i

Countering Fake News: Experiences of Davao City National High School

Teachers

Alquizar, John Cyreil

Balolong, Samantha May
Carballo, Honee
De Los Santos, Jayson
Muana, Stephanie
Neri, Richard
Rivera, Kristine Mae Ann
Soriano, Noreen Kaye

October, 2018
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Table of Contents

Cover Page i

Table of Contents ii

List of Figures iii

CHAPTER

Problem and Its Scope 1

Purpose of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 3

Review of the Related Literature 4

Theoretical Lens 11

Research Questions 13

Research Locale 14

Research Design 14

Research Participants 15

Research Tool 15

Data Collection 16

Data Analysis 17

Research Ethics 19

Results and Discussion 21

Conclusion 60
 iii

Implications 65

INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTION 68

REFERENCES 134

APPENDICES

A. Letter to conduct Study: Dean of School of Teacher

Education
B. Letter to conduct Study: Vice President of Academic
Affairs
C. Letter to conduct Study: Office of the Student Affairs

D. Letter of Approval: DepEd-Davao City Division Office

E. Letter of Approval: D.C.N.H.S. School Principal

F. Prior Informed Consent: Participant 1-8

G. SWS Survey:

H. Map

I. Documentation

List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Information Processing Theory Cycle 12

2 Qualifications of Research Participants 15

3 Themes for Fake News Experiences of D.C.N.H.S. Teachers 21

4 Fake News Effects in the Delivery of Instruction in the Classroom 34

5 Teacher’s Pyramid of Ways in Countering Fake News 47

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Chapter 1

Problem and Its Scope

Information is vital to the development of the social institutions and

development of the people. The information makes our society improve and makes

the people more knowledgeable about what is happening in their surroundings.

One of the sources of our information are the news we usually heard from the

televisions and from our neighbors and read in the newspapers and electronic

platforms. News, as defined in the Merriam-Webster (2018), is a report of recent

events and something having specified influence or effect. It gives off information

to everybody about the events happening inside and outside our communities.

Information sharing becomes part of our daily activities. But we are challenged to

maintain the credibility of the information that is shared with. The prevalence of

distorting information becomes a necessary tool to invalidate the credibility of the

person or group. In this manner, they can attack a person using this information

and influence the minds of the readers to believe what they say. This phenomenon

that we are experiencing is part of the social problem which is called fake news.

As defined by Hofseth (2017), “Fake news is a news item that is invented

and distorted intentionally”. It is a deceptive information that is spread to influence

the masses and gain support from them. It makes our social institutions vulnerable

to be deceived by false information and weakens it. Fake news could serve as a

tool for disinformation campaigns like intentional dissemination of false information

for influencing opinions or policies of the receiving audience (Haciyakupoglu, Yang

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Hui, Suguna, Leong, Abdul Rahman. 2018). Fake news targets social institutions

that is accessible and vulnerable to spread false information. One of these is our

school’s information platforms where students and teachers dwell in every school

day.

School becomes vulnerable by this fake news that threatens our education

system all around the world. Teachers, who are one of the key persons inside the

school, are no exemption. Teacher’s role in spreading false information becomes

vital to those people whose motives are to influence the masses to believe

something because they know that teachers are the front liners in influencing the

students and makes their work easy and efficient. But the most vulnerable of them

is the students inside the school.

In the Philippine context, we have mechanisms in countering fake news but

this is not enough to shield the Filipinos especially the teachers and students in

our schools to the threats of fake news because of the easy access of information

in every nooks and crannies of the Philippines. There are no previous literatures

or studies in the Philippines about knowing the experiences of teachers in public

schools with regards to fake news and how they counter it. Because of that, the

researchers are prompted to study the experiences of Davao City National High

School Teachers with regards to fake news, the possible effects of this issue and

mechanisms in countering it in their classrooms.

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Purpose of the Study

The researchers aim to study the experiences of Davao City National High

School Teachers with regards to fake news, the possible effects of this social issue

in their classrooms and the strategies they employ in countering fake news in their

classrooms. This study will benefit all concerned individuals that is stated in the

significance of the study.

Significance of the Study

This study will help enhance the school’s strategy in delivering instruction

and classroom environment by providing the stakeholders with useful data which

serve as the basis for improving the school in response to fake news.

Teachers. This study would enable the teachers to frequently check strategies for

the enhancement of the students' critical thinking skills in detecting fake news,

misinformation, and disinformation. Asking their student’s points of view regarding

the current issues that swirl in the society and gradually find a way to eradicate

student's view about subjectivity in a certain issue.

Students. This study would inspire students to be more active in taking part in the

communicative activity in the classroom and in the community as a whole.

Research data and results will point out which behavior leads us to respond in fake

news.

School Administrators. This study would motivate school administrators to look

into the curricula and provide learning resources to both faculty and students in
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order to improve the delivery of instruction and effectiveness of teaching in regard

to the issue of fake news.

Parents. This study would provide parents with knowledge and information which

are contributory to students' better performance both inside and outside the

academic community. Also, through this study, students would gain a better

education and would be molded to become better persons aligned with the core

values of a Filipino citizen.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the different set of ideas on various articles that would

help more understand the study. This is a product of the collaborative thinking of

the researchers with accordance to certain references found in local, national and

international perspective that are available and is somehow related to the topic

being studied.

Definition of Fake news in Different Perspectives

Tordesillas (cited by Bueno, 2017) defined fake news as an oxymoron of

lies. The dissemination of the content of fake news is already a disinformation and

misinformation as it spread nowadays becomes a misnomer since it is not already

talking only about its content but as well as it how it is circulated and being

consumed by the people. Using the term misinformation and disinformation is more

accurate than having fake news. Likewise, Berger (cited by Hapal, 2017) defined

fake news as taking the face of the real news by having its veracity, the way its

structure, and also its authentication. That is why if it is a fake then it is not a news
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and if it is false then that is not a news. Furthermore, an unverified information or

non-facts that is being shared as real news. Meanwhile, Furthermore, Lim (2018)

mentioned that the rise of fake news in the society distorted and dismantle public

discourse to the world in result to this Collins Dictionary officially name the fake

news as the word of the year in 2017. To support this, Titcomb & Carson (2018)

explained that fake news was not popular many years ago but now it became the

greatest threat to free debate, democracy and to the Western order. Moreover,

Vera Files (cited by Manglinong, 2018) states that fake news is a falsified

information use to deceive the public by disseminating it through various platforms

that includes the social media to advance social, ideological, political and

economic interest.

Sources of fake news

One of the efforts in stopping fake news from spreading is knowing the

origin of this fake information. Bueno (2017) mentioned there are clones in similar

websites, copying from legitimate news sources and a successful fake news

stories always appear on several web pages this is according to “A Field Guide to

Fake News,” a collaboration of Public Data Lab and First. Fake news takes a form

of online news stories where they are being emotionally manipulative rather than

being fair and factual and this would trigger the emotions of a person into anger

and hate. Mainstream sources are contributing to the rise of fake news and that

they are a representative of the state. It is said to believe that the one who is faking

the news is the media conspirators, right-wing groups, and individuals supportive

of the powers-that-be,that is, the state. The goal is to extend their power by having
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trolls and get the sympathy of the public. People create misinformation to the public

that might be political or in their own interest. Meanwhile, Ong (cited by Saludo,

2018) states that there are multiple parties coming from national and local levels

that make use of “click armies” and everyone is playing fake news to spread it to

public discourse. Felongco (2018) mention that a Philippine lawmaker accused the

government-owned and also the mainstream social media in spreading

disinformation to the people. Furthermore, Mateo (2018) discuss that there are

several websites that was being hunt down and was blocked on facebook for it

contains false information. The users who shared the false information will be

informed that it was being blocked due to violating their community standards and

security issues.

Countering the Fake News

In the discussion of Rappler’s public forum called "Truth, Trust, and

Democracy in the Age of Selfies, Trolls, and Bots" in the Role of Academe,

Educators (cited by Geronimo, 2017) discuss how the academe is combating the

proliferation of fake news. David (cited by Geronimo) states that this is not so much

about the falsified information but this is also something about the school for it has

a big role in teaching the students on how to become a responsible citizen in the

country. The education department recognizes their important role in the lives of

their students as to how they would teach them how to discern the real news and

to what is not (Geronimo, 2017). To support this, the Congress is now crafting a

law that would combat the organized groups in creating and disseminating this

information to harm the public interest. Without the audience, this misinformation
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and disinformation ecosystem would not come alive since they are the one who

consumed it (Bueno, 2017). To fight this Ronda (2010) mentioned that the

Department of Education will present the media literacy to the elementary and high

school level.

Furthermore, according to one of the articles of Philippine Star (2018), it

states that media literacy has a big role in the uprising of social media because the

only purpose of this is to give a new approach that could benefit a person to think

critically in absorbing and comprehending the information he or she is reading.

Meanwhile, Daunic (2011) mentioned that since there was no prior mandate of

Media Literacy Education (MLE) in Brooklyn, NY, USA and that there is still a great

work to do to for the students to be equipped and so they develop core ideas of

the media literacy in the community into a new Common State Standards (CSS)

they suggested digital and media literacy as research and media skills which is

blended into the standards as a whole. Meanwhile, Saludo (2018) states that the

public must guard their minds from fake news that before believing on it they must

double check the sources if it has a solid reputation of professional news

organizations. In addition, Lorenzo (2017) discuss that there will be a measures in

education that is to help the teachers to catch up with the technological

advancement since we are already in the Digital Age and also for them to

contextualize and localize the skills they will acquire. To make this happened the

Presidential Communications Operations Office announced that the steps they will

act in countering fake news that is to have the media literacy. In addition, David &

Bulger (2018) expound that there should be a collective effort in fighting fake news
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and the long-term solution for that is the media literacy and news literacy program

that would help people to verify the information if it is true or not.

The Need for Media Literacy

The students are vulnerable when it comes to determining what is fact and

what’s not, without the knowledge on how to distinguish it, there really is a big

chance that they will easily refer something as a fact. According to Keates (cited

by Turner, 2017), "It is worrying that over a third of teachers had experienced pupils

citing fake news or inaccurate information they had found online as fact in their

work or during classroom discussions”. The advent of fake news was the worst -

best thing to happen to media literacy in schools, that’s according to Culver as

cited by Stringer (2018).

The rise of fake news gives new challenge to teachers in teaching media

literacy, for the teachers themselves needs to be fully equipped with enough

knowledge to be able to help the students. According to Lenos & Krasenberg

(2018) media literacy must prepare students to become active citizens able to

navigate the news and stay informed.

Effects of Fake News in the Classroom Setting

According to Turner (2017) more pupils and students easily believe in what

they see or read on the internet. And more often causes trouble or absences

because of fear and sometimes believing a news to be true. Some instances at

school already proved it to be true and alarming, students believe a news that they

have read or shared on social media and makes it a reason for their absences.
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Fake news is appearing in school homework also, teachers have warned,

as they say, that the internet means that children are no longer able to distinguish

between fiction and fact. Students nowadays rely more on the internet for their

research or assignments, and the lack of knowledge about what is reliable or not

lead them to the use of fake news or articles as a reference. "It is worrying that

over a third of teachers had experienced pupils citing fake news or inaccurate

information they had found online as fact in their work or during classroom

discussions. It is important for children and young people to be made aware that

not everything they see and read online is real”, Chris Keates, an educational

expert, said during an interview.

One teacher said, "some students did not attend school and hysteria

ensued because they thought there were killer clowns roaming the streets with

weapons". Another said that pupils "often mistake spoof news sites for real news".

Fake news that prompts on social media does not only contribute to the

misinformation in the use as a reference but also with the way the students behave.

With news that are alarming or scary, it makes the students afraid of going to

school and prompts a high number of absences in a class.

Media Literacy in the Curriculum

For years, schools have been pushed to incorporate media literacy -

including the ability to evaluate and analyze sources of information - into lesson

plans in civics, language arts, science and other subjects (Foley, 2017). Likewise,

Stringer (2017) said that it is fit and can be integrated in some subjects like: Social
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studies, History, and Computer science, it can be integrated because what we are

trying to teach is critical thinking. Some states in the United States namely,

Washington, Connecticut and Rhode Island already enacted laws to promote

media literacy.

In Washington, schools’ superintendent are required to check and make

sure to provide instructional materials for media literacy. While the Connecticut law

created a council to come up with recommendations in teaching media literacy

Stringer, (2018). RAN EDU as cited by Lenos & Krasenberg (2018) gave practical

insights on ways to empower teachers in teaching media literacy such as, basic

knowledge on media literacy for teachers, must be aware of own biases, never

embarrass students, know what the students are facing. Before integrating the

media literacy to the curriculum, teachers must be well equipped with the needed

skills to be able to make the integration work.

The Use of Media Literacy in Fake News

Bulger & Davison (2018) discussed that media literacy education makes visible

what are often invisible structures, with a goal of creating watchful buyers, skeptical

observers and well-informed citizens. It can help the people become critical

thinkers especially in distinguishing what is fact and what is not. Meanwhile, Culver

(2018) said that media literacy education is a solution to fake news and that is

supported by Lenos & Krasenberg (2017) saying that, media literacy is the

weapon that we should arm everyone with so that they can avoid the forces that

lure so many into polarization and radicalization. For polarization often creates a
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way for extremism both within and outside the schools. Most proponents of media

literacy connect its definition to critical thinking skills and its help to the societal

issues.

Being equipped with the knowledge on media literacy, students will be able to

avoid using unreliable sources in their assignments and/or research. As there

were some instances where students cited as a reference some information that

are proven to be fake.

Theoretical Lens

This study is anchored on Information Processing Theory by Miller (1965).

In this study, how will the experiences of the teacher in countering fake news

becomes a help for the teachers, administration, parents and most importantly the

students who will receive and process the information given by the teacher that

they will later on use in their everyday lives which can cause great impacts on the

minds of the children.

He said that the mind of the children works like a computer, it receives,

input, process and delivers output. If the received and processed idea by the

students are not validated well then, the output of the learner will be different from

the desired output by teacher and would have wide learning barriers from the

teacher to the students.

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Outputs Receives

Process Inputs

Fig. 1: Information Processing Theory Cycle

This study is also affirmed by the “Confirmation Bias Theory”, according to

Peter Wason (1960), the cognitive error that people make when they are only

willing to accept new information when it conforms to what they already believe.

They seek out evidences that supports the already solidified beliefs. In this

generation it is important that the teachers are well equipped in teaching and

should establish truthful and unbiased judgements over an issue or a topic.

Teachers are the main source of information because they serve as the fountain

of information in schools which is also why teachers should validate the sources

and not spread fake news.

In this study the researchers would like to know the experiences of the

selected public secondary school teachers with regards to fake news. This would

help the teachers to become aware of this learning threat in their classrooms and

maybe counter this threat through their new-found knowledge about fake news.

This theory is also affirmed by Information Manipulation Theory associated

with Mc Cornack (1992). This is a theory that discusses the deliberate breaking of

one or more of the four conversational maxims; quantity, quality, relation, and

manner. In fake news, omission of information and telling untruths is done to cause
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confusion and to deceive the masses which breaks the rules of conversational

maxims.

This theory sheds light on how news evolves from valid news into fake news

and on how teachers check the validity and reliability of the news and its source

(Mc Cornack, 1992). Furthermore, the researchers would also want to know the

effects of fake news on the daily discussion in classes and whether there’s a

significant effect when instructors unknowingly used fake news as a reference for

a certain discussion.

Research Questions

The researchers try to validate their curiosities with regard to countering

fake news in the classroom by knowing the experiences of Davao City National

High School Teachers which is anchored to these following research questions;

1. What are the experiences of Davao City National High School Teachers

with regards to fake news?

2. What are the possible effects in the delivery of instruction when using fake

news as a reference?

3. How do Davao City National High School Teachers counter fake news in

their classrooms?
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Chapter 2

Methodology

This chapter presents the method used by the researchers during the

conduct of the study. This includes the thoughts and discussions about the

research design, the instruments, the selection of the participants, the procedure

of articulation and finalization of the mechanism, the gathering of information, and

the generalization of data.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted in Davao City National High School located in

Brgy. 10-A, F. Torres St., Davao City. Davao City National High School is one of

the mainstream and large school that is located in Davao City. With facilities like

wide oval grounds, rooms and laboratories for the students to be used. It has

different buildings for the sectioning of the students. It caters 13,000 students as

of this moment and had many teaching staffs. The average ratio of the teacher to

students was 1 teacher is to 70 students. This school was so mainstream that most

of the junior and senior high school students that is currently residing in Davao City

were enrolled here.

Research Design

This study is anchored in qualitative research design following a

phenomenological approach where researchers aim to study the experiences of

the Davao City National High School Teachers in countering fake news, how
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equipped is the teachers in the event of fake news in the society and how do they

put emphasis in countering fake news in their environment and how to deal it.

Research Participants

Qualifications
of Teaching staff of Davao City National
Participants High School
of the Study
25-50 Years old

Male or Female

Have significant experience or

knowledge about fake news

Fig. 2: Qualifications of Research Participants

The participants was selected teachers in Davao City National High School.

In choosing the participants of the study, the researchers would select at least 8 to

12 participants through purposive sampling where the participants would be picked

if they met the set criteria. First, it must be a teaching staff in Davao City National

High School. Second, it must be 25-50 years old because we want to see the

difference of the teachers who are tenor and new to teaching in public school

settings; it could be male or female. Third, it must have significant experience or

knowledge about fake news.

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Research Tool

The research tool that would be utilized and administered in the study is a

researcher-made unstructured interview guide questionnaire. Unstructured

interview guide questionnaire was a tool of the researchers to answer the following

research questions. This tool would comprise of specific probing and leading

questions that is anchored to the research questions. The data gathering tool

would comprise of 12 questions in English language that was anchored to answer

the research problems of the study.

Data Collection

This research should be judiciously completed. A systematic procedure

would be followed by the researchers in order to ensure the credibility of the

research study. The denotation of the recording tape as one of the tools to gather

data, the participants would be asked using open-ended questions and followed

by the probing questions to acquire significant ideas. In transcribing the data that

would be gathered, the researchers would make sure that the words were exactly

recorded and revised. Furthermore, it needs to be inspected to be able to identify

the precise ideas that the participants want to address.

The results of this research study can give essential details about the

experience of the teachers in high school level, their negative and positive

experiences in their teaching profession and how they deal with these in regard to

countering fake news.

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Prior to the conduct of the study, consent letters were secured from the

concerned offices and the participants themselves. First, the researchers asked a

permission from the Professor of the Social Studies 17 class to start the study. It

was followed by a letter to the Dean of the School of Teacher Education,

Coordinator of the Office of the Student Affairs, Office of the Student Life and

Services and approved by the Vice President of the Academic Affairs. We also

sent a letter to the Schools Division Superintendent of the Department of Education

(DepEd) Division of Davao City in order for us to conduct the study in the school.

Then upon the approval of the latter, a copy of the letter was forwarded to the

School Principal of the Davao City National High School where the participants of

the study are teaching.

We used an unstructured guide questionnaire in obtaining information from

the participants during the interview. The questions were written in English and

were reviewed by the experts in qualitative research for content validity. The audio

recording was also made during the interview to keep a record with all the

participant’s answers. A transcription was made to further interpret the answers

the participants gave. Anecdotal records were also made to observe the way the

participants answer verbally and non-verbally.

Data Analysis

The technique that was being used to interpret the data we collected that

came from the observation and interview from the participants was a thematic

method. This study provided a pragmatic approach using a form of thematic

content analysis. Thematic content was the most common method of data analysis
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for the qualitative study. The process consisted of analyzing transcripts, identifying

themes within the data that would be gathered. After the transcription of the

interviews, uproot the important experiences of the participants and identify the

partial themes. In addition, the researchers would create a matrix that contains

themes and would be group accordingly.

According to Moser & Korstjens (2017), you have to immerse yourself with

the data you have collected from your participants. Make sure that the data you

were having was accurate and can reflect the totality of the interview you have

conducted because in such way you would have a deeper understanding on it.

Therefore, the collection of data must include their punctuation, pauses and the

non-verbal data. In short, you have to transcribe it verbatim by doing so you will

find the meaning and the essential patterns that you wanted to know.

Since the research is a phenomenological approach it was about the

experiences of the teachers from high school, so we did not allow ourselves to

intervene in their ideas and experiences. In such a way that we remove our

emotions and perceptions from it to avoid biases. Moreover, cross-examination

was present, so we have the triangulation technique to ensure that all the data we

gathered from the observation, documentary, and interview with the participants

would have the same result.

