Evaporation Transpiration
Evaporation Transpiration
Evaporation Transpiration
Evaporation,
Transpiration &
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation
z (E)
- A process by which water is change from the liquid or solid state into the
gaseous state through the transfer of heat energy.
- Depends on the supply of heat energy and the vapor pressure gradient
(which, in turn, depends on water and air temperatures, wind, atmospheric
pressure, solar radiation, etc.).
z
Meteorological Factors
o Relative Humidity:
• As the humidity of air increases its ability to absorb more water vapor
decreases, and the rate of evaporation becomes slower.
o Wind:
• As the liquid water vaporizes from a water body, the air adjacent to this
body will be saturated.
• For the continuation of evaporation, this saturated air should be
removed. This is possible by wind.
o Atmospheric Pressure:
• An increase in atmospheric pressure prevents the movement of
molecules out of water.
The Nature
z of the Evaporating Surface
o Temperature of liquid water:
• High liquid water temperature means high molecular motion in the water
and the number of molecules leaving the water body will be high.
o Salinity:
• Adversely affects evaporation. 1% increase in salt concentration 1%
decrease in evaporation.
All these methods were developed to estimate evaporation from free water
surfaces (or completely saturated soil).
Energy Budget Method
z
𝒈 −𝒄𝒂𝒍
Es [ ] = (Ea + Rt) – (Rr + Ee + Hn + R1)
𝒄𝒎𝟐=𝒅𝒂𝒚
Ea
Amount zof Evaporation (E)
𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑒
E [ ] = 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐻𝑣
𝑔 −𝑐𝑎𝑙
Hv [ ] = 596 – 0.52T (latent heat of evaporation)
𝑐𝑚3
Continuity Equation:
Penman (Combination) Method
z
Using energy budget and mass transport method, Penman (1956) proposed a
new equation which gives a good estimation of evaporation from lakes for daily to
monthly periods.
z
The values of Qn and Ea are determined The definition of the terms are as follows:
from the following equations:
z
Penman (Combination) Method requires:
Relative Humidity
Wind Velocity
Duration of sunshine
Pan Evaporating Data
z
The most widely use pan is the standard U.S. Weather Bureau Class A pan.
Anemometer to measure the wind and Precipitation gauge nearby the pan.
z
corrected by a coefficient.
o Climate
• Light intensity
• Atmospheric vapour pressure
• Temperature
• Wind
o Soil
• Availability of water
o Plant Factors
• Extent and efficiency of root system
• Leaf area
• Leaf arrangement & structure
• Stomatal behavior
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Measurement of Transpiration
- It depends upon plant and soil characteristics, and upon the amount of
available water in the soil.
z of Evapotranspiration
Estimation
1. Lysimeter experiment
2. Field experiment plots
3. Soil moisture depletion studies
4. Water balance or budget method
5. Eddy covariance
6. Using US-open pan evaporimeter
7. Energy balance