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HTML Introduction

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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HTML Introduction

Uploaded by

Juns Usep Junaedi

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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W3schools.

com Page 1 of 57

HTML Introduction
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

 HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>

 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages

 HTML documents describe web pages
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML
documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags,
but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:

<html><body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

Example Explained
 The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
 The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
 The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
 The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph

HTML - Getting Started

What You Need
You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.

 You don't need an HTML editor

 You don't need a web server
 You don't need a web site
W3schools.com Page 2 of 57

Editing HTML
HTML can be written and edited using many different editors like Dreamweaver and Visual Studio. However,
in this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe using a plain text editor is
the best way to learn HTML.

Create Your Own Test Web

If you just want to learn HTML, skip the rest of this chapter. If you want to create a test page on your own
computer, just copy the 3 files below to your desktop. (Right click on each link, and select "save target as" or
"save link as") mainpage.htm; page1.htm; page2.htm After you have copied the files, you can double-click on
the file called "mainpage.htm" and see your first web site in action.

Use Your Test Web For Learning

We suggest you experiment with everything you learn at W3Schools by editing your web files with a text
editor (like Notepad). Note: If your test web contains HTML markup tags you have not learned, don't panic.
You will learn all about it in the next chapters.

.HTM or .HTML File Extension?

When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no difference, it
is entirely up to you. Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display
inline frames.

HTML Basic - 4 Examples

Don't worry if the examples use tags you have not learned. You will learn about them in the next chapters.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute. (You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of
this tutorial).

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

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Note: The name and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

HTML Elements
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements. An HTML element is everything from the start
tag to the end tag:

Start tag * Element content End tag *

<p> This is a paragraph </p>
<a href="default.htm" > This is a link </a>
<br />

* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax

 An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
 An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
 The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have empty content
 Empty elements are closed in the start tag
 Most HTML elements can have attributes

Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Nested HTML Elements

Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements). HTML documents consist of nested
HTML elements.

HTML Document Example

<html><body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained

The <p> element:

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag
</p>. The element content is: This is my first paragraph. The <body> element:

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a start tag <body> and an
end tag </body>. The element content is another HTML element (a p element). The <html> element:

<html><body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

The <html> element defines the whole HTML document. The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag
</html>. The element content is another HTML element (the body element).
W3schools.com Page 4 of 57

Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional. Never rely on
this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag .

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. <br> is an empty element without a closing tag
(the <br> tag defines a line break). Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start
tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML tags.
W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in
HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.

HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

 HTML elements can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single
style quotes are also allowed. Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it
is necessary to use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation. Newer versions of
(X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our: Complete HTML Reference Below
is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:

Attribute Value Description

class classname Specifies a classname for an element
id id Specifies a unique id for an element
style style_definition Specifies an inline style for an element
title tooltip_text Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool
W3schools.com Page 5 of 57

tip)

For more information about standard attributes: HTML Standard Attributes Reference

HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents. Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1>
defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.

Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold. Search engines use your
headings to index the structure and content of your web pages. Since users may skim your pages by its
headings, it is important to use headings to show the document structure. H1 headings should be used as
main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings, and so on.

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page. The hr element can be used to separate
content:

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Comments
are ignored by the browser and are not displayed. Comments are written like this:

Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?" To find out, right-click in the
page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or similar for other browsers. This will
open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

Headings, How to display headings in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body></html>

Hidden comments, How to insert comments in the HTML source code.

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<html><body>

<p>This is a regular paragraph</p>
</body></html>

Horizontal lines, How to insert a horizontal line.

<html><body>
<p>The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body></html>

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes. You will
learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
<hr /> Defines a horizontal line
<!--> Defines a comment

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can produce
unexpected results or errors. Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks

Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>

The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

<br> or <br />

In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, HTML elements with no end tag (closing tag) are not allowed.
Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.
W3schools.com Page 7 of 57

HTML Output - Useful Tips

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows will create
different results. With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your
HTML code. The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of
lines count as one line, and any number of spaces count as one space.

HTML paragraphs, How HTML paragraphs are displayed in a browser.

<html><body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

Line breaks. The use of line breaks in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>
</body></html>

Poem problems, Some problems with HTML formatting.

<html><body>
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>
<p>Note that your browser ignores the layout!</p>
</body></html>

More paragraphs, The default behaviors of paragraphs.

<html><body>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
The number of lines in a paragraph depends on the size of your browser window. If you resize the browser
window, the number of lines in this paragraph will change.
</p>
</body></html>

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their
attributes.

Tag Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
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<br /> Inserts a single line break

HTML Text Formatting

This text is bold
This text is big
This text is italic
This is computer output
This is subscript and superscript

HTML Formatting Tags

These HTML tags are
HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference).

Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.

However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:
<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.
<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as
"important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser
one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and
not bold!

Text formatting, How to format text in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<p><b>This text is bold</b></p>
<p><strong>This text is strong</strong></p>
<p><big>This text is big</big></p>
<p><em>This text is emphasized</em></p>
<p><i>This text is italic</i></p>
<p><small>This text is small</small></p>
<p>This is<sub> subscript</sub> and <sup>superscript</sup></p>
</body></html>

Preformatted text, How to control the line breaks and spaces with the pre tag.

<html><body>
<pre>
This is preformatted text.
It preserves both spaces
and line breaks.
</pre>
<p>The pre tag is good for displaying computer code:</p>
<pre>
for i = 1 to 10
print i
next i
</pre>
</body></html>

"Computer output" tags, How different "computer output" tags will be displayed.

<html><body>
<code>Computer code</code>
<br />
<kbd>Keyboard input</kbd>
<br />
<tt>Teletype text</tt>
<br />
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<samp>Sample text</samp>
<br />
<var>Computer variable</var>
<br />
<p><b>Note:</b> These tags are often used to display computer/programming code.</p>
</body></html>

Address, How to define contact information for the author/owner of an HTML document.

<html><body>
<address>
Written by W3Schools.com<br />
<a href="mailto:us@example.org">Email us</a><br />
Address: Box 564, Disneyland<br />
Phone: +12 34 56 78
</address>
</body></html>

Abbreviations and acronyms, How to handle abbreviations and acronyms.

<html><body>
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>
<p>Can I get this <acronym title="as soon as possible">ASAP</acronym>?</p>
<p>The title attribute is used to show the spelled-out version when holding the mouse pointer over the
acronym or abbreviation.</p>
</body></html>

Text direction, How to change the text direction.

<html><body>
<p>
If your browser supports bi-directional override (bdo), the next line will be written from the right to the
left (rtl):
</p>
<bdo dir="rtl">
Here is some Hebrew text
</bdo>
</body></html>

Quotations, How to handle long and short quotations.

