5433

Twenty Ninth
ANNUAL REPORT
1992-93
Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030
Printed February, 1995
Compiled and Edited by
Planning and Monitoring Cell

Adnm. Office, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University
Laser Typeset by
Computer Centre, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Rajendranagar
Printed at
Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University. Press, Rajendranagar
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Particulars Page
Nos.
Summary I-Vll
I. Introduction 1
II. University Administration 3
A. Authorities of the University 3
1. Board of Management 3
2. Officers of the University 4
3. Members of the Academic Council 5
4. University Heads of the Departments 11
B. Meetings of the Authorities of the University 15
i) Board of Management 15
ii) Academic Council 17
III. Teaching 19
A. Academic Highlights 19
B. Teaching Institutes 23
1. College of Agriculture, R'nagar 23
2. Agricultural College, Bapatla 31
3. S.V.Agricultural College, Tirupati 37
4. Agri,?ultural College, Aswaraopet 41
5. Agricultural College, Naira 45
6. Agricultural College, Mahanandi (Nandyal) . 48
7. College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla 50
8. Agricultural Polytechnic College, Palem 52
9. College of Veterinary Science, R'nagar 54
10. College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati 62
11. College of Fishery Science, Nellore 67
12. College of Home Science, Hyderabad 68
13. College of Home Science, Bapatla 75
C. Students Welfare 77
D. Libraries 80
E. Computer Centre 82
IV. Research 84
A. Agriculture 87
1.0. Cereals and Millets 87
2.0. Pulses 143
3.0. Oilseeds 167
4.0. Other Crops (Sugarcane, Cotton, Mesta, Tobacco) 199
5.0. Horticultural Crops 227
6.0. Post-Harvest Technology 267
7.0. Seed Technology Research 270
8.0. Discipline Oriented Research 273
B. Livestock and Fisheries Research 308
C. Home Science Research 318
V. Extension Education 320
VI. Finance 339
VII. Construction Programmes 340
VIII. Annexures
I Awards and Honours Received By APAU Staff l-lV
II Details of Students Admissions and out-tum V-Vl

during 1992-93
III Details of Srudents Strength in the colleges VU-XI
under the University
IV List of Research Stations under APAU XU-XVlll
with functions
V List of lCAR Coordinated Research Projects XIV-XXIV
and Adhoc Schemes (1992-93)
VI Papers Published xxv-xlvi
VII List of Abbreviations xlvii
SUMMARY
ADMINISTRATION
Sri P. Bhaskara Prasad, I.A.S. took over as Registrar of the University on

18-8-/992. During the year, the Board of Management met six times and the
following important decisions were taken.
* Provision of facility for reimbursement of expenses to the extent of

Rs.50,OOO/- towards medical treatment ofemployees for major diseases.
* Implementation of career advancement scheme for teachers of the
Asst. Professor cadre.
* Implementation of automatic advancement scheme in revised pay
scales, 1986 on completion of 22 years of service by the non-teaching
employees.
* Proposals for starting Agricultural Polytechnic Colleges at Regional
Agricultural Research Stations.
* Proposal of multidisciplinary research units comprising of Agriculture,
Animal Husbandry, Home Science, Horticulture, Sericulture etc.
according to the locatic;m specific needs at all Regional Agricultural
Research Stations.
* Transfer ofSheep Breeding Farm, Mahabubnagarffom Animal Husbandry
Department to APAU.
* Sanction of quantum of exgratia to be paid to distressed family of the
deceased. employee where the relief by way of appointment of the
dependents can not be considered.
The Academic Council of the University met twice and took the following
major decisions.
* Facility to conduct re-examination to final year students who had only

one failed course to complete the graduation. requirements was
withdrawn.
* Approved the provision for reservation of 15%. 6% and 25% of the
seats in a Faculty for SC, ST and BC ffesh candidates for admission
into Ph.D. programme. The rule of reservation shall also continue to
be applied separately in admission of inservice teachers to Ph.D.
programme.
* Reservation of not more than 2 seats for admission of Research
Assistants/Agricultural Assistants of APAU in M.Sc.(Ag.)
Education
The new Fishery Science College sanctioned at Muthukur, Nellore district,

started functioning [Tom the academic year 1992-93, brining the total number of
colleges under the University to 13.
During the' academic year 1992-93, the total intake of students was 908
in the under-graduate programmes, 305 in the post- graduate and doctoral degree
programmes in different faCUlties at different colleges of the University. In addition,
39 students were admitted into two year agricultural polytechnic diploma course.
A total of 527 students comprising of 328 in the Agriculture faculty, 123

in Veterinary Science and 76 in Home Science have graduated during this year
[Tom the University. Besides, 251 and 38 students have obtained their Masters'
and Doctoral degrees.
Research
There are 67 research stations under the University located throughout the
State. They comprise of 57 agriculture, five livestock, four fish and prawn and
one poultry research stations. The Home Science research is mainly carried out
at college campuses through research schemes and projects.
The research activities pf APAU are funded by the State Government, ICAR,
Government of India and other agencies. Ongoing research in the University has
been constantly and critically reviewed and each research station has been assigned
new priorities and new lead and verification functions.
Agriculture
Much emphaSiS in research has been given towards crop improvement to

identify/evolve varieties with high yield potential and suitable to different
agro-cJimatic situations prevailing in the state. Besides, development of crop
production and protection technologies for sus~ainab/e agriculture, rainfed farming,
11
watershed management, cropping systems and farming systems research, integrated
pest management, integrated nutrient management, post-harvest technology,
aromatic and medicinal plants, pesticide residues, agricultural implements etc. are
receiving greater attention and priority.
More than 20 varieties in different crops are awaiting for the approval of
the State varietal release committee. They include five varieties in rice (RNR
52147, RNR 99377, MTU 9993, WGL 47970 and RDR 335), four in greengram
(Lam 407, Lam 450, WGG 2 and MGG 295), two each in groundnut (K 134
and JGL 88-2), sesamum (YLM I / and YLM 17), cotton (LAM 389 and LK 86 I)
and one each in maize (EH 40097), sorghum (PJ 890), fingermillet (PPR 2350),
foxtail millet (SiA 2593), blackgram (Lam 611), redgram (MRG 66), chilli (Lam
305), phalsa (PRJ 85) and coconut (Phillippines ordinary). The rice hybrids
developed attV1aruteru are in advanced stage of testing for release. Rice varieties
Swarna and Chaitanya were found suitable for contigency rice-cropping either with
aged seedlings or by split tiller planting method in flood prone areas. At Ragolu,
maize-sesamum crop sequence gave maximum returns. Under rice-rice cropping
system at Rajendranagar, application of farm yard manure and 25-50 per cent
.enhanced fertilizer dose over recommended dose have significantly increased the
grain yields of rice.
Greengram and bJackgram gave higher yields at 30 x 10 cm spacing than

at 45 x 10 cm spacing. In soybean, lower population of 2.0 lakh plants/ha gave
higher yield than 4.0 lakhs and 6.0 lakhs/ha. The cropping sequence of kharif
soybean followed by rabi mustard gave the highest net returns.
Sowing of groundnut by 15th july (normal kharif) and a population of 3.33

lakh/ha (30 x 10 cm) were found to be best for realising higher yields in Southern
zone. Groundnut + redgram (7: I) gave the highest net returns. In red sandy
clay loams with well irrigation, sunflower - groundnut - rice cropping system was
most remunerative. In red soils of NSP left canal command area, maximum returns
were obtained with greengram-groundnut-groundnut cropping system.
Mulching with groundnut shells @ 5 t/ha helped in mitigating the effect of

drought and resulted in highest pod and haulm yields of groundnut, while 5.0%
kaolin spray was effective in the case of sunflower.
Under watershed management studies at Maheswaram, in situ soil moisture

conservation practices like sowing along the contour lines, dead furrow and khus
1lI
barrier showed beneficial effects on soil moisture and increased the yields of
sorghum and ca~or.
Measures for the management of weeds, Echinochloa, Cuscuta in rice fallows

blackgram, Parthenium and a number of other weeds in different crops were
developed.
Fertility status of soils was significantly increased under the trees of Albizia
lebbeck, Dalbergia sisso, Leucana leucocephala etc, the maximum being under
A.lebbeck.
For July planted, rainfed sugarcane application of biofertiJizer (Azotobacter)

at 5 kg/ha resulted in a saving of 250/0 nitrogen in the recommended dose of 75
kg N/ha. At Vuyyur and Perumallapalle, application of P and K to sugarcane
resulted in increased cane yield.
Zinc deficiency was observed in 70% of the soil samples collected from
Mahabubnagar district and in 77 to 91 % of index leaf samples of mango collected
from Krishna, Medak, Warangal and Khammam districts. Sulphur deficiency to
an extent of 65% was observed in groundnut crop in Anantapur district. Yield
improvement due to application of sulphur was noticed in sunflower and groundnut.
The subsoil water harvesting system (Doruvu technology) installed in the

farmers' fields was economically evaluated. The cost benefit ratio, net present
worth to the system and internal rate of return worked out to be 2.26, Rs.56,178/-
and 46.4% respectively.
During the year, the University has developed a number of farm machinery
like hydro-tiller for puddling in paddy fields, power operated groundnut pod stripper,
bullock drawn groundnut ferti- planter, self propelled paddy harvester and sunflower
threshing bench and their performance was tested in farmers fields.
Under post-harvest technology, an agricultural waste fired chillies-drier was

fabricated and demonstrated in farmers' fields. The old, hand operated turmeric
polisher was modified for easy operation and demonstrated in the faramers' fields.
Studies on synchronisation of flowering in male and female parents of hybrids

of pearl millet, sorghum and sunflower were carriedout. Telangana and Rayalaseema
regions of Andhra Pradesh were identified as ideal for seed production and storage.
IV
Seed treatment with thiram helped in maintaining seed germination beyond 17
months in wheat, bengalgram, sorghum and redgram with low fungal colonisation.
Screening of germplasm/varieties of different crops, identifying sources of

resistance to pests and diseases and evaluation of pesticides against different
pests and diseases were carried out. Identification of parasitoids and predators
of pests, their mass multiplication in the laboratory and their supply to the
farmers were continued.
The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) has adapted to the local conditions
and large number of colonies were maintained.
Neem based product, repelin and reflective ribbon were found to be useful
in acting as a repellent and scaring the birds respectively.
Seed treatment with Trichoderma product improved germination, reduced

charcoal rot and increased grain yield in maize. Soil application of Trichoderma
gave higher leaf yield of betelvine. Betelvine rotated with maize recorded least
incidence of wilt disease.
Vegetable samples collected from around Hyderabad and Guntur and animal
feed samples collected around Hyderabad and Guntur contained HCH residues
above MRL. Aldrin residues were also above MRL in feed samples.
Socieo-economic analysis of some districts, economic analysis of cropping

systems, farming systems, onfarm trials etc, were carried out in all the seven
agro-climatic zones.
Live Stock and Fishery Science
In livestock research, emphasis is mainly on improvement of native breeds

of cattle (Ongole and Punganur breeds), sheep (Nellore breed), pigs and poultry
through selection or cross breeding with exotic breeds. Super ovulation technique
was standardised in Ongofe cows by using Super OV. Optimum feeding rations
for improving productive and reproductive performance of livestock were developed
and new alternate cheap feed resources were formulated.
Integrated farming system of paddy-cum-ftsh and banana production gave

higher net income than paddy alone.
v
Large scale seed production of fresh water prawns was attempted.
Home Science
In Home Science research. studies on technology for popping and flaking of

sorghum. nutrition and health knowledge. attitudes and practices of rural women.
feasibility for sale of weaning food based on wheat and soya. morbidity of pre-school
children and clinical nutrition were conducted.
As a measure to enhance the consumption of wheat among rice eating

population. several demonstrations on wheat foods were given in rural and urban
areas of Andhra Pradesh. Mass communication strategies like publishing articles
in news papers. talks and discussions through AIR and Doordarshan were followed.
Consumption of Malayali recipe puttu. whole jowar recipes and recipes

incorporated with raw and germinated fenugreek were found to have a positive
effect on controlling blood gluocose level in diabetics.
Studies on consumer preferences and problems with handloom textiles.

blending of silk with polyester in making sarees etc.. were carried out. Special
detergent was developed to remove common stains in the clothes.
Extension
The extension units have organised a number of extension programmes like

onfarm trials. early demonstrations. adaptive trials. training programmes to farmers.
officers of the developmental departments and scientists and kisan melas etc.
Technology is disseminated through publications. TV. AIR. and press. The University
has published 46 folders/bulletins. in Telugu on various aspects of crops. livestock
and Home Science. Vyavasaya Panchangam was brought out with latest technologies
for the benefit of farmers. Farm News bulletins of APAU are daily broadcast on
AIR
A number of radio-talks and TV programmes by the scientists are broadcast

over AIR and Door Darshan. During the year. 45 Kisan melas were organised at
different research stations. in which more than 31.000 farmers participated.
VI
Students Welfare
The students of the University have actively participated in Nee, NSS, sports
and games activities. About 264 and 800 students were enrolled under Nee and
NSS Eleven Nee cadets took part in the Republic Day celebrations at New Delhi
and won two gold, two silver and one bronze medals and one trophy in the
equestrian competitions. The colleges of the University have conducted six NSS
speCial camps at different places. Inter-collegiate sports and games and cultural
meet were conducted at Rajendranagar and Tirupati campuses during November-
December, 1992. All India inter-university chess tournament was organised at
Bapatla in January, in which 57 universities have participated. The students of
the University have participated in inter- university tournaments in cricket, hockey,
basket ball, volley ball, ball badminton, shuttle badminton and chess held at
various places.
Other activities
During the year, a number of seminars, conferences and workshops were

. hosted/organised by the University. On the occasion of the Teachers' day, two
teachers were honoured with 'Best Teacher award' by the State Government.
vii
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University was established on June

12, 1964 under the APAU Act 1963. The main functions of the University
are to provide technically trained manpower (education), to generate new
technologies for increasing agricultural production (research) and to disseminate
these technologies to the farmers (extension) for adoption. The APAU is
governed by a 16 member Board of Management, which is the apex body
responsible for taking policy decisions. The Board of Management, with the
Vice-Chancellor of the University as its Chairman, comprises of four members
of parliament and the state legislature, one distinguished agricultural scientist,
two representatives of progressive agriculturists of the State, three officials of
the State Government, one ICAR nominee and one member of State Chamber
of Panchayat Raj nominated by Chancellor and three official representatives
of all the faculties in the University.
In academic administration of the University, the Vice-Chancellor is

assisted by the Academic Council and Faculty Board, consisting of Deans,
Directors, Principals, Professors and eminent scientists. The Vice-Chancellor
is assisted by the Registrar in general administration and by the Comptroller
in financial management. The University has four teaching faculties viz.
Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Home Science and Post Graduate Studies,
under the overall supervision of the respective Deans of Faculties. The Dean
of Student Affairs looks after the student's welfare and their activities. Research
and extension functions are the responsibilities of the respective Directors.
The University offers educational programmes at the under-graduate and

post-graduate level in agriculture, horticulture, veterinary science and home
science, while only under-graduate programmes are offered in agricultural
engineering, dairy technology and fishery science. In addition to the above
degree programmes, a two year diploma in agriculture in Telugu medium is
offered to 10th class passed rural students.
Research in the fields of Agriculture, Horticulture, Veterinary and Fisheries

sciences and Home science is conducted through a net work of 67 research
stations located in seven agro-climatic zones of the State for tackling location
specific problems of the farmers and to generate production oriented
technologies.
The extension education actIVItIes of the University for transfer of

technologies, developed at research stations and colleges, are carried out
through six Extension. Education Units located at Regional Agricultural
Research Stations, five Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Agricultural Information and
Communication Centre, Extension Education Institute and Regional Biogas
Training and Development Centre.
The 29th Annual Report of the APAU covers the period from 1-7- 1992
to 30-6-1993 and encompasses significant activities and achievements 111
education, research and extension education under different faculties.
2
Chapter II
UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (AP AU) was established in

1964. In accordance with the Section 41 of the APAU Act 1963, the Board
of Management of the APAU presents its Twenty Ninth Annual Report
reviewing the activities of the University for the Academic Year 1992-93
covering the period from 1-7-1992 to 30-6-1993.
The Board of Management is the supreme policy decision making body

with Vice-Chancellor as its Chairman. The Vice-Chancellor is the principal
executive head of the University assisted by Registrar in administration,
Comptroller for financial management, Deans for teaching activities of the
respective faculties and Directors for research and extension activities. The
organisational setup of the University is presented in flow chart 1.
Chancellor of the University
Sri Krishan Kant from February 7, 1990.
A. Authorities of the University
1. Board of Management
Chairman Vice-Chancellor
Dr.M.V.Rao
Members
Ex-Officio Members Secretary to Goverpment

Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
Sri S.K.Arora, LA.S. from 1-7-92 to 21-7-1992
Sri T.Munivenkatappa, LA.S. from 22-7-92
to 30-6-93
3
o
~
Director of Animal Husbandry
Dr.R.Pandu Ranga Rao,from 1-7-92 10 15-3-93
Dr.Rajeshwar Rao, from 16-3-93 to 30-6-93
Director of Agriculture
Sri V.S.Sampath, LA.S. from 1-7-92 to 6-3-93
Sri Jannath Husain,I.A.S.from 7-3-93 to 30-6-93
Other Members
ICAR Nominee Dr.M.Velayutham

Distinguished Agricultural Prof. B.Ramachandra Rao
Scientist
Three persons from Dr.G.Madhusudan Rao
Academic COllncil Dr.M.R~ Reddy
Dr.(Smt.) Vijaya Khader
Four members from Dr. G.Chinna Reddy, MLA
Legislative Assembly Sri J .Ratnakar Rao, MLA
IParliament Vacant
Vacant
Two persons from Progressive
Agriculturists Vacant
(One shall be a woman)
One person nominated by the Vacant
Chancellor among the
members ofState Chamber
ofPanchayat Raj
Ex-officio Secretary (Registrar) Sri P.Bhaskara Prasad, LA.S.
from 18-8-1992 onwards
2. Officers o/the University
Vice-Chancellor Dr.M.V.Rao
Registrar Sri P.Bhaskara Prasad, LA.S.
Comptroller Sri V.Gopala Krishna
Dean ofAgriculture Dr. M.Sugunakar Reddy
4
Dean of VeterinGlY Science Dr.D.Anjaneyaprasad
from 1-7-92 to 2-7-92
Dr.V.Jayaramakrishna from 3-7-92 onwards
Dean of Home Science Dr. Smt. P. Geervani. 1-7-92
Dr. (Mrs) K.Chittemma Rao.
from 2-7-92 onwards
Dean of P.G.Stlidies Dr.A.Ramamohan Rao, 1-7-92 to 5-7-92
Dr.P.Raghavulu, from 6-7-92 onwards
Dean of Student Affairs Dr.K.Jayarama Reddy
Director of Research Dr.I.V.Subba Rao
Director of Extension Dr.H.N.Byra Reddy
University Librarian Dr.D.B.Eswara Reddy (on leave from 7-3-93)
Dr.P.Raghavulu, Incharge from 7-3-93 onwards
Estate Officer Sri P.Krishnamurthy
Add!. Director of Research Dr.P.V.Rao
(VeterinGlY)
3. Members oftlte Academic COllncil
Chairman M.V. Rao