For the study to become more descriptive, coding was used on the data.

That was after transcribing it verbatim and checking it in order for it to become

understandable and easy to comprehend the data would be extracted into more
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specific units creating a theme or themes from the data. The researcher also has

the review of related literature to enhance the interpretation of the data.

Research Ethics

According to Mackman (2016), a good researcher always explores more

and rummage around other possibilities. It was also important that they see the

intention as a whole or the sum of all parts of the data. The priority of this research

was their responsibilities towards the people involved in this study.

In this study, we have made considerations of their limitations in the study

and their rights were prioritized. Before we conducted the interview, we have

submitted letters to inform the Heads of the schools and also to the participants.

Because the bedrock of ethical conduct of research was the prior informed

consent.

We have secured a written permit was sought to The Office of the Dean of

School of Teacher Education, Office of Student Affairs, Office of the Student Life

and Services and duly approved by Vice President for Academic Affairs of Holy

Cross of Davao College to allow us, students, to conduct an interview outside the

premises of the school.

Another written permit for the Schools Division Superintendent, Department

of Education, Division of Davao City to allow us to conduct an interview with the

selected public-school teachers of Davao City National High School. This was

compiled in as a preparation ensuring the psychological and emotional security

and protection of the participants.

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Likewise, for us to be able to keep up a higher standard of confidentiality

and protection to the participants since they might feel it is risky for them to provide

information that may go against the prevailing patterns, their identities were

concealed in this study. Instead of using their real names, we labeled them as

participant 1-12. The participants were also informed that whatever they would

disclose would not affect their teaching performance by any means and the result

of the interview would not be exposed beyond the grounds of this study.

Moreover, the participants were given enough information about the

research to take an informed decision. They were informed as to when and where

to conduct the interview where in accordance with their schedule.

Likewise then participants were informed that their given data will only be

used for research purposes. Furthermore, we asked permission from the

participants prior to any documentation. Taken photographs of them were

presented in this paper with blurry faces to conceal their identity in order to

maintain their privacy and security. Through this confidentiality was observed in

our research.
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Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the data gathered from

the participants concerning the study entitled “Countering Fake News:

Experiences of Davao City National High School Teachers”. Discussed further are

the public-school teachers’ difficulties in countering fake news in their classroom,

in their references and even outside the school premises. Aside from this, the

participants also shared the insights they learned from their experiences about

countering fake news be it in a way of observation, acquisition, and emphasis

coming from the social environment.

Fake News Experiences of Davao City National High School Teachers

In this digital era where things are just one click away. Teachers are

challenged in countering fake news and shielding their students against these bad

elements in our society. It undermines the school and its curriculum to propagate

deception that can lead to chaos in the society. Thus, based on the figure below,

this summarizes the experiences encountered by Davao City National High School

with regard to fake news wherein these will be discussed in this part of the chapter.

Engagement
in Social
Media

Fake News
Experiences
of
D.C.N.H.S.
Teachers Credibility
Paragon
of the
of News
Integrity Source

Fig. 3:Themes for Fake News Experiences of D.C.N.H.S. Teachers

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Engagement in Social Media. Fake news has never been a memorial phenomenon

until the 2016 US presidential election, that triggers the national and local media

of our country to identify such during the campaign period in the same year.

One of our participants said;

“... fake news is political propaganda used in black political propaganda

and agenda that is posted in Facebook a lot of times. Especially during
elections, they make issues about a public official because basically in
general, fake news is created to ruin an image of a person. It creates
confusion to the mass, as we read the news we question if it is really
true or not.” (P8)

Little did we know, that this problem would lead to a societal issue that we will

be facing on. As this societal issue gives the people the free flowing of information

in the society, one of the sector that would be affected as a whole would be the

educational sector, most especially the its stakeholders namely the teachers and

the students. Students learned from their teacher traditionally and integrating

together with the rise of technology.

Teacher plays an important role in delivering learning to their students more

than anything else. Thus, we can help the students and even ourselves by knowing

what is the definition of fake news from the different perception of the following

teachers that we have interviewed.

One of the participants define fake news;

“..from the word itself, fake so it’s not true, it’s not validated, it’s
irrelevant news.” (P1)
The participant emphasized that fake news for them would become a lie if its

not from a legit source and without reading the substance or the content of the

information or the news. Furthermore, another participant said that;

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“Fake news sometimes could be factual pero dili sya truthful, diba ning
ingon sila na dapat news is factual. There are new, there are news kase
as considered as fake news factual sya, nangyayari sya, nakikita mo pero
wala gi’dig deeper sa writer ang truthfulness ana nga story unsay reason
behind nganong nahitabo na nga story. Another thing, fake, unverified
akong gi ingon no? fake news for me ahhhmmm… means….. mga sabi-
sabi, hearsays.. ahmmm fake news for me pwede chismis… Naa pay
fake news, fake advisories na walang pasok, yang mga ganyan maka
create syag confusion sa mga tao… misinformation, confusion,
misinformation mga ana sya.” (P4)

(Fake news sometimes could be factual but not truthful; they say that news
should be factual. There is news that is viewed as fake news but is factual,
we can see it happening, but the writer did not dig deeper the truthfulness
of the story. The reason behind, why this story happened. Another thing is
that, fake news for me are hearsay...there are also fake advisories about
class suspensions, these kind of fake news and misinformation creates
confusion among people. P4)

It is a clear manifestation that fake news itself has a various definition coming

from the different perception of a person. As stated by the participants, fake news

happens not only inside but also outside the classroom setting through social

media. This gave emphasis to the involvement of the factors which leads to

propagate fake news in the society. However, another participant answers;

“Nowadays, the state, the government, even the news agency doesn’t
have exact meaning or determination of fake news.” (P8)

Ironically, government authorities might want to regulate fake news even when

there has not yet been an agreed definition of the term. In the ‘Democracy and

Disinformation Forum’ at AdMU Rockwell campus in Makati last February 2018,

Claire Wardler one of the speaker of the forum made mention that, “One of my

biggest concerns globally is that 2018 is the year of governments and fake news

inquiries. What that means is we have politicians around the world suddenly waking

up to the fact that this is an issue and believing that regulation is the answer.”

The emergence of technology and social media platforms to spread the

information becomes so easy and accessible in all ages. Lorenzo (2017),

 24

discussed that since we are already in the Digital Age, educational institutions

should take measures in helping the teachers to catch up with the technological

advancement. This means getting examples from the various social media

platforms that would assist them to contextualize and localize it to acquire the skills

that is being needed.

All of the teachers that we had interviewed had access to internet and believed

that it was a big help for them to have this as a facet for them to improve their way

of teaching. However, mainstream media is one of the reasons why propagating

of false news keeps on swirling inside their classroom and even outside the school

itself.

One participant made mention that;

“That triggers fake news? social media especially Facebook because

Facebook is very accessible to the students so even though they have
load or no, because usually they used data only or free data so any time
they quickly like the wrong page and some of them they’re not aware if
that website or page is valid or legit ,and they tend to tell there teachers
that no class.” (P2)

From the recent survey of SWS in the fourth quarter of 2017 up to the first

quarter of 2018 shows the membership in social media platforms, perceived

seriousness of the fake news problem in the Internet was highest among Instagram

users at 77%, followed by Twitter users at 76%, Viber users at 75%, YouTube

users at 68%, and Facebook users at 67%. (See Appendix__)

As you can see in the survey conducted by the SWS it shows that Facebook

users is at the lowest compared to the other social media platforms. Nevertheless,
 25

Facebook contributes more in spreading fake news in the society which is very

alarming since most of the students uses Facebook even without load.

One of the reasons of the rise of fake news is free data. He emphasizes that

some of the Filipino shares what they see on the caption or the headlines without

clicking the websites and reading its content. It makes them believe that whatever

they saw in the headlines is automatically true without verifying it and some of them

would share depending on the shares, likes, reactions and comments on that

particular post they would believe it instantly.

On the other hand, one participant said that;

“... there are lots of learners who added me on facebook. Siyempre, I

could, I could really look into what are the things that they post on social
media. And most of the time, makikita ko a lot of them are posting fake
news, especially fake advisories, fake news kadtong during ahhmmm..
election. Daghan kayo silag gina’post na fake news. And as a teacher it
was really very alarming.” (P4)

(...there are lots of learners who added me on Facebook. So, I could, I

could really look into what are the things that they post on social media.
And most of the time, I see a lot of them are posting fake news, especially
fake advisories, fake news during election. They posted a lot of fake
news, and as a teacher it was really very alarming.… P4)

Fake news should not be taken for granted because it is a serious issue just

like what the participant said that it is very alarming. According to PhilStar (2017),

“These social media sites have been helpful to many since they were developed.

Because of them, it is easier to disseminate information to people all over the

world. The same social media sites have also been avenues for negative things,

however.” This support the answer of one of our participants;

“... what ever is posted in the social media, my students pick up without
validating it tendency is no.. even if ah… even if they do not know how
valid the information is they pick it up and they make that as an example
 26

in my class no.. without validating it so tendency it’s already fake no..

information, it’s a fake news no.. especially no.. they go to different search
engines with ah.. na sa tingin nila hindi naman hindi naman nila bina-
background check.” (P3)

(... whatever is posted in the social media, my students pick up without

validating it tendency is… even if they do not know how valid the
information they pick it up and they make that as an example in my
class… without validating it so tendency it’s already fake… information,
it’s a fake news…. Especially... they got to different search engines with…
what they think they don’t need to background check. P 3)

This implies that some student gets the information without validating it and

look deeper on it. The source of the information especially news is very important

to know if the information is valid or not. The teacher must remind their students to

check and recheck, to evaluate and re-evaluate their source and to what media

platform or social media platform they engage into. In addition, the participant said;

“...we can experience fake news in social media because we do not know
where the source are (coming from), (and) what is the source. So, those
are fake news… if the question is ‘did you experience fake news?’, then
“YES!” How did I counter that? Then you have to search, you have to
verify, do not just immediately agree on what is posted. Because we have
to identify fake news...” (P8)

Fact checking is important in verifying the news. People usually think of social

media posts with rather implausible stories, fantastic when hearing the term “fake

news”. There is so much more about fake news than making a news that has an

exaggerated article titles on social media but also its hidden aspect.

Knowing the source is not enough to say that the news is legit. As a

responsible user of social media we have to take a look on the credibility and

reliability of the news so that we can shun being a victim of fake news. Being a

critical thinker and more observant of the sources and sites could help us to be

more responsible persons in terms of detecting fake news.

 27

Credibility of the News Source. These days, the spread of fake news on the

Internet is getting out of hand. The social media sites were developed to make our

life easier. And true enough, this became an avenue to disseminate information to

people all over the world. Hence, this became a leeway of spreading

misinformation through unreliable source that leads to fake news.

One of the participants said;

“Real news something that is, we go to the basics of journalism. So, you
have, when did happen, where did happen, how did it happen, so these
are the basic of journalism. The WH, where the event happens? When
did I happen? How did the event happen? Why did the event happen?
Basic.” (P8)

Knowing the basics of journalism is one of the key sources in deepening the

understanding of people and checking the credibility of a news. The proliferation

of fake news consumes the people’s right to know the truth. Thus, one of the basics

of journalism is to who and where it has been made and how the information swirls

in the society. Therefore, having the link is important to know if the information is

valid because by having the link from the social media or internet you will have the

chance to double check the legitimacy of the news. One of the participants said;

“... legit news organizations like established … like ANC, CNN and
others… genuine news it comes from an organization that is already
established organization that has license to deliver the information to the
mass. Who are these organizations? Organizations that have license to
operate they have been granted with a permit by the government. They
are identified as news organizations, news makers. Identified by our
government so meaning to say if they don’t have the permit to operate
even if they are good at their field still it cannot be considered as
generators of true or real news. ” (P3)

The established mainstream media as stated by the participant is said to be

the source of credible information. But the question is why is it that we still
 28

experience fake news despite the fact that those companies or reliable agencies

have license to promulgate a real information. Hence, the same participant said;

“...as you all know internet is not regulated no.. nobody regulates the
internet everybody can be a journalist everybody can be a writer
everybody can be an instant messenger diba? Without even licensed,
tama? Oh… so alam nyo.. alam nyo rin yun so tendency who are you to
ano.. to give the information to disseminate the information oh so
tendency is um.. without validation of the information you deliver tendency
many would.. would get it and claim it correct even if it is not so aking
side…” (P3)

“... as you all know internet is not regulated.. nobody regulates the the
internet everybody can be a journalist, everybody can be a writer,
everybody can be an instant messenger right? Without even a license,
right? Now you know the tendency who are you going to give the
information to disseminate the information so tendency many would…
would get it and claim it correct even if it is not so in my side..” (P 3)

Another participant agreed;

“... in my perspective... even those that are registered…part of the

mainstream media, registered newspapers could also be an avenue in
spreading fake news especially when they do not verify their information
and present it to the public right away.” (P4)

(... in my perspective, even those that are registered newspapers could

also be an avenue in spreading fake news especially when they do not
verify their information and present it to the public right away. P4)

In contradiction to his first statement, giving emphasis that it is not regulated

especially in the Internet access with regards social media unlike to the findings of

the study of Haciyakupoglu et al. (2018) regarding the “Survey of Recent Global

Initiatives” where some of the countries who has passed and approved in their

legislation the regulation of fake news such as in Germany, where an accountable

party which is the technological companies regulate fake news most specially in

Facebook to notify them the Act that has been legislate in their country to

encourage social media companies to remove content that is not obviously illegal

in the face of a disproportionate threat of fines. The Network Enforcement Act

imposes fines on social media as much as 50 million euros (US$53 million) if they
 29

fail to remove “obviously illegal content within 24 hours upon receiving a

complaint.” Also in India, the accountable party are the administrators of social

media groups who are responsible to regulate in their country. In Varanasi district

magistrate issued a joint order stating that a first investigation report can be filed

against a social media group’s administrator if fake news is found to be circulating

on his/her social media group. The joint order does not address extraterritorial

application. But in our case in the Philippines, the Senate Bill No. 1492 entitled an

“Act of Penalizing the Malicious Distribution of False News and Other Related

Violations” is still pending in the legislation we are facing hard time regulating

information from the sources we can access especially in the Internet.

Hence, there are some preventive measures that one of the participants

stated;

“...Evaluate, I guess check its veracity if there is basis for it. We have
search engine and we can easily connect to different websites of
government websites especially if the news is more of… related to the
news about government policies even the news that is related to the
President and the officials of the government. Check also the government
websites verify if it has been mention. If there is announcement or a
proclamation regarding its policy and the important news.” (P5)

In our society today where people lives in the proliferation of fake news this

consumes the people’s right to know the truth. We must not believe in stories that

are believable yet unreal but instead we must check, evaluate, and assess the

news or information we are reading because this alters the minds of the people.

On the other hand, there are some people who would intentionally use the news

to misinform the audience. One of the participants said;

 30

“..it’s an information that like to mislead or misinform. An information that

would like to change the idea of the information. You try informing… but
you use the other data. You try to inform but you influence your audience
by using information which is not correct.” (P8)

One of the reasons to mislead or misinform the audience is because of its own

intention and interest. Furthermore, one of the participants;

“...fake news is created to ruin an image, para sirain ang image, ruin, para
sirain ang image ng isang tao o isang personality para I’confused ang
mass ang mga tao, so nag, mag ano jud syag confusion diba? Kita nag
basa ta, hala tinuod ban i o dili?” (P4)

(... fake news is created to ruin an image of a person. It creates confusion

to the mass, as we read the news we question if it is really true or not?
P4)

There are people who do not realize that spreading fake news can lead to

conflict and misinformation. Teachers and students aren’t the ones who are at

fault. Neither are those who share fake news. They are just the ones who are

affected and victimized. People unknowingly share fake news because they think

the content is entertaining.

Each one of us should make sure that fake news does not spread. Otherwise,

the world we live in now will be ruled by lies and deception instead of correct and

truthful information.

The values uphold by the teacher to the student gives a lot of impact to its

integrity to the way they teach and how they pass not just the learnings of the

subject matter but to how the student will apply this to their lives.

Paragon of Integrity. Teacher is tagged as the “Fountain of Knowledge” and

“Paragon of Virtues” but what if they give out wrong information, references and

mechanisms to their students? How would this affect the learning outcomes of the
 31

students? Surely it will affect them, that they will eventually carry it out to the rest

of their lives.

Now that the internet is the latest means of communication to be abused to

spread lies and misinformation. This could be avoided if the teacher has the way

of presenting the information not just in his own biases but delivering the

information clearly and thoroughly. Let the student construct their own

understanding and interpretation to the news is very important. One of the

participants said;

“As much as possible I present two sides of point in the classroom

discussion especially if the news is about the current trends.” (P5)

Another participant support this;

“...nya pag teacher ka, di ka dapat maging bias kasi you have to present
to them two sides of the story and let the learners decide kung asa didto
ang ilahang e.believe.” (P4)

“... if you’re a teacher, you should not be biased. You have to present
two sides of the story and let the learners decide on which side to believe
to.” (P4)

Both of them agreed that in order to achieve the integrity, the teacher must be

a constructivist and let the student decide to where they stand at the end of the

day about an issue that arise in the class discussion especially in the current

events. Allow the student to speak out and give their input about the issue. Hearing

their sides and opinions before correcting or giving the teachers interpretation on

an issue without corrupting the views and opinion of the students. Hence, if there

are correction, the teacher and the students must go along in checking whether or

not the said information is true or not. Furthermore, one participant said that;
 32

“... I know what is legit and what is not so tendency is it will ruin my day
as a teacher and I get to educate them about ethics, about the.. the proper
way of you no.. getting information from the internet…” (P3)

(...I know what is legit and what is not so tendency it will ruin my day as
a teacher and I get to educate them about ethics… about the proper way
of you getting information from the internet… P3)

Teaching the students about the ethics of using of internet and to where the

sites they could get a credible and reliable source is one way in countering fake

news. More than that another participant said;

“...nag present syag fake news… I also became a victim of fake news.
That is why everytime naa koy i.correct na bata e.share pud nako akong
experience, even if I am a teacher, even if I am already knowledgeable
about this, still nahimo kong victim sa fake news, so ang bata karon dili
na sya maka feel bad for doing such.” (P4)

(... the class reacted to the news presented… I myself am also a victim
of fake news. That is why every time I correct a student, I share my
experience that even if I am a teacher already, and is knowledgeable
enough about this, still I became a victim of fake news so the child now
will not feel bad about being reprimanded P4)

In the recent survey conducted by CS Media, 31% of the Millennials said that

they shared a news online and later learned that it was fake. As a teacher, it is also

important to accept mistake and be corrected. The same participant shared;

“For me ha, pwede man e.correct ka sa bata pero as much as

possible, as teachers it is a challenge for us to be really knowledgeable,
really knowledgeable kung unsa ning fake news, kasi if you don’t have
the knowledge kung unsa ning fake news, how to read news, legit news
then how can we teach our learners?” (P4)

(For me, students can correct you, but as much as possible, as a

teacher you should be knowledgeable enough what is fake news, how to
read news, legit news because if we do not know, then how can we teach
our learners? P4)

Sharing a fair and honest mistake experience to their student is not too much.

Because through their experiences the students will learn from it and see that their

teacher is also human enough that they commits mistake and be victimized by all
 33

of these. That as a human being whether you are a professional or not you could

be swayed by your emotion and share stuff without validating it.

As a support, Senator Villanueva (as cited in SunstarPhil, 2017) explain the

negative influence of fake news, schools and other learning institutions play a

crucial role in instilling due diligence, discernment and critical thinking to the

minority.

Lastly, one participant answers;

“As a person, it doesn’t affect me at all. Yes, its their choice, its their work,
its their personality but as a Christian person, I can consider it as one of
the ten commandments and then I believe that in not telling the truth, you
cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven.” (P7)

Aside from all of the legal and government actions, values integration is one

key factor to always remind the student of prevailing the truth of anything especially

the news and information we deliver to others. But more importantly, education

and campaign against fake news must start in their homes. That is why the teacher,

must look into their students different orientation and up bringing to give out lesson

that should be pass within their classroom up to their own home and to themselves.

Fake News Effects in the Delivery of Instruction in the Classroom

The prevalence of fake news has affected the information systems of

schools including the teacher’s delivery of instruction inside the classroom. It

creates different effects that is manifested through the behavior of the teachers

and students in the classroom This part of the chapter presents the different
 34

pedagogical effects of fake news in schools that was found out by the participants

of this study.