<html><body>
A long quotation:
<blockquote>
This is a long quotation. This is a long quotation. This is a long quotation. This is a long quotation. This is a
long quotation.
</blockquote>
<p><b>Note:</b> The browser inserts white space before and after a blockquote element. It also insert
margins.</p>
A short quotation:
<q>This is a short quotation</q>
<p><b>Notice that the browser inserts quotation marks around the short quotation (Does not work in
IE).</b></p>
</body></html>

Deleted and inserted text, How to mark deleted and inserted text.

<html><body>
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>!</p>
<p>Notice that browsers will strikethrough deleted text and underline inserted text.</p>
</body></html>
W3schools.com Page 10 of 57

HTML "Computer Output" Tags

Tag Description
<code> Defines computer code text
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<samp> Defines sample computer code
<tt> Defines teletype text
<var> Defines a variable
<pre> Defines preformatted text

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS is used to style HTML elements.

Look! Styles and colors

This text is in Verdana and red

This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high

Styling HTML with CSS
CSS was introduced with HTML 4, to provide a common way to style HTML elements. CSS styling can be
added to HTML in the following ways
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 in separate style sheet files (CSS files)

 in the style element in the HTML head section
 in the style attribute in single HTML elements.

Using the HTML Style Attribute

It is time consuming and not very practical to style HTML elements using the style attribute. The preferred
way to add CSS to HTML, is to put CSS syntax in separate CSS files. However, in this HTML tutorial we will
introduce you to CSS using the style attribute. This is done to simplify the examples. It also makes it easier for
you to edit the code and try it yourself. You can learn everything about styles and CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Style Example - Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

<html>
<body style="background-color:yellow">
<h2 style="background-color:red">This is a heading</h2>
<p style="background-color:green">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

The style attribute makes the "old" bgcolor attribute obsolete. Try it yourself: Background color the old way

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size

The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in
an element:

<html><body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">A heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p>
</body></html>

The style attribute makes the old <font> tag obsolete. Try it yourself: Fonts the old way

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment

The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

<html><body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">This is a heading</h1>
<p>The heading above is aligned to the center of this page.</p>
</body></html>

The style attribute makes the old "align" attribute obsolete. Try it yourself: Centered heading the old way

Deprecated Tags and Attributes

In HTML 4, several tags and attributes are deprecated. Deprecated means that they will not be supported in
future versions of HTML and XHTML. The message is clear: Avoid using deprecated tags and attributes!
These tags and attributes should be avoided:

Tags Description
<center> Deprecated. Defines centered content
<font> and <basefont> Deprecated. Defines HTML fonts
<s> and <strike> Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text
<u> Deprecated. Defines underlined text
Attributes Description
align Deprecated. Defines the alignment of text
bgcolor Deprecated. Defines the background color
color Deprecated. Defines the text color
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For all of the above: Use styles instead!

HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML links, How to create links in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<p>
<a href="default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a> This is a link to a page on this website.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a> This is a link to a website on the World Wide Web.
</p>
</body></html>

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)

A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or
a new section within the current document. When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow
will turn into a little hand. Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag. The <a> tag can be used in two
ways:

1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute

2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute

HTML Link Syntax

The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>

which will display like this: Visit W3Schools Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools'
homepage. Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. You can link from an image or any other HTML
element.

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document. The example below will open the
linked document in a new browser window:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

HTML Links - The name Attribute

The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor. The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside
an HTML document. Note: The upcoming HTML5 standard suggest using the id attribute instead of the name
attribute for specifying the name of an anchor. Using the id attribute actually works also for HTML4 in all
modern browsers. Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader. A
named anchor inside an HTML document:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:
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<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two requests to the server, the server will first
add a slash to the address, and then create a new request like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/". Tip: Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents"
at the beginning of a large document. Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links
to each of these anchors are put at the top of the document. Tip: If a browser does not find the named
anchor specified, it goes to the top of the document. No error occurs.

An image as a link, How to use an image as a link.

<html><body>
<p>Create a link of an image:
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" width="32" height="32" />
</a></p>
<p>No border around the image, but still a link:
<a href="default.asp">
<img border="0" src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" width="32" height="32" />
</a></p>
</body></html>

Link to a location on the same page, How to link to a bookmark.

<html><body>
<p>
<a href="#C4">See also Chapter 4.</a>
</p>
<h2>Chapter 1</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 2</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 3</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2><a name="C4">Chapter 4</a></h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 5</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 6</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 7</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 8</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 9</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 10</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 11</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 12</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 13</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 14</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 15</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
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<h2>Chapter 16</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 17</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
</body></html>

Break out of a frame, How to break out of a frame (if your site is locked in a frame).

<html><body>
<p>Locked in a frame?</p>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_top">Click here!</a>
</body></html>

Create a mailto link, How to link to a mail message (will only work if you have mail installed).

<html><body>
<p>
This is an email link:
<a href="mailto:someone@example.com?Subject=Hello%20again">
Send Mail</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>Note:</b> Spaces between words should be replaced by %20 to ensure that the browser will display
the text properly.
</p>
</body></html>

Create a mailto link 2, Another mailto link.

<html><body>
<p>
This is another mailto link:
<ahref="mailto:someone@example.com?cc=someoneelse@example.com
&bcc=andsomeoneelse@example.com&subject=Summer%20Party&body=
You%20are%20invited%20to%20a%20big%20summer%20party!">Send mail!</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>Note:</b> Spaces between words should be replaced by %20 to ensure that the browser will display
the text properly.
</p>
</body></html>

HTML Link Tags

Tag Description
<a> Defines an anchor

HTML Images

Norwegian Mountain Trip

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Insert images, How to insert images into an HTML document.

<html><body>
<p>
An image:
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="32" height="32" />
</p>
<p>
A moving image:
<img src="hackanm.gif" alt="Computer man" width="48" height="48" />
</p>
<p>
Note that the syntax of inserting a moving image is no different from a non-moving image.
</p>
</body></html>

Insert images from different locations, How to insert an image from another folder or another
server.

<html><body>
<p>An image from another folder:</p>
<img src="/images/chrome.gif" alt="Google Chrome" width="33" height="32" />
<p>An image from W3Schools:</p>
<img src="http://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104"
height="142" />
</body></html>

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains
attributes only, and has no closing tag. To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src
stands for "source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display. Syntax for
defining an image:

<img src="url" alt="some_text"/>

The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in the
"images" directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL: http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif. The
browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an image tag between
two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the second paragraph.

HTML Images - The Alt Attribute

The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed. The
value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:

<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />

W3schools.com Page 16 of 57

The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot view it
(because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).

HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image. The attribute
values are specified in pixels by default:

<img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228" />

Tip: It is a good practice to specify both the height and width attributes for an image. If these attributes are
set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these
attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image. The effect will be that the page layout will
change during loading (while the images load).

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right. Loading images
take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully. Note: When a web page is loaded, it is the browser, at
that moment, that actually gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make
sure that the images actually stay in the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will
get a broken link icon. The broken link icon is shown if the browser cannot find the image.