Vice-chancellor
A.P.Agril. University
Ex-OfficioSecretalY Sri P .Bhaskara Prasad, Registrar,
Afembers Vice-Chancellor,
Andhra University, Waltair (A.P.)
Vice-Chancellor
Osmania University, Hyderabad (A.P.)
Vice-Chancellor
S.V.University, Tirupati CA.P.)
5
Sri V.S.Sampath, I.A.S. FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
upto 6-3-93
Dr.M.Shivashantha Reddy
Sri Jannath Husain, I.A.S. Professor of Plant Breeding
from 7-3-:93 onwards College of Agriculture
Commissioner & Director of Agri- Rajendranagar,Hyderabad
culture, Oovt. of A.P., Hyderabad
Dr.A.Rameshwar
Dr.R.Panduranga Rao upto 15-3-93 Assoc.Director of Research &
Dr. Rajeshwar Rao from 16-3-93 Univ.Head, Dept.of Bio-Chemistry
onwards, Director of Animal Hus- Regional AgriI.Res.Station, Palem
bandry, Oovt. of A.P., Hyderabad Mahboobnagar Dist.
Dr.I.V.Subba Rao Dr.N.Yella Reddy
Director of Research, A.P.Agricul- Professor of Extn.Education
tural University, R'nagar, Hyd. Extension Education Institute
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad.
Dr.H.N.Byra Reddy
Director of Extension Dr.Tej Bahadur
A.P .Agricultural University Professor of Agril.Economics
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Extension Education Institute
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
D r.P .Raghavul u
Dean of P.O.Studies Dr.D.Dasarathrami Reddy
A.P.Agricultural University Professor of Entomology
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad College of Agriculture
Dr.M.Sugunakar Reddy
Dean of Agriculture Dr.I.V.Subba Rao
A.P.Agricultural University Professor of Plant Physiology
Dr. V.Jayaramakrishna
Dean of Veterinary Science Dr.Y.Narayana Reddy
A.P .Agriculturjll University Professor of Horticulture
Dr.(Mrs)K.Chittemma Rao
Dean of Home Science Dr. D.Subbarami Reddy
A.P .Agricultural University Professor of Soi I Physics
Dr.K.Jayarama Reddy
Dean of Student Affairs
A.P. Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
6
Dr.P .B.Parthasarathi Dr.R.Sri Hari Babu
Professor of Agril.Economics Professor of Horticulture
College of Agriculture S.Y.Agricultural College, Tirupati
Dr.D.Appa Rao
Dr.K.R.Chowdhry Professor of Agricultural Engineering
Professor of Agril. Economics College of Agricultural Engineering
College of Agriculture Bapatla.
Dr.P. Vcnkataramaiah
Dr.K.Ramachandra Reddy Professor of Extension Education
Professor of Plant Pathology Agricultural College, Bapatla.
College of Agriculture
Dr.G.Madhusudana Rao
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad
Professor of Plant Breeding
Dr.Asha M.Bhavc Agricultural College, Bapatla.
Professor of Extension Education
Dr.G.Nageswara Rao
Extension Education Institute
Professor of Statistics & Mathematics
Dr.P.Kameshwara Rao Rajendranagar,Hyderabad
Professor of Entomology
Dr.M.Rama Rao
S.Y.Agricultural College, Tirupati
University Head, Dept.of Horticulture
Dr.G.J.Moses and Assoc.Director of Research
Professor of Plant Pathology Regional Agricultural Research
S.Y.Agricultural College, Tirupati Station, Lam,Guntur (Dist.)
Dr.K.A.Balasubrahmanian Dr.K.Venkata Raju
Professor of Plant Pathology Univ.Head, Dept. of Soil Science &
Agricultural College, Bapatla Agril. Chemistry and Assoc.Director
of Research, Regional Agricultural
Dr.G.P.Y.Reddy
Research Station, Nandyal,
Professor of Entomology
Kumool Dist.
Agricultural College, Bapa}la
Dr.C.Raja Reddy
Dr.B.Laxmi Reddy
Professor of Plant Breeding
Professor of Extension Education
S.Y.Agricultural College, Tirupati.
S.Y.Agricultural College, Tirupati
Dr.K.C.Mohan Kumar
Dr.A.N arayanan
Coordinator, Regional Biogas
Professor of Plant Physiology
Training Centre
Agricultural College, Bapatla
Dr.V.T.Raju
Dr.S.M.Kondap
Professor of Agricultural Economics
Professor of Agronomy
Agricultural College, Bapatla
Agricultural College, Bapatla.
7
Dr.A.Nageswara Rao Dr.V.Ravindra Reddy
Professor of Agricultural Economics Professor of Poultry Science
S.V.AgriI.College, Tirupati. College of Vety.Science
Sri A.C.Venkateswarlu
Assoc.Professor & Head Dr.G.Veeraraghavan
Dept.of English Professor of Animal Nutrition
Agricultural College, Bapatla. College of Vety.Science
Dr.G.Bheemaiah
Assoc.Professor & Head Dr.A.S.N.Murthy
Dept.of Forestry Professor of Physiology
College of Agriculture College of Vety.Science
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Rajendranagar,Hyderabad.
FACULTY OF VETERINARY Dr.P .C.Chowdhary
SCIENCE Professor of Medicine
College of Vety.Science, Tirupati
Dr.P.Rama Rao
Professor of Pathology Late Dr.A.Janardhan
College of Vety.Science, Tirupati upto 20-2-1993
Professor of Pharmacology
Dr.M.Rama Rao
College of Vety.Science
Professor of Dairy Science
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Dr.K.Narasaiah Naidu
Professor of Dairy Science
Dr. U.B.Singh
Professor of Anatomy
College of Vety.Science Dr.M.V.Subba Rao
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad Professor of Microbiology
College of Vety.Science, Tirupati.
Dr.B.Yadagiri
Professor of Physiolo'gy Dr.Md.Hafeez
College of Vety.Science Professor of Parasitology
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad College of Vety.Science, Tirupati
Dr.A.A.Gaffat· Dr.M.Sreenivasa Reddy
Professor of Medicine Assoc.Professor & Head
College of Vety.Science Dept.of Meat Science and
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Technology
Dr.R.L.Narsimha Rao Rajendranagar,Hyderabad.
Professor of Surgery
8
Dr.A.Srirama Murthy Dr.(Mrs.)A.Laxmi Devi
Senior Scientist, AICRP on Poultry Assoc.Professor & Head
for Eggs and University Head, Dept. Dept.of Extension Education
of Genetics and Animal Breeding College of Home Science
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Hyderabad.
Dr.K.Chaitanyam Dr.T.R.Rayalu
Profcssor of Poultry Scicnce Assoc.Professor & Head
College of Vety.Science, Tirupati. Dept. of Human Development and
Family Studies, College of Home
Dr.V.Prabhakar Rao
Science, Hyderabad.
Professor & Head
Dept. of Genetics & Animal Dr.(Mrs.) S.Renuka
Breeding, College of Vety. Science Assoc.Professor & Head
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. Dept.of Family Resource Manage-
ment, College of Home Science,
Dr.K.Somascl{hal'a Reddy
Hyderabad.
Assoc.Professor & Head
Dept.of Pharmacology PRINCIPALS
Dr.M.Ranga Reddy
Principal, College of Agriculture
Dr.K.Krishna Reddy Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Assoc.Professor & Head
Dr.S.Rami Reddy
Dept.of Physiology
Principal, S.Y,Agricultural College
Tirupati
Dr.V.Sudhcer Chandra Reddy
Dr.R.N .PilIai
Professor & Head. Dept. of Animal
Principal, Agricultural College
Reproduction & Gynaecology
Bapatla
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. Dr.V.Sreerama Murthy
Principal, Agricultural College. Naira
Dr.A.Venkatamuni Chetty
Assoc.Professor Dr.S.Chandrasekhar Reddy upto
Dept.of Animal Reproduction and 23-8-1992, and Dr.K.Anand Reddy
Gynaecology, College of Vety. from 24-8-1992 onwards
Science, Tirupati. Principals, Agricultural College,
Aswaraopet, Khammam Dist.
FACULTY OF HO~IE SCIENCE
Dr.M.S.Saundara Rajan
Dr.(Mrs.) P.Geervani
Principal, Agricultural College
Professor & Univ.Head
Nandyal, Kurnool Dist.
Dept.of Foods and Nutrition
P.G.and Research Centre
9
Dr.M.Raj Reddy Dr.N.Sreerama Reddy
Principal, College of Vety.Science Senior Scientist (Rice)
Rajendranagar, H yderabad. Agricultural Research Station,
Maruteru, West Godavari Dist.
Dr.O.Rama Krishna
Principal, College of Vety.Science Dr.S.Rama Pandu
Tirupati Coordinator, P & M Cell
Administrative Office
Dr.M.Babu Rao
A.P.Agril.University
Principal, College of Fishery Science
Muthukur, Nellore Dist.
CO-OPTED MEMBERS
Dr.(Mrs.) R.Vatsala
Principal, College of Home Science Dr.P.R.K.Reddy
Hyderabad Dean of Life Sciences
University of Hyderabad
Dr.(Mrs.) Vijaya Khader
Gacchibowli, Hyderabad
Principal, College of Home Science
Bapatla. Dr.E.A.Siddiq
Project Director
Dr.A.Rameshwar
Directorate of Rice Research
Principal, Agricultural Polytechnic
College, Palem, Mahbubnagar Dist.
Dr.V.Satyanarayana
Dr.K.S.V.V.Siva Rao
Retd.Professor & Univ.Head
Principal, College of Agricultural
Dept.of Agronomy,APAU
Engineering, Bapatla.
OTHER MEMBERS
Dr.I.Irulappan
Dr.M.Velayutham Dean of Horticulture
Asst.Director General (Soils) Horticultural College &
ICAR,Krishi Bhavan Research Institute,
New Delhi-II 0001 Tamilnadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore
Prof.B.Ramachandra Rao
Chairman, Fisheries Association & Prof.M.L.Kanta Rao
Former Vice-Chairman of UGC Director, (Former Principal & Head,
Visakhapatnam-530 003 Dept.of Rural Development)
Sri Krishna Devaraya University,
Dr.D.B.Eswara Reddy Anantapur
University Librarian, APAU
Rajendranagar,Hyderabad Dr.Ramesh Bhatt
Asst.Director, National Institute
Dr.H.S.Nagaraja Rao of Nutrition, Tarnaka
Senior Scientist, Agricultural Hyderabad
Research Institute
10
Dr.(Mrs.) Nirmala Thyagarajan Dr.A.Padmaraju
Principal Assoc.Director of Research
Queen Mary's College Regional Agril.Research Station
Madras Anakapalle(Vizag Dist.)
Dr.D.Rajagopal Rao Dr.A.R.Rao
Chairman, Food Science Division Professor of Physiology
CFTRI College of Veterinary Medicine
Mysore Haryana Agril.University, Hissar.
4. University Heads Of Departmellts
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
Agronomy Dr.M.Ranga Reddy

Professor, Dept. of Agronomy
Genetics & Plant Breeding Dr.C.Raja Reddy
Professor, Dept.of Genetics & Plant Breeding
S.V.Agricultural College, Tirupati
Soil Scinece & Agril.Chemistry Dr.K.Venkat Raju
Associate Director of Research
Regional Agril.Research Station
Nandyal, Kurnool Dist.
Bio-ChemistJy Dr.A.Rameshwar
Associate Director of Research
Regional Agricultural Research Station
Pal em, Mahbubnagar Dist.
Entomology Dr.P .Kameshwara Rao
Professor, Dept.of Entomology
S.V.AgriI.College, Tirupati
Agricultural Economics Dr.P .B.Parthasarathi
Professor, Dept.of Agril. Economics
11
Agricultural Engineering Dr.K.S.V.V.Siva Rao
Professor, Dept.of Agril. Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering
Bapatla.
Plal1t Physioiogl' Dr.A.Narayanan
Professor, Dept. of Plant Physiology
Plant PatilO/obTY Dr.K.A.Bala Subrahmanian
Professor, Dept.of Plant Pathology
Horticulture Dr.M.Rama Rao
Assoc.Director of Research
Regional Agril. Research Station
Lam, Guntur Dis!.
Extension Education Dr.P. Venkataramaiah
Professor, Dept.of Extension Education
Statistics & Mathematics Dr.G.Nageswara Rao
Professor, Dept.of Statistics & Mathematics
College of Agriculture,
Foresfly Dr.G.Bheemaiah
Assoc.Professor of Forestry
College of Agriculture,
English Sri. A.C.Venkateswarlu
Assoc.Professor, Dept.of English
lvIicrobiology & Bio-energy Dr.K.C.Mohan Kumar
Coordinator, Regional Bio Gas
Training and Development Centre,
FACULTY OF VETERLTVARY SCIENCE
Anatomy Dr.U.B.Singh
Professor, Dept.of Anatomy
12
Animal Nutrition Dr.G.Veeraraghavan
Professor, Dept.of Animal Nutrition
Animal Reproduction & Dr.A.Ramamohan Rao 6-7-92 to 31-1-1993
Gynaecology and
Dr.A.Venkata Munichetty upto 5-7-92 and
from 1-2-93 onwards.
Professor, Dept.of Animal Reproduction & Gy-
naecology
Daily Science Dr.M.Rama Rao upto 30-4-93.
Professor, Dept.of Dairy Science
College ofVety.Science
Dr.K.Narsaiah Naidu from 1-5-93 onwards
Professor, Dept.of Dairy Science
College ofVety.Science, Tirupati
Feed and Fodder Technology Dr.M.Raj Reddy
Professor, Dept.of Feed and Fodder Technology
Genetics and Animal Breeding Dr.A.Srirama Murthy
Senior Scientist (AICRP on poultry for eggs)
Dept.of Genetics and Animal Breeding
Meat Science & Technology Dr.M.Srinivasa Reddy
Assoc.Professor, Dept.of Meat Science
and Technology, College of Vety.Science
Medicine Dr.P .C.Chowdhary
Professor, Dept.of Medicine
Tirupati.
Microbiology Dr.M.V.Subba Rao
Professor, Dept.of Microbiology
College of Vety .Science
Tirupati.
13
Parasitology Dr.Mohd.Hafeez
Professor, Dept.of Parasitology
Pathology Dr.P.Rama Rao
Professor, Dept.of Pathology
Pharmacology Dr.A.1anardhan
Professor, Dept.of Pharmacology
Physiology DLR.R.Reddy upto 8-2-1993
DLB.Yadagiri from 9-2-93 onwards.
Professor, Dept.of Physiology
College of Vety .Science
Poultry Science Dr.V.Ravindra Reddy
Professor, Dept.of Poultry Science
SurgelY Dr.O .Ramakrishna
Professor, Dept.of Surgery
FishelY Science Dr.M.Babu Rao
Professor, Fishery Science
College of Fishery Science
Muthukur, Nellore Dist.
FACULTY OF HOlvfE SCIENCE
Foods and Nutrition DL(Mrs.) P.Geervani

Professor, Dept.of Foods and Nutrition
P.G.and Research Centre
Textiles and Clothing Dr.(Mrs.) R.Vatsala
Professor, Department of Textiles & Clothing
College of Home Science
Saifabad, Hyderabad
14
Human Development and Dr.(Mrs.) T.R.Rayalu
Family Studies Assoc.Professor, Dept.of Human Development
and Family Studies, College of Home Science
Saifabad,Hyderabad
Family Resource j\;/al1agement Dr.(Mrs.) S.Renuka
Assoc.Professor, Dept.of Family Resource
Management, College of Home Science
Saifabad,Hyderabad.
Extension Education Dr.(Mrs.) A.Laxmi Devi
Assoc.Professor
Dept.of Extension Education
College of Home Science
Saifabad,Hyderabad.
B. MEETING OF THE AUTHORITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY
i. Board of Management
The Board of Management met six times during the year. The Dates
and Venues of the Board meetings are given below:
Date Venue
03-08-1992 Kidwai cottage, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
01-10-1992 Administrative Office, APAU,
28-11-1992 Administrative Office, A.P.A.D.
23-01-1993 College of Vety.Science, Tirupati
I
20-03-1993 College of Home Science, Hyderabad.

17-05-1993 College of Home Science, Hyderabad
15
The following major decisions were taken.
Board ,
S. meeting Board s Decision
No N o. Res.No.&Date
1. 112 4529 Sri P .Bhaskara Prasad, lAS, was appointed on

1-10-1992 deputation as Registrar on foreign service terms
for a period of 2 years from 18-8-1992 AN.
2. 112 4608 Transfer of Sheep Breeding Farm Mah-

1-10-1992 boobnagar from Animal Husbandry Dept. to
APAU.
3. 113 4638 The employees appointed prior to 5- 10-1981

28-11-1992 and who have only 5 years of service to retire
on the date of promotion have been exempted
from passing of the prescribed Accounts Test
for second and subsequent stages of promotion.
4. 113 4639 The employees are provided facility for

28-11-1992 reimbursement of expenses to the extent of Rs
50,000/- towards medical treatment for major
diseases at Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences
subject to certain procedure.
5. 113 4650 Implementation of Automatic Advancement

28-11-1992 Scheme in Revised Pay Scales,1986 on
completion of 22 years of service to the
non-teaching employees as in Govt.
6. 114 4667' Proposals for starting Agril. Polytechnic Col-

23-1-1993 lege at Regl.Agri.Res. Stations in the
University were approved.
7. 115 4681 The Board considered the proposal for award

20-3-1993. of a good memento and citation for the
meritorious teachers/scientists before
retirement.
8. 115 4709 Implementation of Career Advancement

20-3-1993 Scheme for teachers in the cadre of
Asst.Professor of the University.
16
9. 115 4711 Proposal of multidisciplinary research units
20-3-1993 comprising of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry,
Home Science, Horticulture, Sericulture etc.
according to the location specific needs at all
RegLAgri.Res. Stations is approved.
10. 115 4712 Adoption of Govt.Orders for sanction of
20-3-1993 quantum of exgratia to be paid to distressed
family of the deceased employee where the
relief by way of appointment of the dependents
cannot be considered.
ii. Academic Council
The Academic Council met twice on 11-1-1993 and 28--4-- 1993 during
the period. The major decisions taken at these meetings are indicated below:
- The facility to conduct re-examination to final 'year students who had

only one failed course to complete the graduation requirements is
withdrawn, because of the practical difficulties involved in the conduct
of re-examination.
- Approved the number of seats proposed to be provided during 1992-93
in Ph.D. programme.
- In persuance of High Court Judgement, approved the following
provision related to reservations for admission into Ph.D. programme
to be included in the prospectus. 15%, 6% and 25% or the seats in
a Faculty notified for admission of fresh candidmes shall be resencd
for SCs, STs and BCs, respectively.
- It is also decided ,that the rule of reservation shall continue to be
applied separately in the case of admission of inservice teachers to
Ph.D. programme.
- The Council has agreed to reserve not more than 2 seats for admission
of inservice Research Assistants!Agril.Assistants of AP A U in
M.Sc.(Ag.) over and above the normal intake without insisting on
entrance test.
- Approved the guidelines with modifications related to the admission
of inservice candidates into M.Sc. (Ag.) courses.
17
The guidelines approved are as follows:
1. Research AssistantslAsst.Research Officers or equivalent cadres

working in AP AU with a minimum of 5 years of service in the
respective cadre are eligible .
11. Candidate must have passed B.Sc.(Ag.) examination with 50% marks
in traditional system or an O.G.P.A. of 2.50/4.00 or 7.0/10.00 under
grade point system.
The SC/ST candidates with 40% marks in traditional system or an
OGPA of 2.00/4.00 or 6:50/10.00 in Grade Point System are eligible.
111. The upper age limit shall be 45 years as on 1st July of the year of
admission.
IV. The weightage for B.Sc.(Ag.) marks and Service is as follows.
B.Sc.(Ag.) 50 marks
Service 50 marks
(3 marks for each
year of service)
Total: 100 marks
18
Chapter III
TEACHING
A. ACADEMIC HIGHLIGHTS
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University has 13 teaching institutes un-

der three faculties. There are six Agricultural colleges,two colleges each of
Veterinary Science and Home Science,one College each of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Fishery Science and Agricultural Polytechnic. The Colleges with their
location and courses offered are furnished in the table 1.
Table I: TEACHING INSTITUTES OF APAU
---------------~---------- -----------
S.No. Teaching Institutes & Location Programmes offcr.ed
Faculty of Agriculture
1. College of Agriculture,R'Nagar ,Hyd-30 B.Sc.,(Ag.),B.Sc.(Hort.).,
M.Sc.(Ag), M.Sc.(Hort.) and
Ph.D.
2. Agricultural College, Bapatla - B.Sc.(Ag.);M.sc.(Ag.) and
522 101 ,Guntur DISt. Ph.D.
S.V.AAricultural College, Tirupati - B.Sc.(Ag.); ivLSc.(Ag.) and
517 )02, Chirtoor Dist. Ph.D.
4. Agricultural College, Aswaraopet - B.Sc.(Ag.)
507 306, Khammam Dist.
5. Agricultural College, Naira -532 185, B.Sc.(Ag.)
Srikakulam Dist.
6. Agricultural College, Mahanandi, B.Sc.(Ag.)
Nandyal - 518513, KurJ,lool Dist.
7. College of Agricultural Engineering, B.Tech. (AgriI.Engg.)
Bapat1a 522 101, Guntur Dist.
8. Agricultural Polytechnic,Regional Agril. Diploma in Agriculture
Research Station, Palem - 509315,
Mahboobnagar Dist.
Faculty of Veterinary Science
9. College of Vety. Science,R'Nagar B.V.Sc. & A.H., M.V.Sc and
Hyd-30 Ph.D.
10. College of Vety. Science,Tirupati - B.V.Sc. & A.H., B.Tech.
517 502 Chittoor Dist. (Dairying) M.V.Sc and Ph.D.
19
II. College of Fishery Science,Muthukur - B.F.Sc
524 344 Nellore Dist.
Faculty of Home Science
12. College of Home Science,Saifabad, B.H.Sc(Rural), M.Sc(H.Sc.)
Hyd- 4 and Ph.D.
13. College of Home Science,Bapatla - B.H.Sc. (Rural)
522 10 LGuntur Dist.
The organisational set up of teaching institutes is depicted in flow chart-

