (Cp) For accurate measurements
    from evaporation pan a coefficient is introduce,
    known as pan coefficient (Cp).

    Lake evaporation = Cp x pan evaporation


    Empirical Evaporation Eqs
    1- Dalton’s Formula:
    EL = k f(u) (ew – ea)
    K = Coefficient
    F(u) = correct function for wind speed.

    2- Meyer’s Formula (1915(


    EL = Km (ew- ea) (1+ (u9/16))
    EL = Lake evaporation in mm/day
    ew = Saturated vapour pressure at the water surface temperature.
    ea = actual vapour pressure of over lying air at a specified height.
    u9 = monthly mean wind velocity in km/hr at about 9 m above the
    ground.
    Km =coefficient, 0.36 for large deep waters and 0.50 for small shallow
    waters.
    3-Rower's Formula
    EL = 0.771 (1.465 – 0.000732 Pa) (0.44 + 0.0733 uo) (ew
    – ea)
    Pa = mean barometric reading in mm of mercury.
    U = wind velocity in km/h at ground level, which can be
    taken the velocity at 0.6 m height above ground.
    Analytical method
    1- Water Budget method:
    2- Energy balance method:
    3- Mass transfer method:
    1- Waterb Budget method: It is the simplest analytical method

    P + Vig + Vis = Vog + Vos + EL + ΔS + TL


    EL = P + (Vis – Vso) + (Vig – vog) – TL – ΔS

    P= daily precipitation.
    Vis= daily surface inflow into the lake.
    Vig= daily groundwater flow.
    Vos= daily surface outflow from the lake.
    Vog= daily seepage outflow.
    EL= daily lake evaporation.
    Δs= increase the lake storage in a day.
    TL= daily transportation loss.
    Evapotranspiration
    • Transpiration + Evaporation
    • This phenomenon describes transport of water into
    the atmosphere from surfaces, including water and soil
    evaporation, and vegetation (transpiration).
    • Methods for measuring evapotranspiration:
    1- Lysimeters: A lysimeter is a spatial watertight tank containing
    a block of soil and set in a field of growing plants, the plants
    growing in lysimeter are the same growing in surrounding
    area . Evapotranspiration measured volumetrically
    through an arrangement made in the lysimeter.
    2-Penman Equation
    AH n  E a Y
    PET 
    AY
    PET = potential evapotranspiration in mm/day.
    A= slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs
    temperature.
    Hn= net radiation in mm.
    Ea= parameter including wind velocity and saturation
    deficit.
    Y = psychrometric constant=0.49 mm of mercury.
    3- Blaney –Criddle Formulae:
    This method is used throughout the world for the
    consumptive use determinations and is given by:
    ET = 2.54 K F
    F = Σ Ph Tf / 100
    ET= PET in crop season in cm
    K= an empirical coefficient , depends on the type of
    the crop.
    F= sum of monthly consumptive use factors for the
    period.
    Ph= monthly percent of annual day – time hours
    depends on the latitude of the space.
    Tf = mean monthly temperature in F.
    Value of k depend on the month and locality.

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