Aligning images, How to align an image within the text.

<html><body>
<p>An image
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" align="bottom" width="32" height="32" />
with align="bottom".</p>
<p>An image
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" align="middle" width="32" height="32" />
with align="middle".</p>
<p>An image
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" align="top" width="32" height="32" />
with align="top".</p>
<p><b>Tip:</b> align="bottom" is default!</p>
<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="32" height="32" />
An image before the text.</p>
<p>An image after the text.
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="32" height="32" /></p>
</body></html>

Let the image float, How to let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph.

<html><body>
<p>
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" align="left" width="32" height="32" />
A paragraph with an image. The align attribute of the image is set to "left". The image will float to the left
of this text.
</p>
<p>
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" align="right" width="32" height="32" />
A paragraph with an image. The align attribute of the image is set to "right". The image will float to the
right of this text.
</p>
</body></html>

Make a hyperlink of an image, How to use an image as a link.

<html><body>
<p>Create a link of an image:
W3schools.com Page 17 of 57

<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" width="32" height="32" />
</a></p>
<p>No border around the image, but still a link:
<a href="default.asp">
<img border="0" src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" width="32" height="32" />
</a></p>
</body></html>

Create an image map, How to create an image map, with clickable regions. Each of the regions is a hyperlink.

<html><body>
<p>Click on the sun or on one of the planets to watch it closer:</p>
<img src="planets.gif" width="145" height="126" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" />
<map name="planetmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="0,0,82,126" alt="Sun" href="sun.htm" />
<area shape="circle" coords="90,58,3" alt="Mercury" href="mercur.htm" />
<area shape="circle" coords="124,58,8" alt="Venus" href="venus.htm" />
</map>
</body></html>

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description
<img /> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image-map
<area /> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
Apples 44%
Bananas 23%
Oranges 13%
Other 10%

Tables, How to create tables in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<p>
Each table starts with a table tag.
Each table row starts with a tr tag.
Each table data starts with a td tag.
</p>
<h4>One column:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>One row and three columns:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>Two rows and three columns:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
W3schools.com Page 18 of 57

Table borders, How to specify different table borders.

<html><body>
<h4>With a normal border:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With a thick border:</h4>
<table border="8">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With a very thick border:</h4>
<table border="15">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is
divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A
<td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
W3schools.com Page 19 of 57

</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders.
Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show. To display
a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

HTML Table Headers

Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag. All major browsers will display the text
in the <th> element as bold and centered.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in your browser:

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

Tables without borders, How to create tables without borders.

<html><body>
<h4>This table has no borders:</h4>
<table>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>400</td>
W3schools.com Page 20 of 57

<td>500</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>And this table has no borders:</h4>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>400</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Table headers, How to create table headers.

<html><body>
<h4>Table headers:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Telephone</th>
<th>Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>Vertical headers:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>First Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Table with a caption, How to add a caption to a table.

<html><body>
<table border="1">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
W3schools.com Page 21 of 57

</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Table cells that span more than one row/column, How to define table cells that span more than one
row or one column.

<html><body>
<h4>Cell that spans two columns:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>Cell that spans two rows:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>First Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Tags inside a table, How to display elements inside other elements.

<html><body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
</td>
<td>This cell contains a table:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
W3schools.com Page 22 of 57

<tr>
<td>This cell contains a list
<ul>
<li>apples</li>
<li>bananas</li>
<li>pineapples</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>HELLO</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Cell padding, How to use cellpadding to create more white space between the cell content and
its borders.

<html><body>
<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1"
cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

Cell spacing, How to use cellspacing to increase the distance between the cells.

<html><body>
<h4>Without cellspacing:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With cellspacing:</h4>
<table border="1"
cellspacing="10">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
W3schools.com Page 23 of 57

</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

The frame attribute, How to use the "frame" attribute to control the borders around the table.

<html><body>
<p>
<b>Note:</b>
If you see no frames/borders around the tables below, your browser does not support
the "frame" attribute.
</p>
<h4>With frame="border":</h4>
<table frame="border">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="box":</h4>
<table frame="box">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="void":</h4>
<table frame="void">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="above":</h4>
<table frame="above">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="below":</h4>
<table frame="below">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="hsides":</h4>
W3schools.com Page 24 of 57

<table frame="hsides">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="vsides":</h4>
<table frame="vsides">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="lhs":</h4>
<table frame="lhs">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="rhs":</h4>
<table frame="rhs">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>

HTML Table Tags

Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a table header
<tr> Defines a table row
<td> Defines a table cell
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting
<col /> Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table
W3schools.com Page 25 of 57

HTML Lists
The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

Unordered list, How to create an unordered list in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<h4>An Unordered List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
</body></html>

Ordered list, How to create an ordered list in an HTML document.

<html><body>
<h4>An Ordered List:</h4>
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
</body></html>

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are
marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

 Coffee
 Milk

HTML Ordered Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The list items are marked
with numbers.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists

W3schools.com Page 26 of 57

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. The <dl> tag defines a definition list. The
<dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes the item in the
list):

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee
- black hot drink
Milk
- white cold drink

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Different types of ordered lists,Demonstrates different types of ordered lists.

<html><body>
<h4>Numbered list:</h4>
<ol>
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Letters list:</h4>
<ol type="A">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Lowercase letters list:</h4>
<ol type="a">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Roman numbers list:</h4>
<ol type="I">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Lowercase Roman numbers list:</h4>
<ol type="i">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
</body></html>
W3schools.com Page 27 of 57

Different types of unordered lists, Demonstrates different types of unordered lists.

<html><body>
<h4>Disc bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
<h4>Circle bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
<h4>Square bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="square">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
</body></html>

Nested list, Demonstrates how you can nest lists.

<html><body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
</body></html>

Nested list 2, Demonstrates a more complicated nested list.

<html><body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea
<ul>
<li>China</li>
<li>Africa</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
W3schools.com Page 28 of 57

Definition list, Demonstrates a definition list.

<html><body>
<h4>A Definition List:</h4>
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>
</body></html>

HTML List Tags

Tag Description
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a definition list
<dt> Defines an item in a definition list
<dd> Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

Create text fields, How to create text fields. The user can write text in a text field.

<html><body>
<form action="">
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>
<p><b>Note:</b> The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20
characters.</p>
</body></html>

Create password field, How to create a password field.

<html><body>
<form action="">
Username: <input type="text" name="user" /><br />
Password: <input type="password" name="password" />
</form>
<p><b>Note:</b> The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).</p>
</body></html>

HTML Forms
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HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes,
radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and
label elements. The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:

<form>
input elements
</form>

HTML Forms - The Input Element

The most important form element is the input element. The input element is used to select user
information. An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element
can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. The most used input
types are described below.

Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field:

<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" />
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Password:

Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE
one of a limited number of choices:

<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Male

Female
W3schools.com Page 30 of 57

Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or
MORE options of a limited number of choices.