2. During the academic year, 908 students were admitted in the undergraduate
courses in the three faculties - 571 in Agriculture, 191 in Veterinary Science
and 146 in Home Science. Out of 908 students admitted in the undergraduate
courses, the girl students comprised of 182, 43 and 146 in the faculties of Ag-
riculture, Veterinary Science and Home Science respectively. In the Master's
degree programmes, a total number of 248 students were admitted, of which
138 students were in Agriculture, 76 in Veterinary science and 34 in Home
Science. Out of 57 students admitted in Ph.D. programmes, there were 43 stu-
dents in Agriculture, lOin Veterinary Science and 4 in Home Science. Be-
sides the above students, 39 students were admitted in Agricultural Polytechnic
course.
During the academic year, 1992-93, eight hundred and sixteen students
have passed out of the portals of the APAU. In Agriculture faculty, a total
number of 510 students comprising of 328 under-graduates,152 post-graduates
and 30 Ph.Ds. have completed their courses. Among the !99 students passed
out in Veterinary facuity, 123 were under-graduates,7! post-graduates and 5
Ph.Ds. In Home Science faculty 107 students comprising of 76 under-gradu-
ates 28 post-graduates and 3 Ph.Ds. took their degrees. In addition, 40 stu-
dents obtained their Diploma in Agriculture. Out of 709 outgoing students in
the faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 130,75 and 7 girl students
I
obtained their under-graduate, post-graduate and Ph.D degrees respectively. The
particulrs of students admitted during the year 1992-93, total number of stu-
dents on rolls and the out turn under various degree programmes are presented
in Table 2.
20
Table 2: Admissions, Strength and out turn of students under various pro-
grammes during the year 1992-93.
S.No. Faculty No. of students No.of students Out turn

admitted on rolls
"-
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
I. AGRICULTURE
B.Sc.(Ag.) 354 171 525 1198 606 1804 212 105 317
B.Sc.(Horticulture) 13 10 23 60 33 93 6 4 10
B.Tech.(Ag. 22 1 23 68 11 79 1
Engineering)
,)
M.Sc.(Agriculture) 81 54 135 193 87 280 ou 63 151
M.Sc.(Horticulture) '"
.) 0 3 8 2 10 1
Ph.D. 24 19 43 78 46 124 23 7 30
Diploma in 37 2 39 77 2 79 40 40
Agriculture
II. VETERINARY SCIENCE
B.V.Sc. & A.H. 126 35 161 485 117 602 92 20 112
B.Tech (Dairying) 7 5 12 31 12 43 10 1 11
B.F.Sc. 15 .)'" 18 15 '"
.) 18 15 3 18
M.V.Sc. 64 12 76 131 26 157 59 12 71
Ph.D. 10 10 22 2 24 5 5
III. HOME SCIENCE
B.H.Sc. 146 146 361 361 76 76
M.Sc. 34 34 60 60 28 28
Ph.D. 4 4 10 10 '"
.) 3
The college wise details of adm issions,out turn and the students strength
are furnished in Anncxures II and III. The details of teachers working in vari-
ous colleges arc given in t:.tb1c 3.
21
Table 3: Details of teachers working in various colleges of APAU.
S.No. Name and ~Iace of the Professor Assoc. Asst. Total

col ege Professor Professor
S.S I.P. S.S. I.P. S.S. I.P. S.S. I.P

1. Co~lege of Agriculture, 12 10 32 28 82 75 126 113
RaJendra Nagar.
2. Agricultural College, Bapatla 8 8 9 8 78 52 95 68
3. S.V.Agricultural College, 7 6 10 6 61 46 78 58
Tirupati.
4. Agricultural College, 1 1 11 10 21 9 33 20
Aswaraopet
5. Agricultural College , 1 1 11 8 21 8 33 17
Naira
6. Agricultural College, 1 8 8 7 3 16 12
Mahanandi,Nandyal
7. College of AricuItural 1 5 5 10 4 16 10
Engineering, apatla.
8. Agricultural Polytechnic 1 "
.) 1 4 1
College,Palem
9. Co liege of Veterinary 9 7 22 19 66 58 97 84
Science,Rajendranagar
10. College of Veterinary 11 9 20 16 63 48 94 73
Science,Tirupathi
11. Co)lege of Fishery 1 1 3 6 2 10 3
SCience, Muthukuru
12. College of Home 4 4 8 8 33 33 45 45
Science, Hyderabad
13. College of Home 1 "
.) 6 3 10 4
Science, Bapatla
22
B.TEACHING INSTITUTES
1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
RAJENDRANAGAR
The College was started in the year 1946 to impart agricultural education
at graduate and post-graduate level and meet the technical manpower needs of
the Telangana region of erstwhile Nizam state. The college which was earlier
under Os mania University was brought under A.P. Agricultural University in
the year 1964. The following degree programmes are offered now in the Col-
lege:
B.Sc.(Ag.), B.Sc.(Hort.), M.Sc.(Ag.), M.Sc. (Hort.) and Ph.D.
Principal
Dr.M.Ranga Reddy
Admissions and Out turn
A total number of 243 students comprising of 114 in B.Sc.(Ag.), 23 in

B.Sc.(Hort.), 66 in M.Sc.(Ag.), 6 in M.Sc.(Hort.) and 34 in Ph.D. were admit-
ted during the year 1992-93. Among the students on rolls in different degree
programmes, there are 480 students in B.Sc. (Ag), 93 in B.Sc.(Hort), 134 in
M.Sc.(Ag), lOin M.Sc.(Hort.) and 114 in Ph.D. During the period under re-
port, a total of 204 students comprising of 97 students in B.Sc.(Ag.), 10 in
B.Sc. (Hort.), 66 in M.Sc. (Ag.), 1 in M.Sc.(Hort.) and 30 in Ph.D. have
passed out from the College.
Scholarships anc;J Endowments
S.No. Name of the scholarship N o.of recipients

1. Govt.of India post-matric scholarships to SCs 66
2. Govt.of India post-matric scholarships to STs 34
3. State post-matric scholarships to listed backward 46
castes(LBCs)
4. State post-intermediate scholarships to 42
economically poor persons (EPPs)
5. Book and Dress allowances for SC students 119
23
6. Essential text-books to ST students 30
7. Scholarship for physically handicapped student 01
8. Coromandel 'Gromor' scholarships 03
9. National merit scholarships 07
10. Stipend to post-graduate students 159
11. CSIR fellowship to Ph.D. students 22
12. lCAR senior fellowship to Ph.D. students 03
13. lCAR junior fellowship to M.Sc. students 01
14. Stipend to Sub-Assistants of Dept. of Agriculture 12
15. Stipend to VDOs studying B.Sc.(Ag) 20
16. Scholarships to UG and PG students from other 04
sources
Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) Programme

One hundred and twenty seven students of B.Sc.(Ag.) final year were
sent to 30 villages for one semester under Rural Agricultural Work Experience
Programme. They were attached to 127 host farmers and a total amount of
Rs.13.35 lakhs was spent towards the stipend of students under this programme.
Students welfare
There are three hostels in the campus, one for post-graduates with 157
rooms and two for under-graduate students with 250 and 300 rooms respec-
tively. During the year 130 post-graduate and 450 under-graduate students
were accommodated in these hostels. Medical services were available in the
campus throughout the year.
Student activities
The students participated in various actIVItIeS like NCC, NSS, games &
sports and cultural programmes. The 'World Food Day' was celebrated on 16-
10-1992. Essay writing and elocution competitions on 'Prevention of Food
grain losses' and 'Perspectives of kitchen gardening in urban areas' were con-
ducted and the winners were given prizes. The students were also given cer-
tificates of merit for their contribution to UNICEF through the sale of greeting
cards worth of Rs.9000/- during January, 1993.
24
N.e.e.
During the year under report, 137 students of the college were enrolled
in NCC. Six NCC cadets of the college took part in Republic Day Celebra-
tions at New Delhi and participated in the equestrian competitions. Sri S.Y.K.
Chandrasekhar, B.Sc. (Hart). final year student won two gold medals and one
bronze medal in addition to the 'Best tent pegging' trophy. Sri Satyakam
Goswami, B.Sc. (Ag.) III yr student won silver medal in tent pegging, while
Kum Ch. Karunasree, B.Sc. (Ag.) final year student won silver medal in the
competitions meant for girls.
National Service Scheme
Most of the Southern block of the college campus was cleared from un-
wanted plants under the regular NSS activities. A special NSS camp was or-
ganised for 10 days at Mahanandi, Nandyal and 105 students including 30 girls
participated in the camp. The NSS volunteers collected soil samples from Ag-
ricultural College farm, Mahanandi and analysed them at Regional Soil Testing
Laboratory, Nandyal. The soil samples from banana fields suspected for nema-
tode infestation around Mahanandi were collected and sent to the specialist in
nematology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar for identification. The
feeder tanks and temple area were cleaned and several pits were dug at temple
for planting coconut trees. Pest and rodent control demonstrations were con-
ducted in standing crops viz., rice, groundnut, red gram , vegetables in Rytuna-
garam, Deepugunta and Babanagar villages and the latest techniques in rodent
control were explained to the farmers. The volunteers and teachers educated
the farmers on simple techniques to assess the quality of seed. A mass educa-
tion programme on AIDS, communicable diseases and immunisation was con-
ducted in Gopavaram, Gangavaram and Babanagar villages in collaboration with
UNICEF and Directorate of family welfare and health. 'Save Grain Campaign'
was also conducted in. these villages. The girl NSS volunteers held discussions
with local women and educated them regarding the welfare programmes at dis-
trict, state and national level. They also collected the data on 'Role of women
in agriculture' and handed over to the Extension specialists to analyse the data.
Games and Sports
The Inter-collegiate tournaments of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Univer-

sity were conducted at Rajendranagar campus from 11-11-1992 to 14-11-1992
and the college teams participated in atheltic meet and games. Sri Sudhakar
Reddy M.Sc. (Ag.) student claimed the individual championship for the year
1992-93. The basket ball team won the tournament, besides finishing runners
up in chess and throw-ball for girls. Three atheltes and 14 sportsmen of
25
cricket, basket-ball, volley-ball, hockey, ball-badminton, shuttle-badminton and
chess represented the university in inter- university tournaments held at various
places by the Association of Indian Universities.
College Farm
The college farm consists of a total area of 199.6 ha out of which 53.0
ha is allotted for students farm. The cultivable area under college and stu-
dents' farms was 50.5 and 28.0 ha respectively. During the year J 992-93,
38.4 ha and 27.5 ha were cultivated in kharif and rab i seasons respectively.
Various crops like paddy, wheat, maize, jowar, redgram,greengram,black-
gram,horsegram,soybean,sunflower,safflower,groundnut, mustard,cotton,castor and
vegetables like brinjal, tomato, green- peas, green chillies etc., were grown in
the farm. The yield of paddy and wheat ranged from 35.44 to 35.83 q/ha and
16.18 to 16.36 q/ha respectively, while for castor, the range was 3.45 to 3.62
q/ha. The total receipts under the sale of produce and miscellaneous items
was Rs 3,09,8921- against the total expenditure incurred Rs 6,57,81 I.
Research activities of the Departments

Agronomy
In the studies for maximisation of yields in rice-groundnut crop sequence,

application of green manure (sunhemp) @10 t/ha to rice variety 'Tellahamsa'
increased the grain yield by 26 per cent over no green manure. Application of
fertilizers @ 120:60:45 kg NPK/ha to rice crop and 30:60:40 kg NPK +S/ha to
succeeding groundnut crop gave maximum net returns. The pod yield of
groundnut crop succeeding rice was increased by 1 I per cent due to residual
effect of green manure applied to rice.
The effect of phosphorus fertilization on legume crops and their residual

effect on nitrogen requirement of succeeding rabi maize was studied in sandy
clay loam soil. Application of phosphorus @ 30 kg P20s/ha did not show
any beneficial effect on greengram, cowpea and bajra, but increased the
groundnut yield during kharif season. However,growing of legume crops dur-
ing kharif benefitted the succeeding maize crop during raM The net profits
were maximum from groundnut-maize, while bajra-maize was least profit-
able.
Ploughing with tractor drawn mould board plough followed by disc har-
rowingirotavator resulted in optimum yield of rabi grown blackgram, groundnut,
sunflower and castor. Cultivation of groundnut after kharif rice fetched higher
monetary returns.
26
Combined application of 50 kg P205, 150 kg calcium and 50 kg sulphur
per ha, seed treatment with cobalt nitrate @ 500 mg/kg of seed,two foliar
sprays of cobalt nitrate @ 500 mgll at 35 and 70 DAS along with scheduling
of irrigations at 0.5 IW/CPE upto flowering and thereafter at 1.00 IW/CPE till
maturity was found profitable to obtain optimum pod yields of groundnut crop
grown in summer.
Department of Genetics & Plallt Breeding
Two promising thermosensitive genetic male sterile lines (MSM 65- 2

and MSM 39-4) were identified and their potential use in hybrid rice" pro-
gramme was studied. Different varieties of rice were studied for their response
to three biotypes of gallmidge wherein a single dominant gene was involved in
the resistance to all the biotypes.
The cross between IR 58025 A and Swarna was found to be promising

in heterosis and combining ability.
In the studies on heterosis and combining ability in sorghum involving

induced photo-insensitive mutants,resulted in the identification of three testers
(3466-1, 2398-2 and 2593-2) and one line (CK 60A) as the best general com-
biners.
Studies on groundnut genotypes differing in canopy development indicated

that canopy type can be used as an index in breeding for stability of yield
performance.
The sesame hybrids DORS-I02 X Madhuri, DORS 112 X Gouri, DORS

106 X Tapi, DORS 179 X Madhavi and DORS 179 X Tapi were observed to
exhibit highly significant & Ca effects and heterosis for seed yield. They of-
fer better scope for use in future breeding programmes.
In sunflower, one male sterile line CMS 386 and two restorer lines RHA
265 and RHA 9-12 R were identified as good general combiners. Two hy-
brids (CMS 7-1 A X RHA 9-12R and CMS 336 X RHA 265) were found to
be the best specific crosses for yield/plant. Studies on heterosis and combining
ability resulted in identification of the hybrid IE 28 X Ib2 with highest het-
i erosis for seed yield/plant (81.8%).
Seed Sciellce and Tee/mology
Water soaking followed by sodium phosphate treatment of blackgram

seeds resulted in significant improvement of yield. Pod grading, followed by
27
invigoration with H20, KN03 1% and SSP 2% were found to increase the
yield of groundnut.
Pre-soaking the seed in 250 ppm of ethrel was found to improve germi-
nation and yield of substandard seed of sorghum, maize and sunflower. A
minimum of 56% germination in CSH 5 and 84% germination in CSH 9 were
found desirable to realise higher yields.
In sunflower, large seed was found to be preferable for improving germi-

nation, vigour, growth and yield.
Horticulture
Research on dwarfing of mango, cropping systems in ber, temporal

diecism, ecophynology of establishment of natural stands of custard apple, col-
lection and evaluation of germplasm of custard apple, plant propagation includ-
ing tissue culture are in progress.
Microbiology and bio-energy
Sesbania rostrata, a good green manure crop was observed to nodulate

profusely on stems under flooded conditions. Efforts are being made to isolate
rhizobia from stem and root nodules and compare them with other rhizobial
strains.
In the project on "Role of lactic acid bacteria in improving the microbial

quality of meat and meat products", several lactic cultures which inhibited the
meat spoilage bacteria like Salmonella etc., were isolated. The most effective
lactic cultures isolated and purified from different sources like Tamarindus in-
dicus fruits are being tested for improving the quality of meat and meat prod-
ucts.
In the project on "Physico-chemical studies on soil enzymes", procedure

for assay of rhodase was standardised. The clay urea enzyme complex retained
major part of the activity.
Pot culture experiments on the actiVIty of phosphate and dehydrogenase

with maize and groundnut showed that the activity of urease, phosphatase and
dehydrogenase under flooded condition with transplanted rice has sharply in-
creased upto 40 DAT,declined gradually upto 80 DAT and stabilised to original
levels at harvest.
28
Forestry
The four years of study on "Evaluation of agri-silviculture system with

''Acacia alb ida " showed that the tree Acacia albida did not adversely influence
the yields of intercrops viz., sunflower, castor and redgram. The arable crops
also did not show marked effect on the growth of the tree indicating compati-
bility between the tree and the campanion crops.
The two years of study on "Evaluation of different management practices

for arable crops interplanted with Sisso" revealed that neither the yields of ar-
able crops viz., sunflower, castor and redgram nor the growth of Sisso were
very much affected except during second year wherein the yield of redgram
was considerably reduced because of its competition with the trees for natural
resources.
Studies on "Tree crop interactions in ber-aromatic grasses intercropping

system" being conducted for the last three years revealed that neither the ber
trees nor the aromatic grasses had any marked effect on growth and yield of
their companion crops.
The studies on "Compatibility of arable crops associated 'Yith ber" indi-

cated that the yields of underplanted arable crops were not affected with the
growth of ber when compared to the yields of respective sole crops.
Castor grown as intercrop in association with subabul performed well and

gave higher yield than sole crop of castor.
Studies on (1) Response of sunflower to different management practices

in association with silver oak (2) Teak management under different irrigation
and fertilization management practices (3) Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus on
different crops (4) Silvipastoral system with Acacia holeseracea and (5) Teak
based forestry system are in progress.
Extellsioll activities
The departments of Soil Science and Entomology have conducted the fol-
lowing training programmes to the officials of State Agricultural Department
I during the year 1992-93.
o Soil testing, fertilizer and water use.

o Integrated nutrient management for maximisation of sustainable
crop production.
o Soil problems affecting crop productivity and their management.
29
o Diagnostic techniques in plant protection including deficiencies.
o Pest surveillance - forecasting and pest monitoring.
The staff of the Department of Plant Physiology visited grape and mango
orchards and identified mineral nutrient deficiencies of zinc, iron and magne-
sium. The farmers were advised to spray zinc sulphate O.5%,ferric ammonium
citrate 0.01% and magnesium sulphate 0.1 %.
Plant protection advisory work was carried out by the staff of the Dept.
of Plant Pathology and suitable remedial measures for the control of plant dis-
eases were suggested to the farmers. The Professor & Head, Dept. of Plant
Pathology was authorised by the Directorate of Plant Quarantine and Storage
for the post-entry quarantine inspection of the imported seed and plant material
of oilpaIm and was designated as, 'Inspection authority'. The oil palm seed
sprouts from Costa Rica, IRHO, France and other places which were planted in
Krishna, East and West Godavari districts were inspected during the period un-
der report.
The staff of the Department of Horticulture have responded to various

letters addressed by the farmers regarding the problems in various horticultural
crops.
The teachers of Entomology department visited the farms, examined the

infested samples brought by the farmers and suggested remedial measures.
The staff of the Dept. of Agronomy advised the farmers regarding suit-
abi~ cropping systems, high yielding crop varieties, management practices,
weedicides, fertiliser levels to be applied etc.,
Other activities
The Dept. of Entomology organised summer institute on "Advances In
Entomology with special reference to pulses and oilseeds" from 17-5-1993 to 5-
6-1993.
The staff of the Depts. of Agril. Economics, Horticulture and Forestry

delivered special lectures as resource persons in the sister institutions like
NIRD, WALAMTARI, DRR, CPPTI, IGS, SIRD,State Cooperative Training In-
stitute, Bank Officers, FROs, DFOs and Agril. Officers.
30
..~:.. :'.
2. Agricultural College, Bapatla

Agricultural College,Bapatla was started in the year 1945 with an intake
capacity of 96 students, which was later raised to 160 from the year 1966. The
College offers B.Sc.(Ag.) and M.Sc.(Ag.) programmes in agriculture. During
the academic year 1992-93, Ph.D. programme was started in the departments of
Plant Pathology and Plant Physiology.
Principal
Dr.R.N.PilIai

One hundred and sixty four students in B.Sc.(Ag.) and 50 students in
M.Sc.(Ag.) were admitted during the year 1992-93. Out of the total number
of 671 students on rolls,568 were undergraduate,97 M.Sc.and 6 Ph.D. students.
During the year, 122 B.Sc.(Ag.) and 51 M.Sc.(Ag.) students passed out from
the college.
Scholarships and Endowments
S.No. Name of the scholarship No. of recipients

1. Govt. of India,post-matric scholarships to SCs 68
2. Govt. of India post-matric scholarships to STs 21
i
13. Govt. of India post-matric scholarships to 1
! Harijan Christian
State post-matri~ scholarships to listed 71
backward castes (LBCs)
State post-matric scholarships to DNTs 8
:6.
!
Post-matric scholarships to economically poor 39
! persons (EPPs)
7., National merit scholarships . 8
9. Stipends to VDOs deputed for studying 7
B.Sc.(Ag.)
10. Stipend to P.G.students 95
31
1l. Dress and book allowances to SCs and STs 86
12. Scholarships from other agencies 1
13 Scholarships for physically handicapped 1
students.
RAWE Programme
During the year 1993,one hundred and twenty two students of final year
B.Sc.(Ag.) have successfully completed their RA WE programme in 28 villages
selected around the Agriucultural Research Stations of Lam, Vuyyur,Kov-
vur,Maruteru,Garikapadu and Chintalapudi. The RA WE programme participants
were paid a monthly stipend of Rs.600/ each and a total amount of
Rs.3,13,4961 was spent towards stipends.
Students Welfare
There are four hostels for boys and one for girls,accommodating both un-
dergraduate and post-graduate students. The well equipped Health Clinic lo-
cated within the campus provides medical facilities to the students. There is a
joint staff and students council with twelve student members and six teachers
as members to discuss and resolve student problems in the college and to .
serve as an effective link between the students and the college administration.
A number of educational programmes telecasted under UGC programme by
Doordarshan were recorded and the same were later screened for the benefit of
the students.
Student activities
The students have participated in various activities like NCC,NSS,Games
and Sports and Cultural Programmes. Vanamahotsavam was celebrated on 30-1-
1993 where the first year B.Sc.(Ag.) students planted 180 coconut saplings in
I
the colllege farm.
NCC
A total number of 82 B.Sc.(Ag.) and B.Tech(Ag) students were enrolled
in NCC. As a part of adventure activities of NCC,15 cadets participated in
cycle expedition from college campus to Tenali,covering 100 Km to and fro.
Twenty seven cadets attended the combined annual training camp conducted at
Kotappakonda. Sargent G.Ravinder attended the para sailing held at Nagarjuna
University,Guntur. Lt.A.Ravi Kumar participated in 'CAT' camp held at Ko-
tappakonda from 19-10-1992 to 29-10-1992 and acted as Adjutant during the
camp. Sargent B.Prasada Rao was adjudged as the best cadet and won prizes
32
in solo song and group song competitions held during the camp. Band C cer-
tificate examinations were conducted on 22-2-1993. The cadets secured 82.3%
and 100% passes in Band C certificate examinations respectively.
One hundred and ninety five students were enrolled in NSS during the
year. The NSS volunteers participated in "Work for Food Day" conducted at
Kalyana Kavuru (Cherukupalli Mandai) on 16-10-1992 under regular NSS ac-
tIvItIes. The volunteers attended to sanitation programme in the campus and
took care of the saplings planted earlier.
NSS special camps were conducted separately for boys and girls from
26-3-1993 to 4-4-1993 at Amaravathi and Kavuru respectively. Sixty five boys
and forty five girls attended the camps. The boys were engaged in rendering
community and technical services through the collection of soil samples,demon-
strations,root feeding of monocrotophos for control of coconut pests and rodent
control. The girl students actively participated in training farm women in fish
and prawn culture,mushroom cultivation,besides attending to the village sanita-
tion works.
Sports alld Games
The students participated in inter-collegiate games and sports meet and

were declared as winners and runners in volley ball,shuttle badminton,basket
ball,football,cricket,chess,table tennis and carroms. The college athletes also
won first and second prizes in sports activities.
For the first time the All India Inter-University Chess tournament was or-
ganised in the campus during January,1993,in which 57 universities including
Jammu and Manipur participated.
Cultural and Literary Activities
The students participated in Inter-collegiate cultural tournaments and won

first prizes in solo vocal music,Western group song,solo classical dance,third
prize in group song,while the one act play of the college was judged as the
second best production. The students also won second prizes In English and
Telugu elocution and thrid prize in Telugu essay writing.
Library
The following are the details of the text booksjournals and theses avail-
able at the Regional Library,Bapatla.
33
Total number of books accessioned till to-date 42,386
Total number of books received during the year 1992-93 300
Books received on gratis 471
Books received under BC welfare special library scheme 996
Total number of journals subscribed:
Foreign journals 100
Indian journals 30
Theses received during the year 55
College Farm
The college farm consists of a total area of 116 ha; out of which, 45.45
hal is wetland,9.54 ha is irrigated dryland and 61.01 ha is dryland. During
kharif and rabi seasons of the year, 68.68 ha and 39.99 ha of land was culti-
vated respectively. The important crops grown in the farm are padc1y,black-
gram(rice fallows),mustard,soybean, redgram,groundnut and maize.
Extension activities
The college adopted Kavuru under village adoption programme,compieted
the bench mark survey and identified the problems. Scientists of the college
visited the village to solve the problems and need based training programmes
were conducted to educate the farmers on improved practices. Demonstrations
were given to the farmers on 'Doruvu' technology and drip irrigation.
Under the activities of Plant Health Clinic (PHC) the staff of the Depart-
ments of Plant Pathology, Soil Science & Agril.Chemistry, Plant Physiology
and Entomology made several visits to the nearby villages,diagnosed the plant
and soil health problems like pests,diseases,nutritional disorders and offered suit-
able remedial measures.
A short refresher training programme was organised to the Agricultural

