Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:
32 precious old photographs reveal the real life of the Chinese people in the 1980s​. 2017, China
Underground . china-underground.com/2017/02/20/china-in-the-1980s/.
These photos showed how life was in the 1980s, such as working conditions and food
supply.

Archive: Chinese troops fire on proteste​. Narrated by Kate Adie, BBC News, 1989,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKvxJ-Js3A. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019.
This video posted by BBC News shows first-hand accounts/clips of the protests and
massacre that occurred in Beijing, China in 1989.

"Chronology of Chinese Protests." UPI's 20th Century Top Stories, 03 Jun 1989.
Sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265987698?accountid=8719
3​. Accessed 21 Dec. 2019.
This provided a timeline in which the protests were initiated and how they spread all over
China.

Coonan, Clifford. ​Wu’er Kaixi: The Chinese dissident who can't get himself arrested - not even
to go home and see his sick parents,​ The Independent , 25 Nov. 2013,
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/wu-er-kaixi-the-chinese-dissident-who-cant-get
-himself-arrested-not-even-to-go-home-and-see-his-sick-8963140.html. Accessed 31
Dec. 2019.
The article talks about Wu’er Kaixi, one of the main leaders of the protests, and how his
life is adjusting to the aftermath of the protest. How he remains one of the most wanted
men in China, and how China has placed a warrant for his arrest—yet the Communist
Party does not allow him back to the country and how Wu’er Kaixi remains exiled in
Taiwan. Kaixi has a price to pay: and it’s because he cannot see his family or aging
parents. The Chinese government refuses to allow his parents to fly abroad because of
their son is a “dissident.”

Durden, Tyler. ​Tiananmen Square In Pictures: Now And 25 Years Ago​. 2019, ZeroHedge
www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-06-04/tiananmen-square-pictures-now-and-25-years-ag
o Accessed 3 Jan. 2020.
Mainly used for a photo, this page shows the difference in a 25-year span. Between
Tiananmen Square back in 1989, to 2014.
Girard, Bonnie. ​The Long Reach of Hu Yaobang​. 2019, The Diplomat.
thediplomat.com/2018/04/the-long-reach-of-hu-yaobang/. Accessed 19 Dec. 2019.
This showed a picture of former communist secretary, Hu Yaobang.

Holley, David. ​I watched the 1989 Tiananmen uprising. China has never been the same​, LA
Times, 30 May 2019,
www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-tiananmen-looking-back-20190530-story.html​.
Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
Holley speaks from a reporter during the Tiananmen protest, and he tells about what he
seemed to what he was told. He speaks about his experiences, mostly confided in the
safety of his hotel, and tells about how he believes the Chinese government covers this
uprise by their economic growth. He speaks about the Chinese’s propaganda. The
majority of the article speaks from his experience during his time in Beijing, and his
finalizing with his interaction as a professor in Tokyo.

Levin, Andy. ​Witnessing China’s 1989 Protests, 1,000 Miles From Tiananmen Square​, The New
York Times,
www.nytimes.com/2019/06/02/world/asia/china-1989-protests-chengdu-andy-levin.html?
action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
Andy Levin speaks from written experience during his time in Beijing. He speaks of the
emotions he felt during the protest, peaceful in the beginning, before descending down
when China sent their soldiers to eradicate the protestors and subdue them. He speaks of
the things he saw, what he tried to do, and recorded it all in what seems to be a diary.
This article was translated from Chinese.

Margaritoff, Marco. ​The Hidden History Of The Tiananmen Square Massacre.​ 2015, All Thats
Interesting . allthatsinteresting.com/tiananmen-square-massacre. Accessed 8 Jan. 2020.
This had a collection of photos, showcasing the Massacre of Tiananmen Square.

May, Tiffany. ​Photos of the Tiananmen Square Protests Through the Lens of a Student Witness​,
The New York Times, 2 June 2019,
www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/world/asia/tiananmen-square-protest-photos.html?action=
click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
Jian Liu was a fashion designer who took numerous photos of the Tiananmen protest
through his own camera, recording the protest through the lens of a survivor, a student
witness. After the tanks rolled down the streets and the bullets shot fire, he closed his
camera and backed away to him home—hiding away the photos because of the intense
memories for 30 years. However, after discovering his daughter who goes to school in
 China, does not know anything about the protest, it motivated him to reveal the
photographs to the world.