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

I have a bike

I have a car

Submit Button
A submit button is used to send form data to a
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button.
server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined
in the action attribute usually does something with the received input:

<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">

Username: <input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Submit
Username:

If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser will send your
input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". The page will show you the received input.

More Input Examples

Radio buttons, How to create radio buttons.

<html><body>
<form action="">
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>
<p><b>Note:</b> When a user clicks on a radio-button, it becomes checked, and all other radio-buttons
with equal name become unchecked.</p>
</body></html>

Checkboxes, How to create checkboxes. A user can select or unselect a checkbox.

Simple drop-down list, How to create a simple drop-down list.

<html><body>
<form action="">
W3schools.com Page 31 of 57

<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
</form>
</body></html>

Drop-down list with a pre-selected value, How to create a drop-down list with a pre-selected
value.

<html><body>
<form action="">
<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat" selected="selected">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
</form>
</body></html>

Textarea, How
to create a multi-line text input control. In a text-area the user can write an
unlimited number of characters.

<html> <body>
<p> This example cannot be edited because our editor uses a textarea for input, and your browser does
not allow a textarea inside a textarea. </p>
<textarea rows="10" cols="30"> The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>
</body> </html>

Create a button, How to create a button.

Fieldset around form-data, How to create a border around elements in a form.

<html><body>
<form action="">
<fieldset>
<legend>Personal information:</legend>
Name: <input type="text" size="30" /><br />
E-mail: <input type="text" size="30" /><br />
Date of birth: <input type="text" size="10" />
</fieldset>
</form>
</body></html>

Form with text fields and a submit button, How to create a form with two text fields and a submit
button.

<html><body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
First name: <input type="text" name="FirstName" value="Mickey" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="LastName" value="Mouse" /><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Submit" />

</form>
<p>If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called
"html_form_action.asp".</p>
</body></html>

Form with checkboxes, How to create a form with two checkboxes and a submit button.

<html><body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" /> I have a bike<br />
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car
<br /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<p>If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called
"html_form_action.asp".</p>
</body></html>

Form with radio buttons, How to create a form with two radio buttons, and a submit button.

<html><body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female<br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<p>If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called
"html_form_action.asp".</p>
</body></html>

Send e-mail from a form, How to send e-mail from a form.

<html><body>
<h3>Send e-mail to someone@example.com:</h3>
<form action="MAILTO:someone@example.com" method="post" enctype="text/plain">
Name:<br />
<input type="text" name="name" value="your name" /><br />
E-mail:<br />
<input type="text" name="mail" value="your email" /><br />
Comment:<br />
<input type="text" name="comment" value="your comment" size="50" />
<br /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Send">
<input type="reset" value="Reset">
</form>
</body></html>

HTML Form Tags

Tag Description
<form> Defines an HTML form for user input
<input /> Defines an input control
<textarea> Defines a multi-line text input control
<label> Defines a label for an input element
<fieldset> Defines a border around elements in a form
<legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset element
<select> Defines a select list (drop-down list)
<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a select list
<option> Defines an option in a select list
<button> Defines a push button
W3schools.com Page 33 of 57

HTML Frames
With frames, several Web pages can be displayed in the same browser window. ATTENTION. Do not expect
frames to be supported in future versions of HTML.

Vertical frameset, How to make a vertical frameset with three different documents.

Horizontal frameset, How to make a horizontal frameset with three different documents.

HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML
document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others. The disadvantages of using frames
are:

 Frames are not expected to be supported in future versions of HTML

 Frames are difficult to use. (Printing the entire page is difficult).
 The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents

The HTML frameset Element

The frameset element holds one or more frame elements. Each frame element can hold a separate
document. The frameset element states HOW MANY columns or rows there will be in the frameset, and
HOW MUCH percentage/pixels of space will occupy each of them. The <frame> tag defines one particular
window (frame) within a frameset. In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first
column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75%
of the width of the browser window. The document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first
column, and the document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

Note: The frameset column size can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the columns can be set
to use the remaining space, with an asterisk (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Tip: If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing
this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag. Note: Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do
not support frames. Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the
<frameset></frameset> tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that
do not support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in the
first example below.
W3schools.com Page 34 of 57

How to use the <noframes> tag, How to use the <noframes> tag (for browsers that do not
support frames).

<html>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" />
<frame src="frame_b.htm" />
<frame src="frame_c.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not handle frames!</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

Nested framesets, How to create a frameset with three documents, and how to mix them in
rows and columns.

Frameset with noresize="noresize", How

to use the noresize attribute. Move the mouse over the
borders between the frames and notice that you cannot move the borders.

Navigation frame, Howto make a navigation frame. The navigation frame contains a list of
links with the second frame as the target. The file called "tryhtml_contents.htm" contains
three links. The source code of the links:
<a href ="frame_a.htm" target ="showframe">Frame a</a><br>
<a href ="frame_b.htm" target ="showframe">Frame b</a><br>
<a href ="frame_c.htm" target ="showframe">Frame c</a>
The second frame will show the linked document.

Jump to a specified section within a frame, Two

frames. One of the frames has a source to a
specified section in a file. The specified section is made with <a name="C10"> in the
"link.htm" file.

<html>
<frameset cols="20%,80%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" />
<frame src="link.htm#C10" />
</frameset>
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</html>

Jump to a specified section with frame navigation, Two

frames. The navigation frame (content.htm)
to the left contains a list of links with the second frame (link.htm) as a target. The second
frame shows the linked document. One of the links in the navigation frame is linked to a
specified section in the target file. The HTML code in the file "content.htm" looks like this:
<a href ="link.htm" target ="showframe">Link without Anchor</a><br><a href
="link.htm#C10" target ="showframe">Link with Anchor</a>.

HTML Frame Tags

Tag Description
<frameset> Defines a set of frames
<frame /> Defines a sub window (a frame)
<noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames

HTML Iframes
An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page. Syntax for adding an iframe:

The URL points to the location of the separate page.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

The attribute
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe.
values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").

<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>

Iframe - Remove the Border

The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe. Set the
attribute value to "0" to remove the border:

<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>

Use iframe as a Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link. The target attribute of a link must refer to the
name attribute of the iframe:

<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>

<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>

HTML iframe Tag

Tag Description
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<iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)

HTML Colors
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue
color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The
highest value is 255 (in HEX: FF). HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers,
starting with a # sign.

Color Values
Color Color HEX Color RGB
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)
#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)
#0000FF rgb(0,0,255)
#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255, gives more than 16 million different colors
(256 x 256 x 256). If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to
255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero. To see the full list of color mixes when RED
varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the HEX or RGB values below.