Guillibility Misinformation

Skepticism

Fake News Effects in the Delivery of Instruction in the

Classroom
Fig. 4: Fake News Effects in the Delivery of Instruction in the Classroom

Misinformation. One of the effects of fake news when proliferated throughout the

classroom or even in the school itself is misinformation. Misinformation, as defined

by Merriam Webster (2018), is an incorrect or misleading information. Davao City

National High School Teachers also have found out this effect in their daily

activities in the classroom.

Fake news is evident to the students especially when it comes to no class

advisories because students can benefit from it to the extent that the students are

peddling lies or fake news.. Furthermore, according to Ecker, Lewandowsky,

Swire, & D. Chang (cited by B. G. Southwell, E. A. Thorson, & L. Sheble, 2017),

when a person has learned that misinformation you have shared it is difficult to

unlearned or eradicate it. One participant even said that;

“…if a teacher is not a reader but a hearer the students

will be really misinformed and it is very hard to unheard
 35

that… so if the students learned it from you it will be

difficult to unlearned that information…” (P2)

It is very difficult if the teacher didn’t take proper precautionary measures in

aiding the prevalence of fake news in the campus especially those advisories that

can hinder the proper execution of tasks inside the school. Even with a simple

announcement of no classes which is spread by the students inside their class

which is not even true at all can be considered fake news and can disrupt their

classes.

The internet and even social media are being the center of spreading

misinformation even in schools in which most of the students has its own facebook

or twitter accounts and other social media entities. Those misinformation like no

class announcement is often spread through these platforms. It is supported by

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U., Seifert, C., Schawarz, N. and Cook, J. (2012) in their

paper entitled “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and

Successful Debiasing.” They stated that “changes in the media landscape,

including the arrival of the Internet, have fundamentally influenced the ways in

which information is communicated and misinformation is spread”. One participant

even stated that;

“It creates confusion to the mass, as we read the news

we question if it is really true or not. There are also fake
advisories about class suspensions, these kind of fake
news and misinformation creates confusion among
people.” (P4)

This is even supported by another participant and said;

“…they rely so much on social platforms, they tend to
easily believe it… like someone said that the classes
are suspended but it turned out that it wasn’t. (P1)
 36

If this happens, the teachers are the ones who will be greatly affected by

fake news. The disruption of classes means that your efforts in preparing the

instruction for them will come to no worth at all. If the teacher will have no means

to correct these deeds, then it might be in there forever. It is also believed that if

you are unable to correct your students then they will believe that their stories or

the information they have shared is true. If this happens, then, it will proliferate all-

over the campus and even other schools. This effect is even stated by one

participant;

“It will ruin my instruction in the sense that… students

if I don’t correct them they will think that they are
correct, they are right and tendency their mindset the
teacher didn’t correct us so we conclude that we are
correct. It will proliferate it will multiply…” (P3)

Fake news will create mass misinformation if not corrected and might

destroy the whole information system of the school. Teachers are also responsible

for this prevalence of fake news to their own classrooms. Even in the delivery of

their instruction, if the teachers are not careful in getting information which will be

used in discussing their lessons, then the teacher might create fake news and it

might affect the output of the students. One participant even said that;

“…it really, really affects because it will also affect the

output of the students. So, if you use fake news in the
delivery of instruction you might misinform your
learner. So as a teacher, if you are master of the
subject matter that you are teaching then you must also
check whether the sources of your information are valid
and reliable…” (P8)

Fake news is a long-standing problem also in our society. There are some

instances that we thought it to be fake news, but the true notion is it is just against

our own bias, interest or belief to a certain information. This was even supported
 37

by Lewandowsky, S., et. al. (2012) and they stated “If a majority believes in

something that is factually incorrect, the misinformation may form the basis for

political and societal decisions that run counter to a society’s best interest; if

individuals are misinformed, they may likewise make decisions for themselves and

their families that are not in their best interest and can have serious

consequences”. We create judgment based on our own thoughts and we thought

to be misinformed but it is not true at all. Teachers who have interviewed pointed

out this, one participant even said that;

“… for instance about history. History of our nation or

shall we say the different information about Marcoses
about political figure to our history they give wrong
notion in the personality that they themselves is the
cause of everything. That we should look for the other
side because it has also its brighter side and the only
way for it is to correct the history. It has been given to
them already way back in their elementary days by
their teacher. So, I think this is the right time for us to
correct the wrong story in the history. The wrong
delivery that is one-sided only that is more on
democratic side only. So when we talk about
democracy that should be well presented all sides.
Present the two sides of the coin and every discussion
in every topic if only you can present especially in
handling in social studies. Then we are task to explain
the prenominal in society.” (P5)

Misinformation can only be corrected by educating our students where to

get information that we can assure that this is credible and reliable to avoid being

victimize by misinformation. By this, teachers need to have proper sources of

information which is credible and reliable that makes the information valid.

Teachers have stated some credible sources of information. One participant

suggested;

“…But if you’re going to say where I’ve got the sites,

it’s usually in Google Scholar. Then you’ll put ETD so
the results will be more credible… mostly on Inquirer
 38

and Philippine Star. On the sites that you already know

well and on very well-known news media outlets.” (P1)

Because of the easy access in information, misinformation tends to crawl

in. By this, teachers are very careful in getting their needed information especially

now that we have internet access in our schools. There are some suggestions also

on where to get information. One participant stated;

“I get it from module but usually I get it from the internet

because of the current information. No particular site
but as much as possible I avoid wiki sites Wikipedia,
WikiPilipinas because we all know that wiki can be
edited. So even though students I’m handling is
contemporary issues one of our performance task is
output research-based. So, I explained to them that as
much as possible avoid extracting information win wiki
sites because it is edited or it can be easy edited. Legit
sites I think are the official websites of the government.
Government portals, government agencies websites to
make sure that the information is verified and genuine.”
(P5)

There are some information portals also that specializes on providing

learning resources in which one participant stated and suggested;

“We have DepEd Portal, learning portal where we get

some of our materials. We have the DepEd Tambayan,
but we check DepEd Tambayan because these are
also the outputs of teachers all over the Philippines,
they posts lesson plans, modules. We get our modules
from DepEd Tambayan those modules that haven’t
been delivered here. But so far, we have modules that
we needed, but if we need soft copies, we download it
there in the portal…” (P4)

In this high time of fake news, misinformation is one of the effects if the

prevalence of this phenomena will stay longer in our society. Making our

information systems more fragile and not reliable to consume by people.

Misinformation could be worst if this creates panic and other problems in our

schools in which students should not experience. Teachers are the one will take

this challenge. Misinformation is just one effect that teachers will encounter and
 39

fight with. Fake news begets misinformation in our schools and the teachers should

be ready for that and be equipped with necessary knowledge in countering fake

news in the classrooms.

Gullibility. The result of our interview conducted at Davao City National High

School shows that gullibility is one of the effects of fake news in the school and

classroom setting. Gullibility, as defined by Oxford Living Dictionary (2018), is a

“tendency to be easily persuaded that something is real or true. The gullibility of a

person towards a thing or information has something to do with his psychological

aspects. We tend to become gullible when the news or information being spread

is in favor to us or to what we believe. Gullibility also comes with credulity, our

willingness to believe to something easily.

With the technology today, people could easily access tons of news and

information through different media platforms through the internet. But not

everything we read from these media platforms are useful or true and it’s given that

there is deceiving news posted online, and that people are not properly educated

about how to identify it. And the lack of proper information about fake news makes

people gullible. One of the participants in Davao City National High School stated

that;

“…nagpapaniwala agad, ano bang tawag dyan, they

are deceived- gullible, that’s the term. Tapos yun so
naniniwala sila dun yun pala hindi totoo. And it…
becomes their habit, yun na yung bad dun. Kahit ano
nalang pinapaniwalaan”. (P1)

(“…they easily believe. They are deceived, gullible.

They believe it even if it is not true. And it becomes
 40

their habit, that’s what’s bad. They would believe

anything”. P1)

“…students if I don’t correct them they will think that

they are correct, they are right and tendency their mind
set the teacher didn’t correct us, so we conclude that
we are correct”. (P3)

Davao City National High School is one of the biggest and competitive

public schools in Davao City. Due to this, both students and teachers are expected

to become competitive and be productive as well in everything they do. Being

productive in their teaching inside the classroom and at the same time being

careful of the information that they give to the learners. To the teachers, they are

expected to become a role model in their teaching because students are always

looking up to them. Whatever they say will eventually be taken up by the learners

for they have the stature that students respect, and since they are expected to be

trustworthy enough in their way of delivering an information. But no person is

perfect in any ways, teachers also commits mistakes, they can never be perfect in

their delivery of instruction and their strategy do not really work every time. One

participant stated;

“Sometimes we’re just teacher and yet not very

intelligent we’re more likely not diligent aside from the
information, we gave them sources, so you can check
on this or that if you ask questions.” (P2)

One wrong information delivered by the teachers and given by the learners

as well greatly affects the quality of the students learning in some way. “The

proliferation of fake news consumes the people’s right to know the truth. It has

altered the minds of people to make them believe in stories that are believable yet

unreal” (Philippine Star, 2017). Gullibility of the person affects greatly the way he
 41

acts accordingly in the society, for when this becomes part of one’s system,

tendency is that they will continue to disseminate more fake news and information

in bigger platforms. Students feed on what is given to them regardless of its validity

and truthfulness, not only in the classroom setting but also in the internet where

they can easily access to different social media platform for information.

“Each and every one of us should make sure that it does not spread.

Otherwise, the world we live in now will be ruled by lies and deception instead of

correct and truthful information” (Philippine Star, 2017). If students continue to be

deceived by these false information or articles from the media platforms or even

from social media, it will really degrade the quality of information given to people.

Not only will the quality of information be degraded but also the quality of instruction

of the teachers. Remember that if a teacher gives wrong information to the

students, the quality of learning is distorted, and it might affect the way the students

perceive things.

Correction of false actions of the students is needed in the classroom

setting, for it will give a harmonious environment for everyone. Same goes as well

in the reports, assignments, projects and other outputs of the students who have

cited false information or fake news. They must be told to revise their output for

them to be cautious in the articles that they get from the internet to spot what is

fake news and what is real.

Social media became a platform of both information and deceptive

information, more and more people today rely so much in social media for
 42

information and or for leisure. According to Turner (2017), “…more often causes

trouble or absences because of fear and sometimes believing news to be true”,

and Davao City National High School students and teachers are not exempted to

this. Even these people became a victim of false information and fake news either

about class suspensions or holidays.

Cyberspace being so vast, we are not sure anymore if the information that

we got from there is factual or not. Anyone can access, post, comment and claim

that this is fact. The problem now is, no one is regulating the cyberspace to check

these things, no one can check if what is posted or what is being circulated is true

or not. It is worrying that people, especially learners are susceptible to these fake

news and information because of lack of education and knowledge about it.

Teachers saw gullibility as an effect of the proliferation of fake news saying that;

“So misleading jud siya para sa mga estudyante and

apektado ang learning nila kay maybe then I-adapt sa
ilahang system na ganito pala that this is the…
interpretation”. (P5)

(“So, it would really mislead the students and their

learning would be affected because it might adapt to
their system…their interpretation”. P5)

“The effect of (fake news) among the students would

be greater because they lack the experience right, they
lack the knowledge and they tend to believe what is
given on the social media…” (P6)

The ability of the person to decide or to believe about something is vital

since our mind operate with positive bias. We are subject to our own biases and

as what Forgas (2017) stated, “this is when we tend to prefer dubious information

that supports our pre-existing attitudes and are more inclined to reject valid

information that challenges our beliefs.” The gullibility of a person shows when the
 43

one who is giving the information is close to him, of course, since the trust was

already established, it is now not easy to think that what he is saying is fake news

or false information.

That is also a common mistake of the people, they think easily believe those

people who are close to them, they only base it to the fact that they knew them

“well”. Well, it’s not enough reason that you knew that person that’s why you

believe him easily. Not all the time that what he tells you is fact, there are also

times that even he, does not really check his source of information. And you, as a

receiver should also be critical, should also be vigilant about that information being

shared to you. When this information is spread through face-to-face conversation,

and that person spreading it can speak smoothly that it seems like he is really

telling the truth, then the gullibility of the receiver again shows.

Gullibility as one of the effects can be prevented and changed, and various

steps can be taken to make it happen. Teachers’ in their part also learned how to

become better in delivering instruction and gave the learners as well ways to

refrain from being gullible. These statements by the participants also gave us ideas

to counter fake news and avoid being gullible;

“…think before you click”. (P1)

“…how to counter fake news never ever share it on

Facebook because that will spread and if you are not
very sure of the information might as well…” (P2)

“…check the source the label and if you think its legit
and valid then you may post but never ever sight
comment because that is the main problem of our
generation today we really tend to comment such
things that we didn’t really know”. (P2)
 44

“…educate ourselves uy, let’s make ourselves aware,

and let’s be critical, kay diba ning ingon ko na daghan
bias media. Naa puy mag media nga naga present ug
fake news, as as as people, of citizens of the country,
let’s be critical thinkers. Let us not believe immediately
what we hear, what we see and what we read”. (P4)

“…educate ourselves, let’s make ourselves aware, and

let’s be critical, because we have a lot of bias media.
There are also media that presents fake news, as
people and citizens of the country, let’s be critical
thinkers. Let us not believe immediately what we hear,
what we see and what we read”. (P4)

There are people, who innocently do not know that spreading fake news

may lead to conflict. They are these people who are not well educated; they are

easily deceived with these fake news and information. And these people spread

fake news themselves, and that adds up to the population of people who deceive

others either intentional or not.

Proliferation of fake news in social media and other media platforms creates

confusion and makes the people, educated or not become gullible. Forgas (2017)

stated, “…education tends to reduce gullibility and those who receive scientific

training in critical, skeptical thinking also tend to be less gullible and less easily

manipulated”. Because it shows that the people who are less educated are the

ones who are susceptible and is vulnerable to fake news and false information and

more likely spread it. And all that we can do now is educate these learners as well

as the people.

Skepticism. As people engage more on technological advancement they

experience being a victim of this fake news. Therefore, even with the rise of fake

news there is still good effect in both inside the classroom and even outside the

school premises and that is skepticism. According to Encyclopedia Britannica

 45

(2018), Skepticism, which is synonymous to cynicism, in Western philosophy, is

the attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas.

Skeptics have challenged the adequacy or reliability of these claims by

asking what principles they based upon or what they usually establish. They have

questioned whether some such claims really are, as alleged, indubitable or

necessarily true, and they have challenged the purported rational grounds of

accepted assumptions.

One of the participants said that;

“I became more conscious and aware of what I believe

and who to believe… you’re going to be skeptical
sometimes.” (P1)
Being skeptical is not a bad attitude because it is a way of validating what

they read and what they hear. Through this, they could see real from fake news.

Another participant said;

“Let us not believe immediately (to) what we hear, what

we read, we have to ask questions, we have to ask
ourselves, ‘it is really true?' It’s not that we are doubtful
that we have trust issues…” (P4)
Fake news doesn’t choose anyone to victimize, even a teacher experience

such. And with their experiences they are obliged to teach their student to counter

fake news because if not, the fake news will still proliferate continuously.

One of the participants;

“It will ruin my instruction in the sense that... Students

if I don’t correct them they will think that they are
correct, they are right and tendency their mind set the
teacher’ didn’t correct us so we conclude that we are
correct. It will proliferate it will multiply.” (P3)
The participant sees that reprimanding and correcting the students help

them to learn and learn from their mistake. Furthermore, another participant

stated;
 46

“They will have this idea that ‘I will not do it again

because our teacher gets mad at us…” (P3)
As the good side of being skeptic it is evident that the students will really do

the task diligently and be critical to where and what they are copying or searching

since they will be facing the consequences in the near future. One participant said;

“And for me it is not about integrity, but it is about the

learning of the learners…” (P4)
More than anything else, the teacher is really after to the learning of the

student not just in teaching the subject matter but for them to give out knowledge

that would be helpful and be beneficial to their students in the future not just in field

but in life as awhole. And by that, one participant affirmed that it will lead to;

“…their maturity. Because if you’re mature enough,

you would really think if you’re going to believe or
not…” (P1)

Teaching the student in the four corners of the classroom is not enough but

there should be a holistic development to the students which help them in the next

stage of their lives as a transitioning student from high school to college. With this,

this is where the teacher nurture and mold the student to their totality as a human

being.

Countering Fake News in Davao City National High School Classroom

Fake news by far has been a huge problem to most teachers especially in

the classroom setting. Since fake news is very rampant nowadays, the teachers of

Davao City National High School have devised ways on how to combat fake news

and has incorporated the curriculum to educate the students. Furthermore,

teachers are advocating for students to be responsible in acquiring data especially

on the internet and be mindful of the things they share on social media. Thus, in
 47

the figure below, these are some of the suggestions of the participants for us to

effectively fight fake news inside and outside the classroom.

Regulation

Media
Literacy

Special Counselling
Programs

Fig. 5: Teacher’s Pyramid of Ways in Countering Fake News

Media Literacy. When combating fake news inside the classroom is brought up,

most of the participants mentioned Media Information Literacy. According to the

Center of Media Literacy Page (2015), Media literacy is defined as a 21 st century

approach to education. It provides a framework to access, analyze, evaluate,

create and participate with messages in a variety of form, from print to video to the

internet. Media literacy builds an understanding of the role of media in society as

well as essential skills of inquiry and self- expression necessary for citizens of a

democracy. One participant said that,

“Itis in this subject where information is defined. The flow of

communication is also defined well in this subject. Where the receiver,
 48

the sender, the channel, these are the technical aspect of communication.
It was presented in this lesson. With that we got the basic model of
communication being taught in this subject. So, if the information is
coming from a sender which is reliable, the communication is being
channel in to a communicating channel which is reliable the information
is received properly, and the feedback is correct.” (P8)

Media literacy has become part of the senior high school Curriculum to

address the emerging problem of fake news. “In the Philippines, media literacy has

a special spot in the curriculum particularly in the Senior High School. One way of

the Department of Education to give a proper guidance and information to the

youth using the internet is the inclusion of the media and information literacy in the

K-12 basic Education Curriculum” (Miguel 2016). K to12 curriculum offers the

subject Media Information Literacy where the curriculum guide addresses fake

news and how to counter it. Through this subject, not only the teachers but also

the education system has found a way to somehow minimize the proliferation of

fake news in classrooms and in social media as a whole by educating students to

be vigilant in acquiring information on social platforms, to be responsible on

sharing news that were not from valid sources, and to be mindful of the effects of

fake news.

It is important to give emphasis on educating students about media

information literacy to address the problem of fake news because according to

David and Burgler (2018) there should be a collective effort in fighting fake news

and the long-term solution for that is the media literacy and news literacy program

that would help people to verify the information if it is true or not. One of our

participant stated that;

“(Media literacy would be helpful to the students if they equip this to the
students by making them more literate not just on how to use computers
 49

but also on studying entertainment, advertisements, films, tv, and

newspapers especially for senior high school students who aspire taking
up mass communications. It also teaches how to test plagiarism,
copyright laws, and fake news.)“ (P2)

Media literacy is still one of the most endorsed tool in countering fake news

inside and outside the classroom. One can say that media literacy can be a means

in countering fake news. In our interview it has proved its effectiveness through the

experiences of our participants. One participant said;

“...More than a teacher I am a media practitioner and we condemn that

more than we condemn fake news in the academe that is why MIL (Media
Integration Literacy) was born because of this proliferation of fake news
nowadays…” (P3)

The birth of Media Literacy in the curriculum of the K to 12 specifically in the

Senior High school is a big leap for the Philippines. However, considering the

magnitude of social media and the internet, the department will develop a separate

track dedicated on this after thorough consultations with their stakeholders

because according to surveys conducted from December 8-16, 2017, and March

23-27, 2018, they found out that the a large majority of Filipinos are viewing the

issue of fake news and false information as a serious concern, revealed a Social

Weather Stations (SWS) survey released (insert SWS survey appendix chart 1)

this is so alarming.

In its State of the World’s Children Report published December of last year,

UNICEF reported 1 out of 3 internet users worldwide are children. The same report

emphasized “too little is done to protect them from the perils of the digital world

and to increase their access to safe online content”. This is why DepEd

(Department of Education) will develop a social media literacy program in schools

 50

in its bid to protect children from the perils of the internet, including fake news and

misinformation.

Special Programs. We found out that there are also other means of educating the

students to be media literate. It is important to not only look on one view but instead

look on the problem as a whole. The school should also have special programs

and mechanism for teachers as well as for the students in countering fake news.