Officers of the State Department of Agriculture from 10th to 12th August,1992.
Training programme on 'Communication techniques and extension meth-

odology' was conducted for master trainers of APAU from 29-4-1993 to 1-5-
1993.
The Department of Plant Physiology organised a short summer course on

"Recent Advances in Nutrio-Physiology" during May,1993 and 20 participants
from seven states of country participated.
34
During the month of December,1992,Kisan Mela was organised at the
College Farm, and about 450 farmers and 150 farm women attended. The dif-
ferent departments of the College,research units of RARS,Lam and College of
Home Science,Bapatla participated in the agricultural exhibition organised on
this occasion.
Other activities
There are three professional clubs viz., Entomology, Plant Physiology,
Soil Science & Agil.Chemistry in the campus, the membership consisting of
both staff and students. The Plant Physiology Club brought out three issues of
'News and views of Plant Physiology' for the benefit of students and staff dur-
ing the period under report. The club also organised a workshop on "Rice
Physiology Research in Andhra Pradesh" during March, 1993.
The following special lectures were organised in the college during the
year 1992-93
o "Integrated extension approach for sustainable agriculture" by

Dr.Perumal, Director of Extensioin, Tamilnadu Agricultural Uni-
versity, Coimbatore.
o "Latest trends in agricultural extension" by Dr.H.N.Byra
Reddy,Director of Extension, APAU,Hyderabad.
o "Coverdale - an innovative systematic extension strategy" by
Dr.G.R.Desai, Director, MANAGE,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
o "Research activities at CRRI" by Dr.B.Venkateswarlu, Direc-
tor,CRRl, Cuttak.
o "The future of Indian agriculture in the context of new climatic
changes and- global warming" by Dr.A.Shankaram, former
Professor of Agricultural Chemistry APAU, Hyderabad.
o "Utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture" by Dr.U.S.Srira-
mulu,Professor & Head, Water Technology Laboratory, Tamil-
nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Besides,Dr.R.N.Pillai delivered six special lectures related to soil require-
ments of pulses,environmental pollutitm and preventive measures, applied as-
I peets of foliar nutrition and biological nitrogen fixation.
35
Dr. P. Venkataramaiah,Professor & Univ.Head of Extension Education
was deputed to the training course on 'Computer Applications in Extension
Management" of NCMAE at NIRD,Hyderabad.
The teachers of the Department of Plant Physiology attended the training

programme on 'Crop growth modelling' conducted by Dr.Piara Singh, Senior
Scientist, ICRISAT during April, 1993.
36
3. S.V.AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TIRUPATI
The College was started in the year 1961 to cater to the technical man-
power needs of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state. The college was
formerly affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati and later transferred
to A.P.Agricultural University in the year 1964.
The College offers both B.Sc.(Ag.) and M.Sc.(Ag.) programmes.

M.Sc.(Ag.) programme in plant protection offered earlier to the officers of the
Department of Agriculture and Pre-B.Sc.(Ag.) course offered to the inservice
candidates deputed by Panchayatraj Department were discontinued during the
year under report. The Ph.D. programme in the Departments of Agronomy and
Genetics & Plant Breeding was started from the academic year 1992-93 on-
wards.
Principal
Dr.S.Rami Reddy

During the academic year 125 students in B.Sc.(Ag.), 31 in M.Sc.(Ag.)
and 4 in Ph.D. were admitted, comprising a total of 160. During the year 450
students were enrolled in B.Sc.(Ag.), 49 in M.Sc.(Ag.) and 3 in Ph.D. Pro-
grammes, constituting a total number of 502 students on rolls. During the
year,a total number of 107 students, comprising of 73 undergraduate and 34
post graduate students passed out from the college.
Scholarships anp Endowments
S.No. Name of the scholarships No. of recipients

1. Government of India post-matric scholarships to 40
SCs
STs
castes (LBCs)
4. State post-matric scholarships to economically poor 69
persons (EPPs)
37
5. National merit scholarship 1
8. Dress and book allowance for SC and ST students 67
RAWE Programme
One hundred and thirty one students of final year B.Sc.(Ag.) were sent
to 35 villages for one semester for RA WE programme. They were attached to
131 host farmers and an amount of Rs.78,6001- was spent towards stipend for
the students.
Students Welfare
There are three hostels for boys and one hostel for girls consisting of
153 and 47 rooms respectively. Totally 189 boys and 200 girls were accom-
modated in these hostels. Medical services are available in the campus for the
students.
Student activities
Nee
A total number of 45 students from 1st, IInd and IIIrd year B.Sc.(Ag.)
were enrolled as NCC cadets for the year. The cadets were given training in
drill, weapon handling and map reading. The cadets participated actively in
the NCC day celebrations held in the month of November,1992 at Tirupati.
The Officer incharge of NCC activities of the college and four cadets repre-
sented Andhra Pradesh State in the Andaman Islands during the month of
January,1993. Band C certificate examinations were held in February, 1993
and 18 cadets passed B certificate examination.
National Service Sc/leme
A ten day NSS camp was organised at Panapakam village, Chandragiri

mandai from 26-03-1993 to 04-04-1993 and 71 B.Sc.(Ag.) final year students
attended the camp. The volunteers attended for clearing of the premises of the
local forest guest house and Z.P .High School. They also educated the small
farmers about application of fertilizers and pesticides in the fields of the
groundnut,chillies,sugarcane,coconut and mango orchards. They laid katcha
roads in Nadimpalli, SettypaIli and Panapakam villages. The rural women were
38
educated on cleanliness and the importance of nutritious food to the family
members.
Sports and Games
The students participated in APAU inter-collegiate tournaments, ...:ultural

activities and inter-university tournaments. The second phase of inter-collegiate
games and cultural competitions were held in the campus from 3rd to 6th De-
cember, 1992. The college teams won trophies in hockey,ball badmillton and
were runners up in women's tennikoit event.
Library
Total accessions as on 30-06-1993 41,643
Fresh accessions
Books
307
Journals
92
College farm
The college farm consists of 10.62 ha of wet land and 55.0 ha of dry-
land, comprising a total area of 65.62 ha. The cultivable area under wet and
dryland is 9.24 and 44.0 ha respectively. During the year 5.74 ha of wet
land and 28.78 ha of dryfand were cultivated during kharif season. Ground-
nut,redgram,fodder jowar, sunhemp and horsegram were commonly grown in
both wet and dry lands,while paddy, sugarcane,greengram and soybean were
grown only in wet land. The yield of paddy varied from 3.13 - 6.0 tlha ,
while a maximum yield of 14.83 q/ha of groundnut was c-btained in dryland
during rabi season. The total receipts realised from the college farm were
Rs.l,30,174 as against the total expenditure of Rs.3,11,797 incurred during the
year 1992- 93.

The staff of the Department of Agricultural Engineering undertook re-
search on modification of power operated paddy thresher (Harding type).
Studies on iron stress response mechanisms in groundnut and cowpea are

In progress in the Department of Plant Physiology.
39
The staff of the various departments were actively involved in transfering

technologies to the farmers. The staff of the Department of Agricultural Eco-
nomics offered guest lectures on crop insurance and farm management aspects
to the progressive farmers, village development officers and sarpanches of the
Villages. The farmers were also advised on various economic and technical as-
pects of commercial crops and livestock Jproduction.
The staff of the department of Agronomy conducted training programmes

to the state Agricultural Officers.
The staff of the department of Extension Education guided and super-

vised the activities of RA WE programme. A museum was arranged at the en-
trance of the college building,where the specimens,models,bulletins etc., were
displayed for the benefit of both students and visitors.
Personal enquiries on production problems of horticultural crops was at-

tended by the staff of the department of Horticulture.
Other activities
The Officer incharge of NCC activities of the college Sri MJagannadham

Reddy was awarded the prestigious 'Director Generals commandation card' for
the year 1991-92 in recognition of his services to the NCC organisation and he
was promoted to the cadre of MAJOR in the month of December, 1992.
Dr.A.Nageswara Rao, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics,

participated in the preparation of development plan for Chittoor district.
The following guest lectures were arranged in the college during the year
1992-93.
Dr.M.Uday Kumar, Professor & Head, Department of crop physiology,

U.A.S. Bangalore delivered a lecture on 'Crop Physiology' on 22- 07-1993.
Dr.S.B.Hukkeri, Consultant Agronomist, New Delhi gave a lecture on Agricul-
tural aspects of irrigartion system on 25-11- 1992. Dr.A.Kandaswamy, Profes-
sor & Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamilnadu Agricultural
University spoke on 'New fertilizer policy and its impact on agricultural pro-
ductivity" on 30-11-1993.
40
4. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET
The college was started in the year 1989 to extend the facilities of agri-
cultural education in Khammam, Nalgonda and Warangal districts of Andhra
Pradesh. The college offers degree programme in Agriculture.
Principal
Dr.K.Ananda Reddy

The admission rate of students was limited to 55 students per year in
view of the incomplete infrastructural facilities available in the college and hos-
tel buildings. During the year, 55 students were admitted in B.Sc.(Ag.), with a
total number of 99 students being on rolls in 1st, lInd, IIIrd and Final years of
the B.Sc.(Ag.) course.
S.No. Name of the scholarship No. of

recipients
1. Government of India post-matric scholarships to Scs 10
2. Government of India post-matric scholarships to STs 11
castes (LBCs)
4. State post-intermediate scholarships to economically 13
poor persons (EPPs)
5. Dress and book' allowance for SC&ST students 24
RAWE Programme
Eight students of final year B.Sc.(Ag.) were sent to two villages under
RA WE programme and they were attached to eight host farmers. The amount
i spent towards stipends for the students was Rs.28,0731
41
Students welfare
There are three hostels with eleven, ten and four rooms respectively, ac-
commodating a total number of 103 students. Medical services are available in
the campus.
Student activities
Sixty students were enrolled under NSS during the year. The students
carried out the regular NSS activities for two hours per week. The volunteers
were engaged in beautification of the college campus, control of Celosia argan-
tea weed in 45 acres, physical control of the insect pest swarming catterpillar
on young teak plants and preparation of basins for avenue trees on the campus.
Sports and games
The students participated in inter-collegiate games, sports and cultural

meet held at Rajendranagar and Tirupati. Sri R.K.Srinivasaraju performed ha-
trick in the Inter-collegiate cricket tournament held at Tirupati. Three students
from the college represented APAU in South Zone inter-university cricket
championship and football tournaments held at Mysore and Gulbarga. In the
cultural competitions held at Tirupati, Sri K.Govardhan B.Sc.(Ag.) II year stu-
dent was adjudged as the best solo dancer. Sri A. Ashok Kumar B.Sc.(Ag.) fi-
nal year student won first prize in Telugu essay writing and Sri M.prasad
B.Sc.(Ag.) IIIrd year got third prize in light music (vocal).
Library
Total Accessions as on 30-6-1993 1123
Fresh Accessions
Books 210
Indian Journals 15
College Farm
The college fann has a total area of 112 ha, including 12 ha of horticul-
tural garden. About 24 ha was cleared from scrub jungle and kept weed free
by regular ploughings. About eight and two hectares were cultivated during
kharif and rabi seasons respectively. Paddy, groundnut, redgram,castor,maize,
sunflower and mesta were raised during kharif season, while groundnut and
paddy were grown during rabi. Among the paddy varieties, Chaitanya and Tel-
lahamsa were found to be promising in kharif and rabi seasons respectively.
42
An average yield of 11.1 q/ha was obtained with groundnut varieties K 134
and JL 24 during kharif and rabi seasons.
The entire area of horticultural garden was planted with different fruit
plants like ber, mango, guava, sapota, and ornamentals for propagation and sup-
ply of material to the farmers.
Crop museum
In addition to the above crops in. the college farm, crop museum was
raised with different varieties of crops viz., maize, sorghum, ragi, kOrl'a,
variga, redgram, blackgram, greengram, horsegram, cowpea, groundnut, sun-
flower, mesta and castor.

Elltomology
Research on efficiency of different insecticides against mango leaf. hop-

pers and thrips IS in progress.
Plant physiology
Research studies on (1 )Induction of herbicide resistance in maize and

pulses (2) Enhancement of seedfilling in sunflower by foliar spray of certain
micronutrients and (3) Effect of seed location in capitulum on seeding vig-
our,are in progress.
The farm advisory cell regulates the extension activItieS of different de-
partments of the college. The staff of the departments of Agronomy and Soil
Science and Agricultunil Chemistry visited the farmers fields, analysed their
samples and made appropriate recommendations.
The physiological disorders like atmospheric drought in guava, cashew

and mango and zinc deficiency in chillies were noticed in the local fields and
remedial measures were suggested to the farmers by the staff of the department
I of Horticulture. Regular counselling was conducted on crop disorders by the
staff of the Plant Physiology department.
The staff of Plant Pathology department conducted regular field trips to

identifY the crop diseases and suggest remedial measures apart from routine ex-
amination of the diseased specimens brought by the farmers,
43
Kisan Mela was organised on 23rd October, 1992 and 350 farmers at-
tended the mela. Farmers' club meeting was organised at Jammigudem in col-
laboration with Nagarjuna Grameena Bank and Lions Club, Aswaraopet.
A seminar on tobacco cultivation was also organised at the farmers club

in association with the Nagarjuna Grameena Bank and C.T.R.I. substation,
Jeelugumilli.
44
5. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, NAIRA
The. college was established in the year 1989 and is temporarily located
at Agricultural Research Station, Amadalavalasa. The College offers B.Sc.(Ag.)
degree programme. The first batch of students admitted in the college were
promoted to the final year B.Sc.(Ag.) during the academic year 1992-93.
Principal
Dr.V.Sreerama Murthy
Admissions
Forty two students were admitted in B.Sc.(Ag.)during the academic year

1992-93 with a total number of 147 students on rolls.

recipients
I. Government of India post-matric scholarships to SCs 7
3. State post-matric scholarships to listed backward castes 34
(LBCs)
4. State post-matric non-residential scholarship to SCs 1
5. State post-matric non-residential scholarship to STs 1
I
i RAWE programme
Twenty five students of final year B.Sc.(Ag.) were sent to five villages
for one semester for RA WE programme and each student was attached to a
host farmer. A total amount of Rs.68,881 was spent towards stipend for the
students under RA WE programme.
Students welfare
A total of 126 students were accommodated in SIX private buildings

:taken for rent.
45
Student activities
During the year 100 students were enrolled under NSS programme. Un-
der regular activities of the programme, the volunteers cleared the college cam-
pus, staff quarters, road adjacent to the college and planted saplings in the
college campus. Besides, the volunteers visited the adopted village Chintada,
Amadalavalasa mandalam and demonstrated health and family planning pro-
grammes and new agricultural technologies to the farmers.
Sports and Games
Thirty five students have participated in inter-collegiate sports and games

held at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in November, 1992. Sri D.Chinnem Naidu
final year B.Sc.(Ag.) student won second prize in long jump and triple jump,
while Sri K.Kalyan Chakravarthi and Sri Dakshina Murthy won second prize in
shuttle badminton. Sri G.V.S.Naidu and Kumari B.Shanti got second and third
prizes in short put and javelin throw respectively. Six students have repre-
sented the University in volley ball and shuttle badminton in Inter-University
tournaments.
Seventy students have participated inter collegiate cultural meet held at

Tirupathi in December, 1992. Sri Harikrishna, Sri N.Dyva Kumar and Sri
M.Bhargava Prasad won third prize in western music, while Sri B.V.Ramana
Murthy and Sri K.Apparao won third prize in Telugu debate.
Library
Total accessions as on 30-6-1993 3026
Fresh accessions:
Books 28
Journals 31
College Farm
The college farm has 102 ha of land and rice crop was raised in an area
of 24.47 ha. One open well with 25 feet diameter and 21 ft. depth was dug
in the college farm. During kharif,mesta, groundnut and redgram crops were
raised in addition to dry nurseries of paddy sown for taking up transplantation
in 24.47 ha. After completing the land acquisition formalities, payment of
compensation to the respective land owners has been completed.
46
Kisan mela was organised in October, 1992. On this occasion the col-
lege students presented two playlets 'Rytanna Meluko' and 'Eepayanam
. Etchetiko' and received high appreciation from the farmers. About 5.5 tonnes
of mesta and 1.8 tonnes of redgram seed were produced in the farm. The col-
lege has supplied about 9 tonnes of paddy seed to the Andhra Pradesh State
Seed Development Corporation.
Breeders seed of paddy varieties, Swarna, Surekha, Chaitanya and Krish-

naveni obtained from Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru and Directorate of
Rice Research, Hyderabad is proposed to be multiplied and produce the founda-
tion seed for distribution among the farmers.
Others
The Hon'ble Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh,Sri N.Janardhana Reddy

laid the foundation stone for the college and hostel building on 22-8-1992.
Several dignitories like Sri D.Prasada Rao, Hon'ble Minister, Sri M.Tulasidas,
APCC president, MLAs, Collector and Dy.Collectors visited the farm on differ-
ent occasions.
47
6. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MAHANANDI
NANDYAL
The College was started in September, 1991 with a view to expand agri-
cultural education in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The college is
temporarily located in the premises of Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Nandyal by utilising the facilities available in the campus. Permantent college
buildings and other facilities are being provided with an estimated cost of Rs
7.5 crores at Mahanandi. The Hon'ble Prime Minister Sri P.V.Narasimha Rao
laid the foundation stone for construction of buildings on 21-1-1993 and the
work is in progress. The college offers B.Sc. (Ag.) degree programme in agri-
culture.
Principal
Dr.M.S.Soundara Rajan took charge on 23-8-1992 as the first regular

principal of the college.
Admissions
Thirty two students were admitted in the first year of B.Sc. (Ag.) during
the academic year 1992-93, raising the total number of students on rolls to 56.
Students Welfare
Two buildings of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal are

used as hostels, one each for boys and girls. Medical facilities are available at
the campus.
Student activities
Games a/ld Sports
The students participated actively in inter collegiate games and sports

meet held at Rajendranagar campus. Sri Lakshmi Naik II Yr B.Sc. (Ag.) stu-
dent obtained third place in 5000 meters race and Sri J.Sundaram, II Yr B.Sc.
(Ag.) student got second place in hammer throw. Sri TJJeevan Royal, II Yr
B.Sc. (Ag.) student participated in the Inter-University tournament of cricket
held at Mysore.
The activities like N.C.C. and N.S.S. were not yet started in the college.
48
Library
During the period under report Rs 30,0001 worth of books were pur-
chased
College Farm
The Govt.Livestock Farm under the Department of Animal Husbandry

near Mahanandi, 22 Km away from Nandyal with an area of 153.0 ha was
transferred to Agricultural College on 19-8-1992. In addition to the land and
other assets, 169 cattle herd were also handed over to the college farm. During
the year under report, about 70 ha of land was cleared from jungle bushes and
systematic layout is in progress. Fodder and forage crops are grown in about
30 ha of land for the supply of green fodder for livestock. The rabi crops like
jowar, coriander, mustard, groundnut and sunhemp are grown in the rest of the
land. As a pre-requisite to sow the kharif crops, levelling of the ground,layout
into plots, bush clearance and formulation of connecting earth roads are in pro-
gress. Two bore-wells were dug on the farm for increasing the irrigated area
on the farm.
The College staff attended for the diagnostic work as and when required
by the farmers in surrounding villages and also by the Department of Agricul-
ture.
Other activities
The Hon'ble Prime Minister Sri P.V.Narasimha Rao and the Hon'ble
Chief Minister Sri K.Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy visited the college farm on 21-1-
1993. The Vice-Chancellor and the Officers of the University accompanied
them during this occ~sion. Sri Y.Sivaji, Member of Parliament also visited the
college during the year under report. The first college day function was cele-
brated during the year under report and several dignitoriesSri G.Pratap Reddy,
M.P. Sri Y.Ramanatha Reddy,M.L.A. and Sri Bojja Venkata Reddy, EX.M.P.
visited the college on this occasion.
49
7.COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING, BAPATLA
The College was started in the year 1983 to meet the technical man-
power needs of Andhra Pradesh in the field of Agricultural Engineering. The
college, which existed earlier as Department of Agricultural Engineering in the
Agricultural College, Bapatla was granted independent status from August,
1990. The college offers a four year degree programme, B.Tech (Ag.Engg).
Principal
Dr.K.S.V.V.Siva Rao
Admissions
During the academic year 1992-93, twenty three students were admitted
in B.Tech (Ag.Engg), while 79 students were on rolls in 1st, lInd, IIIrd and
IVth year B.Tech.(Ag.Engg.) course. Eighteen students have passed out during
the year.
SNo Name of the Scholarship No.of recipients

1. Government of India post-matric scholarships to SCs 4
3. State post-matric scholarships to listed backward castes 20
(LBCs)
4. State post-intermediate scholarships to economically 15
poor persons (EPPs)
6. Dress and book allowances to SC and ST students 8
Practical Training
Twenty students of final year Agricultural Engineering were sent for

practical training to different places for a period of 20 days. They were at-
tached to four agricultural implements manufacturing firms and an amount of
Rs 4501-was spent towards stipend for each student.
50
Student activities
The students have participated in Vanamahotsavam which was celebrated
on 30-1-1993 alongwith the Agricultural College programme.
Library
During the year, an amount of Rs 10,000 was spent towards the purchase
of books required for B.Tech.(Ag.Engg.) degree programme.
College farm
At present, the college has no separate farm. However, a farm is pro-
posed to be developed in the new premises of the college on Bapatta - Karla-
paJem road.
Resarch activities of the Departments

The following adhoc research projects are sent to ICAR for sanction by
individual teachers.
a) Development of an accurate water measuring device for

water measurement in field channels.
b) Small watershed Hydrological investigations in Andhra

Pradesh .
.
I,Extension activities
\ Technical advice was rendered to the farmers around Bapatla on opera-

It ion,
maintenance and repairs of agriculural machinery and implements. The lat-
lest technology in soil and water conservation engineering, farm power
'raChinery and post harvest technology was extended to the farmers.
51
8. AGRICUL TURAL POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE, PALEM
The College was started in the year 1989 with the objective of imparting
agricultural education to rural students of post-school level to meet the man-
power needs of first level functionaries in Government and other agencies in-
volved in agriculture and rural development. The College is temporarily located
at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem and offers two year Diploma
Course in Agriculture to the students from Andhra Pradesh. This course has an
advantage of providing self employment to the diploma holders.
Principal
Dr.A.Rameshwar
Vice-Principal
Dr.T.Vithal Reddy
Dr.D.V.Rao
Admissions and out turn
The qualification for admission into first year of Diploma course is a

pass in IS.S.C.examination. During the academic year 1992-93, forty two stu-
dents were admitted in the course, out of which three students discontinued
studies in the middle of the year. A total of 79 students were on rolls.
students have passed out during the year.