Red Light Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080000 rgb(8,0,0)
#100000 rgb(16,0,0)
#180000 rgb(24,0,0)
#200000 rgb(32,0,0)
#280000 rgb(40,0,0)
#300000 rgb(48,0,0)
#380000 rgb(56,0,0)
#400000 rgb(64,0,0)
#480000 rgb(72,0,0)
#500000 rgb(80,0,0)
#580000 rgb(88,0,0)
#600000 rgb(96,0,0)
#680000 rgb(104,0,0)
#700000 rgb(112,0,0)
#780000 rgb(120,0,0)
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#800000 rgb(128,0,0)
#880000 rgb(136,0,0)
#900000 rgb(144,0,0)
#980000 rgb(152,0,0)
#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)
#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)
#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)
#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)
#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)
#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)
#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)
#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)
#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)
#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)
#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)
#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray
To make it easier
Gray colors are created by using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources.
for you to select the correct shade, we have created a table of gray shades for you:

Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080808 rgb(8,8,8)
#101010 rgb(16,16,16)
#181818 rgb(24,24,24)
#202020 rgb(32,32,32)
#282828 rgb(40,40,40)
#303030 rgb(48,48,48)
#383838 rgb(56,56,56)
#404040 rgb(64,64,64)
#484848 rgb(72,72,72)
#505050 rgb(80,80,80)
#585858 rgb(88,88,88)
#606060 rgb(96,96,96)
#686868 rgb(104,104,104)
#707070 rgb(112,112,112)
#787878 rgb(120,120,120)
#808080 rgb(128,128,128)
#888888 rgb(136,136,136)
#909090 rgb(144,144,144)
#989898 rgb(152,152,152)
#A0A0A0 rgb(160,160,160)
#A8A8A8 rgb(168,168,168)
#B0B0B0 rgb(176,176,176)
#B8B8B8 rgb(184,184,184)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#C8C8C8 rgb(200,200,200)
#D0D0D0 rgb(208,208,208)
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#D8D8D8 rgb(216,216,216)
#E0E0E0 rgb(224,224,224)
#E8E8E8 rgb(232,232,232)
#F0F0F0 rgb(240,240,240)
#F8F8F8 rgb(248,248,248)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

Web Safe Colors?

Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors" was
suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors. The 216 cross-browser color palette was
created to ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette.
This is not important today, since most computers can display millions of different colors.
Anyway, here is the list:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF
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HTML Color Names

Color Names Supported by All Browsers
147 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus 130 more). The
table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values. Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua,
black, blue, fuchsia, gray, grey, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.
Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text
colors:

Sorted by Color Name

Same list sorted by hex values

Color Name HEX Color Shades Mix

AliceBlue #F0F8FF Shades Mix
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 Shades Mix
Aqua #00FFFF Shades Mix
Aquamarine #7FFFD4 Shades Mix
Azure #F0FFFF Shades Mix
Beige #F5F5DC Shades Mix
Bisque #FFE4C4 Shades Mix
Black #000000 Shades Mix
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD Shades Mix
Blue #0000FF Shades Mix
BlueViolet #8A2BE2 Shades Mix
Brown #A52A2A Shades Mix
BurlyWood #DEB887 Shades Mix
CadetBlue #5F9EA0 Shades Mix
Chartreuse #7FFF00 Shades Mix
Chocolate #D2691E Shades Mix
Coral #FF7F50 Shades Mix
CornflowerBlue #6495ED Shades Mix
Cornsilk #FFF8DC Shades Mix
Crimson #DC143C Shades Mix
Cyan #00FFFF Shades Mix
DarkBlue #00008B Shades Mix
DarkCyan #008B8B Shades Mix
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B Shades Mix
DarkGray #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGrey #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGreen #006400 Shades Mix
DarkKhaki #BDB76B Shades Mix
DarkMagenta #8B008B Shades Mix
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F Shades Mix
Darkorange #FF8C00 Shades Mix
DarkOrchid #9932CC Shades Mix
DarkRed #8B0000 Shades Mix
DarkSalmon #E9967A Shades Mix
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F Shades Mix
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B Shades Mix
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F Shades Mix
W3schools.com Page 40 of 57

DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F Shades Mix

DarkTurquoise #00CED1 Shades Mix
DarkViolet #9400D3 Shades Mix
DeepPink #FF1493 Shades Mix
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF Shades Mix
DimGray #696969 Shades Mix
DimGrey #696969 Shades Mix
DodgerBlue #1E90FF Shades Mix
FireBrick #B22222 Shades Mix
FloralWhite #FFFAF0 Shades Mix
ForestGreen #228B22 Shades Mix
Fuchsia #FF00FF Shades Mix
Gainsboro #DCDCDC Shades Mix
GhostWhite #F8F8FF Shades Mix
Gold #FFD700 Shades Mix
GoldenRod #DAA520 Shades Mix
Gray #808080 Shades Mix
Grey #808080 Shades Mix
Green #008000 Shades Mix
GreenYellow #ADFF2F Shades Mix
HoneyDew #F0FFF0 Shades Mix
HotPink #FF69B4 Shades Mix
IndianRed #CD5C5C Shades Mix
Indigo #4B0082 Shades Mix
Ivory #FFFFF0 Shades Mix
Khaki #F0E68C Shades Mix
Lavender #E6E6FA Shades Mix
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 Shades Mix
LawnGreen #7CFC00 Shades Mix
LemonChiffon #FFFACD Shades Mix
LightBlue #ADD8E6 Shades Mix
LightCoral #F08080 Shades Mix
LightCyan #E0FFFF Shades Mix
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 Shades Mix
LightGray #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGrey #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGreen #90EE90 Shades Mix
LightPink #FFB6C1 Shades Mix
LightSalmon #FFA07A Shades Mix
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA Shades Mix
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA Shades Mix
LightSlateGray #778899 Shades Mix
LightSlateGrey #778899 Shades Mix
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE Shades Mix
LightYellow #FFFFE0 Shades Mix
Lime #00FF00 Shades Mix
LimeGreen #32CD32 Shades Mix
Linen #FAF0E6 Shades Mix
Magenta #FF00FF Shades Mix
Maroon #800000 Shades Mix
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA Shades Mix
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MediumBlue #0000CD Shades Mix