According to RAN EDU (as cited by Lenos & Krasenberg, 2018), they gave

practical insights on ways to empower teachers in teaching media literacy such as,

basic knowledge on media literacy for teachers, must be aware of own biases,

never embarrass students, know what the students are facing. Before integrating

the media literacy to the curriculum, teachers must be well equipped with the

needed skills to be able to make the integration work. When the teachers were

asked if they have had seminars or programs and mechanism about fake news,

one of our participants answered that;

“Last year, sa culminating activity ng HUMS and ABM nag invite kami ng
reporter ba yun sya.. parang malaking rank yata sa SunStar Davao, yung
kanyang topic is fake news.” (P1)

(“Last year, in the culminating activity of HUMSS and ABM, they invited a
reporter who has a high rank in SunStar Davao. His topic is fake news.”
P1)

One of our participants also mentioned a special program of the school that

has a different approach in teaching their students.

Meron kasing mga special program ang City High, merong SPA; arts,
meron ding SPJ… Special Program in Journalism…( P1)
 51

(“Davao City National High School offers special programs such as SPA
(Special Program in Arts) and SPJ (Special Program in Journalism.” P 1)

“… I’ve conducted awareness lecture to the students on how to avoid

fake news.” (P4)

In contrast to other interviewed participants when asked about the programs

done by school to put emphasis on the problem of fake news some answered

none;

“Wala… wala I have… take it from me wala nganu? Because it’s already
in our hands diba no matter how we say it in the class pero kayo you’ve become
a patron of that fake news still it will continue wala we can only say sige..
reminders.. reminders pero hey, always nalang remind wala pa.. walang
mangyayari sa reminder na yan kung kayo mismo you will not take it upon
yourself ba na it has to start with in you oh.. wala paring mangyayari. Education
I think deped for integrating MIL siguro it’s a blessing in disguise that is the best
way to.. to educate the young people about responsible media use…”(P 3)

(“No, I have to take it from me. Why? Because it’s already in our hands
no matter how we say it in the class you’ve become a patron of that fake news,
still it will continue and we can only say reminders but hey, always reminding not
yet. Nothing will happen to that reminder if you yourself will not take it upon
yourselves that it has to start within you. Education, I think DepEd for integrating
MIL. I guess it’s a blessing in disguise that is the best way to educate the young
people about responsible media use…” P3)

It became a challenge to the students to be vigilant when using information in the

classroom, even if the teacher informs the students non- stop it will always be up

to the students if they are willing to change their ways in dealing with information.

One of the participants also mentioned that;

”Wala koy ma remember, one year pa man gud ko. Naa unta no? sana
meron, senior high na basta media literacy… ako, pwede man mi mag, pwede
pud ang SSG mag organize ana, pero so far sa aral-pan wala. Junior high,
wala. Mga ano man na mga student affairs man na nga matters supposedly,
wala. Wala koy ma remember as far as I could remember. Tama no, this is a
good idea kay mag conduct man sila ug study sa karon no sa research I, I’d
ask also one of my learners to study about how influential fake news among
the learners of City High. Good idea no, I’ll tell one of my sa groups to conduct
a study kung asa na nga level na impluwensyahan jud ug fake news. Maka
identify kaya ang mga taga City High, kung fake news ba na o dili. We cannot
really penetrate entire, in the entire City High because mga 11,000 or 13,000
students. Atleast some of them will be aware. Even social media campaign,
daghan man na, sa Holy Cross mga MassComm.” (P4)
 52

(“I don’t remember anything; I’ve been here for one year maybe that’s
why. How I wish there will be one, when we talk about media literacy, it’s in the
senior high. I can help, the SSG can also help organize, but in the Araling
Panlipunan Deptartment, there is none. In junior high we have none, matters like
that should be taken care by the student affairs. But as far as I can remember,
there is none. Right, this is a good idea since they are going to conduct a study
in their research. I’ll ask one of the group to study about how influential fake
news among the learners of City High. And on what level does fake news have
gone to influence the learners. Can they identify fake news? We cannot really
penetrate entire, in the entire City High because approximately 11,000 or 13,000
students are enrolled. At least some of them will be aware. Even social media
campaign will do, you also have in Holy Cross, the MassComm.” P4)

Here the participant hoped for improvement and became an instrument in

advocating toward countering fake news. There are subjects offered in senior high

in countering fake news, however in the junior high school countering fake news

is done through integration. In subjects like Araling Panlipunan there are lessons

and subjects like Contemporary issues where in the teacher integrated media

literacy. Stringer (2017) said that it is fit and can be integrated in some subjects

like: Social studies, History, and Computer science, it can be integrated because

what we are trying to teach is critical thinking. Some states in the United States

namely, Washington, Connecticut and Rhode Island already enacted laws to

promote media literacy.

One of the participants said that;

“Well, public school is different from private we lack resources we…. the
only way we do it is advocacy, we advocate it no… we integrate it through our
teachings oh.. unlike in your school you have ICT oh… so it’s easy to do it face
to face using the computer in city high that is not the case we can do nothing
about it but to advocate isulti nalang jud nimo sa ilaha na oh… this is our
implication this we.. this what will happen if you keep on doing this .. ana
nalang.” (P3)

(“Public school is different from private, we lack resources and the only
way we do it is through advocacy, we advocate it, we integrate it through our
teachings. Unlike in your school you have ICT, so it’s easy to do it face to face
using the computer in city high but that is not the case, we can do nothing about
it but to advocate.” P3)
 53

Here in the Philippines, the public-school lack the facilities even if the

Department of Education is trying its best to cater all the needs of the students and

the teachers. It is one of the biggest gaps between the education and learners

since teachers need tools, trainings, seminars and facilities to properly perform

and provide quality education, because one cannot give something they don’t

have. Another participant also answered that;

“So far wala man pud koy maingon na mechanism jud institutional siguro
pero one way siguro na mag convene siguro mi naa mga instances na mag
convene the entire instituition siguro mi like the coming MPRE kanang Mid-Year
Program review and Evaluation so siguro in that particular program ma ano
siguro na sa others matters mabutang na siya didto. And we can clarify things
related sa mga ingon ana and aside sa mga ingun ana naa pud mga partner
agencies or partner organizations na willing to help the teachers like the partylist
group the partylist na kanang naga act na gina ano jud sa public school teachers
na ginadala ang plight sa mga teachers lobbying for the form didto sa taas para
pud mahatagan pud ang mga teachers ba mura ganig kahayahay murag ana
because sa ana na pamaagi maka ano man pud mi pero dili tanan mga members
huh kay dili mani siya compulsory pero kana nakahatag pud na ug alibyo na
bitaw noh we support the program the party kay kita man ang mag benefit dili
man isa lang this is for the greater benefit mga ingon ana.” (P 6)

(“So far I don’t have the mechanism to tell in the institution but maybe one
way to convene the entire institution like the coming of MPRE that is the Mid-
Year Program Review and Evaluation that maybe that particular program can
be put in other matters. And we can clarify things that is related to any partner
agencies or partner organizations that is willing to help the teachers like the
group that act that came from the public school the plight of the teachers
lobbying for the form for the teachers to be given benefits. But this is not
compulsory but it will give relief to the teachers and will support the program
because this is not just for one person but to all teachers.” P5)

If special programs are given more focus, it would really help a lot in

countering fake news. Special programs also has a bigger impact since it targets

a larger audience and is not limited to the students but also extends its instruction

towards teachers and possibly on other members of the society as well.

However, effective as it may seem, these special programs are barely used

in educating the students and teachers about the proliferation and effects of fake

news. Therefore, no matter how essential special programs are, fake news still
 54

prosper because it is barely used to equip the students and teachers in the fight

against fake news.

Regulations. Aside from the above, there are also regulations done by the teachers

in countering fake news. The researchers observed that teachers encourage

students to use valid sources. Sources which play a vital role in countering fake

news.

Bueno (2017) mentioned there are clones in similar websites, copying from

legitimate news sources and a successful fake news stories always appear on

several web pages this is according to “A Field Guide to Fake News,” a

collaboration of Public Data Lab and First. A participant shared that;

“…you have to give them a good perspective yun. You have to… tell them
your experience… personal experience about it and how does it affect you.
Ganon. Pero kahit yung mga passive na students... So usually, uhm
nagpapagawa ng reflection paper. Random, pipili ka dun tapos ipapabasa
mo.”( P1)

(“… you have to give them a good perspective, you have to tell them your
personal experiences about it and how it affects you. So usually we ask them
especially the passive students for reflection paper. We pick some randomly
then we let them read it.” P1)

With proper approach to the problem, there is a good feedback. In students

that are usually passive in class, the teacher should make ways on reaching out

to them. In the theory of scaffolding, according to Mcloed (2018) Scaffolding

consists of the activities provided by the educator, or more competent peer, to

support the student as he or she is led through the Zone of Proximal Development.

Support is tappered off (i.e. withdrawn) as it becomes unnecessary, much as a

scaffold is removed from a building during construction. The student will then be

able to complete the task again on his own. A teacher should step down of the
 55

ladder to be able to lift his/her students higher. Another participant shared a

preventive measure;

“I don’t really go on facebook, because it’s really accessible by any

person and you can make a lot of account on facebook and I only like pages
that are legit, what are the legit pages? ABS-CBN, GMA, ANC, CNN and you
have to check if it’s really ABS-CBN because nowadays technology is
everywhere, you can even edit the themes ,colors font and spelling of those
legit pages .Like government pages for other pages we are free to choose at
least we know if that reliable.” (P2)

One should check his sources of information and only get information on

sites that are valid and reliable. To be able to know if it’s valid or reliable, one

participant gave steps on how to regulate the Information. The participant said that;

”Okay I only have 3 steps number 1 okay, check the provider the
information provider check the background of the information provider the
profile okay you know what it means to be checking the profile. Second, is make
sure that you are a living testimony of true news you are an advocate of the
truth kasi ikaw mismo if you believe in lies wala naka so yourself must be an
advocate of truth okay so mutuo ka nga naa jud tinuod na balita okay. Ika tulo
okay of course the proper use of technology okay, technology is everywhere
bisan maoy pinaka pobre naa nay technology so be a responsible user of
technology responsibility is just a simple word but difficult to do it’s a duty, it’s
a mission, it’s a crusade krusada krus….sada… it’s holy and you have to take
it upon yourself that if it.. it becomes unholy then you become an advocate of
fake news because news is sacred.. sacred okay that’s it.” (P3)

(“Okay I have, 3 steps. Number 1, check the provider, the information

provider, check the background of the information provider, the profile. Second
is to make sure that you are a living testimony of true news you are an advocate
of truth if you yourself believe… Number 3, of course proper use of
technology… responsible use of technology…” P3)

Most of the students with the height of technological advancement they can

easily access mainstream media. Many people use this as an outlet on spreading

fake news. Ong (cited by Saludo, 2018) states that there are multiple parties

coming from national and local levels that make use of “click armies” and everyone

is playing fake news to spread it to public discourse. A participant also think that;
 56

“Give clear instructions to student how to quote writers, how to quote

authors, how to write it. It is preventive that way… check and balance, verify.”
(P7)

In the explanation it is important to give clear instructions to students to

avoid confusion and wrong channeling of information that sometimes can also be

a cause of fake news. Because fake news can lead to misinformation.

Furthermore, another participant said that;

..”So in my contemporary issue na klase mag site man sila ug recent

study and the best sources ana is the internet. So dapat ma check jud nila
ang source using the four essential elements na gitudlo sa ilaha. Na naa juy
author, date na na-published tapos ang sources is genuine ang mga URL and
taon jud ang year kay kung kanus-akay kung mali na siya dili pud mag match.
We consider the data na ilahang gikuha diha sa ilahang latest study mahulog
nato siyag plagiarism materials. So ingon- ana noh mugamit lang gihapon sa
mga technicalities especially output nila, output mana nila.” (P5)

(“…So in my contemporary issue class they will site recent study and
the best sources on that will came from the internet. So it should be check
using the four elements that I taught to them. There should be author, date
when it was published then the sources if it is genuine the URL because if that
doesn’t match that then there is something wrong with it. We consider the data
they got from the latest study will be fall to plagiarism materials. So that’s it we
still use technicalities especially that that is their output…” P 5)

With the proper use of referencing it would easy for the teachers to check

the citations of the pupils. Because with the use of technology the teacher can

easily copy and paste URL’s to check if the source of information is valid. There

should also be action taken by the teacher so that the students will not repeat their

mistakes. One participant said that;

“Not giving merit, not giving them points.” ( P7)

Another way to regulate fake news is to educate everyone about the fine

line between the cybercrime law and freedom of speech. Aside from this,

legislations should be strictly implemented so that, perpetrators will think twice

about fabricating fake news. “To support this, the Congress is now crafting a law
 57

that would combat the organized groups in creating and disseminating this

information to harm the public interest. Without the audience, this misinformation

and disinformation ecosystem would not come alive since they are the one who

consumed it” (Bueno, 2017). However, the participant said that;

“Ma hinder gihapon iyang freedom of expression if we are going to

legislate and make regulations na e bawal ang fake news. You cannot stop
it, so what we can do now is help our learners and help ourselves understand
what fake news are and what are not. Ana sya…” (P4)

(“The legislation of a law and regulating fake news will just hinder
the right of a person for freedom of expression. You cannot stop it, so what
we can do now is help our learners and help ourselves understand what are
fake news and what are not.” P4)

Regulations would be useless if the teacher will practice strict implementation to

prevent fake news from prevailing in the classroom setting. Furthermore, if the

teacher would give clear instructions and the students would follow the rules and

regulations set by the teacher, there would be a higher chance in using reliable

information for project compliance and research citations.

All the learning and legislations would be up for the students if they would

apply it in their lives, there may be regulations wherein students would have no

choice but to follow the teacher nevertheless students should consider these

regulations to be able to successfully counter fake news.

Counselling. In the event of finding out that some of the student are citing fake

news, teachers resort to counselling especially when it comes to discussions in the

classrooms. "It is worrying that over a third of teachers had experienced pupils

citing fake news or inaccurate information they had found online as fact in their

work or during classroom discussions. It is important for children and young people
 58

to be made aware that not everything they see and read online is real”, Chris

Keates, an educational expert, said during an interview.

There are also times when students get too care-free when sharing news

on social media platforms. In these events, teachers result to personal counselling.

When a student posts fake news, one participant said;

“…I personally PM my students because were friends in facebook.

Please delete your post because its not good. Actually, its really good that
your friends in facebook atleast you can correct their post that is not good its
not really humane, bully someone on facebook because it can trigger the
peacefulness in community if you tolerate your students in bad information.
What if fake news that there is a big fire on that area, so the people really
died because they got panic.” (P2)

Teachers also train students to be responsible and vigilant of information

amassed in the internet. One participant said that;

“We cannot avoid fake news because social media is a free flow of
information. It’s a platform where everybody could upload, where everybody
could download, where everybody could share. Whoever, we just have to be
critical, mindful of the things we get and the things we share in social media.”
(P8)

The students should be mindful and critical not only in using information in

the classroom but also in sharing information on the media. Aside from this,

students should have a good sense of responsibility in their own social media

accounts when sharing things from unreliable sources. One participant also said

that;

“I have conducted awareness lecture to them on how to avoid fake

news, yung mga ganon gud na mga aspects, kadtong gibuhat nako sa
COMPASS mga ingon ato. I’ve also done that one in my classroom bisan 1
hour lang mao na akong ginabuhat. So akong gibuhat, nagdala ko ug duha
ka kinds sa articles, then I let them identify which of these articles, which one
of these articles is realistic or real, is not fake which one is fake. And I let them
explain why is this fake, why is this not fake. So what are the indicators, pero
before nako nagipabuhat, nag discuss sa ko...” (P4)
 59

(“I have conducted awareness lecture to them on how to avoid fake

news, those aspects that I have also discussed in COMPASS. I’ve also done
that one in my classroom even if I only have one hour. What I did was like this,
I brought two kinds of articles, then I let them identify which of these articles
is realistic or real, is not fake which one is fake. And I let them explain why is
this fake, why is this not fake. So what are the indicators? Before I gave them
the activity I discussed first…” P4)

The teachers do use their influence over students in order to combat fake

news especially when it comes to class discussion. In the event of fake news

teachers are the front liners in combatting fake news inside and outside the

classroom. So it is important for teachers to be well equipped in their lesson to be

able to give the students quality education.

As a whole, we should not be mediocre citizen of the society. This is an

implication that we should go an extra mile and don’t just depend on one source

may it be a social media platform or may it be from the mainstream media. But be

a more mimic reader rather than a hearer who doesn’t validate and cross examine

a source.
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Chapter 4

Conclusion

After the fieldwork conducted by the researchers, cross-examination of data

gathered during the conduct of in-depth interview and knowing the answers of the

participants according to the variables stated in the study, we conclude that Davao

City National High School Teachers confirms that fake news is really in existence

in the walls of the schools and penetrated even in the students enrolled herein. We

confirmed that teachers who are currently teaching different subjects in the schools

have really encountered fake news in their classrooms. To help in aiding it, they

have introduced various ways in helping the students and even the staff of the

school on how to identify and counter it effectively.

In the midst fake news in the society, schools, as core learning institution

wants to be a solution to the growing number of fake information around. This study

helps the people understand how the schools are greatly affected by this

phenomenon. The researchers wanted to know the different experiences

encountered by our frontliners in schools, our teachers. Knowing their experiences

can be a sufficient grounds to conclude that fake news penetrated already in our

learning institutions which is Davao City National High School is no exemption.

In this chapter, we will show the justification of our conclusion of the Davao

City National High School Teachers experiences with regard to fake news such as

(a) experiences of the teachers with regard to fake news; (b) effects of fake news

inside the classroom and (c) teacher’s suggestions on how to counter fake news.
 61

Experiences of the Teachers with regard to Fake News

In this time where people were consumed by media we could call ourselves as

‘Media Baby’ we must be educated and we deserved to be educated by all of these

especially the arising of fake news as a serious matter in our society. The

importance of engaging to social media and knowing our grounds to about the

ethics of getting the credible source and having the integrity to deliver the

information is a crucial part to the teacher.

Social media is in the tip of our fingers because this is a ‘Screen Age’ where

people are into their mobile phone and other devices that can connect to internet.

This is a good thing to most of the us, since technology is invented to help people

live their lives easier. With the use of internet, we could easily connect to people

from afar to communicate, check and review information. Through this we could

also access sites for entertainment and lead us to share most of the time even

without validating and checking the sources for as long as it is entertaining to the

person. Hence, this is the problem we are facing now.

Most of us doesn’t use our social media account responsibly. We tend to be

just a mere user and doesn’t care if we share real and truthful information to the

media. We could somehow contribute proliferation of fake news because of being

irresponsible user of any media platform. Maybe, its time to be more vigilant and

take an action and start with ourselves to be more knowledgeable in detecting fake

from real news.

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Knowing the basic ethics of media is one way of helping ourselves and others.

Having the credible source of anything we share and talk is important because this

will help us to counter fake news especially in the school settings. The students

spend more time in school more than anywhere else. That is why, the school is

very important place to the student in honing themselves as a holistic being

together with their teacher. Students are vulnerable to all the information that the

teacher and other devices the school could offer. This is the very reason that the

integration in their lesson about media literacy plays a vital role to educate the

students especially the minority as a whole. The students from the elementary,

junior high school and even in the senior high school must acquire the skill of being

a critical thinkers in what they read and heard from others. They should detect fake

from real and vise versa because not all they learn from school and read, heard

and see from all mainstream media is real. Giving them the idea of checking,

evaluating, validating and verifying it is a must.

Integrity is what we are aiming for in this time were fake are so deceptive that

we tend to see them as true where in fact it isn’t. Even a teacher as a professional

find it hard to keep up with the virtue of integrity because of this issue of fake news.

It is so challenging for all of us to counter fake news if we ourselves were confuse

to which is true and not. However, learning from our previous experiences and

hearing the experiences of others give us the top view of this that we could achieve

this with the help of ourselves first. Every beginning must start with oneself before

helping other people. Being a teacher is indeed a noble job more than the salary

and incentives they tend to nourish and flourish every student that go into their
 63

class. They make sure that every student learn from them not just the subject they

are teaching but the giving life lesson that could help the student to live a life to the

fullest.

Effects of Fake News inside the Classroom

Because of the experiences of Davao City National High School teachers,

we have to dig in to the effects of fake news in the classrooms and how it affects

the delivery of instruction of the teacher inside our schools. It is evident that fake

news really destroys the reputation of a certain person. If that person will not be

careful enough to filter information, then chances are they will become a victim of

fake news. You can victimize gullible people, misinforming them about a specific

information like fake advisories and eventually tarnishing your credibility to speak

about information concerning others.