I
S.No Name of scholarship No. of

recipients
1. Government of India post-matric scholarships to I & 33

II year students
2. Government of India post-matric scholarship to SCs 10
castes (LBCs)
52
Students Welfare
A hostel to accommodate 92 students was newly constructed at Regional
Agricultural Research Station, PaIem. Medical Officer of the Civil hospital of
Palem is appointed as the honorary Medical Officer to look after the welfare
of the students.
Student activities
Games and Sports
Land was allotted for sports complex and a part-time Physical Director
was appointed in the College.
Besides short tours, the students were on tour to different Research Sta-
tions in Andhra Pradesh for practical training, during the year under report.
53
9. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
RAJENDRANAGAR,HYDERABAD
The College was initially st~ed in the year 1946 under Osmania Univer-
sity with the objective of imparting veterinary science education to students.
Later it was transferred to Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University in the year
1964. The college now offers the degree programmes of B.V.Sc. & A.H.,
M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. in various disciplines of veterinary science. During the aca-
demic year 1992-93, Ph.D. programme was newly introduced in Dairy Science.
The college also offers special coaching classes to SC and ST students who
are lagging behind in certain subjects. A new department of Extension Educa-
tion was started in the college from January, 1993.
Principal
Dr.M.Raj Reddy
During the year under report, 65 students in B.V. Sc. & A.H., 41 in
M.V.Sc. and 7 in Ph.D. were admitted. The total number of students on rolls
in different degree programmes are 273 in B.V.Sc. & A.H., 76 in M.V.Sc. and
16 in Ph.D. Among the 367 students on rolls, there is one foreign student
from Kenya in the undergraduate programme of B.V.Sc. & A.H.
During the year 51 students in B.V.Sc. & A.H. and 33 students in

M.V.Sc. have passed out, while two students were awarded with Ph.D. degree,
making a total out tum of 86 students.
S.No. Name of the scholarship No. of recipients

SCs.

STs.

Harijan Christians
54
4. State post-intermediate scholarships to listed 42
backward castes (LBCs)
5. State post-intermediate scholarshi)s to 38

economically poor persons (EPPs
6. APEL of A.H.Department to B.V.Sc. & A.H. 12

students
7. Stipend to U.G.students from Meghalaya 14
8. Stipend to U.G.students from Arunachal Pradesh 7
9. Stipend to U.G.students from Bhutan 2
11. Stipend to Ph.D. students 7
Internship programme
A total number of 45 final year B.V.Sc. & A.H. students have attended
internship programme for one semester at four veterinary hospitals in twin
cities, and at district hospitals in Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Sangareddy
and Mahaboobnagar.
Students welfare
There are two hostels for the students with medical facilities being
available in the campus.
Student activities
N.c.c
Among the NCC cadets, Sri M.Mothya, Sri D.Srinath, Sri B.Ramu, Sri
S.Ashok Kumar and Ms. P. Aruna have participated in the Republic day cele-
brations held at New Delhi and won gold medal in tent pegging. The Nec ca-
dets have also participated in adult education programme. The cadets were
involved in tree plantation programme on both sides of the road leading to ad-
ministrative office of the University during the month of September. They also
participated in laying the road at Aramghar, Shivarampally leading to the high-
way and removed vegetation and bushes around Aramghar.
55
Natiollal Service Scheme
Ten day NSS camp was organised at Wanaparthy in Mahaboobnagar dis-

trict from 27-5-1993 to 5-6-1993. A total of 135 undergraduate and post-gradu-
ate students, 25 clinical and paraclinical staff of the college and 15 volunteers
of Wanaparthy participated in the camp. The camp was inaugurated by the
Hon'ble Minister of Finance and Power, Sri K.Rosaiah and presided over by
Dr. G.Chinna Reddy, MLA, Wanaparthy and Member of the Board of Manage-
ment, APAU.
The technical staff of Animal Husbandry department and APDDC also

rendered their assistance in the camp. Various activities like diagnosis of disor-
ders, medical and surgical treatment to the livestock were attended by the vol-
unteers as follows.
Name of the treatment No. of animals covered
Medical treatment
Diagnosis and treatment of medical cases 1168

Vaccinations 2000
Haemarrhagic septicaemia 14893
Enterotoxemia 9925
Deworming of cows 932
Fertility treatment
Pregnancy diagnosis and treatment of reproductive 922

disorders
Surgical treatment 142

Diagnostic tests conducted
Brucellosis 433
Mastitis 486
Dung samples for parasiti:; inspection 338
-----------------------------------------
56
Besides the above treatments, a bench mark survey on livestock farming
was conducted in 500 households. A farmer's training programme was also
conducted for 102 farmers.
Games alld Sports
First phase of inter-collegiate tournaments for men and women were con-
ducted in the campus from 11-9-1992 to 14-11-92, while the second phase was
organised at Tirupati. During the year under report, the college teams became
winners up in cricket and runners up in hockey, volley ball and table-tennis.
College Farm
There are five farms under the college viz., Dairy experimental station,
Forage production farm, Poultry experimental station, Livestock experimental
station and Rabbit farm.
The Dairy experimental station consists of 122 cattle including 110 cross-
bred and 12 murrah. Around 5400 q of dung was produced in the Dairy ex-
perimental station which was supplied to P.G. hostel, L.R.I. pits, Bio-gas
training institute, Department of fisheries, AICRP on Poultry for eggs and
NAARM. The total finance received in the year is Rs 3.21 lakhs against the
expenditure of Rs 5.72 lakhs incurred during the year under report. The total
area cultivated under forage production farm is 47 ha and about 5854 q of
green fodder and 577 q of dry silage kutti were supplied during the year.
The poultry experimental station consists of about 4000 birds including

broilers, chicks, ducks and quails etc. The annual receipts in this station were
Rs 66,695 against a total expenditure of Rs 1.54 lakhs.
About 200 animals and 312 rabbits are present in· the livestock research
station and rabbit farm, respectively. All these animals are maintained to meet
the requirements of biological experiments at post-graduate and Ph.D. level. In
addition to these farms, there are two veterinary hospitals located one in the
campus and the other at Bhoiguda, Secunderabad. The animals were treated
medically and surgically at both the places. Prophylactic vaccinations, surgical
cases and gynaecological cases were regularly attended by the doctors.

Animal Reproductioll & GYllaecology
Field trials were conducted on the effect of flouride on reproduction III

buffaloes of Nalgonda district.
57
Medicine
Clinical and therapeutic studies on strongylosis in equines and intra-mam-

mary infection with particular reference to coliform organisms are being con-
ducted.
Parasitology
The work on immunological aspects of Fasciola gigantica was completed,

while the studies on parasitic pollution of urban environment in twin cities of
Hyderabad is in progress.
Feed and Fodder Technology
The utilisation of non-conventional fodders by rabbits and the utilisation

of mulberry fodder in cross-bred heifers was carried out.
Poultry Science
Departmental research was carried out on calcium and phosphorus re-

quirements for Khaki campbell layer ducks and layer economics of duck farm-
ing in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh was worked out. The staff of the
department studied the performance of Khaki campbell grower ducks on all
vegetable protein rations and of broilers on Livo-G and Nutrospell. The genetic
analysis of past and present annual egg production records in two strains of
white leghorn is also in progress.
FisJzery Science
Research was conducted on lethal and sublethal effect of malathion on

Catla catla. Malathion, an organophosphorus insecticide was found to be highly
toxic to Calla even at a low dose of 2 ppm (LC 50 value). Use of this insec-
ticide leads to mass mortality of fish and it becomes unfit for human con-
sumption. The fish showed ,severe deformity when exposed to sublethal levels.
Microbiology
A random survey was undertaken by the departmental staff on pattern of

IBD in chickens in recent outbreaks in 51 poultry farms in and around Hyder-
abad. The results of the survey indicated an overall incidence of 82.35 per cent
of IBD among the chicks. Predominently the incidence was observed in the age
group of chicks upto 20th week, while the WLH strain crosses -,',nre equally
susceptible. It was also observed that 89.36 per cent chicks were afk _ ,.1 with
IBD even in 47 vaccinated poultry farms, These results indicated that thl.' ,,~-
58
sent commercial vaccmes against IBD did not protect against the natural IBD
infection .
. A study was carried out on the incidence of IBD and post epidemic im-
i mune status against R.D. vaccine among the vaccinated chicken. Due to IBD, a
1 mortality rate between 38 to 86 per cent was observed among 3 to 9 weeks
old flocks, while the disease was occasionally observed in older birds of 20
weeks old inspite of being vaccinated with IBD at their earlier age. It was fur-
ther observed that the birds given a booster dose produced a good protection
as against a single dose of vaccine given to the birds.
During the year, the sero-epidemiology of blue tongue among sheep in

different parts of Andhra Pradesh was completed and six virus isolates sus-
pected for blue tongue were isloated and maintained upto sixth passage level.
Experimental inoculation and infection proved that the isolates had the ability
to reproduce the BT infection among the sheep. The blood samples collected
from infected sheep were being processed in C.E. for further isolates.
Genetics and Animal Breedillg
Under the State plan scheme Rabbit production for meat, an experiment
was conducted to compare the performance of pure breeds, F2 S three-breed
crosses by using the Fl cross-breeds generated in the diallel experiment con-
ducted earlier. A total of the genetic groups consisting of four pure breeds
(Flemish giant, Chinchilla, Newzealand white and White giant), three Fl (SN,
FN and WN) and three 3-way cross (SWN, SFN and FSN) were generated.
The results of this experiment indicated that the mean conceptio!1 rate has
ranged from 60 (FN) to 71.43 (SN) per cent and the overall litter size at birth
and weaning was 5.7 and 4.6 bunnies, respectively. The mean body weight at
birth, 4 weeks and 12 weeks of age were, 50.9; 329.7 and 1368.1 g, respec-
tively. The FN, FSN and FF genetic groups ranked first, second and third, re-
spectively in the ovenill performance. The F2 crosses had shown negative
heterosis while the three breed crosses exhibited significant positive heterosis.
The flemish giant breed had shown better combining ability and hence could
be recommended as an improved breed.
! Extension activities
The staff of the Dept. of Animal Reproduction and Gynaecology regu-

i larly attended the gynaecological cases in ambulatory clinic, Myiardevpally and
its surrounding villages.
59
The Department of Parasitology was involved in diagnostic work and ca-
tered to the needs of University hospitals, Livestock research stations, Zoo
park, National Police Academy and various poultry farms in and around Hyder-
abad. During the year under report 380 faecal samples, 92 blood smears and
41 skin scrapings were examined by the department.
The staff of the Dept. of Feed and fodder technology demonstrated the
effect of mineral supplementation to dairy cattle and the urea treatment of
paddy straw to the farmers. The effect of feeding leguminous fodders alongwith
crop residues was also demonstrated to the farmers.
The Dept. of Meat science and technology assisted the A.P. State meat
and poultry development corporation in organising a training programme for ar-
tisans and abbatoir workers in hygenic meat production at Bacon factory, Gan-
navaram. A few staff members from the departments of Microbiology and
Parasitology also delivered guest lectures at the above training programme.
The Department of Animal Nutrition advised the farmers regarding scien-

tific feeding of sheep and goats.
The staff of the Dept. of Pathology participated in farmers training pro-

grammes and educated them on prevention and diagnosis of various diseases.
Training programmes on Fresh water fish culture" were conducted by

Fishery Science dept. to the officers of State Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of And-
hra Pradesh. The Dept. has extended their technical assistance to the farmers in
establishing fish and prawn culture. The postal enquiries of the farmers are
regularly attended by the staff. The soil and water samples received from the
farmers an'd the State Dept. of Fisheries were analysed and the results were
communicated to them.
The Dept. of Genetics & Animal Breeding distributed rabbits to the

farmers for establishing their own rabbit farms.
Other activities
The staff of the Dept. of Animal Reproduction & Gynaecology extended

their expert advice to Military dairy farm, Nehru Zoological Park, V.D.O. train-
ing centre, Rajendranagar and Vidyapeeth, Kismathpura. The staff of the De-
partment of Medicine were consultants to Nehru Zoological Park and special
security force dogs.
The department of Poultry Science offered "Earn While you Learn" poul-
try project to IV Year B.V.Sc. & A.H. students. The students have gained suf-
60
ficient knowledge in broiler rearing and got a profit of around Rs 12 I 7 per
student. Special grants worth Rs 12~95 lakhs were sanctioned to the college to
strengthen 'Earn while you learn' project on dairy products, quail unit and pu~
chase of equipment like ice-cream freezer, BOD incubator. phase contrast mi-
croscope, battery brooder, incubator for poultry etc.
Department of Animal Nutrition is recognised-by IDRC and SPUPNA as

a centre for training middle level scientists of the Asian regIOn on "Feed Re-
sources and Utilisation".
During the year under report the following guest lectures were delivered
by National and International scientists in the college.
o "Recent advances on male contraception" by Dr.L.J.D.Zaneveld,

Prof & Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rush
Medical School, Chicago, USA.
o "The role of receptors in biological system" by Dr.Janarthan
Sharma, Asst.Director, National Institute of Nutrition, Hydera-
bad.
o "Nutritional requirements of culturable fresh water fishes" by
Dr. Shantha Raghavan, Dept. of Zoology, Osmania University,
Hyderabad.
o "Prospects in Animal Physiology" by Dr. A.Ramachandra Rao
Professor of Veterinary Physiology, Haryana Agricultural Uni-
versity, Hissar.
61
10. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
TIRUPATI
The College was originally started at Bapatla in the premises of Agricul-

tural college in July, 1955. Later it was shifted to Tirupati in 1957 to promote
veterinary education in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state. The Col-
lege was brought under APAU in the year 1964.
The college offers a five year undergraduate programme B.V.Sc. & A.H.
and four and half year programme B.Tech (Dairying). The Dairy Technology
programme was started in the year 1988 to meet the technical manpower needs
of Dairy Development Corporation of the state.
There are 18 departments in the college. The post-graduate programme of

M.V.Sc. is offered in 15 disciplines, except in Fishery Science, Extension Edu-
cation and Biochemistry. The Ph.D. programme is offered in seven disciplines
viz., Animal Reproduction & Gynaecology, Meat Science and Technology,
Medicine, Microbiology, Parasitology, Pathology and Surgery & Radiology. A
new department of Vety. Extension Education started functioning in the college
from January, 1993. Special grants worth Rs 9.74 lakhs were sanctioned to
strengthen the activities at training veterinary hospital, Small animal house re-
pairs and purchase of clinical, diagnostic and other equipment like Blood ana-
lyser, mobile x-ray unit, small animal operational table, Ophthalmoscope, ECG
with defibrillator, Floutech vaporizer and miscellaneous hospital equipment.
Principal
Dr.O.Ramakrislma

I
During the year under report, 96 students in B.V.Sc. & A.H; 12 in

B.Tech. (Dairying), 35 in M.V.Sc. and 3 in Ph.D. were admitted. The total
number of students on rolls in different programmes were 378 in B.V.Sc. &
A.H; 53 in B.Tech. (Dairying), 81 in M.V.Sc. and 8 in Ph.D. During the year
61 students in B.V.Sc. & A.H; 11 in B.Tech. (Dairying), 38 in M.V.Sc. and 3
in Ph.D. have passed out.
62
S.No Name of the scholarships No. of recipients
1. Government of India post-matric scholarships for 46

SCs.
2. Govt. of India post-matric scholarships for STs. 15

castes (LBCs)
4. State post-intermediate scholarships to 85

Economically Poor Persons (EPPs)
5. Ford foundation scholarships 3
7. ICAR Junior fellowship to P.G.students 1
8. CSIR Ph.D. senior fellowship 1
9. Stipend to M.V.Sc. students 64
Internship programme
A total number of 40 final year B.V.Sc. & A.H; students were sent for
internship programme to district veterinary hospitals at Nellore, Chittoor, Kur-
nool, Ananthapur, Cuddapah, Vijayawada, Guntur, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada and
Tirupati.
Student activities
During the inter-collegiate competitions, the students received over all

:eam championship trophy in sports events and the girls team won the trophy
n tennikoit.
:ollege Farm
The college farm has 24 ha of land to raise fodder crops and pastures.
Irrigated perennial crops such as hybrid napier, guinea grass, paragrass and sig-
Ilal grass were grown in about 4 ha. Subabul plantations were raised in 4 ha
Df land, besides fodder trees such as sesbania and Glyricidia. Annual' crops
~uch as fodder jOlVar, maize, sunhemp, cowpea and horsegram were grown in
fOdder production unit. The rest of the land was used as grazing land for the
63
livestock maintained by several departments of the college. Fodder demonstra-
tion plots were established with all specimen crops grown in one plot. A
model plot with three strata forage system fodder grasses, shrubs and trees with
commercial crops in the centre was also established in the farm. During the
year, 677 tonnes of green fodder, 82 tonnes of subabul green leaves and 2.1
tonnes of dry fodder were produced in the farm. Besides, the coloneal grass,
a new variety of PalliclI11l spp. has also been established.
Research activities of various departments

Animal Nutritioll
Research on evaluation of feed stuffs based on rumen degradable protein

(RDP), utilisation of banyan tree leaves in the complete rations for growing
Iambs and economic fceding systems for goats and sheep are in progress.
Dairy Science
The shelf life of ghee at elevated temperatures was studied under the
sponsorship of Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD). An adhoc scheme on
"Development of simple test for determination of resirlual thiocyanate in milk"
financed by ICAR is in progress.
Feed ami Fodder Techllology
Research work on development of straw based practical diets for buffa-

loes using catalytic level of supplements is being carried out.
Fishery Sciellce
Research on the recent outbreak of disease leading to mass mortality of

fish in Kalyani reservoir, Tirupati is being taken up by the department.
Medicille
An adhoc research project financed by ICAR on Clinico-therapeutic stud-

ies on alkaline indigestion in cattle and 'buffaloes functioned upto 14-9-1992.
Research is being conducted on several diagnostic and therapeutic aspects such
as.
o clinico-therapeutic considerations of bovine ruminal dysfunc-

tions
o Incidence of filariasis in buffaloes and its therapeutics.
64
o Therapeutic aspects of mange mites in sheep
o Therapeutic efficacy of potentiated sulfanamides against mastitis
and some aspects of diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis in dogs.
Microbiology
Adhoc research scheme on Studies on infectious bovine rhinotrachitis

(IRR) virus infections in farm animals of southern states in India" financed by
ICAR is in progress. Another research scheme entitled "Development of proto-
type immuno diagnostic kits to animal and poultry diseases" is also being car-
ried out in the department.
Immuno-diagnostic reagents were developed for dot ELISA, pencillinase