MediumOrchid #BA55D3 Shades Mix
MediumPurple #9370D8 Shades Mix
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 Shades Mix
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE Shades Mix
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A Shades Mix
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC Shades Mix
MediumVioletRed #C71585 Shades Mix
MidnightBlue #191970 Shades Mix
MintCream #F5FFFA Shades Mix
MistyRose #FFE4E1 Shades Mix
Moccasin #FFE4B5 Shades Mix
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD Shades Mix
Navy #000080 Shades Mix
OldLace #FDF5E6 Shades Mix
Olive #808000 Shades Mix
OliveDrab #6B8E23 Shades Mix
Orange #FFA500 Shades Mix
OrangeRed #FF4500 Shades Mix
Orchid #DA70D6 Shades Mix
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA Shades Mix
PaleGreen #98FB98 Shades Mix
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE Shades Mix
PaleVioletRed #D87093 Shades Mix
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 Shades Mix
PeachPuff #FFDAB9 Shades Mix
Peru #CD853F Shades Mix
Pink #FFC0CB Shades Mix
Plum #DDA0DD Shades Mix
PowderBlue #B0E0E6 Shades Mix
Purple #800080 Shades Mix
Red #FF0000 Shades Mix
RosyBrown #BC8F8F Shades Mix
RoyalBlue #4169E1 Shades Mix
SaddleBrown #8B4513 Shades Mix
Salmon #FA8072 Shades Mix
SandyBrown #F4A460 Shades Mix
SeaGreen #2E8B57 Shades Mix
SeaShell #FFF5EE Shades Mix
Sienna #A0522D Shades Mix
Silver #C0C0C0 Shades Mix
SkyBlue #87CEEB Shades Mix
SlateBlue #6A5ACD Shades Mix
SlateGray #708090 Shades Mix
SlateGrey #708090 Shades Mix
Snow #FFFAFA Shades Mix
SpringGreen #00FF7F Shades Mix
SteelBlue #4682B4 Shades Mix
Tan #D2B48C Shades Mix
Teal #008080 Shades Mix
Thistle #D8BFD8 Shades Mix
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Tomato #FF6347 Shades Mix

Turquoise #40E0D0 Shades Mix
Violet #EE82EE Shades Mix
Wheat #F5DEB3 Shades Mix
White #FFFFFF Shades Mix
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 Shades Mix
Yellow #FFFF00 Shades Mix
YellowGreen #9ACD32 Shades Mix

HTML Color Values

Sorted by Hex Value
Same list sorted by color name

Color Name HEX Color Shades Mix

Black #000000 Shades Mix
Navy #000080 Shades Mix
DarkBlue #00008B Shades Mix
MediumBlue #0000CD Shades Mix
Blue #0000FF Shades Mix
DarkGreen #006400 Shades Mix
Green #008000 Shades Mix
Teal #008080 Shades Mix
DarkCyan #008B8B Shades Mix
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF Shades Mix
DarkTurquoise #00CED1 Shades Mix
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A Shades Mix
Lime #00FF00 Shades Mix
SpringGreen #00FF7F Shades Mix
Aqua #00FFFF Shades Mix
Cyan #00FFFF Shades Mix
MidnightBlue #191970 Shades Mix
DodgerBlue #1E90FF Shades Mix
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA Shades Mix
ForestGreen #228B22 Shades Mix
SeaGreen #2E8B57 Shades Mix
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F Shades Mix
DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F Shades Mix
LimeGreen #32CD32 Shades Mix
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 Shades Mix
Turquoise #40E0D0 Shades Mix
RoyalBlue #4169E1 Shades Mix
SteelBlue #4682B4 Shades Mix
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B Shades Mix
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC Shades Mix
Indigo #4B0082 Shades Mix
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F Shades Mix
CadetBlue #5F9EA0 Shades Mix
CornflowerBlue #6495ED Shades Mix
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MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA Shades Mix

DimGray #696969 Shades Mix
DimGrey #696969 Shades Mix
SlateBlue #6A5ACD Shades Mix
OliveDrab #6B8E23 Shades Mix
SlateGray #708090 Shades Mix
SlateGrey #708090 Shades Mix
LightSlateGray #778899 Shades Mix
LightSlateGrey #778899 Shades Mix
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE Shades Mix
LawnGreen #7CFC00 Shades Mix
Chartreuse #7FFF00 Shades Mix
Aquamarine #7FFFD4 Shades Mix
Maroon #800000 Shades Mix
Purple #800080 Shades Mix
Olive #808000 Shades Mix
Gray #808080 Shades Mix
Grey #808080 Shades Mix
SkyBlue #87CEEB Shades Mix
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA Shades Mix
BlueViolet #8A2BE2 Shades Mix
DarkRed #8B0000 Shades Mix
DarkMagenta #8B008B Shades Mix
SaddleBrown #8B4513 Shades Mix
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F Shades Mix
LightGreen #90EE90 Shades Mix
MediumPurple #9370D8 Shades Mix
DarkViolet #9400D3 Shades Mix
PaleGreen #98FB98 Shades Mix
DarkOrchid #9932CC Shades Mix
YellowGreen #9ACD32 Shades Mix
Sienna #A0522D Shades Mix
Brown #A52A2A Shades Mix
DarkGray #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGrey #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
LightBlue #ADD8E6 Shades Mix
GreenYellow #ADFF2F Shades Mix
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE Shades Mix
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE Shades Mix
PowderBlue #B0E0E6 Shades Mix
FireBrick #B22222 Shades Mix
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B Shades Mix
MediumOrchid #BA55D3 Shades Mix
RosyBrown #BC8F8F Shades Mix
DarkKhaki #BDB76B Shades Mix
Silver #C0C0C0 Shades Mix
MediumVioletRed #C71585 Shades Mix
IndianRed #CD5C5C Shades Mix
Peru #CD853F Shades Mix
Chocolate #D2691E Shades Mix
Tan #D2B48C Shades Mix
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LightGray #D3D3D3 Shades Mix

LightGrey #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
PaleVioletRed #D87093 Shades Mix
Thistle #D8BFD8 Shades Mix
Orchid #DA70D6 Shades Mix
GoldenRod #DAA520 Shades Mix
Crimson #DC143C Shades Mix
Gainsboro #DCDCDC Shades Mix
Plum #DDA0DD Shades Mix
BurlyWood #DEB887 Shades Mix
LightCyan #E0FFFF Shades Mix
Lavender #E6E6FA Shades Mix
DarkSalmon #E9967A Shades Mix
Violet #EE82EE Shades Mix
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA Shades Mix
LightCoral #F08080 Shades Mix
Khaki #F0E68C Shades Mix
AliceBlue #F0F8FF Shades Mix
HoneyDew #F0FFF0 Shades Mix
Azure #F0FFFF Shades Mix
SandyBrown #F4A460 Shades Mix
Wheat #F5DEB3 Shades Mix
Beige #F5F5DC Shades Mix
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 Shades Mix
MintCream #F5FFFA Shades Mix
GhostWhite #F8F8FF Shades Mix
Salmon #FA8072 Shades Mix
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 Shades Mix
Linen #FAF0E6 Shades Mix
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 Shades Mix
OldLace #FDF5E6 Shades Mix
Red #FF0000 Shades Mix
Fuchsia #FF00FF Shades Mix
Magenta #FF00FF Shades Mix
DeepPink #FF1493 Shades Mix
OrangeRed #FF4500 Shades Mix
Tomato #FF6347 Shades Mix
HotPink #FF69B4 Shades Mix
Coral #FF7F50 Shades Mix
Darkorange #FF8C00 Shades Mix
LightSalmon #FFA07A Shades Mix
Orange #FFA500 Shades Mix
LightPink #FFB6C1 Shades Mix
Pink #FFC0CB Shades Mix
Gold #FFD700 Shades Mix
PeachPuff #FFDAB9 Shades Mix
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD Shades Mix
Moccasin #FFE4B5 Shades Mix
Bisque #FFE4C4 Shades Mix
MistyRose #FFE4E1 Shades Mix
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD Shades Mix
W3schools.com Page 45 of 57

PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 Shades Mix

LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 Shades Mix
SeaShell #FFF5EE Shades Mix
Cornsilk #FFF8DC Shades Mix
LemonChiffon #FFFACD Shades Mix
FloralWhite #FFFAF0 Shades Mix
Snow #FFFAFA Shades Mix
Yellow #FFFF00 Shades Mix
LightYellow #FFFFE0 Shades Mix
Ivory #FFFFF0 Shades Mix
White #FFFFFF Shades Mix

HTML 4.01 Quick List

HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.