The gullibility of a person towards an information can be avoided if students

and teachers will be educated on how to avoid such false information. When

educated well about that thing, a persons’ ability to be skeptical now will be evident,

he will be able now to identify fact from hoax and may refrain from proliferating it

even further. These effects of fake news in the classroom are both positive and

negative, and they are connected somehow in a way that one exists along or

maybe because of the other. And that they may be a cure or solution to the problem

of the other.

Since fake news has penetrated our schools, we should arm our teachers

with necessary tools in fighting fake news proliferation. Being a teacher with such
 64

responsibility at hand, it is difficult in the position to educate your students on how

to fight fake news when even yourself don’t know how to. Skepticism will be a great

key in the fight against fake news. If you have this trait, then big chances are, you

will not be victimized by this fake information around us.

To make ourselves more prepared and not be easily penetrated to such

information, then we need to develop our skeptical attitude towards information we

received from others. By this, we can help ourselves to be not a victim of fake news

and be a help to others in avoiding to be a way in propagating fake news the society

we lived in.

Teacher’s Suggestions on How to Counter Fake News

With everything that has been presented, we came into the conclusion that

the teachers and the curriculum already have existing measures in order for them

to counter fake news. Some of these measures are already being applied in the

school setting. Promising as it may seem, it falls short on countering fake news.

This is probably due to the lack of readiness since fake news is just a recent

societal problem.

However, teachers have been doing their best in order to fight fake news

especially in their classrooms and in their class discussions. It may not be enough

but it still has a huge impact especially on the parts of the students. They get to

learn new things in the process such as referencing, vigilance, and most

importantly discipline. If the measures that are presented are further developed
 65

and given more emphasis by the governing bodies, then fake news will become

less of a threat in our education system.

Implications

We believe that these certain results have certain implications to the schools

in Davao City in countering fake news in their classrooms. We believe that the

experiences encountered by Davao City National High School Teachers with

regard to fake news will:

First, all of the schools here in Davao City or even nationwide will realize the

importance of countering fake news in their own respective schools. It is important

to maintain the integrity of the schools in our country by educating our students

and even the teachers, the necessary tools in countering false information. As we

maintain the integrity of our information systems inside the schools, we should also

emphasize to our students the importance of skepticism in consuming information.

By this, we are more careful in sharing information which is not validated yet by a

credible source.

Second, all mechanisms applied by the teachers of the said school should

be replicated by other schools. Even though, some suggestions are already

existing to other schools, but it needs to be fully and strictly implemented. We

should have a proper monitoring to such programs to see to it that these programs

are fully functioning. For the benefit of the faculty and studentry, we should do it

and strictly follow it.

 66

Lastly, we should promote, share and educate our people the importance of

media literacy not only in some levels but all levels in the secondary schools of the

Philippines. We should educate our students to be a media literate so that this

problem will not propagate and influence our children with wrong view. Media

literacy is a key long-term solution in countering fake news, not even in the schools,

but also all over the world. All schools in the Philippines should have media literacy

programs aside from the one which is embedded in our curriculum. By this, we are

saving our future generation to become a victim of fake news.

Furthermore, we believe that since the fake news has penetrated in the walls

of our schools which is our core learning institution in our country; given further

that the teachers and students of Davao City National High School is affected by

it; we should have a local mechanism in countering fake news within the bounds

of Davao City especially to all Davao City schools. This would help all the schools

in being sensitive about the threat of fake news surrounding our communities.

Also, we should look forward to create further studies with regards on fake

news and how to counter it specifically the effectiveness of media literacy

programs in our schools. We should not limit also our study to the Davao City

National High School but also to all the Davao City schools including the private

secondary schools which is located in the city bounds. This will be a great avenue

for us to know if media literacy programs are implemented properly in our schools

in Davao City and we will also know if we need to improve our media literacy

programs in our schools.

 67

We believe that media literacy programs, if strictly implemented, will save all

of us to become a victim of fake news and helps us to transform in becomimg a

true crusader of fighting fake news in our society. We believe also that media

literacy is our best tool in countering fake news inside and outside our schools and

propagate facts not fake news.

 68

INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTION

QUESTIONS ANSWERS CODES THEMES

* Engagement
GENERAL EXPERIENCES ON FAKE in Social
NEWS Media
*Credibility of
… kapag mag-ask ka about examples, the News
concrete examples so yung mga Source
sinasabi nila or binibigay nila na mga… *Paragon of
examples are most of them are coming Integrity
from the internet which is not really a
reliable source lalo na if mga sites are
not … credible na mga sources…so
we also personally experienced fake
news since uhm handling oral com and
practical research 1. So yun. Lalo na
sa mga citations. P1

1. What are the

…That triggers fake news? social Fake News
experiences of Davao
media especially facebook because Experiences of Davao
City National High
facebook is very accessible to the City National High
School Teachers with
students so even though they have School Teachers
regard to fake news?
load or no, because usually they used
data only or free data so any time they
quickly like the wrong page and some
of them they’re not aware if that
website or page is valid or legit ,and
they tend to tell there teachers that no
class. P2

Fake news. Okay, of course no I am a

media practitioner so normally I am
teaching ah…. media and information
literacy MIL, so that question is really
relevant to me because most of the
time I get to encounter fake news no in
my day to day encounter, just like for
example what ever is posted in the
 69

social media, my students pick up

without validating it tendency is no..
even if ah… even if they do not know
how valid the information is they pick it
up and they make that as an example
in my class no.. without validating it so
tendency it’s already fake no..
information, it’s a fake news no..
especially no.. they go to different
search engines with ah.. na sa tingin
nila hindi naman hindi naman nila bina-
background check, yes no.. tapos hindi
nila alam na this pala search engines
are made by ah.. illegitimate
organization .. not ah.. legit news
organization like established no.. like
ANC, CNN and others.. so yes I
encountered that many times and
because of that um.. I should know
better because I am in the field oh.. I..
I know what is legit and what is not so
tendency is it will ruin my day as a
teacher because no.. I am an MIL
teacher and I get to educate them
about ethics, about the.. the proper
way of you no.. getting information
from the internet you know because as
you all know internet is not regulated
no.. nobody regulates the internet
everybody can be a journalist
everybody can be a writer everybody
can be an instant messenger diba?
Without even licensed, tama? Oh… so
alam nyo.. alam nyo rin yun so
tendency who are you to ano.. to give
the information to disseminate the
information oh so tendency is um..
without validation of the information
you deliver tendency many would..
would get it and claim it correct even if
it is not so aking side ngayon so how
 70

many… ah.. it will depend upon the

number of shares kasi diba? Oh it will
depend the number of shares so that
misinformation will be sent to the how
many number of people, tendency
yung lahat ng taong na send ng maling
information na yon are people who are
misinformed so mali na yon, so para sa
akin it’s against my teaching and I feel
bad about it it’s very disgusting it’s very
frustrating na… students who.. who
are under me in MIL do that, okay so
yun so.. may pina palagpas talaga may
nangyayari talagang ganyan kasi
some of students right now they don’t
care of validating the information eh
parang it will kasi take time to validate
kung legit ba ito, hindi ba ito legit basta
sa akin na post sa social media correct
yon parang default natin yon eh it
becomes a default it’s a mind set na
kapag it’s in the social media okay
that’s correct that’s already true
accurate something like that. P3

…when I started teaching at DCNHS

there are lots of learners who added
me on facebook. Siyempre, I could, I
could really look into what are the
things that they post on social media.
And most of the time, makikita ko a lot
of them are posting fake news,
especially fake advisories, fake news
kadtong during ahhmmm.. election.
Daghan kayo silag gina’post na fake
news. And as a teacher it was really
very alarming. Fake historical
revisionism, ang historical events ba
nga gina fake nila about marcos, about
the death of Aquino… I consider it as
 71

fake news because wala sya naga

undergo actually into a study. Dapat
mu undergo man gud sya into a
study,naay proof, facts and it has its
truthfulness. So mao to sya akoang na
experience, so when I started
teaching, ang akong gitudloan kay
grade 10 ug grade 7. I could not really
kanang discuss the grade 7 that
they’re sharing a fake news pero pag
abot nako sa grade 10, since I am
teaching contemporary issues didto na
nako gina insert na ginahimo na nako
silang media literate I always discuss
to them what are Fake News, unsaon
pag avoid sa fake news, unsaon pag
identify kung fake news ba sya o dili.
So yan ang akong ginabuhat. P4

So siguro mas more of ano updates

regarding… regarding benefits and
founded fabricated ma check lang gani
sa…… na makita namo sa facebook.
Example ana katong mga PBB pud
benefits kanang na mugawas na daw
tapos wala diay mga ingun-ana. And
… naay mga site na nag provided info
about kuan concern ng mga teachers
and they found out later na murag wala
siyay basis ganun. P5

…I have not encountered but about

the political activities in the country
we have experiences, we don’t have
lessons related to fake news and
since our outputs …
fake news is not very rampant before,
fake news only came in during the
Duterte Administration because of the
 72

intense political contest although I can

say fake news from international
arena, political between the united
states and Russia so fake news is
used as an in depth propaganda. P6

Wala … Cases lang like false alarm

like no classes but actually there are
classes. P7

Alright, there are news that are fed on

social media, because there is news
posted on TV but does are not fake
news because those are legitimate
hard core news but we can experience
fake news in social media because we
do not know where are the source,
what is the source. So, those are fake
news. So, if the question is ‘did you
experience fake news’, then “YES!”
How did I counter that? Then you have
to search, you have to verify, do not
just immediately agree on what is
posted. Because we have to identify
fake news, a news that is real but
misleading. Example, there is a
misleading news I read today in
Davaotoday.com says there that
public-school teachers express their
intention for the teachers allowance
with the local government even if
Mayor Sarah rejected it. It’s not… the
Mayor did not reject it, as a matter of
fact, the Mayor was able to accept the
proposal and the mayor is willing to go
beyond and compromise to re-
computation in order to come up with
win-win situation. If you are going to
believe that, that is not a fake news but
 73

that is a news but an erroneous and

misleading news. P8

DEFINITION OF FAKE NEWS

…so fake news is, from the word itself,

fake so it’s not true, it’s not validated,
it’s irrelevant news…P1

…Fake news is coming from a legit

source. P2

Okay, fake news is an information ah..

provided by a… by anybody okay via
the social media without validity
without integrity yes…. no? Because
it’s a lie correct wala syang integridad
it does not speak of the truth kaya nga
fake hindi sya genuine ganon. P3

Yes of course, fake news..fake news

for me, nag speaker ko ani before sa
COMPASS. Fake news for me, these
are unverified stories posted on media,
social media ba na. unverified,
untruthful stories.. ing ani sya fake
news sometimes could be factual pero
dili sya truthful, diba ning ingon sila na
dapat news is factual, there are new,
there are news kase as considered as
fake news factual sya, nangyayari sya,
nakikita mo pero wala gi’dig deeper sa
writer ang truthfulness ana nga story
unsay reason behind nganong
nahitabo na nga story. Another thing,
fake, unverified akong gi ingon no?
 74

fake news for me ahhhmmm…

means….. mga sabi-sabi, hearsays..
ahmmm fake news for me pwede
chismis.. and fake news for me is
political propaganda used in black
political propaganda and agenda na a
lot of times in facebook especially
during elections nakabuntis ni nga
public official even if it is not true gi
news sya didto sa facebook so it was
found out na it wasn’t true, it is fake
news. So basically because in general
fake news is created to ruin an image,
para sirain ang image, ruin, para sirain
ang image ng isang tao o isang
personality para I’confused ang mass
ang mga tao, so nag, mag ano jud
syag confusion diba? Kita nag basa ta,
hala tinuod ban i o dili? Naa pay fake
news, fake advisories na walang
pasok, yang mga ganyan maka create
syag confusion sa mga tao…
misinformation, confusion,
misinformation mga ana sya. P4

Fake news is more of fabricated and

unfounded news… walay clear na
source. P5

Fake news or fictitious news is a

giving news especially in mass media
about events which is not or which
when verified cannot be given truth,
no truth in the content of the news so
it is therefore in at a consumers or
people on the other end in the political
agenda of the source for example the
enemy of Duterte administration. P6
 75

…fake news is a news in political or in

everyday lives wherein you find it not
relevant, not correct, invalid, not
reliable, it’s not true. P7

It’s an information that like to mislead

or misinform. An information that
would like to change the idea of the
information. You try informing… but
you use the other data. You try to
inform but you influence your audience
by using information which is not
correct. So, that’s fake news.
Something it happen but, that you want
to happen, but it did not happen… if
news, if it happens but it is just bias
then the reporter just put his opinion to
it, then it’s not fake. For me, fake news
to me something that did not
happened. Something that is not…
something that is no informative value.
No informative, that’s fake news. P8
CATEGORIZATION OF REAL AND
FAKE NEWS
… it should come from mostly yung
mga source na it should be in the
journals, yan. So, kapag sa news
naman, kailangan it should from the
mainstream media, yun ang
pagkakaalam ko… P1

As checking the background of the

news for example, the news about
Trillanes he was said to be arrested I
don’t know if he really surrendered so
some would say there is amnesty,
some of them tells valid some are not
so we can consider that news, the
 76

thing is that if you heard the news go

to the history of the news itself so
would know if its really fake or not. P2

Okay, for me isa lang belief ko or creed

ko sa real news.. if that is genuine
news it comes from an organization
that is already established okay an
organization that has the license to
deliver the information to the mass.
Who are these organizations,
organizations that have the license to
operate they have been granted with a
permit by the government they are
identified as news organizations, news
makers. Oh… identified by our
government so meaning to say if they
don’t have the permit to operate even
if they are good at their field still it
cannot be considered as a generators
of true or real news so kung fake news
sya basically yung naga gawa they are
the ones fabricating news or
information to their advantage to their
favor. P3

As what I’ve said..kana pud no, sa

akong point of view ba problem with
the mainstream media abs, gma,
ahmm, syempre you would’nt write this
one in your paper man no nga
gi’mention nako ang channel...the
problem with the mainstream media
sometimes fake news unverified man
no? sila, verified ang ilang information
pero mali ang ilang pagka report, diba?
Pag,pag, pag present nila sa mass,
abs-cbn for example, a lot of times mali
ang ilang pagka deliver sa news, mali
 77

ang pagka report. Yes they have

already gathered facts, they have
interviews pero pag report nila ron,
nahimo silang bias. So mao nang
nalibog pud ko ron, so mao pud
nalibog pud ko ron… how am I going
to categorize, kasi murag ang.ang mga
ang mga mainstream media mura na
man pud ug naga ano, rappler for
example, mura na man pud sila ug
naga present ug fake news diba? Have
you observed? Pero wala pa ko
nawad.ag pag asa sa mainstream
media, wala pa ko nawad.ag pag asa
sa ano, sa media. I believe that there,
naa pay muabot na mga new media
people to correct this one. Rappler for
example, have you observe sige silag
post, pataka ra sila mga unverified ang
ilahang mga content pud…pataka lang
sila. I, I I, want you to write on your
paper that for me, in my perspective...
even those that are registered…part of
the mainstream media, registered
newspapers could also be an avenue
in spreading fake news especially
when they do not verify their
information and present it to the public
right away. Diba I told you fake news is
unverified information, now when this,
when this kanang mga newspaper
industry for example mag present sila
ng news na unverified, dili tinood, so
are, are they expressing already fake
news? Ana sya… P4

E-evaluate siguro e-verify i-check ang

iyahang veracity kung naa ba gyuy
basehan. Naa man tay mga search
engine and we can easily connect sa
 78

different websites of government

websites especially if the news is more
of related sa government policies and
related sa mga news about
government policies even noh news
related sa atoang President and mga
officials of the government. Check pud
ang official websites I-verify kung naa
ba gyud siya nga namention ba gyud.
Naa ba juy announcement or naa bay
proclamation regarding ana na mga
policy ug mga important news. P5

Before news refer to events which

have which are authentic. So events
that really took place. While fake
news things said about a certain
person or a certain group of people in
at or a group to discredit their political
views or belief. P5

News events that really took place,

fake news aimed at a destroying the
reputation of a competitor something
like that. P6

ABS CBN. They are aimed to protect

the business interest of the owners.
So it’s about Marx’s doctrine it’s about
the poor and the rich. They are safe
guarding the interest of the rich
people in the Philippines. So as we
know president Duterte keeps on
giving people what they ought to
receive on the. On the other hand the
rich people’s interest are not really
safeguarded because they are on the
losing end. P6
 79

News is current, news is according to

the call of time, news is validated,
news is reliable. P7

Real news something that is, we go to

the basics of journalism. So, you have,
when did happen, where did happen,
how did it happen, so these are the
basic of journalism. The WH, where
the event happens? When did I
happen? How did the event happen?
Why did the event happen? Basic.
Who is the party mention? Who are the
party… the actors of the news? That’s
real news… fake news that misled,
information that is just crafted just to
misinform the public, that’s fake news.
Now a days, the state, the
government, even the news agency
doesn’t have exact meaning or
determination of fake news. That is
why, anybody can say, “aaah, it’s a
fake news!”. “No class today!”, so it’s a
fake news because there is class, so
that is fake news. P8

FAKE NEWS INSIDE THE

CLASSROOM
…oral communications noh, we have
debate.. argumentation and debate
and I follow the format “Brit Parlia” so
some of the debaters they are very
opinionated and some might be…
Siguro nag se-search lang sa kung
saan saan so yung ginagamit na nilang
arguments … it happens, it occurs
noh, hmm madiscuss nyo yung fake
news. P1
 80

…For the report of the students prior to

giving the report of students as a
teacher your obligation is to study first
the report then always remind the
students to have the sources after the
report they just presented in the power
point , so okay, students are reminded
first that after the power point at the
end they should have there sources
written there. And you let the students
send the power point through email
before you do the scoring to them
unless you find fake news in
presentation then you have to talk to
the students, do not reprimand them in
front of the students because we are
child friendly. P2

Ah…. this is how I do it. If it comes from

the social media I get the link ah… I get
the link the source and I will double
check the link then from there I would
know if it’s legit or not, that’s it. So an
information without a link is void is null
like senator Trillanes’s ano amnesty
it’s nullified so to me without a link
without a source that a proper
reference then it’s definitely a no no no
to me. So that’s how I encounter it so
meron namang nagbigay ng link dead
link naman when I open it hindi nag-
oopen wala x parin yon sa akin another
may nag bigay na open nga hindi
naman legit or it comes from private
person a private individual so I get to
check that individual ano bang
background nito oh.. kung galing sya
sa mga news maker ng Philippine
media then masasabi mong okay this
 81

is established this is good if it comes

from nobody okay wala syang track
record so automatically I don’t
consider that ano.. um… valid oh..