Palmer, Elizabeth. “Tiananmen Square survivor reflects 30 years later.” ​Youtube, u​ ploaded by
CBS This Morning, 4 Jun. 2019, ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE_1VGdDI5Q​.
Palmer meets with one of the main student protestors 30 years later, talking about his
experiences and his price to pay being involved. Palmer also visit the site of the protest,
asking young people if they know what the protest was—only to be surprised by the lack
of knowledge. The government has successfully erased all sources of the protest from its
history.

Rose, Tang. ​'I'm Still Angry,' A Tiananmen Survivor Confronts Painful Memories | WSJ,​ Wall
Street Journal , www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXqLLWl8X34. Accessed 2 Jan. 2020.
The video was from Rose Tang, thirty years later and revisiting the memories of her
protest affairs. Tang said she deals with PTSD and survivor’s guilt, which she use to
channel into her art. She also states that she will continue telling a story China refuses to
acknowledge and helping the injustice sitting in China and America, if she could help it.
She said, as quoted, “I’m still angry,” about the problematic authority in China during
1989.

Sanchez, Gabriel H. ​These Horrifying Pictures Show The Tiananmen Square Protests Like
You've
Never Seen Them.​ 2019, BuzzFeed News.
www.buzzfeednews.com/article/gabrielsanchez/pictures-tiananmen-square-anniversary.
Accessed 12 Jan. 2020.
These photos show the mass destruction and chaos of the massacre that occurred in
1989.

Savitt, Scott. "Chinese Troops Take Tiananmen Square." UPI's 20th Century Top Stories, 03 Jun
1989. Sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265988455?accountid=8719
3​. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
This article describes the events that unfolded through the accounts of witnesses and
officials. Savitt’s article takes notes of the interactions between armed soldiers and
civilians who joined in for the pro-democracy movement in 1989. The author also reports
the government's response to this situation, as well as the casualties that were present for
both officers and civilians.

Schweisberg, David R. "Protesters Block Chinese Troops Advancing on Tiananmen Square."

 UPI's 20th Century Top Stories, 03 Jun 1989. sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265988483?accountid=8719
3. Accessed 18 Nov. 2019
Schweisberg gives an account of the barricade created by the protests against soldiers that
left they unable to advance. The author includes comments made from both soldiers and
civilians which transcends how angry citizens were. This newspaper also mentions that
during that time, the government gave no warning of using force.

Venugopal, Arun. ​A Survivor Remembers the Tiananmen Square Massacre, Thirty Years Later​,
WYNC News , 4 June 2019,
www.wnyc.org/story/tiananmen-square-massacre-thirty-years/. Accessed 9 Jan. 2020.
The article was used for a photo of Rose Tang, one of the student demonstrators of the
Tiananmen Square Protest. The article talks about how Rose Tang was in the protest, and
how she escaped the massacre relatively unharmed (from physical injuries), however,
Rose Tang moved away from China and continues to spawn activism wherever she
leaves a step. She continues to tell the story China refuses to acknowledge and she
continues to fight for the justice of the injustice world we live in.

Wiseman, Paul, and Julie Schmit. "For 6, Everything Changed After Tiananmen." USA
TODAY,
03 Jun 1999. sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265355017?accountid=8719
3. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019.
This newspaper provides information from real survivors of the Tiananmen Massacre.
This sheds light on the experience of student protestors and how the government handled
the situation. The survivors demonstrate the huge impact caused by this event and
indicate that China’s future is influenced by this tragedy.

Yang, Jianli. “Lessons from a Tiananmen Massacre Survivor | Jianli Yang | TEDxCMU.”
Youtube,​ uploaded by TEDx Talks, 1 Jun. 2018,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgi-jJfuEJM​.
Yang speaks from his own humanity experience during the Tiananmen Massacre. He
speaks of the inhumane treatment he served for a forfeited soldier, and how it changed his
perspective. Yang speaks delicately of his own trauma, talking about bravery in both
small acts of form such as with an infamous photo—the tank man photo.