ELISA and co-agglutination test for detection of antigen antibody.
Sheep pox virus antigen was prepared from Ranipet strain and anti-sheep
immuno globulins were raised in rabbits.
Parasitology
An adhoc research project on Epidemiological and immunological studies

on Hydatidosis in India'financied by ICAR, continued to function in the depart-
ment of Parasitology until 31-3-1993.
Research is also being conducted on antigenic cross reactivity of different

antigens of biliary and ruminal amphistomes and liver flukes. Bio-chemical
studies in buffaloes infected with biliary amphistomiasis is in progress. The de-
partment has under taken the epidemiological studies like the incidence of
amoebiasis and giardiasis in and around Tirupati. In addition, field trials were
conducted on the use of anthelmintics and acaricides against parasitic infections.
Poultry Science
Research on egg production pattern in commercial stock of white leghorn

and a survey on economics of poultry (layers and broilers) and their marketing
in Chittoor district were undertaken.
Surgery & Radiology
Work on the efficacy of demineralised bone matrix combinations III the

femoral fractures repair in canines is in progress.
65
The staff of the Department of Animal Nutrition have participated in the

training of the Development Officers of State Bank of India and to the farmers
sponsored by IFFCO. They also participated in the training of farmers organ-
ised by Farmers Training Centre, Srikalahasthi.
The staff of the Department of Animal Reproduction and Gynaecology

attended NSS camp at Vidyanagar, Vakadu, Nellore (Dist) and treated gynaeco-
logical cases. They also attended the sterility camp organised at B.Kothakota
and Konathenari.
Feed & fodder technology department staff has conducted two short-term
training programmes to field veterinarians on Feed and fodder production
techology. The department has supplied green fodder and subabul green foli-
age to the experimental livestock. The fodder slips were distributed to the
farmers and Govt . agencies for propagation of fodder.
The staff of the Department of Fishery Science provided information to

the farmers on various aspects of fresh water fish farming and brackish water
prawn farming.
The vaccination against common diseases in bovines, canines and poultry

in and around Tirupati is being regularly attended by the staff of the Depart-
ment of Medicine. The staff were included as experts in the health committee
to attend the disease outbreaks at various livestock farms of the University and
the surrounding villages.
The staff of Parasitology department conducted tramIng programme to the

field Vety.Asst. Surgeons of Animal Husbandry department.
Other activities
The Department of Dairy Science organised a two day seminar on "Pro-
duction, processing and marketing strategies in dairying" sponsored by Indian
Dairy Association (South zone) and APDDCF.
Dr.V.Panduranga Rao was awarded Dr.Srinivasan Nair gold medal for the
best research paper published in the Indian Veterinary Journal, 1993.
Dr.D.Srinivasulu, Asst.Professor undenvent training in Blue tongue diagno-

sis at Malaysia for ten days. The programme was sponsored by Australian
Council of Agricultural Research.
66
11. COLLEGE OF FISHERY SCIENCE, NELLORE
The college was started in the year 1992 with an objective of imparting
knowledge in various disciplines of Fishery Science to the students of Andhra
Pradesh state and to meet the technical manpower needs of fast developing fish
and prawn culture farms in the state. At present the college is temporarily lo-
cated at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore. The construction of the main
building of the college at Muthukur village is in progress. The college offers
the degree programme B.F .Sc. in Fishery Science.
Principal
Dr.M.Babu Rao
Admissions
The intake capacity of the college is 20. During the academic year 1992-
93, eighteen students were admitted in B.F.Sc. and all of them were on rolls.
SNo Name of the scholarship No. of recipients
Social welfare department post-matric scholarship 2

to SCs.
2 Social welfare department post-matric scholarship 2

to B.Cs.
Library
So far around 50 books were procured for the library.
Budget
Total budget provided for the year 1992-93 is Rs 13.75 lakhs.
67
12. COLLEGE OF HOME SCIENCE, HYDERABAD
The college of Home Science was established with an objective of im-

proving the quality of life of rural communities with- special reference to
women and children. The College was initially under the Director of Techni-
cal Education Government of Andhra Pradesh and later transferred to APAU in
July, 1964. The college also provides some specific skills which lead to self
employment to the students. The college offers three year B.H.Sc (Rural) de-
gree programme, M.Sc.(H.Sc.) in Foods and Nutrition, Human Development and
Family Studies, Family Resource Management and Textiles and Clothing and a
Ph.D. programme in Foods and Nutrition. Only girl students are admitted into
the faculty.
Principal
Dr.(Mrs) R. Vatsala.
Admissions and Out turn.
During the academic year 1992-93, a total number of 13 0 students were

admitted in the college. Among them, 92 were in B.H.Sc.(Rural), 34 in M.Sc.
(H.Sc.) and four in Ph.D. There are 236 under-graduates, 60 post-graduates
and 10 Ph.D scholars, comprising a total of 306 students on rolls, including
one foreign student from Ethiopia in B.H.Sc. (Rural). A total of 76 students
comprising 45 in B.H.Sc, 28 in M.Sc. (H.Sc.) and 3 in Ph.D have passed out
during the year.
S.No Name of the scholarship No. of

recipients
l. Government of India post matric-scholarships to S.Cs. 25
2. Government of India post matric scholarships to S.Ts. 2
3. State post-matric scholarships to listed backwarn 7
castestLBCs)
4. lCAR senior fellowship 2
5. Stipend to P.G. students 65
6. ICCR scholarship
7. Andaman and Nicobar island scholarship
68
Rural Home Science Work Experience Programme
The final year B.H.Sc. (Rural) students were sent under RHWE PliO-
gramme to five villages viz., Palem, Khanapur, Bijinepally, Manganur and Gan-
garam of Mahaboobnagar district for a period of four and half months. They
were attached to 325 host families. Students attended to various activities like
collection of data on food habits, nutrient intake, health status, child care prac-
tices, income and expenditure pattern, time utilisation pattern and clothing pur-
chasing pattern etc from their host families. Health camps and mass
communication camps were conducted in the villages for three consecutive
months. Medical examination was conducted for 4774 people including 406
children and 118 pregnant women. Around 1000 women were medically treated.
Method demonstrations on various technologies in Home Science were organ-
ised in the villages. Demonstrations on growth monitoring of infants, clothing
for the family, enrichment of fabrics through patch, mirror and embroidery
work, maintenance of clothing etc. were given to the villagers. Short training
was given to Anganwadi teachers of Bijinepally mandai through locally avail-
able resources.
Students Welfare
There is one hostel with 30 rooms accommodating 101 under-graduate
students 111 the college campus. A part-time lady doctor visits the hostel twice
a week.
Student Activities
The students actively participated in games and sports, N.S.S and in na-
tional functions like Independence day, Republic day and National Integration
day.
Seventy seven students of B.H.Sc. II year were enrolled under N.S.S.

Two slums namely Motilal nagar and Banda maisamma located in Hyderabad
city were selected for regular N .S.S. work. Activities on various aspects like
food and nutrition, adult literacy programme, conservation of energy, personal
_and environmental sanitation etc were taken up. Women were trained in in-
come generating activities like preparation of snack items, phenyle, washing and
cleaning powders etc. A free health check-up was organised for women and
children in these slums. In addition to these activities, the N.S.S. volunteers
attended to the cleaning of the campus, class rooms, raising kitchen garden and
collection of funds for victims of communal riots.
69
Sports alld Games
The students participated actively in the inter-collegiate games and sports

meet held at Rajendranagar and Tirupathi. The college teams won in ball bad-
minton, shuttle badminton, tennikoit and runners up in throw-ball and tennis.
The students also got first prizes in shotput, high jump, 300 m. race and sec-
ond prize in long jump and discus throw.
Library
The details of books available m the library are as follows:
Total accessions as on 30-06-1993 9,425
Fresh accessions - Books 184
Gift books 26
Indian Periodicals 65
Foreign Periodicals 18
Research Activities of the Departments

Foods alld Nutritioll
Technology for popping and flaking of sorghum was developed in the

department under Ph.D. research. Among the twenty cultivars tested, eSH 6,
esv SR, yellow sorghum, seu 11, SPH 504 and SPH 468 had very good
popping quality, while P 721 mutant grains produced pops of poor quality.
Varieties Nizamabad, M35g, eSH 6, yellow sorghum and SPH 468 produced
good quality flakes.
A study was carried out to understand the nutrItIOn and health knowl-
edge, attitudes and practices of 480 rural mothers and their influence on young
child's nutritional status in Andhra Pradesh. Results revealed that nutrition and
health knowledge of mothers had a significant influence on weight-far-age and
height-for-age of pre school children, while no such effects were demonstrated
by attitudes. However, practices related to nutrition and health exhibited sig-
nificant influence on weight-far-age and height-far-age of children.
70
Adhoc Research Scheme (USWA) on Popularisation of Wheat
As a measure to enhance the consumption of wheat among rice eating

population, 175 demonstrations on wheat recipes were conducted during the
year under report at various places like Mahila mandals, Anganwadi training in-
stitutes, Anganwadi centres and UCD slums in Hyderabad and in villages
Pudur, Palem,Bijenpalli and Khanapur. Around 8,600 people attended these
demonstrations. Under mass communication strategy the articles on wheat were
published in news papers, talks and discussions were delivered through All In-
dia Radio. An audio casette was developed with some well known folk songs
depicting the importance of wheat. Demonstration of wheat foods, 'Burra
katha' on importance of wheat were telecast through Doordarshan.
A low cost wheat soya based supplementary food (Pushti) was developed
in powder and biscuit forms. The energy density and protein quality of pushti
were comparable to commercial weaning foods and supplementary food used in
nutntlOn programmes. Pushti was sold at subsidised price through public dis-
tribution system in villages of Rangareddy district. The supplementary food in
biscuit form was preferred more by the villagers than the powder fornl.
Studies on mass media for nutrition education revealed that news papers
and television are the most suitable media for women.
An investigation on morbidity of pre-school children in Bapatla showed

higher incidence of morbidity in children below 4 years. The nutritional status
of pre-school children was found to be associated with the duration of diar-
rhoel diseases, B-carotene adequacy and distance to drinking water source.
The effect of supplementation of iron fortified salt to anemic farm

women revealed significant improvement in their haemoglobin levels, pulse rate
and blood pressure.
Studies on consumption and utilisation of spices in farm families indi-

cated that spice intake was related to the size of land holding and was affected
by tile quantity produced in the fann. The intake of spices by women was al-
tered in different physiological conditions. Higher incidence of gastro-intestinal
problems was observed in areas of higher spice consumption.
Glycemic response of non-insulin dependent diabetic persons to feeding

with popular Malayali breakfast items was studied. The consumption of
"puttu" caused a significant low blood sugar level than the other recipes like
idiappam, appam and tapioca. Similarly the consumption of whole jowar reci-
pes like missiroti and dhokla reduced the plasma glucose levels than the reci-
71
pes with dehulled Jowar. Among the raw, boiled and germinated fenugreek,
the incorporation of raw and germinated fenugreek into the breakfast recipe
'pongal' found to have a positive effect in controlling blood glucose levels in
diabetics.
Sixty five rice samples of Maruteru and 80 maize samples of Amberpet

were analysed for their cooking quality and nutrient composition.
Textiles alld Clothing
Adhoc Research Scheme (ICAR) on Consumer Preference and Problems with

Hand/oom Textiles
Studies carried out in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh revealed that

the cotton handlooms were used by all income groups and found to be suitable
for all occasions and all seasons. Consumers preferred cotton handloom
dhoties, towels and bedsheets. The appearance and durability of the cotton
hand loom fabrics in general was found satisfactory to the consumers. There is
a greater variety of items available for ladies than gents, while infants and pre-
schoolers had little or no variety. Care of cotton handlooms were reported to
be more problematic.
Consumers preferred silk handloom dhoties and sarees or.iy for certain
occasions and were satisfied with the colours and designs available in the mar-
ket. Silk handlooms were not affordable by all in terms of colour transference
during washing, fading in sunlight and dullening of lustre. Majority of the
consumers preferred to buy in Government hand loom outlets than in private
shops because of quality assurance. It was also found that handlooms were
not preferred for dress material and there is a need to improve in colour fast-
ness and colour combinations of handloom fabrics.
Special detergent was developed to remove common stains in the clothes.

Blending of silk with polyester in Naranyanpet sarees reduced the cost of pro-
duction,while retaining their' consumer appeal.
Extension Activities
Middle level training courses (MLTC) were conducted to ICDS personnel
at college of Home Science, Hyderabad and P.G. and Research centre, Rajen-
dranagar. Five job course trainings were conducted during the year for 165
supervisors and Anganwadi workers.
The department of Human Development and Family Studies conducted

short term training programmes to adolescent girls in preparation of infant
72
stimulation material, low cost play material and also In handling behavioural
problems of children.
The department of Textiles and Clothing conducted training to farm

women on fabric enrichment and garment designing.
Nutrition week was celebrated on 3rd September,1992 and as a part of

the celebrations, the staff of the Department of Foods and Nutrition conducted
nutrition education and Food demonstrations at ICDS centre, Borabanda.
'World Food Day' was celebrated at College of Home Science on 16th

October, 1992. Government departments and agencies related to food, li~e
A.P. Meat and Poultry Development Corporation, A.P.Fisheries Corporation,Ag-
ricultural Marketing Fresh Vegetable and Fruit Marketing Society, Food and
Nutrition Board etc have participated. The exhibition arranged on this occasion
was inaugurated by Sri.K.Jana Reddy,the Hon'ble Minister for Agriculture, And-
hra Pradesh. The programme highlighted the use of low cost foods for prepara-
tion of balanced diet for different age groups.
'Women in Agriculture Day' was celebrated on 4th December, 1992 at

College of Home Science. 9n this occasion, around 30 to 35 women engaged
in selling agricultural produce, vegetables and fruits at subji mandi, Hyderabad
were educated on the importance of diet during pregnancy and lactation.
The staff of the college participated in Kisan Melas and exhibitions or-
ganised at Palem, Jagtial, Warangal, Aswaraopet and Nandyal.
Other Activities
The college of Home Science in collaboration with ICAR organsied

Dean's sub-committee meeting and the work-shop on Curriculum development
in Home Science. Deans and senior Professors of Home Science faculty of
State Agricultural univ~rsities participated in the workshop.
During the year, Dr.(Mrs) R. Vats ala, Prof. & University head, Depart-
ment of Textiles and Clothing received state award for Best teacher in Andhra
Pradesh.
Mrs.N. Vani Reddy, Associate Prof. Human Development and Family

StUdies received the University Best teacher award for 1991-92.
Several international and national scientists visited the college

Dr. Lawrance Hadded, IFPR, Newyork,. Dr.Geraldin I. Olson, Associate Prof.
Colege of Economics, Oregon State University, USA visited the College. Dr.
73
Sharon Y.Nickols, FlUvl Specialist, Dean, Okhlahama State University, Dr.Pellet,
Professor of Nutrition, Masachusetts State University, USA had consultations
with the respective faculty members. Dr.P.B.Mathur, Asst. Director General
UNDP, Dr.N.T. Usha Rao, Council for Social Development, Dr.M. Aravindan,
ICAR and Dr. Prasad, Director, NAARM also visited the college.
74
13. COLLEGE OF HOME SCIENCE, BAPATLA
The College was started in the year 1983 at Bapatla in Agricultural col-
lege premises with the aim of strengthening Home Science education in coastal
region of Andhra Pradesh. The college was later shifted to the fully equipped
new campus in the year 1990. The college offers three year degree pro-
gramme B.H.Sc. (Rural) and only girl students are admitted into the college.
Principal
Dr.(Mrs) Vijaya Khader.

During the academic year 1992 - '93, fifty four students were admitted
in B.I-LSc. (Rural), with a total number of 125 students on rolls in I, II and
III years of the degree programme. A total number of 31 students have
passed out during the year.

recipients
1. Government of India post-matric scholarships to S.Cs. 20
2. State Rost-matric scholarhsips to listed backward castes 18
(LBCs)
3. Stipend to under-graduate students under RHWEP 29
4. Dress and book allowance to S.C. and S.T. students 48
Rural Home Science Work Experience (RHWE)

Programme
The final year B.H.Sc. students were sent to Vinayashramam, Kavur,

Cherukupalli mandai for one Semester for RHWE programme. Each student
was attached to five rural families. During their stay each student was paid a
monthly stipend of Rs.600
75
Students Welfare
Hostel
There IS one hostel In the campus with twelve rooms accommodating

110 students.
Student Activities
A total number of 52 students were enrolled under N .S.S. A special

NSS camp was organised for ten days at Gudavalli village. The rural women
were educated on various aspects of nutriti~n and health, sanitation, and con-
sumer awareness etc.
Library
During the year 1992-'93, scientific journals, Periodicals and text books
costing Rs.15,685 were purchased for the library.
Nursery School
A nursery school is attached to the department of Human Development

and Family Studies. A total number of 25 children of two and half to three
and half years age were admitted in the nursery school.
Extension Activities
The college offers training programmes to Anganwadi workers through
the existing Anganwadi training centre sponsored by World Bank ICDS Project.
The staff also conducted training programmes to potters regarding the prepara-
tion of mud water filters,agarbathi making, mushroom growing and preparation
of supplementary foods.
"World Food Day" was celebrated in the college by arranging an exhibi-

tion for school children on health and nutrition.
The staff of the college participated in Kisan Melas held at Bapatla, Nel-
lore and in 'Stree mela' held at Ongole.
76
"
r-~I
I
I
I
I
J
RHWE Students - Training of adolescent girls in garment stitching,

c. STUDENTS WELFARE
N.C.C.
During the year 264 students of APAU were enrolled in NCC. Twenty
seven cadeb of Agricultural College, Bapatla attended the combined annual
training camp conducted at Kotappakonda and Lt.A.RaviKumar acted as adju-
tant during the camp. He also participated in 'CAT' camp held at Kotappak-
and a from 19-10-1992 to 29-10-1992. Eleven N CC cadets (9 boys and 2
girls) of College of Agriculture and College of Vety. Science, Rajendranagar
took part in Republic Day Celebrations at New Delhi and participated in
equestrian competitions conducted on this occasion. Sri S.V.K.Chandra Sekhar,
College of Agriculture, Rajcndranagar won two gold medals and one bronze
medal in addition to the Best tent pegging trophy. The cadets from College of
Agriculture, Rajendranagar. Sri Satyakam Goswamy and Kum.Ch.Karunasree
won silver medals in tent pegging and in the competitions meant for girls re-
spectively. As a part of adventure activities of NCe, 15 cadets of Agricultural
College, Bapatla participated in cycle expedition from college campus to Tenali,
covering 100 km to and fro. Thc Officer-in-eharge of NCC activities and four
cadets of S. V .Agril. College, Tirupati represented Andhra Pradesh State in the
Andaman Islands during the month of January, 1993. The cadets of College of
Vety. Science, Rajendranagar have participated in adult education programme
and tree plantation programme in the university campus. The cadets were also
imparted regular basic military training and weapon training.
During the year a total of 800 students were enrolled under NSS in all
the three faculties. The- university colleges have conducted six NSS special
camps at different places. In addition, the regular NSS activities were taken
up by the volunteers at each college. The faculty teachers have participated
and guided the volunteers both in regular activities and also during the camps.
The students of Agriculture faculty have undertaken the activities like tree plan-
tation, pest and rodent control, soil sample collection, cleaning of roads and
training to farmers. The activities taken up by the Veterinary Science students
incIttde the diagnosis of diseases in livestock and treatment of medical, surgical
and fertility disorders in the animals. The volunteers of Home Science faculty
were involved in imparting nutrition and health education to rural women, adult
literacy programmes, conservation of energy, personal and environmental sanita-
tion etc.
77
The regular activities taken up by NSS volunteers and the details of the'
NSS camps are briefly described here under.
College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar

A special NSS camp for final year B.Sc.(Ag.) ahd B.Sc.(Hort.) students
was conducted at Mahanandi from 27-3-1993 to 5-4-1993.
Agricultural College, 8apatla

NSS special camp was conducted at two villages viz., Amaravathi (for
boys) and Kavuru (for girls) from 26-3-1993 to 4-4-1993. Sixty five boys and
45 girls attended the camp.
s.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati

NSS special camp was organised at Panapakam village, Chandragiri man- .
dal from 26-3-1993 to 4-4-1993. Seventy one B.Sc.(Ag.) final year students·
attended the camp.
Agricultural College, Aswaraopet

Sixty students enrolled under NSS during the year, carried out the regular
NSS activities for two hours per week. The volunteers were engaged in beau- i
tification of the college campus, control of 'Celosia argantea' weed in the.
farm and preparation of basins for avenue trees on the campus.
Agricultural College, Naira

Under regular NSS activities, 100 volunteers were engaged in cleaning
the college campus, staff quarters and planted saplings in the college campus.
Latest technologies in agriculture were demonstrated to the farmers in the

adopted village Chintada, Amadalavalasa mandaI.
College of Vety. Science, Rajendranagar

Special NSS camp was organised at Wanaparthy, Mahaboobnagar district
from 27-5-1993 to 5-6-1993. A total of 135 under- graduate ad post-graduate
students participated in the camp.
College of Home Science, Hyderabad

The NSS volunteers have trained the slum women in income generating.
activities like preparation of snack items, phenyle and washing and cleaning i
78
powders. Nutrition education, adult literacy and environmental sanitation were
taken up in the slums.
iColiege of Home Science, 8apatla
A special NSS camp was organised for ten days at Gudavalli village
with 52 students .
.Sports and Games