Oo, yes. Karon man gud naa koy

ginatawag na news reports every day,
so pag musulod ko ug klase, naga
present silag news reporting kay
contemporary issue man, I have this
one student na nag present syag fake
news… so naka experience jud ko
personally. So ing ana jud ang
nahitabo, the, reaction of the class was
hala ing.ana jud diay ang nahitabo? So
I was just listening, I let the learner
finish the story first, so after the learner
finish the reporting. I told her that it was
fake news, it wasn’t true. where did
you get your site? Gi ingon niya ang
site kay naa man gud nay reference
ilang ginabutang ani. So we searched
altogether in the internet using my
phone, look at the site, this is fake
news. And after the experience I
immediately discuss about fake news.
How to identify if it is fake, di mo
magpadala, mabasahan lang ninyo
diretso share without reading the
content, ayan sya. Actually, open-
minded man gud ning mga bataa ni,
ahm… I think wala man sya na
humiliate because before I presented
my idea that it was fake news, what
she presented was fake news, I told
her that you are in the classroom to
learn and if you are being corrected for
the mistake you’ve committed, you
have to accept it. Ana ba, so, aminado
man ang bata niya, na feel pud niya na
 82

hala ma’am sorry kaayo ma’am, kaya

bi nakog it was true, it was real. So it
was a learning for her. Wala na kase
my learners are now aware on where
to get their news and even the
presenter knew na nag reference kay
news reporters man na sila no, mura
silag mga anchormen and women diri
sa room. Niya after ana ipa discuss
nako ilahang commentary, references
and mag comment sila about sa issue.
So after ato na experience, wala nay,
wala nakoy kuan. Ang ako lang jud na
experience no nga always nakong
kuan makita nga naga share silag fake
news sa Facebook. Mao na uban sa
ilaha usahay kay i.hide, i.hide, i.hide sa
akoa ang ilang post kay paki alamera
man gud ko pag abot sa classroom
i.discuss na nako na why are you
sharing, I will not pin point the child, or
the learner gusto lang nako na maka
learn sila ba kay I, I also became a
victim of fake news, I myself kasi
remember nasunog nag Mt. Apo tas
nay nakalat na mga pictures na ing.ato
na ka grabe nya, I just found out na it
happened in America ba yun or in
Canada ba yun or part of those areas
tas I shared it and my friend, ang
akong friend from sunstar davao,
kauban nako sa crossroads before, gi
message ko nga te fake news to sya,
ana ana gud so I immediately deleted
it. So ako pud it was, na hala uy ano
nga nadala ko sa emotion ba that it
was very current and hala, ing ani diay
kadako ang sunog, ana ana akong
huna.huna so nadala pud ko. That is
why everytime naa koy i.correct na
bata e.share pud nako akong
 83

experience, even if I am a teacher,

even if I am already knowledgeable
about this, still nahimo kong victim sa
fake news, so ang bata karon dili na
sya maka feel bad for doing such. P4

So far wala man kaayo kay sa grade

10 na contemporary na issue surely
verified and sila aware man mismo sila
kay techie man kaayo ang mga
students and they can easily identify
using the technology. I-search lang sa
search engine kay naa may mga site
na dali ra identify kung unsa gayud
kung unsaon pud ang mga comments
muano mureact man jud ang mga tao
kung fake tas mahibaw-an nimo sa
number of comments. P5

About, the rate of the inflation rate,

they tend to exaggerate the inflation
rate, the effects of train law. As
students of social science or social
studies, we know that the effect of an
expansionary policy is really inflation
because people are given or people
receive or gain more money than they
used to receive because of the
activities of the government so even
people in the construction firms or
even the construction workers they
have more jobs now. So they receive
enough money to buy foods so there
is now a competition. P6

In the sense, wala. Oo kay I always

make it a point to discuss about
plagiarism, about giving merit to the
writer. There are only two issues
 84

wherein I am going to accomplish as

there is a competency for the semester
and that is writing a concept paper and
a position paper and it needs
researches, it needs authors to source
out. P7

Alright, when I had a chance to check,

evaluate, or assess. I was not able or
did not encounter fake news because
at the very beginning I told them what
to do. I asked them to check, recheck,
and evaluate and re-evaluate their
output. If I asked them to write an
article or to get an article from the
newspaper on an issue, make sure
that the source is legitimate. So, in that
end, the teacher himself or herself can
counter fake news if he or she will also
try to teach and guide the student to
find legitimate sources. P8
EFFECTS OF FAKE NEWS IN THE
TEACHING PROFESSION

…siguro in my teaching, yun. So

andun yung ano mo nasa isip mo na
you should have to correct ano yung
mga fake news na nafee-feed sa mga
students. So you should be there to
correct it since yun ang dami dami na
talagang mga fake news ngayon na
mababasa, nakikita mo sa facebook,
yan. P1

…what is the implication of this to me,

I think It has a good effect on me
because through that I realize to read
a hundred percent a head of reading
how to base from my students I should
 85

be more legitimate how information

presented than to my students
nowadays it is really hard to be a
teacher as you arrived at home you will
just sleep because your tired and even
you cannot really watch news
sometimes its an implication that you
have to go an extra mile, let us not
depend on facebook other sources
and be more of mimic reader rather
than hearer. P2

Okay, I would like to highlight it really

sucks my life as a media practitioner
because you know what? More than
a teacher I am a media practitioner
and we….. condemn….. fake
news…… we condemn that no more
than we condemn fake news in the
academe that is why nga MIL was
born because of this proliferation of
fake news nowadays so the students
no even if those who are in STEM,
TVL not HUMSS ha even if mga
business related questions I guess
they deserve to be educated when it
comes to media because everyone is
a media baby we consume the media
whether we like it or we like it ay..
whether we like it or not just like that
oh.. your right to access to the media
is already at the tip of your fingers
because we are in the screen age
right now so it really it really ah.. pains
me it really disgusts me, frustrates me
as an educator and a media
practitioner to be seeing students no..
embracing the.. the fake news ano,
culture ganon very disgusting talaga
sya sa akin kasi diba you….. you try
 86

to manipulate baya you try to share

you to.. ewan ko kung saan aabot
yang share na yan so ibig sabihin
kapag nag like ibig sabihin oh.. kuha
mo yon mali parin yon ana ba, I hate
it. P3

…as a teacher especially in Araling

Panlipunan where there are a lot of
information spread in social media
about history this is actually very very
irritating, dili ko ganahan sa idea about
fake news pero, naa man jud na sya.
Now, as a teacher, it is a challenge for
me na ahmm, how am I going to
correct my learners, or how am I going
to clear out their misunderstanding
about historical terminologies and
events. It is a challenge especially
teacher ka, basically because teacher
ka, ikaw ang dili dapat mag share ug
fake news. Ang problem is, in some
cases teachers’ pa ang mag una.una
ug share ug fake news. So it’s a big
problem and a challenge for us
teachers na pag abot nimo sa
classroom uy ma’am, gi share lage to
nimo ma,am, fake man to. Ikaw pay
e.correct sa bata, di na sya pwede. For
me ha, pwede man e.correct ka sa
bata pero as much as possible, as
teachers it is a challenge for us to be
really knowledgeable, really
knowledgeable kung unsa ning fake
news, kasi if you don’t have the
knowledge kung unsa ning fake news,
how to read news, legit news then how
can we teach our learners? We cannot
give what we don’t have, challenging
ni sya nga part actually. Grabe ang
mag bata ron, social media pa lang,
 87

even kayo diba? Social media, oo,

diba naa may mga ing ana karon? Mao
nang, ...even if mu’deviate naka sa
topic most of the time, you really need
to express to them what they are
actually doing is wrong. Mag discuss
ka ma’am unsa tong balita ma’am nga
ang bugas daw ma’am gi ani daw gi
pugngan daw ni digong ma’am. Mahal
daw, ana.ana. about inflation rate unsa
daw ang kuan ni digong, mali daw
iyang pamamalakad. You have to clear
these things to them, nya pag teacher
ka, di ka dapat maging bias kasi you
have to present to them two sides of
the story and let the learners decide
kung asa didto ang ilahang e.believe.
P4

So far wala man jud siyay epekto kay

before ko muhatag ug mudeliver ug
mushare sa mga studyante gi-verify
man gud nako. Aware man pud ko sa
mga ing-ana especially I’m handling
subject nga concern niya society like
contemporary issue. So, I’ll make sure
that the information nga makita nako
naa jud siyay basis kay basig wrong
signal atoang mahatag sa mga
estudyante and lap sided siya or one-
sided siya ang appear ana sa ilaha..
As much as possible gina present
nako two sides of the point in
classroom discussion especially kung
ang news about mga current trends.
Isyu sa political or concern sa
administration ni Duterte or concern ng
mga new legislation katong legislation
or even kanang mga new pieces of
bills na kanang wala pa na ano. I’ll
make sure that everything is in the
 88

right track before informing the

students that merong new policy or
merong ganito ganyan. P5

The fake news affect us in teaching

students about social issues. P6

At a teachers level… the fake news is

if there is effect, the effect is very
minimal because professionals
especially teachers verify the source
of information. P6

As a person, it doesn’t affect me at all.

Yes, its their choice, its their work, its
their personality but as a Christian
person, I can consider it as one of the
ten commandments and then I believe
that in not telling the truth, you cannot
enter the Kingdom of Heaven. P7

Fake news did not affect me because

as a teacher (as a social studies
teacher) I don’t believe on a certain
thing immediately. I try to investigate,
I’ll try to evaluate, I try to check
whether the information is correct,
whether the information is valid,
weather the information is reliable. So
at this point, it does not affect me that
much because if an information reach
my end I have to check, evaluate
weather if it’s true, if its real, then if it’s
true I have to confront the issue, I have
to confront it immediately, then if it’s
not real then I ignore it, then its fake.
And if its fake, its fake. I don’t let fake
news affect me. P8
 89

2. What are the GENERAL EFFECTS OF FAKE *Guillibility

possible effects in the NEWS IN THE CLASSROOM *Misinformation
delivery of instruction …nagpapaniwala agad, ano bang *Skepticism
when using fake news tawag dyan, they are deceived-
as a reference? gullible, that’s the term. Tapos yun so
naniniwala sila dun yun pala hindi
totoo. And it… becomes their habit,
yun na yung bad dun. Kahit ano nalang
pinapaniwalaan. P1

…if a teacher is not a reader but a

hearer the students will be really
misinformed and it is very hard to
unheard that to learn, so if the students
learned it from you it will be difficult to
unlearned that information.
Sometimes were just teacher and yet
not very intelligent we more likely not
diligent aside from the information we
gave them sources so you can check Fake News Effects in
on this or that if you ask questions let the Delivery of
them know and sometimes when we Instruction in the
ask question since we are not a Classroom
walking dictionary every idea we can’t
answer all, so we tell them give us a
day to search for the verification I do
have an idea but I’m not sure if it is
really legit idea or it’s an ideal facts. P2

Um… ito.. it will ruin my instruction in

the sense that um.. students um.. if I
don’t correct.. if I don’t correct they
think they they’re correct they’re right
and tendency if think if that is they’re
mind set where it’s correct it’s.. it’s.. it’s
right anyway teacher does not.. does..
does not correct us anyway so
tendency it will proliferate it will multiply
no.. it will be given to people who..
 90

are.. whom I think um.. yung tinatawag

nating susceptible sa fake news like
people in the bukid they don’t get
internet much compared to people
living in the urban so tnedency kapag
binigyan mo yan ng mga yan they will
think.. wow precious to galing sa
syudad so this is an information you
see.. how many people living in the
bukid so that is exactly the number of
people who will be getting the.. the..
the incorrect information right? So yon.

Kita nag basa ta, hala tinuod ban i o

dili? Naa pay fake news, fake
advisories na walang pasok, yang mga
ganyan maka create syag confusion
sa mga tao… misinformation,
confusion, misinformation mga ana
sya. P4

So misleading jud siya para sa mga

estudyante and apektado ang learning
nila kay maybe then I-adapt sa ilahang
system na ganito pala that this is the…
interpretation. So it’s more of ano
understanding sa estudyant maging
one-sided sila kung dili nato klaruhon
kung unsa jud ang real score niya. P5

Using fake news as a reference will not

have any credit at all. So even in
researches. P6

The effect of (fake news) among the

students would be greater because
they lack the experience right, they
lack the knowledge and they tend to
 91

believe what is given on the social

media…
In checking their outputs specially the,
students are required to submit one
research every quarter, it is included in
the competencies in performance
output of the students so in checking
their output … researchers sometime
in their outputs we see fake news an
then…we warn them immediately. To
verify the source of information. P6

Alright, it really, really affects because

it will also affect the output of the
students. So, if you use fake news in
the delivery of instruction you might
misinform your learner. So as a
teacher, if you are master of the
subject matter that you are teaching
then you must also check whether the
sources of your information are valid
and reliable. It will really affect
because remember that social studies
are a subject where we can find
different sources. And these sources
might mislead, or another source might
misinform your learner. And
misinformation would lead to fake
news, misinformation when you use
that in classroom instruction and would
lead to not good learning output.
Because at the end of the day, you
must make sure that there is good
learning outcome and if you use fake
news then you’re learning outcome is
affected. P8

EXAMPLES OF LEARNING
RESOURCES
…I have an account in ProQuest…
actually research naman eh. Pero yun
 92

dun, pero if sabihin mo yung mga sites

saan ko kinukuha ah usually in google
scholar, yan. Tapos lagyan mo ng ETD
para mas ano talaga mas credible
talaga yung lalabas… mostly Inquirer
yan, sa Philippine Star. Yung talagang
kilala mo na… mga ilado na gani na
mga ano, news.. ano bang tawag
dyan, news media outlet yan. P1

Actually the Department of Education

we have this what we call LRM
Learning portals for teacher we have
our learning materials there from
elementary to senior high school
although its not complete the Deped
has provided so that atleast we will be
uniform with regards to what we teach
to our students another one is that we
have the curriculum guide just like a
college syllabus but in elementary and
secondary we call it a curriculum guide
so have textbook but the textbook
some of them are not really be totally
not trusted so we are bliss to have an
internet generation there are a lot of
websites that is somewhat educational
not only because Wikipedia is not a
good website because it is editable. P2

Oh of course kung sa social media

para safe sa laki ng cyberspace hindi
naman natin yon alam diba so simple
get to established news makers, news
organizations kung news example oh I
would suggest you go for of course
CNN, GMA news, ANC, BBC oh this
are established news organizations
ah.. AP oh mga ganyan inquirer.net
lahat ng mga.. I believe lahat ng mga
 93

news paper organizations meron

nadin silang mga online versions of
that so they are popular they get to do
that oh.. although may mga
organizations like rappler they’re
integrity’s already questioned diba? So
how much more ang hindi kilala.. diba?
Oh so yon pero in terms naman sa
broadcast media may mga established
organizations naman so yung mga list
na yon I get to share that to my
students from there they would know
where to go apart from sa hindi ko na
mention they don’t do that otherwise
they will be questioned kung san
galing. P3

We have the DepEd portal, learning

portal where we get some of our
materials. We have the DepEd
tambayan, kasi ang pero gina check
namo na ang DepEd tambayan, mga
hatag man gud na sa mga teachers,
tanang teachers all over the
Philippines, diha naga post ug mga
lesson plans, mga modules. Sa DepEd
learning portal, diha nag gikan ang
mga modules, kung wala pa mi
modules na nahatod diri. Pero so far
naa may mga modules diri, so if we
need soft copies of the module, didto
namo sa learning portal gina download
ang amoang materials. Now since I’m
teaching contemporary issues, I need
to gather information from united
nations na mga websites, kana sya. Of
course, ...CNN pero gina filter gihapon
nako ang information ha, CNN ahm,
BBC mga,mga news website na
sila.aaahhh.. unsa pa, I also get
ahhmm..slideshare powerpoint
 94

presentation sa slideshare. Pero

kanang slideshare gina butangan
gihapon nako ug kanang tag iya sa
powerpoint kay sila may nagbuhat,
pero gina dungagan lang nako ang
information, pero remember even if I
get information from this sites in the
internet, akong ginabuhat gihapon is
check the information before I present
them to my learners. Videos from
youtube, pero gina check gihapon
nako, clips lang akong gina
present..oo clips lang, not the entire
video, clips lang that are necessary in
my lesson. World… ano, ano... History
channel, kana say na mga anon a mga
sites na akong gina adtoan in my
lesson especially social sciences. P4

Usually sa internet and aside sa

module sa internet I think kasi because
of current na information. Walay
particular na site but as much as
possible I avoid mga wiki sites
Wikipedia, wiki Pilipinas because we
all know that wiki is ano man ma-edit
man siya. So even though students I’m
handling is contemporary issues one
of our performance task na output is
research-based. So I explained to
them that as much as possible avoid
information extracting information in
wiki sites cause edited siya or easy
siya e-edit. Mga legitimate I think
katong mga official websites ng
government. Government portals,
government agencies websites para
verified jud siya na genuine jud ang
ano ang information. P5
 95

You must visit government website, do

not get your information from other
sources so we always remind students
to check the Davao City National High
School website to check the
information before believing in news
coming from students with invested
interest. P6

I have mentioned before so if you

receive news from ABS CBN you have
to check… other news sources. P6

I prefer Aljazeera. They’re neutral it is

not pro American it is not pro Chinese
it is not pro Muslim it is neutral. P6

I’m using both printed material and the

internet. I’m using google chrome, Im
using stage publication, health
publication electronic thesis and
dissertation. In my number of days, I’m
very… a month in city high, I have no
opportunity yet to use the
newspaper… I am not in your criteria
because you are using number of
years of teaching pero wala pako naka
isa ka bulan… alam na ninyo nang
ETD? Electronic Thesis and
Dissertation. Ive made mention it,
google scholar, vista for the
translation, sage, there are plenty of
websites. P7

...well, aside from the reliable text book

that we are using. We must use text
book because it is available but if we
are going to use another media
platform for another information of
course newspapers are available, tv
 96

news are available, there are also

news fed in the social media site. So,
these could be a good source of
information. As long as, the teacher
and the learner were able to check
whether the source is reliable or not…
alright, in terms of international media,
I get most of the news from AFP the
“AGENTS FRANCE PRESS”, we can
also get from CNN, or in BBC, I just get
to check because CNN is also bias,
BBC is also bias. So, in local news,
they have also their own biases. So, if
you want to magnify the program of
government, on a certain project, on a
certain government program then you
have to get information from the
government agency. PNA, although
PNA has a problem now because they
are giving misinformation but PTV is a
good network where we can get fresh
information form the government.
Although other private media platform
would also help us whoever they are
also injecting its own corporate
businesses, so just be careful. As a
teacher, I don’t care where are my
student would get their information as
long as in the classroom I give a critical
analysis and I don’t put, you just get
out from the biases of these networks.
P8

ALL-TIME FAKE NEWS

EXPERIENCES IN THE
CLASSROOM
…yun, mas naging ano ka na.. mas
naging conscious ka na and aware of
what you believe and who to believe..
yes. Tapos yung.. tama yung critical,
magiging critical ka na. Sometimes
 97

ako naman nagiging scepti- skeptical

ako minsan. P1

…in that is its not something would not

causes me headache I understand that
they are students so they are in stage
where they need to be so with that I
asked the students that where have
you get that source? Or are you sure?
And then I don’t really tell them that its
fake news I will just ask them are you
sure? Because eventually when we
keep on asking them it is scaffolding,
they will have to discover this is a fake
news and then they will be the one to
reveal it to you . So no its not a right
thing that we teacher will have a head
ache for them or to yet bestowed easily
in cases like that. P2

Okay number 1 effect, integrity lost..

lost of integrity oh because of that loss
of integrity tendency you will not be..
people will not believe you anymore
oh.. because you are a patron a…. a
patron of fake news you’re patronizing
it oh another effect also is that
misinformation diba?
Miscommunication oh tapos
instruction the quality of instruction
gets affected diba? Teacher kayo what
is expected of you to deliver quality
instruction now how can you get
quality instruction from a fake
information from that kind of news so
wala na yon, number 5 confidence do
you think your students will believe you
anymore.. knowing that you..you.. you
get it from that source, okay
confidence tapos trust that’s number
 98

one important do you trust your

teacher? If the answer is yes then fine..
but what if it’s not? Do you think you
have the nerve to listen to your teacher
oh.. wala na where is education there,
where is learning there? X, so yun
these are actually effects oh.. so
ganun sya.