Secondary Sources:
Barron, Laignee. ​How the Tiananmen Square Massacre Changed China Forever,​ TIME, 4 June
2019, time.com/5600363/china-tiananmen-30-years-later/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2020.
It begins to compare the liberty that the Tiananmen Square Protest stands for, and how
China used the ability to wipe everyone's knowledge of the massacre with its economic
growth. It shows how China becomes one of the most valuable assets in trade and now
countries are able to brush pass their massacre due to their exports and imports. As
well, China remains paranoid about their secret breaking out, and with the modern world
ever-evolving, it’s a reasonable trigger.

Bremmer, Ian. “How the Tiananmen Square Massacre Changed China Forever.” ​TIME
Magazine,​ vol. 193, no. 23, June 2019, p. 19. ​EBSCOhost​,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=136837554&site=eds-live&
scope=site. Accessed 16 Nov. 2019
This magazine illustrates the Chinese government's decision to keep information
concerning the demonstrations disclosed and hidden from Chinese history. From this
resource, I was able to get a sense of the aftermath and how China changed as a result of
this event.

Campbell, Bradley. ​For many Chinese born after the Tiananmen Square protests, 1989 is the
year nothing happened​, PRI, 4 June 2014,
www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-04/many-chinese-born-after-tiananmen-square-protests-198
9-year-nothing-happened. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
Campbell interviews Kai Wang, who was one at the time of the protest. She tells how she
feel indifference towards this knowledge, having been ignorant towards the situation till
she moved to the UK where she was able to read about the protest. She tells how, during
her generation, she knows more about economic growth than the disadvantage. She
specifically mentions how previous generations were more “idealistic,” while her
generation are “realistic, and materialistic.”

China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States​,
Congressional Research Service, 25 June 2019, fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf.
Accessed 19 Dec. 2019.
This provided statistics on the different economic trends in China during the Tiananmen
time period.

Chinese students protest against government​, A&E Television Networks, 27 July 2019,
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-students-protest-against-government.
Accessed 10 Jan. 2020.
 This describes how the students were taking their stand against the government and the
government’s response to this.
Fisher, Max. ​25 years after Tiananmen, most Chinese university students have never
heard of it,​
Vox, 3 June 2014,
www.vox.com/2014/6/3/5775918/25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-stud
ents-have-never​. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
In an interview with Chinese university students, only 15 out of 100 could guess the
infamous photo of the tank man. It speaks volumes of how the Chinese government had
been able to censored the knowledge from others, and it speaks on their communist levels
versus American democractic. It asks a very important question: how would you feel if
the United States tried to censor the 9/11 attack, which is approximately the same death
toll as the Tiananmen Square Protest.

Fisher, Max. ​This is what happens when you ask regular people in China about Tiananmen​,
Vox,
4 June 2014, ​www.vox.com/2014/6/4/5779066/ask-regular-people-in-china-tiananmen​.
Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
Fisher tells about a short documentary when Lui Wei, the producer, went around China
asking people during the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Protest 1989 in 2005.
Some people were completely unaware, others acknowledged it without outright
speaking and others would jog away—the mention of the protest sends people running.
This shows how powerful China’s censorship to the topic is, and how powerful is become
that people started to self-censor themselves in media. It was short, but impactful.

Graybow, Charles. "Five Years After Tiananmen: Rights and Hopes in China." Freedom Review,
May 1994. sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2250218290?accountid=8719
3​.
This magazine gives details about about China’s rights after Tiananmen, which helped
me understand how China has changed socially in society.

Hernadez, Javier C. ​30 Years After Tiananmen, ‘Tank Man’ Remains an Icon and a Mystery,​ The
New York Times , 3 June 2019,
www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/world/asia/tiananmen-tank-man.html. Accessed 3 Jan.
2020.
It talks about the Tiananmen Tank Man, and how the infamous photo circulated around
as an iconic photo without the reveal of his identity and what happened to him
afterwards. The Tiananmen Tank Men pays a tribute for two separate occasions: on how
 the government managed to squash their last threat and how the people managed to rank
strong enough to face a tank, head-on with no armery.