!
The first phase of Inter-collegiate tournaments of Andhra Pradesh Agri-
'cultural University were conducted at Rajendranagar campus from 11-11-1992
to 14-11-1992, while the second phase was organised at Tirupati from 3-12-
1992 to 6-12-1992. All the colleges have participated in this meet.
All India Inter-university chess tournament was organised at Bapatla cam-

pus during January, 1993 in which 57 universities participated including the
Universities from Jammu and Manipur.
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University teams have participated in

various games and sports viz., cricket, basket-all, volley- ball, hockey, balI-bad-
minton, shuttle badminton and chess in Inter-university tournaments held at
various places by the Association of Indian Universities.
79
D. LIBRARIES
Library System
With a view to cater to the library and information needs of teachers

and students as well as research and extension personnel in the three geo-
graphic regions of the state, the library system was reorganised in 1980 form-
ing Central Library at Hyderabad and Regional Libraries at Tirupati and
8apatla and College Libraries at other campuses. The Library system consists
of the following libraries.
Central Library Rajendranagar
Branch Library Veterinary College, Rajendranagar
Extension Education Institute,
Rajendranagar .
Livestock Research Institute,
Rajendranagar
College of Home Science, Hy derabad.
Regional Library Tirupati
Branch Library Veterinary College, Tirupati
Regional Library Bapatla
Branch Library Home Science College, Bapatla
College Libraries Agricultural College, Naira
Agricultural College, Aswaraopet
Fisheries College, Muthukur
Library Management
The libraries function under the over all supervIsIon of the University Li-
brarian. However, while the Central Library works under the direct control
and supervision of the University Librarian, the Regional Libraries and College
Libraries are run by the Assistant Librarians under the administrative control of
Principals in the respective campuses.
80
Budget
During this year an amount of Rs.l7.38 lakhs has been spent on current
periodicals including back volumes and News papers. An amount of Rs.2.28
lakhs has been spent towards purchase of books and Rs.3.00 lakhs towards
contingencies such as wages for casual labourers, furniture, equipment, xerox
consumables etc.
Books and Periodicals
All the libraries put together continued to receive over 468 Indian and
foreign periodicals. In addition 340 books and about 400 dissertations and re-
ports were added. With a view to help the SC, ST and BC students special
collections have been built up at each of the campuses.
Reprographic Services
The photocopying facilities available in all the campuses have been put
to maXlIl1um use and over 3.2 lakh copies have been supplied to the library
users.
Computerisation
Efforts are being made to modernise the library operations. To start

with, the Central Library has built up a data base of over 4200 dissertations
submitted to APAU.
Press Clippings
Realising the importance of news papers as an effective source of techni-

cal information, press clipp'ings of feature articles and other information in agri-
culture and allied subjects have been organised from leading Indian news
papers in English.
Current Awareness Service
A monthly current awareness bulletin "Current Agricultural Titles" has

been started and is being mailed to all the Research Stations. The Service is
being backed up with the supply of photocopies of articles required by the sci-
entists at the Research Stations.
81
E. University Computer Centre
The University Computer Centre is central facility of the University

catering to the needs of the University in education, research, extension, ad-
ministration and accounting. A wide range of computing environment is avail-
able in the centre backed by considerable expertise. It is equipped with
various hardware and software systems as briefed below.
Computer Hardware Operating environment
Minicomputer 80486 with Unix V 4.2

12 teriminals
Lan with 80486 file server with 5 nodes Novell netware under
DOS
PC/AT's and PC's MS Windows and DOS
80386 with HP4P laser printer 600 dpi, Desktop publishing

HP lIP laser printer 300 dpi and
HP SOOC Inkjet printer
High level languages .C, Fortran,Basic
Database application software Database programmes,

Foxbase, Clipper, Reflex
Spread sheets Lotus 123, Quartropro,

MS Excel
Word processors WS 7.0, Wordperfect
Graphics Harward Graphics
Other software packages SPSS, Microstat, Mstat C
DTP Software Pagemaker and Ventura
82
Activities of the Computer Centre
o Computer education and training

o Sbftware development for multifarious computerisation pro-
grammes of the University.
o Processing of research data of Post Graduate Students
Q Processing of research data of research projects of the University
o Computerisation of various administration, accounting pro-
grammes of the University.
o Development of information systems on Bio-data, Crop and
Land use.
o Desktop Publishing work of reports, manuals, budget etc. of the
University .
.Computer science courses are being offered to Post-graduate students of

the University and training in computer use is being provided to Scientists and
teachers of the University.
There is inhouse software development for various kinds of advanced sta-

tistical analysis tools in Agriculture, Veterinary science and Home Sciences, and
for accounting, administration, payroll, pensions, under-graduate and Post-gradu-
ate admission systems etc.
Annually on an average around 130 Post-graduate students' research data

is being processed using various software developed at the Centre.
The Computer Centre is undertaking various publishing works of the Uni-

versity like annual accounts, annual reports, seminars etc.
83
Chapter IV
RESEARCH
Research in the University encompassing the major fields of Agriculture,

Live stock, Home Science and Fisheries is conducted at 67 Research stations
located in seven agro-climatic zones of the State. The list of Research Stations
is presented as Annexure-IV.
There are 241 research schemes in operation in the University including

Coordinated Research Projects, schemes sponsored by Government of fndia
and others. The list of l.C.A.R. Coordinated Research Projects and Adhoc
research schemes, State Plan schemes and schemes financed by Government
of India and other agencies is furnished in Annexure-V.
The organisational structure of research in Andhra Pradesh Agricultural

University is shown in flow chart-III
The amount incurred towards research is 39% of the total expenditure

of the University (Rs.44.2 crores i.e. excluding other account~).
The seasonal conditions during 1992-93 were in general satisfactory

not withstanding the deficit of 12% and erratic nature of South West monsoon
and 7% excess in North East monsoon over normal rainfall. The total rainfall
received during the year (837 mm) was less by 144 mm as compared to th;tt
received in 1991- 92 (981 mm).
I
The rainfall received during South West (555 mm) and North East
(221 mm) monsoons, 1992-93 was deficient by 141 mm and 22 mm 25
compared to in previous year, while excess rainfall (61 mm) was received
during winter and summer as against 42 mm received in 1991-92.
During the year, an area of about 8.71 lakh ha, mainly in Southern
Telangana zone and in Cuddapah district was affected by drought. During
the same period an area of 8,000 ha was subjected to floods.
Area, production and productivity figures for important crops in Andhra

Pradesh during 1992-93 are furnished in table.4
84
.* .. .. ..
.. .. .
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~.~- ~
- :::::
TABLE 4: AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF
IMPORTANT CROPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1992-93.
Crop Area (000 hal Production Yield (kglha)

(000 t)
Rice 3604 8792 2495
Jowar 1052 909 864
Maize 322 856 2660
Bajra 171 128 760
Ragi 144 160 1103
Small-millets 109 66 606
Bengalgram 60 28 469
Redgram (kharif only) 313 75 238
Greengram 519 226 436
Blackgram 531 348 656
Horsegram 133 51 384
Cowpea 22 7 348
Other pulses 11 4 327
Total pulses 1589 739
Total Foodgrains 7001 11658
Groundnut 2372 1965 828
Castor 245 67 273
Sesamum 157 38 242
Sunflower 310 221 714
Safflower 21 6 297
Niger 19 9 462
Rapeseed-Mustard 5 1 294
Linseed 14 3 183
Total Oilseeds 3143 2310
Sugarcane @ 171 12163 71072
Mesta* 76 492 1168
Chillies 243 373 1535
Tobacco I 174 237 1363
Cotton ** 805 1147 242(lint)
* : 000'bales of 180 kg each

** : 000'bales of 170 kg each (lint)
@ : Area under sugarcane coming for harvest
Source: An Outline of Agril.Situation in Andhra Pradesh,

1992-93, Bureau of Economics & Statistics
85
Though the kharif cropped area decreased significantly, productivity
was not affected much except in case of long duration crops like sugarcane,
red gram and cotton. The total cropped area decreased from 131.92 lakh ha
to 127.54 lakh ha, while the cropping intensity remained unchanged (120%)
as in previous year. Gross cropped area irrigated (39.9%) decreased slightly
as compared to previous year (40.8%). Area under food grain crops decreased
from 74.3 to 70.01 lakh ha. However, the total food grain production showed
only a marginal decline from 117.05 lakh tormes in previous year to 116.58
lakh tormes during 1992-93. The area and production of groundnut, castor,
sesamum, sugarcane and mesta declined during this year over last year, while
those of chillies, cotton and sunflower increased. The productivity of rice,
jowar, ragi, maize, greengram, blackgram and horsegram increased satisfac-
torily, while that of redgram, bengal gram, sesamum, sugarcane and mesta
recorded considerable decrease. In cotton, though the area increased, production
and productivity decreased significantly, largely due to drought conditions.
The salient research results obtained at different research stations under

the university are furnished cropwise and stationwise in the following pages.
86
A. AGRICULTURE
1.0 Cereals and Millets

1.1 Rice
The area under rice crop was 36.04 lakh ha during the year 1992- 93
with a total production of 87.92 lakh tonnes.
The rice research work in the University is in progress at Maruteru,

Rajendranagar, Warangal and Ragolu. Work is also being done at lagtial,
Rudrur, Utukur, Bapatla, Machilipatnam, Pulla and Nandyal. Maruteru is the
lead centre for research on rice in Andhra Pradesh. Both Maruteru and
Rajendranagar are sub-centres of All India Coordinated Rice Improvement
Project.
1.1.1 Maruteru
Crop Improvemellt
In yield trials of late duration group AL 62, a derivative of Swam<:t/MTU

7014 recorded highest yield potential of 5.8 tlha besides showing resistance
to BPH. Among the early duration varieties, CE62, a derivative ofVajramlMTU
7014 was significantly superior in grain yield (7.7 tlha) over other cultures.
The performance of the top 3 cultures in different varietal trials conducted

during the year 1992-93 are furnished in table 5.
Table 5: Performance of the top 3 cultures of Rice in different varietal trials.

---------~.-
No.of
I
Name of the trial Culture number Yield(t/ha)
entries
---
2 3 4
Kharif
IVT (Irrigated Medium) 73 HKR 86-216 7.4
UPR 990-15-3-1 7.4
HKR 86-227 7.1
Swama (c) 5.7
IVT (Shallow Water) 40 GL 3929 7.1
RP 2543-17-283 6.5
Salivahana Cc) 6.4
87
IYT (BT) 17 HKR 90-414 6.0
GI24 (17) 4 5.2
UPR 1071-21-1-1 5.1
Pus a Basumati-l (c) 4.5
AYT (BT) 12· RP 2144-19-6-2 5.7
UPR 908-11-1-1-5 5.6
UPR 85-71-8-1 5.6
Kamal local (c) 5.6
OVT (Late) 23 AL 62 5.8
AL 78 5.7
AL 79 5.5
Chaitanya (c) 5.4
PVT (Late) 12 BL 3 5.5
BL 5 5.2
BL 8 5.2
Chaitanya (c) 4.6
AVT (Late) 26 CL44 5.7
CL 45 5.7
CL43 5.7
Chaitanya (c) 4.5
MVT (Late) 14 DL 40 5.5
DL42 5.1
DL 37 4.3
Swama (c) 3.7
MVT (Medium) II RGL 2538 5.2
MTU 9997 5.0
MTU 9990 4.9
MTU 2400 (c) 4.8
Rabi
OVT (Early) 58 AE 187 7.2
AE200 7.1
IR 64(c) 7.0
PVT (Early) 17 BE 75 6.4
BE 69 6.0
IR 64(c) 5.8
AVT (Early) 21 CE62 7.7
CE 61 6.7
CE 63 6.3
IR 64(c) 6.2
MVT (Early) 13 DE 77 7.4
IR 64(c) 6.8
lJybrid Rice
Three rice hybrids viz., IHRT-2-K 92-42, IHRT-2-K-92- 44 andIHRT-2-

i K-92-57 recorded an yield advantage of 1.11, 0.84 and 0.46 tlha respectively
lover the best check MTU 9992 (3.77 t/ha) during kharif, 1992. The hybrid
OR! 161 showed an yield advantage of 0.94 tlha over the best check IR 64
(5.11 t/ha).
88
In multilocation trials during kharif, 1992 three hybrids viz., MTU HR
2008, MTU HR 2003 and MTU HR 2002 showed an yield advantage of 1.64,
1.54 and 1.13 tlha respectively over the best check Prabhat (4.26 t/ha) at
Bapatla.
In all the five minikit locations of Warangal district, the hybrids

outyielded the best check variety with an yield advantage ranging from 0.6
to 1.3 t/ha (9.7 to 23.2% increase). In Rangareddy district MTU HR 2008
gave maximum yield of 10 t/ha. In Kumool district, rice hybrids performed
well in three locations with an yield advantage ranging from 0.13 to 2.0 tlha
over the best check. Out of eight locations tested in East and West Godavari
districts, the hybrids showed an yield advantage ranging from 0.17 to 1.4 tlha
in four locations over the best check (MTU 9992). In Chitto or district at one
location three hybrids outyielded (18.3 to 58.8% increase) the best check BPI
5204.
The hybrid seeds of the different rice hybrids were successfully produced
under field conditions by adopting efficient package of seed production
techniques.
Agrollomy
Among the herbicides tested, applicattion of 2, 4-D Na salt (0.8 kg/ha)

recorded the highest cost benefit ratio (1 :3.47) with additional net increase of
Rs.507.75 per ha, while butachlor (1.5 kglha) recorded a cost benefit ratio of
only 1:0.96. All the herbicides were observed to be economical over hand
weeding twice.
Chaitanya recorded the 'highest yield (4.8 t/ha) and was significantly
superior to Pankaj (4.2 t/ha) and IET 9760 (4.4 tlha) but was on par with IET
I 9776 (4.5 t/ha). These varieties gave maximum response at 40 kg Nlha, while
. 80 kg N/ha showed no advantage in improving the yield.
Early planting (23-7-92) recorded the highest yield (4.9 tlha) and it
was almost on par with the crop planted at the end of July (4.6 tlha). The
yields recorded in later plantings i.e., 7-8-92 (4.1 t/ha) and 14-8-92 (3.6 t/ha)
were signigicantly inferior to those in early planting. Among varieties, Chaitanya
gave the highest yield (5.1 tlha) and was on par with lET 9776 (4.7 t/ha) ..
The culture IET 7251 recorded the lowest yield (3.1 t/ha).
89
Application of N @ 84 kg/ha recordced the highest yield (5.5 t1ha),
while the yield was reduced to 5.1 tlha at 112 kg N/ha. The decrease in
yields at higher N (112 kg/ha) is mainly due to lodging by heavy rains after
flowering. Among N sources tested viz., prilled urea, LGU coated with coal
acid, urea mixed and incubated in soil, urea incubated in compost, urea coated
with paraquot and urea coated with gear oil, significant differences in yields
were observed.
Application of phosphorus resulted in significant response up to 60 kg

P20s/ha (5.5 tlha), which was on par with 90 kg P205/ha (5.6 tlha). Among
the different sources tried, SSP, DAP and APP proved to be superior to other
sources. The lowest yield was recorded in rock posphate treated with P
solubilizing bacteria (4.5 tlha). Application of sulphur @ 25 kg or 50 kg/ha
increased the yield significantly over control by more than 1 tlha.
In integrated nutrient supply system, highest yield (5.7 tlha) was obtained
when 25% recommended N was applied through FYM and remaining 75%
N through inorganic N, which was on par with 50% recommended N applied
through FYM or green manuring (sesbania). '
In late planted (1-8-92) crop (Swama)~ there were no significant

differences in grain yield due to nitrogen levels (30 to 60 kgN/ha). Among
the times of N application 2/3rd at basal + 113 at tillering and 2/3rd at basal
+ 1/3rd at panicle initiation (P.I.) recorded significantly higher grain yields of
5.4 and 5.3 tlha respectively.
Skipping 113 basal dose of N and applying the same at 10 DAT gave
: the highest grain yield of 4.9 tlha and was on par with normal practice of
: split application i.e. 3 equal splits as 1/3 basal, 113 at tillering and 1/3 at P.I.
\stage (4.7 t/ha). The first 1I3rd split could be applied even at 10 DAT, if it
;\\'as not done as basal due to financial constraint of the farmer, without any
;adversc effect on the yields. Though significant yield advantage was not
iobscrved, the farmer gains some time for the application of N.
Application ofN in the form of LGU (3.9 tlha) and nimin coated urea
(3.3 t/ha) were found to be good under poor drainage conditions.
,
\ Varieties Chaitanya and Swama gave satisfactory yields (ranging from
7., 2 to 5.0 tlha) when planted with aged seedlings (45 days) or with split tillers
90
(45 or 55 days old) from main field indicating that they are suitable for
contingency rice cropping in flood prone areas.
In the studies on the performance of rice hybrids to different doses of

N, MTU-HR-2003 registered grain yield of 5.7 tJha and was on par with
Chaitanya (5.6 tJha) and Swarna (5.6 tJha). Though N application significantly
increased the grain yield over control (4.78 tJha), the differences between 40
Kg N (5.27 Uha) and 80 kg N (5.47 Uha) were not significant.
Plant Pathology
Among 72 entries tested in International Irrigated Rice Observational

Nursery, 40 entries were found resistant to bacterial leaf blight and none to
sheath blight disease.
In a trial for the control of sheath blight, out of 10 fungicides tried,

Tilt 25 EC recorded maximum grain yield (6.2 Uha) followed by Cyproconazole
(6.1 tJha) and Validacin 3L (5.9 tJha) and gave effective control (PDI 32.4)
on par with Validacin 3L which showed least PDI (17.5).
In the International Rice Blast Nursery (IRBN-18) out of 331 entries

screened, 214 entries were found resistant to leaf blast. None of the four cell
suspensions of Pseudomonas sp. could check the spread of sheath blight
disease, when sprayed twice.
Among 1083 entries screened, three tall varieties and six hybrids showed
resistant reaction to sheath blight and the rest were susceptible. In bacterial
blight screening, 322 entries were resistant out of 1065 entries tested. In leaf:
blast screening, 1210 entries were tested and 604 were found resistant to the
disease.
During kharif, 85 entries were tested in six breeding trials, of which

11 were found resistant to bacterial blight and none to sheath blight disease.
Loss in yield and yield components due to infection of sheath blight

and bacterial blight diseases was observed in 10 popular rice cultivars, viz.
Swarna, Chaitanya, Krishnaveni, Nandi, Pratibha, Prabhat, MTU 4870, MTU
9992, Vajram and PL 1100.
91
Entomology
Triazophos, isoazophos, carbofuran and chlorpyriphos were effective

against leaf folder, recording incidence of 3.5 to 4.7% as against 18.2% in
untreated control.
BPMC 50 EC and ethofenprox 10EC were highly effective against

piant hopper population recording 80% mortality.
Out of 37 entries screened, only one variety Ptb 33 could withstand

higher pressure of mixed population of WBPHlBPH which were present in
60:40 proportion in the field. In seed box technique in the green house,
Ptb-33, ARC 6650, ARC 10550, CR-MR-1523, Velluthacheera, Manoharsali
and Suinphul were found resistant to BPH, recording a score of 0.88 to 2.8.
Only Mudgo and ASD 7 were susceptible. Among the 71 cultures screened,
10 cultures viz., BPT 2217, BPT 4363, RP 2547-100-255, RP 2572-2-304,
RP 2573-24- 236, KAU 42-30-7-1, KAU 34-2-1, VR 212 andKHR-5-38 were
found promising against plant hopper population in the field.
Out of 96 entries screened in kharif and 114 entries in rabi seasons

for resistance to rice pest complex, 11 entries viz., AL 57, BL 5, CL 50, 51,
DL 45, DM 46, 47, AE 139, BE 53, 52 and 51 in kharifwere promising in
the field against mixed plant hopper population. In rabi, 14 entries showed
late field tolerance to plant hoppers.
Monocrotophos @ 100 g ai/ha chlorpyriphos @ 300 and 150 g ai/ha

and recorded more population ofBPH than control exhibiting tendency towards
resurgence. Chlorpyriphos @ 150 g ai/ha recorded 28.45 per cent hopper
bums.
Light trap studies indicated that yellow stemborer was predominent

from October to December during kharif and from February to April during
raM Peak population of WBPH was recorded in September during kharif and
in March during rabi seasons, while BPH peaks were observed during
October-November in kharif and March to April in rabi.
Plaut Physiology
The duration of seed dormancy ranged from 1 to 6 weeks in mid late

I cultures, while it ranged from 4 to 7 weeks in late cultures. Among the cultures,
92
MTU 11361, MTU 11408 amd MTU 9997 exhibited a significantly higher
productive efficiency of 5.5 to 5.0 t1ha and were superior to the check varieties,
Swarna (3.7 t/ha) and MTU 2067 (3.4 t/ha) due to their high source capacity
and translocation efficiency, whereas mid-duration cultures were on par with
check varieties viz., MTU 3626 and MTU 2400 in the productive efficiency.
Among the 15 varieties tested for productive efficiency under normal

and low-light intensity conditions, MTU 2067, Swarna, MTU 4870, MTU
5182 and BPT 4358 showed relatively higher efficiency.
Among the rainfed rice varieties Udasannavari recorded higher grain

yield (2.3 t/ha) as compared to 1.5 to 1.7 t/ha recorded in MTU 9993, 9994,
9995, MTU 17, Pare Ranga and Penu Baru 2.
In the 196 cultures tested, the tiller number ranged from 5 to 27 per
hill with a tiller to panicle conversion efficiency of 35 to 100%. The varieties
Purple puttu and CR 702015 recorded 100% tiller to panicle conversion ratio
with 9 and 12 tillers per hill respectively.
Out of 9 Japanica and 20 Javanica rice cultures tested, productivity

efficiency was higher in four Javanica rices viz., Gentabalan (810 g/m2) Gampai
(720 g/m2), Sukhamandi (640 g/m2) and Rozolee (610 g/m2) and in three
Japanica rices, viz., Asehisen (725 g/m2), AUS 373 (611 g/m2) and Yukahara
')
(581 g/m~).
Simulation studies on crop modelling using Personal Computer indicated

that the grain yield variations due to varieties, seasons, planting dates and
nitrogen levels could be well predicted by rice model MACROS- LIK-CSM.
During rabi, the productive efficiency was high (6.46-7.36 t/ha) in