HTML Basic Document

<html>
<head>
<title>Title of document goes here</title>
</head>

<body>
Visible text goes here...
</body>
</html>

Heading Elements
<h1>Largest Heading</h1>
<h2> . . . </h2>
<h3> . . . </h3>
<h4> . . . </h4>
<h5> . . . </h5>
<h6>Smallest Heading</h6>

Text Elements
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<br /> (line break)
<hr /> (horizontal rule)
<pre>This text is preformatted</pre>

Logical Styles
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
<strong>This text is strong</strong>
<code>This is some computer code</code>

Physical Styles
<b>This text is bold</b>
<i>This text is italic</i>

Links
Ordinary link: <a href="http://www.example.com/">Link-text goes here</a>
Image-link: <a href="http://www.example.com/"><img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text" /></a>
Mailto link: <a href="mailto:webmaster@example.com">Send e-mail</a>
W3schools.com Page 46 of 57

A named anchor:
<a name="tips">Tips Section</a>
<a href="#tips">Jump to the Tips Section</a>

Unordered list
<ul>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
</ul>

Ordered list
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>

Definition list
<dl>
<dt>First term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
<dt>Next term</dt>
<dd>Definition</dd>
</dl>

Tables
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Tableheader</th>
<th>Tableheader</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sometext</td>
<td>sometext</td>
</tr>
</table>

Frames
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="page1.htm" />
<frame src="page2.htm" />
</frameset>

Forms
<form action="http://www.example.com/test.asp" method="post/get">
<input type="text" name="email" size="40" maxlength="50" />
<input type="password" />
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
<input type="radio" checked="checked" />
<input type="submit" value="Send" />
<input type="reset" />
<input type="hidden" />
<select>
<option>Apples</option>
<option selected="selected">Bananas</option>
<option>Cherries</option>
</select>
<textarea name="comment" rows="60" cols="20"></textarea>
</form>
W3schools.com Page 47 of 57

Other Elements

<blockquote>
Text quoted from a source.
</blockquote>

<address>
Written by W3Schools.com<br />
<a href="mailto:us@example.org">Email us</a><br />
Address: Box 564, Disneyland<br />
Phone: +12 34 56 78
</address>

Source : http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quick.asp

HTML Doctypes
A doctype declaration refers to the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers
render the content correctly.

Example
An HTML document with a doctype of HTML 4.01 Transitional:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>

HTML Different Doctypes

The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of
the markup language the page is written in. The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition
(DTD). The DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content
correctly. The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the <html>
tag. Tip: Always add a doctype to your pages. This helps the browsers to render the page correctly!

HTML 4.01 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE
presentational or deprecated elements (like font and center). Framesets are not allowed:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
W3schools.com Page 48 of 57

HTML 4.01 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and
deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Frameset

This DTD is equal to HTML 4.01 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

Tips and Notes

Look at our table of all HTML/XHTML elements, and which DTD each element appear in. Use W3C's Validator
to check that you have written a valid HTML / XHTML document!

HTML DOCTYPE Element

Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type. This declaration goes before the <html> start tag

HTML Styles
In HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style sheet.

Using styles in HTML, How to add style information into the <head> section.

<html><head>
<style type="text/css">
h1 {color:red;}
h2 {color:blue;}
p {color:green;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>All header 1 elements will be red</h1>
<h2>All header 2 elements will be blue</h2>
<p>All text in paragraphs will be green.</p>
</body></html>

Link that is not underlined, How to make a link that is not underlined, with the style attribute.

<html><body>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com" style="text-decoration:none">Visit W3Schools.com!</a>
</body></html>

Link to an external style sheet, How to use the <link> tag to link to an external style sheet.

<html><head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>I am formatted with an external style sheet</h1>
W3schools.com Page 49 of 57

How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three ways of
inserting a style sheet:

 External style sheet

 Internal style sheet
 Inline styles

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external
style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page
must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the <head>
section:

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles
are defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color:yellow}
p {color:blue}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles
To use
An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an element.
inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any
CSS property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin
of a paragraph:

<p style="color:blue;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

To learn more about style sheets, visit our CSS tutorial.

HTML Style Tags

Tag Description
<style> Defines style information for a document
<link /> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

HTML head Elements

The title of a document, The <title> tag defines the title of the document.

<html><head>
<title>My first HTML page</title>
W3schools.com Page 50 of 57

</head>
<body>
<p>The content of the body element is displayed in the browser.</p>
<p>The content of the title element is displayed in the browser's title.</p>
</body></html>

One target for all links, How to use the base tag to let all the links on a page open in a new
window.

<html><head>
<base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" />
<base target="_blank" />
</head>
<body>
<img src="stickman.gif" width="24" height="39" /> - Notice that we have only specified a relative address
for the image. Since we have specified a base URL in the head section, the browser will look for the image
at http://www.w3schools.com/images/stickman.gif
<br /><br />
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools</a> - Notice that the link opens in a new window, even
if it has no target="_blank" attribute. This is because the target attribute of the base element is set to
"_blank".
</body></html>

The HTML head Element

The head element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside <head> can include scripts,
instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information, and more. The following tags can
be added to the head section: <title>, <base>, <link>, <meta>, <script>, and <style>.

The HTML title Element

The <title> tag defines the title of the document. The title element is required in all HTML/XHTML
documents. The title element:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search-engine results

A simplified HTML document:

<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>

The HTML base Element

The <base> tag specifies a default address or a default target for all links on a page:

The HTML link Element

The <link> tag defines the relationship between a document and an external resource. The <link> tag is
most used to link to style sheets:
W3schools.com Page 51 of 57

The HTML style Element

The <style> tag is used to define style information for an HTML document. Inside the style element you
specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color:yellow}
p {color:blue}
</style>
</head>

The HTML meta Element

The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. The meta element will be explained in the
next chapter.

The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript. The script element will be
explained in a later chapter.

HTML head Elements

Tag Description
<head> Defines information about the document
<title> Defines the title of a document
<base /> Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page
<link /> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource
<meta /> Defines metadata about an HTML document
<script> Defines a client-side script
<style> Defines style information for a document

HTML Meta
Document description, Use the meta element to describe the document.