…unsa ang reaction, halimbawa nag

discuss ko tas naka dungog ko ug
murag nay nag present ug fake news
and how did I react to it. Ang learners
sa ha, based from my experience the
reaction of the learners ma shock sila
kay diba fake news is exaggerated
kaayo ug mga gina present. Hala ana
diay ang nahitabo, ako I listen first, I
listen first to them the reactions the
way they present the news. Wala ko
nag butt in diretso sa ilaha then, as
what I’ve said, after listening to their
reaction diha na nga time nag i assess
nako ang situation gi, gi deliberate
nako ug gi present nako sa ilaha na it
was fake news and I did not just say na
hey it’s fake news I presented to them
the reason why is it a fake news, mao
na akong gibuhat. Oo, gipasabot jud
nako bakit ito fake news kay naa man
jud bata ana sa klase na mu’disagree
na tinood jud na ma’am, nahitabo jud
na ma’am. Naa man juy ing ana nga
bata, di man na maiwasan na
manindigan jud sya na tinood na iyang
gi report, ikaw as teacher, ako as
teacher based from my experience
during the discussion, gi ano jud nako,
gi explain jud nako why is it fake news
para mag, masabtan sa bata, dili sya
ma hurt, masabtan sa bata na it was
 99

really fake news... nga di na musalig,

ana. Wala man, kabalo ka as teachers
man gud, we are like doctors, one
misinformation pwede na dalaon sa
bata forever. That is why, you have to
correct the mistakes right away in front
of them, para dili sila mawad.ag salig,
karon gitagaan nimo silag information,
misinformation, gitagan nimo silag
fake news pataka lang kag yawit sa
sulod sa classroom, unya maulaw ka e
correct imong mali in front of them,
gidaladala nila unya nahibaw.an nila
sa laing tao na mali imong gitudlo,
eeehh, laina ni ma’am uy di man diay
to sya kabalo mu tudlo. So mas
maayo, as a teacher akong ginabuhat
di man pud ko perfect na pagka
teacher, I also commit mistakes in
teaching my lesson, my content, but I
immediately correct everything there
and then. And I always tell them na
ano, I’m not perfect, I also have lapses.
Nya, for me it is not about integrity, but
it is about the learning of the learners
kay tungod sa imong pride na dili nimo
gusto e correct imong self, cause you
think na malain sila, mawad.an silag
salig, then what about the child nadala
niya na forever sa iyang kinabuhi ang
imong gitudlo…what will happen?
Nya, mahibaw.an niya in the future na
mali diay imong gina tudlo. Ka try baya
ko ana as a learner ha, nga naa koy
teacher mali ang gitudlo na concepts,
for example research, pag abot nako
sa, pag skwela nako, ay mali diay to
iyang gitudlo, pataka ra sya. Murag
mawala imong salig pero, pero
mawala imong salig, diha ra pud na
part. Pero it doesn’t really define who
 100

the person is, di ko ganahan mag

judge... P4

Siguro divided ang opinyon. Ang style

sa estudyante dali lang ah ganito pala.
Once you explained everything that
the news they obtained that the type is
fake news then I-ano nimo siya directly
that this the real score is the proper
interpretation or this is the way that it
should be explained somehow ma-
correct man nimo and you can
influence katong mga lahi ang
perceptions, lahi ug opinion somehow
mabira man nimo atleast ing-ani diay
sir. Like for instance about history.
History of our nation or shall we say
katong mga information about
Marcoses, about political figure so our
history naghatag siya ug wrong notion
in the personality na sila gani sila gyud
ang murag cause ug everything
kanang mga ano ba tan awon nato sa
other side naa man puy brighter side
pud mga ing-ana I-correct lang nato
siya ang history. Kay mao na siya ang
naka-ano sa kanila eh. In their
elementary days ang teacher kay ing-
ani naman gud. So I think this is the
right time for us to correct ang unsa
man tong mga story na mali pagka
deliver na one-sided lang more of didto
lang sa murag democratic lang pud
noh. So when we talk about
democracy so dapat well-presented
ang tanan side. I-present nato ang two
sides of the coin and every discussion
in every topic kung pwede lang
ipresent especially in handling social
studies. Tapos we are task to explain
 101

pedominal the societal na kanang

kuan mao nana. P5

…we inform our students to verify the

information first. In fact the school in
fact give more importance on its
activities for example the theme in our
last Davao Division Festival of Talents.
The theme there is… Para sa Isang
Bansang Mulat sa Katotohana
because of the emergence of fake
news. So binago naming yung ano, we
changed the theme into isang
bansang mulat sa katotohanan
because of the emergence of fake
news. P6

Perhaps if you are going to ask me my

experiences with the other institution…
so no. 1 I did not sign for a passing
mark during the presentation of
defense in the research paper….
Because of copy paste. Aside from
that I caught one student in the
graduate school who have a copied
the other paper and it just likely only
using the other color to deceive my
sight whether it is correct or not, I
reported it to the dean but here in City
High I have no opportunity yet to
experience it. P7

There are many, I just simply reply,

“you should check your source and I
will also check the source” and if the
students will insist then I will re-check
again if it is really good, if it’s really
correct. But if you find out that the
 102

student is really correct then I have to

submit, then if the students are wrong,
then will have to correct them… not
really reprimanding but just to correct.
I don’t reprimand them because they
get wrong information. Because
getting information whether wrong or
right, that is a good skill of the learner.
You have to accept their views, their
output whether it comes a fake news
agency or whatever. The teacher role
there is to guide and correct. If it’s
wrong, then the teacher should
correct. I don’t reprimand them by
getting wrong information. P8
FAKE NEWS OUTCOMES IN THE
CLASSROOM DISCUSSION
…siguro number 1 behavior nila, yun.
Number 2 because they rely so much
on the… social networks mga ano..
maniwala sila agad… sabing walang
pasok may pasok naman, mga
gayan… P1

Yes, they just part or linked and linked

it’s not an existing link like they are just
making their own because they
thought the teacher would not check
and indeed yes… So students
nowadays are very wiser now they
have their own ways because some
teacher won’t check the references
and for me I replied to their email that
this is a stupid report and I will talk to
them personally in the faculty room
and I ask them you’re the teacher I’m
a student and I made it what would be
the best grades I think 74 so I give you
74 that’s it let them decide because
conscience will rise up. P2
 103

Low self-esteem oh wala na oh na

kasab-an nimo sya kay ako
mangasaba man jud ko oh so
tendency is oh… down sila oh… their
confidence gets low oh.. so tendency
di na sila maningkamot hm.. kay mga
kuan baya daw ang mga millenials
bato bato sa langit ang matamaan ma
bukol oh diba kanang sensitive oh..
makasab-an lang hm… ana dayon
hilak dayon oh dili lang.. oh mag rant
dayon twitter dayon without even
knowing the.. nganong gi kasab-an ko
without realizing asa akong mali oh
ana ba tendency another thing also is
that ang effect ana sa ilaha is uh.. they
become uh.. kanang.. producers of
fake news in the future, mamali sila oh
sige nalang silag ingon ana that life is
easy oh that getting information is as
easy as eating peanut murag ingon
ana so they want an easier life then go
to fake news oh without validating it oh
ang ika tulo is.. it will promote
laziness.. feeling nako kana ilaha.. ika
upat the.. the skill they will get oh.. they
will possess dili na sila ingon ana ka
competent oh.. the lack oh..
incompetent the lack of competence
no.. in terms of technology skills di
man sila kabalo diay mo research
using social media oh ana na ang
effects oh unsa pa possible siguro sila
maging ano sila maging hacker diba?
diba? Kung iembrace nimo si internet
pwede ka mag generate ug false
information in the future ikaw na
mismo ang mahimong doer of the
action oh nag hilas hilas naka.. ya…
 104

oh.. maging receiver of false

information maging deceiver kana next
time oh.. P3

Kana no, kanang sa kadtong mga bata

na nag present ug fake news unsay
outcome ato, kanang gihimo nila ug
reference ang fake news…aah, una
misinformation man no, of course mag
lalis na sila sa classroom. Kadto akong
gi ingon gani nga dili ma’am, tinood jud
na ma’am, nya, dili lage na tinood. Ana
mag lalis.lalis jud na sila, naa juy mag
lalis. Naa jud nay mga ano, mga verbal
wrangling, di na sya debate, mga
verbal wrangling kasi informal man na
sila mag lalisanay nya ikaw na teacher,
ma shock nalang ka kay ang isa
mupatigbabaw jud na it’s true! It is
happening! Dili, kadtong isa nga no,
it’s not true, ana ana. You let them
express their ideas, you let them
express their thoughts, mao na akong
ginabuhat, bahala mo dira. Nya after
ana kay musulod nako pag medyo init
na ilahang mga ulo. Wala man koy
makita na outcome no, kay ngano? Ma
correct man gud nako right away, mao
nang wala koy, wala koy makita
directly ba nga ing.ana kay whatever
are their reactions in the classroom, I
let them uh, have this dispute then e
correct man gud nako right away. Ang
problem man gud ana no kay kung naa
syay dako jud na implication kanang
dili nimo e correct na fake news diay
to. Kung, kung dili nimo e correct. Pero
pag e correct nimo right away ang
misinformation wala syay ing ana
kadako na implication sa ilaha…
 105

Kanang mahutdan naka ug time, sa

akoa nang end ha, kay gina correct sa
jud nako bahalag naa na ang isa ka
teacher sa gawas… gina correct nako.
Any way pag ma teacher mo in the
future, ma encounter jud ninyo nang
mga fake news manggawas sa baba
sa inyong estudyante… P4

Depende siguro kung unsa nga fake

news kay kung fake news na simple
information… na dili pa nila kaayo
maisaka-puso kaayo unsa jud ka
importante jud nganong I-verify jud
nato siya. Kani example kay Train Law
wala kaayo na explain na dili siya kalit
gani na gradual siya na phases gani.
P5

I have no experience regarding that

because most of our students are pro
Duterte because we are living in a
Presidential city. So there is no
experience, students debating about
the source of information.
…the fake news becomes the source
of information, students with DOTA
interest are the source of information
regarding no classes.
Every time they do that we reprimand
them and even trace the information to
some teachers who don’t want to
attend their classes … they declare
that there are no classes to excuse
themselves from attending their
classes. P6
 106

…I call their attention, I sit down with

them… I set down with the dean
because it is a decision… I am a keen
observer, I am a more detecting, it
became my forte. P7

… yeah, yeah, and that’s good.

Because that’s a free flow information.
So, if the students will stand on its
ground and his information is correct
then let it be. As long as, at the end of
the day you have facilitated the
learning properly. P8
STUDENTS BEHAVIORAL
CHANGES ABOUT FAKE NEWS
…yung maturity din siguro nila,
maturity noh? Kasi if you’re mature
enough talagang mag iisip ka pa,
paniniwalaan ko ba to o… P1

At first you will ask are you sure? So

you as a teacher will feel then they
would doubt and you will know that
they are not really confident but I think
student knows it is fake news but the
fact they just want to try maybe the
teacher wont know so that the issue
there just for the sake of output only
cause other thinking we cant use it for
subject so it would just be ok… actually
most of them are male students, they
are risk takers just the sake they know
its really wrong in order for them to
pass and they have to give you a lot of
fake news make a story specially in
oral communication like
extemporaneous speaking why would
you give for example your giving
statistics and its very critical for
example you said 90% of filipino are
 107

poor are you sure? What is your

source? Then they give a source from
abs-cbn and then you ask whats the
web? Whose the reporter? When it
was published? then you check its
really not in the proper references and
they just smile at you. So mostly in
male not in female because they are
afraid to do this. P2

They will have this idea that “I will not

do it again because our teacher gets
mad at us when we do it again” so
tendency automatic default, correction
oh… kasi they don’t want to see me
rant diba.. they don’t want to see me in
my beast mode oh… so tendency they
will correct they have this auto correct
kuan application sa ilang brain na okay
we will not do it again because the
teacher.. our teacher in MIL will get
mad at us oh so may effect sya oh.. P3

I think you should be asking that one to

the students kung unsa ilang
perspective, not to the teacher.
Kasi…yes, I may judge them based
from my observation on what are their
perspectives, but I don’t know the
truthfulness of their perspective. Basin
judgemental ra pud kaayo ko, nga ing
ana ilang reaction pero in their end, sa
ilahang part lahi diay ilang gi
huna.huna. so if I may suggest, if you
want to know the perspective of the
learners about fake news and how the
teacher were able to kanang deliver
the lesson. Naa ba silay teachers na
naghatag sa ilaha ug fake news, unsa
 108

ang ilahang reaction, you ask the

students. But since your topic is
teachers lang man ang e interview no?
pero naa man tay, naa man tay
ginatawag na secondary
respondents… cross examining your
data, naa man mo ana no? unsay
tawag ana? Oo, triangulation… e
triangulate ninyo if ingon ana jud ba
ang case sa students kasi I may give
you perspectives, o sige mu ingon ko
didto ug perspective sa mga bata sa
fake news kay ing ani, ing ana, para sa
mga bata tama ang fake news. Dali
lang sila madala sa fake news,
ana.ana, so what about the ano. Naga
pabuhat uy, naga pabuhat ko, always.
Nya, naa jud na dihay copy paste. Ang
problem pa jud diha kay ang copy
paste, fake news. Naa bitaw’y ing ana
sa una sa bag.o pa ko diri sa City High,
grade 10 akong gi tudloan. Nya ang
uban pa jud sa Wikipedia pa kuhaon,
edited baya nang Wikipedia. So unsa
akong strategy? As a teacher ana no?
akong ginabuhat, ako as a teacher, I
really need to check one-by-one their
outputs and correct it. Ginabutangan
nako na sya ug note didto. Basta kung
if we, if we are talking about pedagogy
or strategy here, akong strategy jud
ana when I teach about media literacy
gud, media literacy man na no?
kanang mga ingon ana, akong strategy
jud ana is I let them research their own
news, present their own news and if
ever di sila maka provide ug
references, I let them learn their
mistakes na dapat dili ingon ana. Ana
sya, most of the time adlib adlib ra man
gud na sa amoa, kay in our in our
 109

curriculum wala jud na sya nakabutang

didto na we talk about fake news, naa
ra man gud na sa SHS. Pero ako as a
teacher wala koy choice but to really
discuss this current issue because this
is a current and very uhm, significant
issue in our society today especially
that it could really affect the learning of
the child. Dali ra kaayo makakuha ug
information mali pa jud, karon magpa
research man ko, wala nadayon ahm,
kay nay UNESCO man gud na
celebration. So finals namo is
research, diha pa siguro manggawas
nang mga ingon ana. P4

Isa siguro kay dili na sila basta-basta

mu-share kung dili nila ma-verify kung
genuine or fake and aware sila kay naa
may mga personality man na
associated sa mga with the
proliferation of fake news. So pag ang
news kay connected sa ganito they
found out na ganito fake news. Mga
ingun-ana gani. So nagiging joke and
sila mismo aware kung unsaon nila
pag check. Kung sa behaviour dili man
dayun nimo ma I-identify dayun ang
behaviour pero makita nimo ang uban
muduol man makita man nimo na ing-
ani diay sir. So ako gina-ano lang pud
nako sila na other site na ing-ani na
makita jud ninyo… Depende siguro
kung unsa nga fake news kay kung
fake news na simple information.… na
dili pa nila kaayo maisaka-puso kaayo
unsa jud ka importante jud nganong I-
verify jud nato siya. Kani example kay
Train Law wala kaayo na explain na dili
 110

siya kalit gani na gradual siya na

phases gani. P5

Well students don’t know that their

reference is fake news. So it’s now the
burden of teachers to warn students
about fake news or to verify their
information. Together with another
problem which is plagiarism because
they just copy paste the information. P6

…he is now writing again his thesis…

but the exchange is I receive respect.
P7

No, no, no. because at the end of the

day they understand that there are
always room for improvement. So, if
they are corrected inside the
classroom, if their information is being
cited at it was erroneous and its wrong
then we are trained to say, how to say
it’s wrong. And we are trained to say
that their output is correct. We just
simply, “Your output is good, but it
seems that there is a problem in the
content. So please, review and revise
your content. Go back to the site where
you get it and try to double check it if
it’s really correct and if not look for
another source.” I will not say that their
output is good for garbage because it’s
not… let all party speak, then after all
that spoken. Then you just try to pacify.
Let them speak. Whether their
information wrong and you know that
is wrong, still let them speak. You
know already that the output of the
other group is correct, but you should
 111

let them speak. Just let them defend

their work. As long as at the end of the
day, they will be able to understand,
and you arrive in the correct
conclusion. P8

TEACHER’S LEARNING INSIGHTS

ABOUT FAKE NEWS
… think before you click mga ganyan
na mga smart on the media
information literacy talaga. P1

…how to counter fake news never ever

share it on facebook because that will
spread and if you are not very sure of
the information might as well… as a
student ask your teacher just if this is
valid or some adults like your
parents… ask them just if this is legit
check the source the label and if you
think its legit and valid then you may
post but never ever sight comment
because that is the main problem of
our generation today we really tend to
comment such things that we didn’t
really know. P2

Learning insights…. fake news oh

well, it’s about time to pass.. to fully
na.. it has already passed, fully
implement cybercrime law that’s the
only way because our cybercrime law
is nothing but toothless walay ngipon
that is.. it has been passed but it has
never been fully implemented
religiously I would like to use that
adverb religiously implemented so it
has to be because there are so many
abusers of information proliferating the
 112

cyber space because nobody checks

and rechecks misinformation unlike sa
traditional media traditional na nga
maituring tv print radio pero may editor
parin, may editor parin who place the
editor in the social media? Meron?
Wala, none so it has to be no the
perpetrators of crime must be
corrected they have to be in jail if
necessary because it becomes a law.
P3

...what do you mean dealing? How to

avoid fake news or after that? O, ah,
kuan… how to avoid fake news, first is
you really have to read the content,
check the website, mailhan man na
nimo kay mag kuan man ang website
ana kay red red man gud na sya. You
have to check, you really have to have
deeper understanding of the content
kasi nag it could be that the content is
very sarcastic. Parehas atong unsa
gani nang ni alden kanang salida na
pina thor? na gikasuhan daw sya oo,
kana na gikasuhan daw sya sa MCU,
marvel man na no? Marvel, oh sa
MCU, Marvel Cinematic Universe
which is not true. Kung free data ka, do
not share it and do not believe it, you
really have to check the content. Ana
lang, basic… oh, you should really be
knowledgeable I mean, kailangan
knowledgeable ka talaga. Now. Ahm,
ho-ho-how do we deal with fake news,
educate ourselves uy, let’s make
ourselves aware, and let’s be critical,
kay diba ning ingon ko na daghan bias
media. Naa puy mag media nga naga
present ug fake news, as as as people,
 113

of citizens of the country, let’s be

critical thinkers. Let us not believe
immediately what we hear, what we
see and what we read. We have to ask
questions, we have to ask ourselves
tinood kaya ni? Dili man ingon nga
doubtful ra kaayo ta, naa tay trust
issues no?… mao nang pero magamit
man pud na nimo in being critical with
what you see and what you hear. Kana
lang, be critical… P4

Ano man siguro… for me daghan man

ug mga ways daghan man ug mga
means na kato lang to verify first
before ta mutoo before we believe sa
mga stories na fabricated pala why not
we use maximize our means in
verifying the news ana lang siguro ang
ma ano nako kuan ana. Even ako sa
una muto gani dayun pag na flash nag
pop up ah fake news…. Even katong
mga importante news dapat na dili
dapat kay fake news ing-ana lang
siguro and careful ta kay ang uban ana
naay dala na virus so it’s one way na
mukalat siya maka catch siya ug
atensyon. P5

Well fake news is used as propaganda

especially in the political arena even in
international arena especially between
the United States and Russia and then
of course in the political battle in the
Philippines between the major political
parties, so within the Davao Region
right? Putting specially in ousting the
former head of congress, the speaker
of the house we have experience the
fake news there diba? Suppression of
 114

the news we can consider that as fake

news...P6

…spiritually it is not dealing the truth,

this life is a transition for eternal life
and I believe that it is one of the needs
in proceeding to the eternal life in the
kingdom of heaven, second … I think
there should be a massive teaching
information regarding how to caught
those sources and we will not be
monopolizing that is or acquiring it as
our own. P7

First you have to make sure that the

source is legitimate. The second is, if
the source is almost legitimate then try
to deep search if it’s really real. And do
not just relay in one source of
information. You can double check it.
Fact check, you can check it in the
other sites. Then, check the biases of
the writer, the author, and try to
understand the content of what you are
looking for. These are the things in
how to counter fake news. Fourth is do
not just publish immediately, if you
think that is correct and if you think that
is wrong then you just try to go back to
the idea of searching. Go back to the
idea of checking. Do not tell
immediately. Do not share
immediately. Because you go back to
yourself why do I need to share this.
Why do I need to use this inside the
classroom? Is this useful? is this
relatable? Can the students relate it?
Make sure that the information is
relatable, the information is worthy of
classroom instruction. Next, is the
 115

information connected to the lesson. If

you contextualize, if you localize make
sure that is connected to the lesson
because you might use that as far out
too your lesson. So, those are the
things that we need to do in countering
fake news… as to the legislation,
congressmen and senators should
look into it. The question is, can fake
news affect the political aspect of the
governance? Can fake news affect the
economic aspect of the society? Can it
topple down the government? And if
so, then they have to regulate it. But
the thing, it’s not. For me, in my own
opinion, there is no need to come up
with legislation in countering fake
news. How to counter fake news? It’s
you, yourself. You just need to search,
you just need to investigate, you just
need to evaluate your source. There is
no need for a national or local
government intervention in order to
regulate this because news in the
Philippines is regulated through
journalism. There is responsible
journalism. And on Facebook, the
social media is now the greater source
of fake news. If you search at this
media platform you should encounter
fake news they should investigate
because there is no such thing as
‘believe immediately’. Because fake
news is relative to “chismis” that there
are ‘chismis around’ gossip, rumors
mongering and that is just a rumor
mongering and that is a “chismis”
around the community then double
check if its correct. But do you want to
regulate “chismiss”? You cannot
regulate “chismis” because this a
 116

freedom of expression, freedom of

speech. But just remember, your
freedom ends when my freedom
begins. If its derogatory then there is a
law that punish them. The revise
PENAL code of the Philippine that
clearly state that, if you over kill the
person using your words then you go
by label, by slander, or oral
defamation. P8
 117

