Workstudy

WORK STUDY
Work-study may be defined as one of the management techniques, which can be

applied to achieve the optimum use of the resources available to an establishment for the
accomplishment of the work, it is engaged in.
Work-study comprises of two aspects: -
a) Method study (to improve ways of doing tasks)
b) Work measurement (to establish the time required for the task)
WORK
STUDY
METHO WORK
D MEASUREMEN
STUDY T
To establish allowed time for the work
To improve ways of doing work
HIGHER
PRODUCTIVIT
Y
A good combination of both gives success.
The aim of work-study is: -

i. Improved working conditions for the workers.
ii. Most economical and effective use plant machinery and stores.
iii. Effective use of human work.
iv. Evaluation of human work.
METHOD STUDY
To improve ways of doing work
Panel of considerations
HUMAN
ECONOMIC
TECHNICAL
REACTION
Desirability established
SELECT – The job to be studied

RECORD – All available data
EXAMIN – Each fact critically (for purpose place)
METHOD STUDY DEVELOP – The best available method
This is a detailed analysis
INSTAL of the
– The present or method
development the proposed method of carrying out a
task as a basis for improvement. It concerns finding
MAINTAIN – The installed method or evolving better ways of doing the
work, and contributes to improved efficiency and morale.
1
Method study aims at the improvement of the following: -
i. Work conditions.
ii. Layout and installation of plant and workplace.
iii. Working procedure.
iv. Use of material, plant, equipment and manpower.
v. Design of plant or equipment or the end product.
WORK MEASUREMENT
Work measurement is the assessment of the work content of a job by measuring
the time taken to carry it out. The work-study must be carried out at a specified standard
of performance, done by a person qualified for the job.
Work measurement should follow method study. Work measurement pertains to a
specified, well-defined method of doing the work.
WORK MEASUREMENT
SELECT THE TASK TO BE MEASURED
DEFINE THE METHOD OF DOING THE TASK
BREAK INTO ELEMENTS
MEASURE WORK INVOLVED
RECEPTIVE WORK NON-RECEPTIVE WORK
BY TIME STUDY
BY SYNTHESIS BY ANALYTICAL
BASIC TIME ESTIMATION
NORMAL TIME NORMAL TIME

rest allowed
STANDARD TIME STANDARD TIME
TIME STUDY
This is the fundamental technique in work measurement. The first step is to select
the task, with it’s performance method clearly defined. This TIME
ESTABLISHED method is evaluated
practically many times by performing it. The whole work is repeated several times and
the timing recorded each time, in order to arrive at an average figure. The time you get
for a particular element is called the BASIC TIME. The time is likely to vary between a
fast and a slow worker. Therefore, the time is established of an average worker. Hence the
term RATING is used. Rating is the ratio of the rate of working of the individual worker
under study to the observer’s concept of the standard average rate.
2
After assessing the rate of the worker, the BASIC TIME is converted to the
NORMAL TIME.
The time arrived at after allowing rest allowance is called the STANDARD
TIME. Because of the peculiarity of a task, or due to the Company policies, certain
contingent allowances may be made. When this is authourised, it is added to the
STANDARD TIME to give the ALLOWED TIME for the specific task.
BASIC TIME ACTUAL

Mulitiplied by
ACTUAL RATING / STANDARD RATING
NORMAL TIME
ADD REST ALLOWANCE
STANDARD TIME
ADD CONTINGENT ALLOWANCES
ALLOWED TIME
Techniques involved in Time & Motion Studies:

Pathway chart – This technique involves the study of the path covered by the worker in
the undertaking and completion of a task. A floor plan of the work area is drawn to scale
and fixed on a board. A long thread is pinned down at the starting point of the plan. The
line of motion is marked using the thread, marking all the turning points with pins and the
thread wound around it. Later the length of the thread is taken and distance traversed is
measured along with the time. Various pathways are tried out to find out the simplest
pathway for completion of the task successfully. This is done to achieve the least exertion
and minimum loss of energy and time.
Process chart – In this technique a close study of the process adopted is carried out and
the flow of activity closely studied. A record of the time taken to finish the task is kept.
All unnecessary movements and steps are then listed down and avoided in thre finl
process adopted.
Operation chart – This technique helps in tracking down all wasteful expenditure of time
and energy in all activities. A detailed study of all smaller activities (movement of two
hands is studied) making up a work process is done and a fine analysis will show where
the job delays are occurring.
3
Micro-motion film analysis – Every activity is filmed using a timing device and then a
detailed study is done specially of the finer movements of hands and other parts of the
body. This is studied to analyse areas where changes need to be made to carry out the task
with least expenditure of time and energy.
Cyclography – This technique also involves filming. A bulb is attached to the worker’s
body. As the worker moves, the path taken is lighted and hence easily captured by slow
photography. The analysis of the complete film is done to make necessary changes.
Chronocyclography – In this technique, a film of the activity is made with a small light
attached to the middle finger. The pattern or movement is filmed and finally analysed to
find out unnecessary movement which can be eliminated or improved upon.
JOB ANALYSIS - This is a process of examining a job in order to identify its component
parts and the circumstances in which it is performed. It is a way of determining what
knowledge and employee must have what tasks each employee needs to perform, and the
standards to which he or she must perform them. Job analysis involves:
1.Job knowledge
2.The setting of the job – physical, organizational & social conditions
3.Task list
4.Job breakdown
5.Resources or facilities available to the employee – people, equipment, services, etc.
Extensive research in the form of time & motion studies to analyse work methods has
helped the industry to find better and easier ways to carry out tasks and save time and
energy.

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WORK STUDY

Work-study may be defined as one of the management techniques, which can be

The aim of work-study is: -

To improve ways of doing work

SELECT – The job to be studied

SELECT THE TASK TO BE MEASURED

DEFINE THE METHOD OF DOING THE TASK

BREAK INTO ELEMENTS

MEASURE WORK INVOLVED

RECEPTIVE WORK NON-RECEPTIVE WORK

NORMAL TIME NORMAL TIME

STANDARD TIME STANDARD TIME

BASIC TIME ACTUAL

ADD REST ALLOWANCE

ADD CONTINGENT ALLOWANCES

Techniques involved in Time & Motion Studies:

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