Inflation, consumer prices (annual %),​ The World Bank,

data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?end=1993&locations=CN&start=1987.
Accessed 7 Jan. 2020.
This showed China's inflation percentage in the 1980s, something that encouraged the
protests.

Juntao, Wang. "June 4th and Human Rights in China." China Rights Forum, 2004.
Sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2250346705?accountid=8719
This article showed how human rights developed from the June 4th incident, showcasing
how this event broke barriers.

Kopf, Dan, and Tripti Lahiri. ​The charts that show how Deng Xiaoping unleashed China’s
pent-up capitalist energy in 1978,​ Quartz, 17 Dec. 2018,
qz.com/1498654/the-astonishing-impact-of-chinas-1978-reforms-in-charts/. Accessed 17
Jan. 2020.
This showed different statistics concerning China’s standard of living and economy,
brining poverty into the issue.

Leigh, Karen, and Peter Martin. ​How the Tiananmen Square Protests Shaped Modern China,​
Bloomberg, May 2019,
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-29/how-the-tiananmen-square-protests-shap
ed-modern-china-quicktake. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
This website answers the main questions related to the Tiananmen Square Protests. The
author addresses what fueled the demonstrations, the survivors, and how it changed
China’s society today.

Pak, Jennifer. ​Economics helped spur Tiananmen Square protests​, Market Place , 5 June 2019,
www.marketplace.org/2019/06/05/economics-helped-spur-tiananmen-square-protests/.
Accessed 9 Jan. 2020.
This website describes the economic anxieties that led up to the Tiananmen Square
Protests and Massacre as well as what it was like in the 1980s.

"Tiananmen Square incident." ​Encyclopædia Britannica​, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 16 Oct.

2019, www.britannica.com/event/Tiananmen-Square-incident. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
This website points out the reasons for why student led protests in Tiananmen Square and
 takes notes of the debate that occurred between government officials before they started
suppressing people. I was able to grasp information concerning the relationships between
China and other countries, who criticized China for the way they handled the protestors.
Tiananmen Square Protests​, edited by History.com Editors, A&E Television Networks, 31 May
2019, www.history.com/topics/china/tiananmen-square. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
This website aided in establishing a timeline of the protests and shows how this event
was initiated as well as the Square’s history.

Tiananmen Square: What happened in the protests of 1989?,​ BBC News, 4 June 2019,
www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48445934. Accessed 20 Nov. 2019.
It talks about the infamous tank man photo, and it talks about how the government
responded to the peaceful protest as well as why it started in the first place--because of
the death of a government figure. It gives a summarized essay about the protest.

Trautwein, Catherine. ​How China Has Changed Since Tiananmen Square​, PBS, 4 June 2019,
www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/tiananmen-square-tank-man-china/. aAccessed 18
Nov. 2019. In this article, Trautwein interviews a Hong Kong professor who explains the
ways the CCP was affected as well as how the political system has changed after 30
years.

Wang, Yuhua. ​How has Tiananmen changed China?​, The Washington Post , June 2019,
www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/03/how-has-tiananmen-changed-china/.
Accessed 18 Nov. 2019.
Wang’s article addresses the consequences of the protests. I was able to discover how
China became more repressive and secretive as a result. Although this seems to not stop
civilians from forming distrust against their leaders as they learned about the violence
placed upon people.

What to know about Tiananmen Square on the 30th anniversary of the crackdown​, ABC News, 3
June 2019,
abcnews.go.com/International/tiananmen-square-30th-anniversary-crackdown/story?id=6
3366441. Accessed 19 Nov. 2019.
It begins to lead the details from how the president defends his antics towards the
protesters, and it leads off to how the protest was set up, how the square was ambushed
by the soldiers and how the protesters try to fight back. It ends with an estimated death
toll, since China never release this data, it tells about the legacy it left off during the
protest. Though unsuccessful in terms, it carried a depth of hope.