GENERAL WAYS IN COUNTERING *Media Literacy

FAKE NEWS IN THE CLASSROOM *Special Programs

Ah oo. Kasi meron naming… pay-per- *Regulation

view ba yun? Yung ipapasok mo yung *Counseling

ano tapos lalabas kung saang sites

kinuha. I use that. P1

Well, public school is different from

private we lack resources we ah…. the
only way we do it is advocacy, we
advocate it no… we integrate it
through our teachings oh.. unlike in
your school you have ICT oh… so it’s
easy to do it face to face using the
computer in city high that is not the
case we can do nothing about it but to
advocate isulti nalang jud nimo sa
3. How do Davao City ilaha na oh… this is our implication this
Countering Fake
National High School we.. this what will happen if you keep
News in Davao City
Teachers counter fake on doing this oh.. ana nalang. P3
National High School
news in their
Classroom
classroom?
…as what I have said, I have
conducted awareness lecture to them
on how to avoid fake news, yung mga
ganon gud na mga aspects, kadtong
gibuhat nako sa COMPASS mga ingon
ato. I’ve also done that one in my
classroom bisan 1 hour lang mao na
akong ginabuhat. So akong gibuhat,
nagdala ko ug duha ka kinds sa
articles, then I let them identify which
of these articles, which one of these
articles is realistic or real, is not fake
which one is fake. And I let them
explain why is this fake, why is this not
fake. So what are the indicators, pero
before nako nagipabuhat, nag discuss
sa ko… kadto na time na ang bata nag,
nag present ug fake news, so pagka
 118

next meeting dayon nag, nag conduct

dayon ko because it is really very
alarming for me. P4

So kuan lang jud sharing of

information. Unsa tong mag site na
dapat na among sudlon. P5

I have cited before the action coming

from the Principal’s Office directing
curriculum heads and building
coordinators and even teachers. The
teachers are directed to check
sources of information.
All DLLS are checked by our master
teachers before they are tackled in
the class so our DLLS are screened…
so as of this interview we have no
experience yet of fake news used as
a source of information in the
classroom. P6

… it is in that subject where it is defined

what is information. The flow of
communication is well defined also in
that curriculum, in that subject. Where
the receiver, the sender, the channel,
these are the technical aspect of
communication. It’s well presented in
that lesson. With that we got the basic
model of communication is being
taught in that subject. So, if the
information is coming from a sender
which is reliable, the communication is
being channel in to a communicating
channel which is reliable the
information is received properly, and
the feedback is correct. But in that
model if it is distorted then there is now
misinformation. Fake news comes in if
 119

in that model there is a distortion of

information… In various subject it
matters. In our new PRMS today, our
teacher observation tool. We are
asked to teach the subject in an across
its learning area. So, when we speak
of across learning idea, if you are
teaching English, Math, your teaching
Social Studies, do not focus on the
subject matter in itself. You have to
linked and connect it with various
learning area and integrate it with
across the learning area. And media
literacy, media information is one
learning area. One subject matter, one
way of integrating a particular subject
matter across curriculum guide, across
learning area. P8
 120

TIPS IN AVOIDING FAKE NEWS

… next sa senior high school meron
silang isang subject, ang tawag dun is
MIL; Media Information Literacy, so
part ng.. sa curriculum talaga or…
curriculum guide yung fake news…
And how they counter fake news P1

Preventive measures, I don’t really go

on facebook because its really
accessible by any person and you can
make a lot of account on facebook and
I only like pages that are legit , what
are the legit pages? ABS-CBN, GMA,
ANC, CNN and you have to check if its
really abs-cbn because nowadays
technology is everywhere, you can
even edit the themes ,colors font and
spelling of those legit pages .Like
government pages for other pages we
are free to choose at least we know if
that reliable. P2

Okay ah I only have 3 steps number 1

okay, check the provider the
information provider check the
background of the information provider
the profile okay you know what it
means to be checking the profile.
Second, is make sure that you are a
living testimony of true news you are
an advocate of the truth kasi ikaw
mismo if you believe in lies wala naka
so yourself must be an advocate of
truth okay so mutuo ka nga naa jud
tinuod na balita okay. Ika tulo okay of
course the proper use of technology
okay, technology is everywhere bisan
maoy pinaka pobre naa nay
technology so be a responsible user of
 121

technology responsibility is just a

simple word but difficult to do it’s a
duty, it’s a mission, it’s a crusade
krusada krus….sada… it’s holy and
you have to take it upon yourself that if
it.. it becomes unholy then you become
an advocate of fake news because
news is sacred.. sacred okay that’s it.
P3

…as what I have said, I have

conducted awareness lecture to them
on how to avoid fake news, yung mga
ganon gud na mga aspects, kadtong
gibuhat nako sa COMPASS mga ingon
ato. I’ve also done that one in my
classroom bisan 1 hour lang mao na
akong ginabuhat. So akong gibuhat,
nagdala ko ug duha ka kinds sa
articles, then I let them identify which
of these articles, which one of these
articles is realistic or real, is not fake
which one is fake. And I let them
explain why is this fake, why is this not
fake. So what are the indicators, pero
before nako nagipabuhat, nag discuss
sa ko. P4

Of course I cannot speak for the rest

but in our end we in the social studies
department siguro sa among
departments diay kami siguro ang
mas aware. Naa sa amoa ang mga
task gud since our subject kay
nakatutok jud siya society in general.
So gina share namo sa among
colleagues mga ingon ana so wala ko
kabalo sa ilaha pero mag-abot man
pud mi usahay sa mga sites na legit
noh kay mag comment man mi okey.
 122

So re-check kung asa gikan ni kung sa

DEPED Tambayan if indeed mugawas
na ba ang atong ginahulat nga
pangalipay mga ing-ani gani. So ang
mga common concern sa nga teachers
is more on the benefits because
parang its long overdue kay the
promise of President Duterte na ano
sa mga military and police personnel
whereas sa teachers waiting the
increase next year in 2019 as what
Duterte mention that in 2020 paman
daw hopefully mas early pa noon……
I-add nalang nako … maka worry
naman gud siya tong mga news about
sa mga teachers committing suicide in
line with their practice of profession
because of the workloads and a bulk of
paper works that is the mainly concern
because amoa is more on teaching
lang unta that is the parang primary
function na naay naka attach na
responsibilities outside of kanang
instruction. So kana siguro ang kuan
nga kung dili siguro ka dili nalang unta
I-news kung pwede lang kay maka
demoralize man gud and makahatag
pa siya sa uban gud ug sa mga kuan
ganina pero gina seryoso na baya jud
na siya karon. Gina-verify kung unsa
jud gina klaro kung ngano na-
associate sa pagiging teacher gani
basi naa pa tay laing problem ba pero
mao jud siya ang namention kanang
school related iyahang concern of the
deadline na kailangan I-meet nimo ang
deadline ingun-ana. P5

…But as teachers we warn them not

to believe all sources of information
 123

so they must verify the source of

information.P6

Instructions … Give clear instructions

to student how to quote writers, how
to quote authors, how to write it. It is
preventive that way… check and
balance, verify. P7

We cannot avoid fake news because

social media is a free flow of
information. It’s a platform where
everybody could upload, where
everybody could download, where
everybody could share. Whoever, we
just have to be critical, mindful of the
things we get and the things we share
in social media. P8
SCHOOL’S MECHANISM IN
COUNTERING FAKE NEWS
Last year, sa culminating activity ng
HUMS and ABM nag invite kami ng
reporter ba yun sya.. parang malaking
rank yata sa SunStar Davao, yung
kanyang topic is fake news. P1

We don’t have a program but we have

a subject in senior high school which is
media information literacy and I think I
would be helpful to students because if
we equip on this the students really
that are already literate will become
more literate about medium and the
media, so its not just on how to use the
computer, because its all about
studying entertainment, advertisement
in films, tv, newspaper actually its like
mass communication for senior high
school students and media literacy
information also teach to test
plagiarism ,copy right law and fake
 124

news. So we don’t have any apps or

activity because its all this one. P2

Wala… wala I have… take it from me

wala nganu? Because it’s already in
our hands diba no matter how we say
it in the class pero kayo you’ve
become a patron of that fake news
still it will continue wala we can only
say sige.. reminders.. reminders pero
hey, always nalang remind wala pa..
walang mangyayari sa reminder na
yan kung kayo mismo you will not
take it upon yourself ba na it has to
start with in you oh.. wala paring
mangyayari. Education I think deped
for integrating MIL siguro it’s a
blessing in disguise that is the best
way to.. to educate the young people
about responsible media use pero
again after the semester ends will you
become responsible? That’s the
question that remains to be
unanswered oh.. that’s the reality of it
unless if there is really a definite
gadget na pwede ibutang sa inyong
utok iimplant para mo automatic mo
detect ug fake news kana… chip oh…
the nanotechnology na ibutang sa
inyong lawas okay ra kung naa pero
kung babababa lang verbal.. sus
aynata it will just become a lip
service, lip service lang puro lang
chika walay lihok oh… that’s it. P3

Wala koy ma remember, one year pa

amn gud ko. Naa unta no? sana
meron, senior high na basta media
literacy… ako, pwede man mi mag,
 125

pwede pud ang SSG mag organize

ana, pero so far sa aral-pan wala.
Junior high, wala. Mga ano man na
mga student affairs man na nga
matters supposedly, wala. Wala koy
ma remember as far as I could
remember. Tama no, this is a good
idea kay mag conduct man sila ug
study sa karon no sa research I, I’d ask
also one of my learners to study about
how influential fake news among the
learners of City High. Good idea no, I’ll
tell one of my sa groups to conduct a
study kung asa na nga level na
impluwensyahan jud ug fake news.
Maka identify kaya ang mga taga City
High, kung fake news ba na o dili. We
cannot really penetrate entire, in the
entire City High because mga 11,000
or 13,000 students. Atleast some of
them will be aware. Even social media
campaign, daghan man na, sa Holy
Cross mga MassComm. P4

So far wala man pud koy maingon na

mechanism jud institutional siguro
pero one way siguro na mag convene
siguro mi naa mga instances na mag
convene the entire instituition siguro mi
like the coming MPRE kanang Mid-
Year Program review and Evaluation
so siguro in that particular program ma
ano siguro na sa others matters
mabutang na siya didto. And we can
clarify things related sa mga ingon ana
and aside sa mga ingun ana naa pud
mga partner agencies or partner
organizations na willing to help the
teachers like the partylist group the
partylist na kanang naga act na gina
 126

ano jud sa public school teachers na

ginadala ang plight sa mga teachers
lobbying for the form didto sa taas para
pud mahatagan pud ang mga teachers
ba mura ganig kahayahay murag ana
because sa ana na pamaagi maka ano
man pud mi pero dili tanan mga
members huh kay dili mani siya
compulsory pero kana nakahatag pud
na ug alibyo na bitaw noh we support
the program the party kay kita man ang
mag benefit dili man isa lang this is for
the greater benefit mga ingon ana. P5

Seminars in fake news we not any…

P6

Ang Holy Cross naa pero sa city high

wala ko kabalo. In Holy Cross, we
bought a software for detecting
plagiarism. Naa sa research office. P7

I cannot speak for the school in terms

of fake news, but I can speak for other
department. I know of a program in city
high which is a special program in
journalism. So, I think so, this program
under the English department is doing
good in terms of providing students
who are into journalism. And in other,
are there any mechanism in the
school? I do not know, I cannot speak
for the entire school. P8

TEACHER’S ACTIONS IN
EDUCATING THE LEARNERS
ABOUT FAKE NEWS
…you have to give them a good
perspective yun. You have to… tell
them your experience… personal
 127

experience about it and how does it

affect you. Ganon. Pero kahit yung
mga passive na students... So usually,
uhm nagpapagawa ng reflection
paper. Random, pipili ka dun tapos
ipapabasa mo. P1

…I personally PM my students
because were friends in facebook.
Please delete your post because its
not good. Actually its really good that
you’re friends in facebook atleast you
can correct there post that is not good
its not really humane, bully someone
on facebook because it can trigger the
peacefulness in community if you
tolerate your students in bad
information. What if fake news that
there is a big fire on that area so the
people really died because they got
panic P2

…as what I have said, I have

conducted awareness lecture to them
on how to avoid fake news, yung mga
ganon gud na mga aspects, kadtong
gibuhat nako sa COMPASS mga ingon
ato. I’ve also done that one in my
classroom bisan 1 hour lang mao na
akong ginabuhat. So akong gibuhat,
nagdala ko ug duha ka kinds sa
articles, then I let them identify which
of these articles, which one of these
articles is realistic or real, is not fake
which one is fake. And I let them
explain why is this fake, why is this not
fake. So what are the indicators, pero
before nako nagipabuhat, nag discuss
sa ko. P4
 128

Okey…now kung mag cite tag

instances gamitan nato ug technicality.
So in my contemporary issue na klase
mag site man sila ug recent study and
the best sources ana is the internet. So
dapat ma check jud nila ang source
using the four essential elements na
gitudlo sa ilaha. Na naa juy author,
date na na-published tapos ang
sources is genuine ang mga URL and
taon jud ang year kay kung kanus-
akay kung mali na siya dili pud mag
match. We consider the data na
ilahang gikuha diha sa ilahang latest
study mahulog nato siyag plagiarism
materials. So ingon- ana noh mugamit
lang gihapon sa mga technicalities
especially output nila, output mana
nila. P5

Only in the classrooms and we have,

we are happy to inform you that even
students know that there are sources
of fake news nowadays. So they are
on guard they are not ignorant about
fake news. P6

They even tell us in the classroom

that sir ha that is Fake News sir ha.
So they know that there is fake news
nowadays.P6

Sa classroom gyud, instructions gyud.

But if you are going to give intensive,
clear instruction, I don’t think there is a
reason that they are not going to
follow.
 129

Not giving merit, not giving them

points. P7

…it’s in their output. If the students will

be able to submit an authentic output,
real output then that is already a
manifestation that they themselves are
fighting fake news.… to be honest I
don’t check it one by one. You have
number of students. I do random check
in terms of checking the authenticity of
output. On content, I do a check on its
content. But on its source, if its fake
news of not, then I do random
checking. P8

TEACHER’S ACTION IN
EMPHASIZING FAKE NEWS
DETECTION
Pero sa junior high school… Meron
kasing mga special program ang City
High, merong SPA; arts, meron ding
SPJ… Special Program in
Journalism… P1

We have media literacy subject… It’s a

course subject when we say it’s a core
subject its doesnt matter if its STEM,
science, ABM, TVL, HUMSS, we are
all the same subject because its
required to all students on this for once
every grading first semister depends
on the school because other school in
2nd second semester. P2

…yes of course, ganito yan sya. It is

important that we know what are fake
news and what are not. Kay madala
man gud na nato every day, we are
blinded, I hate it when we are blinded
 130

by misinformation, wrong information

mura ra pud ug you hate it when you
are blinded with the wrong feelings…
diba blinded ka into a wrong
relationship, blinded kag wrong things
ba. Mao nang mali, fake news pa lang
daan is wrong nya when you are
blinded by it, it would, it is poisonous,
it is toxic sa imoha as a teacher, as a
person diba? Mag sige kag balita didto
sa imong nga huy, kabalo ba mo, ing
ani diay na ug ingon ani, ani unya mali
diay to imong gina balita. So naga
spread pa jud ka ug fake news,
pagbasa nimo nitoo kag fake news gi
spread nimo, ing ana ing ana, ka toxic.
Mura ra na syag hearsays, mura ran a
syag libak ban a kada pasa pasa
nagka mali na hangtod naabot, buntis
na, hangtod nanganak na, hangtod
namatay whatsoever. Chismis ba, ing
ana ang akoang understanding. We
really need to know what are fake
news, we really need to stop the
proliferation of fake news because it is
toxic to the learning and even to the
society, maskin unsa ra ka gamay ni
nga issue ang fake news no, pero dako
kaayo na syag effect sa society kung
magpa dayon na sya. It has a greater
impact, negative impact to the society
if magpadayon na sya. And I hope na
ang inyong study in the future when
you present this one, part of your
implication, diba you cannot
recommend man no? Part of your
implication is to really emphasize there
in your implication that schools should
really conduct an awareness drives
among students or even among
teachers muna, because there also
 131

teachers who are not knowledgeable

about fake news, mao na sya. They
could, they could not regulate fake
news, because the people who posted
it will just claim it as their opinion.
Freedom of expression bitaw, oo ma
igo didto uy, freedom of expression.
You cannot hinder them to present
their, their own facts. Diba nag ingon
ko, given the fact, naa man gud
difference ang fact ug truth. Example
ha, mag uyab naglakaw, ay babaeg
lalake nagbaktas nag holding hands,
it’s a fact that they are holding hands,
as to the truthfulness of their feelings,
that’s a question now. Mao na ang
difference so now, karon, malay nimo
kung mao na ang factual para sa
iyaha, nakita niya na mao jud ning
factual gibuhatan niya ug balita. Lahi
man pud iyang truth, truth is relative
man gud. What may be truthful to you
may not be untruthful to you. You get
it? Para sa imoha tinood na, para sa
iyaha dili. Kay para sa iyaha tinood na,
so gihimo niyang balita sa social media
na atik atik ra sya, pwede sya mu
ingon ana, nga tinood man na para sa
akoa. Ma hinder gihapon iyang
freedom of expression if we are going
to legislate and make regulations na e
bawal ang fake news. You cannot stop
it, so what we can do now is help our
learners and help ourselves
understand what are fake news and
what are not. Ana sya… P4

So grade 9 I’m handling grade 9 and

10 man karon. So economics is grade
9 man ano sa mga nila mismo sa mga
experience guro na dili basta basta
 132

mutoo anang mga advertisement

because we consider also some
advertisement that is fake news.
Special advertisement and
commercial naa gani mga therapeutic
claim naay mga testimonials na naayo
ko sa ingun ani pero sa end naay
nakabutang na no approved
therapeutic claim so that is a deceptive
form of advertisement. So dapat unta
giwala nana siya kay naay mga
pahinomdom ang mga agency ana.
Remember ato sa LBC sa ana katong
murag spell spell gani mura pug sa fita
ba spell red F-I-T-A fita kana gani. Ang
mga ingon ana catchy baya na siya
noh pero though we all know that it is
part of their strategy especially on their
platform advertisement kana isa pud
na siya sa mga ano gani mahulog
naman gud na siya na ano sa
classroom ginadala naman gud na
siya pareha gud atong RiteMed
ritemed diba? So nagiging bukambibig
na gani siya ang uban ana siguro
bantayan no. P5

In our grade 10 students we have

taught them the concept of sociological
imagination. They must look at the real
event and validate it if it’s really a
social issue on something. So they
know the concept of sociological
imagination. Through that they must
verify their resources…P6

The value? Oh in my class, during my

instructions, during the instructions in
writing and how to quote authors, how
to validate the capacity, the value of
the author. To look at the copyright, to
 133

look at if there is an author because

there are literatures that is no author …
Ako I suggest to disregard it and look
for another author. P7

Alright, I will go to the very simple

announcements. Announcements
made by the school and
announcements made by somebody
else’s. Example, announcement of
wearing uniform, announcement that
there will be no classes these are
basics. Some of our student in city high
they propagate wrong information, fed
wrong information to other students.
Example when the students would say
that there will be no classes tomorrow,
half day tomorrow and these are fake
news. So, I told my students to check
it. Ask reliable people, if the
announcement is made officially by the
office then its correct and if the
announcement is made by somebody
else’s who is not reliable than those
are not, those are questionable
information. So, I will not talk about
media, I will not talk about what is in
social media, I will go to the basic.
Inside the classroom. If the
announcement is made by the teacher
and if the announcement is not made
by the school, then it’s not real. So, I
asked my student to double check.
Fact check. P8
 134

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 138

Appendix A

Letter to conduct Study: Dean of School of Teacher Education

 139

Appendix B

Letter to conduct Study: Vice President of Academic Affairs

 140

Appendix C

Letter to conduct Study: Office of the Student Affairs

 141

Appendix D

Letter of Approval: DepEd-Davao City Division Office

 142

Appendix E

Letter of Approval: D.C.N.H.S. School Principal

 143

Appendix F

Prior Informed Consent: Participant 1-8

 144

Appendix G

SWS Survey:
 145

Appendix H

Locale of the Study: Davao City National High School

 146

Appendix I

Documentation