<html><head>
<meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes" />
<meta name="revised" content="2010/06/20" />
</head>
<body>
<p>The meta elements on this page identifies the author and the revise date.</p>
</body></html>

Document keywords, Use the meta element to define the keywords of a document.

<html><head>
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML">
</head>
<body>
<p>The meta elements on this page defines a description of the page, and its keywords.</p>
</body></html>

Redirect a user, How to redirect a user to a new web address.

W3schools.com Page 52 of 57

<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="5;url=http://www.w3schools.com" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sorry! We have moved!</h1>
<h2>The new URL is: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com">http://www.w3schools.com</a></h2>
<p>You will be redirected to the new address in five seconds.</p>
<p>If you see this message for more than 5 seconds, please click on the link above!</p>
</body></html>

The HTML meta Element

Metadata is information about data. The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document.
Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but will be machine parsable. Meta elements are typically used
to specify page description, keywords, author of the document, last modified, and other metadata. The
<meta> tag always goes inside the head element. The metadata can be used by browsers (how to display
content or reload page), search engines (keywords), or other web services.

Keywords for Search Engines

Some search engines will use the name and content attributes of the meta element to index your pages.
The following meta element defines a description of a page:

<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML" />

The following meta element defines keywords for a page:

<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML" />

The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. Note: A lot of
webmasters have used <meta> tags for spamming, like repeating keywords (or using wrong keywords) for
higher ranking. Therefore, most search engines have stopped using <meta> tags to index/rank pages.

HTML Scripts
JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.

Insert a script, How to insert a script into an HTML document.

<html><body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
</body></html>

Use of the <noscript> tag, How to handle browsers that do not support scripting, or have scripting disabled.

<html><body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
<noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
<p>A browser without support for JavaScript will show the text in the noscript element.</p>
</body></html>

The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript. The script element either contains
scripting statements or it points to an external script file through the src attribute. The required type
attribute specifies the MIME type of the script. Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form
W3schools.com Page 53 of 57

validation, and dynamic changes of content. The script below writes Hello World! to the HTML
output:

Tip: To learn more about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript tutorial!

The HTML noscript Element

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their
browser or have a browser that doesn’t support client-side scripting. The noscript element can contain all
the elements that you can find inside the body element of a normal HTML page. The content inside the
noscript element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are disabled in the
user’s browser:

HTML Script Tags

Tag Description
<script> Defines a client-side script
<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts

HTML Entities
Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities. Some characters are reserved in
HTML. It is not possible to use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, because the browser
will mix them with tags. To actually display reserved characters, we must use character entities in the HTML
source code. A character entity looks like this:

&entity_name;
OR
&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign we must write: < or < Tip: The advantage of using an entity name,
instead of a number, is that the name is easier to remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers
may not support all entity names (the support for entity numbers is very good).

Non-breaking Space
A common character entity used in HTML is the non-breaking space ( ). Browsers will always truncate
spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them, before
displaying the page. To add spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

HTML Useful Character Entities

Note: Entity names are case sensitive!

Result Description Entity Name Entity Number

non-breaking space    
< less than < <
> greater than > >
& ampersand & &
¢ cent ¢ ¢
£ pound £ £
W3schools.com Page 54 of 57

¥ yen ¥ ¥

For a complete reference of all character entities, visit our HTML Entities Reference.

HTML Uniform Resource Locators

A URL is another word for a web address. A URL can be composed of words, such as "w3schools.com", or an
Internet Protocol (IP) address: 192.68.20.50. Most people enter the name of the website when surfing,
because names are easier to remember than numbers. When you click on a link in an HTML page, an
underlying <a> tag points to an address on the world wide web. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to
address a document (or other data) on the world wide web. A web address, like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:

scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename

Explanation:

 scheme - defines the type of Internet service. The most common type is http
 host - defines the domain host (the default host for http is www)
 domain - defines the Internet domain name, like w3schools.com
 :port - defines the port number at the host (the default port number for http is 80)
 path - defines a path at the server (If omitted, the document must be stored at the root directory of
the web site)
 filename - defines the name of a document/resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:

Scheme Short for.... Which pages will the scheme be used for...
Common web pages starts with http://. Not
http HyperText Transfer Protocol
encrypted
Secure HyperText Transfer Secure web pages. All information exchanged
https
Protocol are encrypted
For downloading or uploading files to a website.
ftp File Transfer Protocol
Useful for domain maintenance
file A file on your computer

HTML URL Encoding

URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL. The URL is the address of a web page, like:
http://www.w3schools.com.

URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set. Since URLs often contain characters
outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into a valid ASCII format. URL encoding replaces non ASCII
characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits. URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding
normally replaces a space with a + sign.
W3schools.com Page 55 of 57

Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server. A
page at the server will display the received input.

Hello Günter Submit

Try some other input and click Submit again.

URL Encoding Examples

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

HTML Web Server

To make your web site visible to the world, you'll have to store it on a web server.

Hosting your own Web site

Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some points to consider:

Hardware Expenses

To run a "real" web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don't expect that a low cost
PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) high-speed connection.

Software Expenses

Remember that server-licenses often are higher than client-licenses. Also note that server-licenses might
have limits on number of users.

Labor Expenses

Don't expect low labor expenses. You have to install your own hardware and software. You also have to deal
with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where "everything could
happen".

Using an Internet Service Provider

Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option. Most small companies store
their web site on a server provided by an ISP. Here are some advantages:

Connection Speed

Most ISPs have very fast connections to the Internet.

W3schools.com Page 56 of 57

Powerful Hardware

ISPs often have powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect them to
have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers.

Security and Stability

ISPs are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest software
patches, and the best virus protection.

Things to Consider with an ISP

24-hour support

Make sure your ISP offers 24-hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix critical
problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if you don't want
to pay for long distance calls.

Daily Backup

Make sure your ISP runs a daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data.

Traffic Volume

Study the ISP's traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a fortune for unexpected
high traffic if your web site becomes popular.

Bandwidth or Content Restrictions

Study the ISP's bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video or
sound, make sure that you can.

E-mail Capabilities

Make sure your ISP supports the e-mail capabilities you need.

Database Access

If you plan to use data from databases on your web site, make sure your ISP supports the database access
you need. Before you select an ISP, make sure you read W3Schools Web Hosting Tutorial !!

You Have Learned HTML, Now What?

HTML Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup
language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables,
etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which
indicates what content is coming up. For more information on HTML, please take a look at our HTML
examples and our HTML reference.

Now You Know HTML, What's Next?

The next step is to learn XHTML and CSS.

XHTML
W3schools.com Page 57 of 57

XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. If you want to learn more about XHTML, please visit our XHTML
tutorial.

CSS

CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be
removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout,
without messing up the document content. To learn how to create style sheets, please visit our CSS tutorial.

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