MTU 11294 and MTU 11335, but was on par with check varieties, IR 64
and MTU 7014. The productivity of the hybrids was on par with that of the
best local check, IR 64 and was higher than that of National check Jaya and
local check MTU 9992.
The crop growth duration of hybrids ranged from 110 to 127 days.
MTU 9992 exhibited higher source capacity, sink components, translocation
efficiency and was equal in yield to the best check IR 64 (6.97 t1ha).
93
The difference in flowering duration among eMS and maintainer lines
ranged from 1 to 2 days, while it ranged from 9 to 14 days in eMS and
restorer lines in different planting dates during kharif, 92. This indicates that
the sowing dates of eMS and resotrer lines have to be adjusted for realising
the synchrony of flowering.
Soil Science alld Agricultural Chemistry
Application of Potash @ 40-45 kg/1m was found to be optimum for

getting high yields in Godavari alluvial soils, indicating the present level of
potassium (15 kg/ha) used by most farmers is inadequate for getting higher
yields.
Irrigation with Godavari water gave significantly superior yields over

borewell water. Irrigation with river water + 30 kg N/ha was superior to bore
well water irrigation + 30 kg N/ha revealing the fertile nature of Godavari
water.
Sediment collected in Godavari water on an average contained 0.032,

0.014 and 0.029 percent N, P205 and K20 respectively. Low fertilizer
requirement of kharif rice in Godavari delta can be attributed to high fertility
value of Godavari water in rainy season.
The cumulative and residual effect ·of phosphorus was found to be

significant on grain yield. Phosphorus application has exhibited a significant
positive effect on nitrogen and potash utilization besides its own utilization
and also on build up of available P205 in soils.
Reduction in the recommended dose of P205 and K20 reduced the

grain yield significantly warranting optimum fertilization. Substitution of 50%
N either through green manure or FYM produced yields on par with 100 per
cent N applied through urea even after six seasons of experimentation
emphasising the need for conjunctive use of organics and inorganics for
sustained soil fertility and crop production in the long run.
Phosphorus application increased root volume and length significantly

in all the varieties, which in tum resulted in significantly higher grain yield.
A dose of 40 kg P205/ha was found to be necessary for kharif rice in Godavari
alluvial soils analysing for medium available P205. Among varieties, Chaitanya
94
was found to be very efficient in P205 utilization recording significantly higher
yield over other varieties.
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) showed no sequestering effect on

zinc in low land rice soils. APP was found to be superior to DAP as P source
to rice and also for improving available P205 content of soils.
1.1.2 Rajendranagar
Crop Improvement
Large number of single plants and bulks from already released varieties,
multiple resistant cross progenies and scented rices were selected for further
study. Improvement in Tellahamsa and BPT 5204, through mutation breeding
resulted in identification of desirable M 3 single plants. Among the germplasm
collections Yen'a Vadlu 1 was found to be tolerant to iron chlorosis and
recorded highest grain yield. Performance of top 2-3 cultures in different
trials conducted during the year 1992-93 is furnished in the table 6.
Table 6: Performance of top 2-3 cultures of rice in differnt trials
Name of the trial No.of Culture Nos. Yield (tlha)

entries
Coordinated Project
Kharif
lET (Early) 56 lET 13686 5.5
Tellahamsa (c) 5.1
lET 13709 4.9
AVT (Mid-early) 31 lET 10494 5.3
lET12875 5.1
lET 12870 4.9
Sa1eem(c) 4.3
lET (Medium) 72 lET 11008 8.1
lET 13571 8.1
lET13585 7.9
Jaya (c) 6.5
AVT (Medium) 29 lET 12175 7.6
lET 12174 7.6
lET 12687 7.2
Jaya (c) 6.8
AVT (Basmati) 12 lET 12609 6.5
lET 13153 6.3
lET 13158 6.0
Pusa Basmati( c) 5.0
95
Rabi
lET (Medium-early) 53 lET 13686 8.1
lET 13688 7.9
lET 13712 7.6
Rasi (Check) 7.2
AYT (Mid-early) 31 lET 12421 8.6
lET 12424 8.2
lET 12402 7.4
Saleem (c) 6.3
AVT (Basmati) 12 lET 13153 7.4
lET 12606 7.0
lET 13152 5.9
Pusa Basmati(c) 5.4
APAU-Non Plan
kharif
OVT 16 RNR 13701 6.0
RNR 14818 5.7
RNR 15251 5.6
Prasanna(c) 4.6
PVT-I 18 RNR 8630 5.8
RNR 10289 5.7
RNR4050 5.7
Rajendra(c) 4.0
AVT-I 24 RNR 10212 7.2
RNR 762 6.4
RNR 8581 6.3
Prasanna (c) 5.1
OVT-JI 32 Tellahamsa (c) 5.8
RNR 13692 5.6
RNR 13283 5.3
PVT-IJ 20 RNR 1129 7.2
RNR 12364 7.1
RNR 8610 7.1
Tellahamsa(c) 6.9
AVT-IJ 22 RNR 16-57-50 5.6
Tellahamsa(c) 5.5
RNR 11710 5.5
OVT-III 37 RNR 15187 8.5
RNR 15178 7.7
RNR 15081 7.7
Samba Mahsuri(c) 5.7
PVT-IlI 18 RNR 13179 8.0
RNR 13212 6.5
RNR 12250 6.4
BPT 5204(c) 4.6
AVT-III 22 RNR 9351 7.1
RNR250 6.9
RNR2736 6.7
Chandan(c) 5.8
96
MLT (Early) 15 DE 77 (MTU 11294) 7.9
DE 78 (MTU 11335) 7.5
DE 86 (MTU 1000) 7.4
DE 84 (IR 64) 7.0
ML T (Medium) II DM42 7.2
DM 48 7.1
DM 39 7.0
rabi
AVT 24 RNR 8449 8.8
RNR 1009 8.6
RNR 4044 7.8
Rajendra 6.5
MLT (Early) 15 DE 75 (MTU 10883) 11.2
DE 85 (Tellahamsa) lOA
DE 82 {RNR 8449 10.2
Studies on the competitive ability of five medium duration varieties

indicated that mixture combinations of variety RDR 536 gave higher grain
yields indicating its general competitive ability for yield. Specific competitive
ability effects were high in RDR 536 + Surekha and RDR 536 + Saleem
recording grain yields of 9.4 and 9.2 tlha compmed to 8.2 t/ha in RDR 536
alone.
Agronomy
Among the five pre-release cultures tested, lET 8585 gave consistently
higher yield (5.2 tlha) and good response to nitrogen and was on par with the
national check, Jaya (5.2 t/ha).
During rabi season, Satya, the local check outyielded (6.l t/ha) other
pre-release cultures, lET 9978 and lET 10890 and showed linear response to
nitrogen upto 160 kg N/ha (7.4 tlha). Even under low fertility i.e. at 80
kgNlha, Satya gave an yield of 6.4 tlha. Studies on yield maximisation of
rice under irrigated conditions indicated that application of 33% higher dose
of nitrogen resulted in numerical increase in grain yield during khar(f, while
in rabi the increase in yield (14.2%) was significantly higher. Increasing
fertilizer dose alongwith plant population by 33% contributed to higher yield
(22.9%) during rabi. Nimin coated urea showed better response in both kharif
and rabi seasons. but more in rabi.
In direct sown rice under puddled conditions, pretilachlor plus 30 EC

@ 0.60 kg ai/ha gave the highest yield (6.1 tlha) next to handweeding twice
97
at 20 and 40 DAS (6.8 tJha) , followed by pyrazosulfuran ethyl 10 WP at
0.005 and 0.01 kg aj./ha (6.1 and 5.9 tJha respectively).
Application of blue green algae or Azotobacter alone with no nitrogen

application did not result in significant increase in grain yield in both kharif
and rabi seasons. However, application of 40 kg N in association with blue
green algae or Azotobacter was on par with application of 80 kg N/ha and
120 kg N/ha.
Studies on varietal tolerance to planting with overaged seedlings

conducted during three kharif seasons indicated that variety Swarna can
withstand planting with aged seedlings up to 60 days wiht an yield of 3.6
tlha. The next best variety was RNR 32341 (3.0 tJha).
Cropping systems
Studies on production potentials of rice based cropping systems showed

that the highest monetary return could be realised by growing short duration
kharif rice followed by cabbage in rabi and amaranthus in summer. The crop
cycle is completed before 1st week of May. The next best system was either
tomato or chilli, following short duration rice crop. Among oilseed crops,
groundnut alone gave highest returns.
Entomology
Among the 10 insecticides evaluated against major insect pests during

khar[fand rabi seasons, isazophos 3 G @ 0.75 kg a.i.lha and carbofuran 3 G
@ 1.0 kg aj./ha controlled the pests effectively and resulted in higher yields.
Among spray formulations ethofenprox 10 EC @ 0.5 kg aj./ha, hostathion
40 EC @ 0.25 kg a.i.lha and chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.5 kg aj.lha controlled
rice pests effectively and gave higher yields.
Granular application of quinalphos 5 G, carbofuran 3 G and cartap 4

G @ 1.5 kg aj.lha to the nursery at 5 days before pulling the seedlings
protected the crop from major insect pests up to a period of 20-25 days in
the main field. Evaluation of pre-release rice cultures for yield potential under
need based and un-protected conditions indicated that percentage increase of
grain yield due to need based protection was more in susceptible varieties like
lET 10516 (22.8%), BPT 5204 (20.3%) and Jaya (19.6%), while the response
98
was marginal in tolerant varieties like WGL 48684 (7.5%), IET 9910 (7.9%)
and IET 9853 (9.9%).
Increase in level of earhead bug population from 0 to 15 adult bugs

per m2 resulted in progresive increase in number of damaged grains from 0
to 27.9 and progressive decrease in grain yield from 8.1 t1ha to 5.5 t1ha . The
reduction in grain yield was significant at 15 earhead bugs/m2.
Among the 128 cultures screened, four cultures viz., RNR 10860, RNR
4059, RNR 13692 and RNR 15695 were free from gallmidge damage, while
9 cultures recorded less than 5% damage.
Studies to identify donors for sporadic pests indicated that out of 22

donors and cultures tested, Vellaiillan, Kalyan, Chemban, Ptb-12, ARC 15831,
ARC 11128, T 1477 and Choorpundy recorded nil or negligible incidence of
whorl maggot, thrips and earhead bug.
During the year 1992-93, incidence of earhead bug was negligible in

endemic areas of the zone, which might be due to drought prevailed from
June - August.
In light trap studies, yellow stem borer, gallmidge, green leaf hoppers
and brown plant hoppers were recorded in more numbers during September
and October months, while the pest pressure was negligible during June to
August, 1992.
Plant Pathology
Spraying beam 75 WP @ 1 gil of water four times, i.e. twice at tillering

and twice after early heading significatly reduced the blast incidence to 1.1 %
over the check (3.1 %).
Among 126 cultures screened, 61 cultures were resistant to bacterial

leaf blight and two cultures viz., RNR 4141 and RNR 52147 were resistant
to sheath blight.
Out of five promising cultures evaluated for their resistance to bacterial

leaf blight, only one entry, RNR 74802 was rated as highly resistant. Among
770 entries screened, five in National screening nursery-I, 27 in National
99
screening nursery-2 and six in mUltiple resistant screening nursery were free
from blast, brownspot, narrow brown leaf spot and sheath rot.
The incidence of leaf blast and brown spot diseases was favoured by
the minimum temperature belpw 15°C and maximum temperature around 30°C
and relative humidity about 75%.
Studies on disease management with resistant and susceptible varieties

indicated that growing resistant varieties such as Saleem and RNR 99377 is
the best way of managing diseases (leaf blight and sheath blight).
1.1.3 Ncllore
Crop Improvement
The' preformance of medium duration, fine grain and blast resistant

culture, NLR 33057 (with an average yield of 6.5 tlha) was consistently good
in minikit trials during rabi, and in onfarm trials on farmers' holdings and
gave an increased yield of 15 to 19% over the check IR 20. It is ready for
release in Southern zone of Andhra Pradesh for rabi season under tankfed
areas.
Based on the consistently good performance ofNLR 33057 (IET 11582)

and another culture NLR 33055 (lET 11752) , the Directorate of Rice Research
suggested for their large scale testing in other states (Haryana, Western Uttar
Pradesh).
Long duration Molagolukulu type cultures viz., NLR 33235 and NLR
33365 with 165 days duration were significantly superior to the check (with
10-15% increased yields), while NLR 33166 with 150 days duration was found
better than Pinakini in Prakasam district. Out of these, NLR 33235 with blast
resistance and high yield potential (6.5-7 tlha) has received excellent response
from the farmers with in two seasons.
Cultures NLR 33635, NLR 33634 and NLR 33633 in short duration,
NLR 33636 and 33637 in medium duration and NLR 33166 in long duration
groups are being tested in multi location trials under APAU, while cultures
NLR 33651, NLR 33235, NLR 33646 and NLR 33648 in long duration group
and NLR 33655 and NLR 33656 in medium duration group are proposed for
multilocation testing through Directorate of Rice Research.
100
The medium duration rice cultures NLR 33636 and NLR 33637 with'
fine grain and blast resistance have been included for minikit testing in
Sourthern zone in rabi season. The performance particulars oftop 2-3 cultures
in different yield trials are presented in table 7.
Table 7: Performance of top 2-3 cultures in different trials
Name of the trial No. of Culture Nos Yield tlha

entries
2 '"
.) 4
Kharif
o V T (Late) 46 NLR 5021-245-1-1-2-1 6.07
NLR 5014-29-1-1-1-1 5.68
NLR 5004-167-1-1-1-2 5.51
NLR 33235 (c) 3.16
P V T (Late) 22 NLR 5014-75-2-1 4.92
NLR 5015-65-2-2 4.48
NLR 5047-1-1-1-1 3.84
Thikkanna (c) 2.06
A V T (Late) 22 NLR 5014-56-1-1 4.68
NLR 5014-70-1-1 4.38
NLR 5014-79-1-1 4.07
NLR 33235 (c) 2.67
Rabi
o V T (Medium) 25 NLR 5145-3-14-2-2-1 4.57
NLR 5145-16-1-2 4.54
NLR 5144- 1-2-4-2 4.48
IR - 64 (c) 3.67
P V T (Medium) 20 IR 50-7 4.14
IR 50-10 4.05
IR 50-15 4.01
IR 64 (c) 3.36
A V T (Medium) 24 NLR 5024-13-1-1-4 4.83
NLR 5030-195-1-1-3 4.70
NLR 5036-5-1-1 4.69
IR20(c) 3.90
A Y T - I (Medium) 30 lET 12246 6.34
lET 12174 5.80
lET 12793 5.70
IR 20 (c) 5.13
I Y T - I (Mid-Early) 59 lET 13707 5.23
lET 13710 4.19
lET 13346 4.06
IR 20 (c) 4.04
101
Upland Direct Seeded Trial: Annadha H.RJ 5.31
BPT 1235 5.06
MTU 17 (c) 4.44
1.32
Early Kharij:
oVT 50 NLR 5110-8-1-2-1 5.56
NLR 5144-8-1-5 5.36
NLR 5165-1-1-1-1 5.06
Rasi (c) 5.06
PV T 27 TKM-9 5.17
Rasi (c) 4.74
AV T 24 NLR 5165- I -1- I-I 4.07
NLR 33359 4.00
Pusa 677 3.83
Rasi (c) 3.27
Varietal Trial with RTV 20 NLR 5044-13-1-1-2 4.38
tolerant cultures NLR 5008-142-1-1 4.38
NLR 5031-17-1-1 4.20
IR 50 3.90
Agronomy
For pre-release rice cultures, NLR 28600, NLR 33166 and NLR 28523,
application of 90 kg Nlha was found to be optimum to get higher grain yields.
Application of recommended dose of fertilizers (120 N+60 P205+40 K20
kg/ha), pre-emergence application ofbutachlor (2.50 lIha) and basal application
of zinc sulphate (50 kglha) gave higher grain yield (5.5 t/ha) over farmer's
method of raising the crop (4.1 t/ha).
Studies on rice based cropping systems for deltaic areas indicated that
growing of rice-rice-greengram in early kharif, kharif and rabi seasons was
more remunerative, followed by rice- rice-groundnut system over mono cropping
of rice in early kharif and rabi seasons.
Direct seeding with sprouted seed in puddled soil gave higher grain
yield (5.7 tlha) over dry seeding in puddled soil. All the pre-emergence
weedicides (benthiocarp, butachlor, 2-4 DEE and anilophos gave significantly
higher grain yield (5.6 to 5.8 t/ha) over control (4.4 t/ha).
Application of recommended dose of nitrogen 80 kg Nlha at 3 equal

splits without biofertilizer gave higher grain yield (4.8 tlha) over soil application
of Azotobacter biofertilizer @ 2.5 kglha (4.1 tlha), skipping basal application
of 113 nitrogen (25 kg/ha).
102
Elltomology
Among the 46 cultures screened in kharif, Isanakorra, Vikaramarya

and IET 9994 harboured low population of green leaf hoppers, the vector of
RTV. The cultures 5021-145-1 (NLR 27999IMTU 4870) and 5002-107-1
(NLR 9672/IET 7332) were promising against green leaf hopper/rice tungro
virus. Peak incidence of green leaf hopper was found in August - November,
the tender crop being more vulnerable to the GLH attack, as dry spells and
intermittant rains in August - September were conducive for the build up of
GLH, and heavy rains in November were detrimental. Spraying monocrotophos
or cartap hydrochloride at 0.05% concentration or granular application of
carbofuran 3 G or cartap hydrochloride 4 G @ 1.0 kg a.i.lha were highly
effective against GLH and resulted in increased yields.
Among the neem products tested, neem kernel decoction 1% was more
effective against GLH than neem oil, neem guard and nimbicide (all at 1%).
The biotype of gallmidge present in Nellore districT was identified as biotype
1. Ptb 10 showed multiple resistance to GLHIBPHIRTV/gallmidge.
YeHow stem borer was at peak during March-April, while leaf folder
was moderate during January. GLH was active from July, while BPH was
very active in October, November and December months. Entomogeneous
pathogens on leaf folder and cut worm significantly reduced the pests during
November.
Under rice based cropping systems, groundnut and sunflower grown

in early kharif invited more pest problems.
Plallt Pathology
Out of 1388 rice cultures evaluated against blast in National blast

nurseries and International rice blast nursery, 13 resistant cultures with high
yield were identified. Among 30 cultures evaluated for durable resistance,
five cultures viz., NLR 26706, NLR 33235, NLR 32972, NLR 33057 and
NLR 33635 showed slow blasting characters comparable to IR 36.
In the screening for resistance to tungro virus disease during late kharif
season, cultures BCP 1, Pottinallavari, Eswara Korra, NLR 33641, NLR 33646,
NLR 33648 and NLR 33651 were found promising, while NLR 33235 and
NLR 30491 were tolerant to tungro.
103
Incidence of blast and leaf spots was severe from January to March
coinciding with high dew deposition and low night temperature.
Soil Science
In soil test based fertilizer recommendations for kharif rice in rice-rice

cropping system in alluvial soils of Nellore, the grain yield increased with
increased levels of fertility gradient from OX to IX and declined in 2X. Grain
yield increased with increased level of fertilizer application over control.
However, the response was maximum at 50 kg N/ha and 40 kg P20s/ha levels.
All K20 levels were on par with each other.
Studies on soil-test based fertilizer recomendation for rabi rice in

rice-rice cropping system in alluvial soils, linear response was observed to
nitrogen application in all four gradient strips from 50 kg N/ha to 200 kg
Nlha, whereas the response to P20S was more at 50 kg P20s/ha. There was
no clear cut response to different K20 levels.
In another experiment of creating fertility gradient in the soil, it was

oberved that fertility gradient could be created with respect to phosphorus
only.
1.1.4 WarangaI
Crop Improvement
The culture WGL 47970, a promising gall midge resistant long duration
(140-145 days), with long slender grain possessing yield potential of 7.0 tlha
has been proposed for release. This culture is under natural spread in large
areas. Cultures WGL 3962, WGL 3943 and WGL 3825 are under testing
in minikits for second year.
The details of top yielders in different varietal trials are furnished in

table 8.
104
Table 8: Particulars of top 3 cultures in yield trials.
Name of the No.of Top yielders (t/ha)

trial entries
II III
Kharif
PVT (Late) 9 WGL WGL Phalguna (c)
49611 (4.39) 47970(c) (4.39) (4.24)
AVT (Late) 16 WGL WGL WGL
48937 (5.03) 48937·1 (4.76) 47970(c) (4.35)
PVT (Medium) 8 Kavya(c) WGL WGL
(4.06) 3938 (3.58) 3876 (3.35)
A VT (Medium) 14 WGL WGL WGL
3962(c) (4.92) 2424 (4.80) 2436 (4.79)
OVT (Early) 16 WGL WGL WGL
9180 (3.26) 9143 (3.13) 9179 (3.01)
PVT (Early) 16 WGL WGL WGL
382S(c) (3.43) 9329 (3.34) 9365 (3.34)
AVT (Early) 19 WGL WGL WGL
3825(c) (2.74) 18011-15(c) 9206 (2.36)
(2.37)
MLT 11 NLR 33637 MTU MTU
(Medium) (5.44 ) 9997 (5.32) 9990 (4.94)
MLT (Early) 15 MTU MTU NLR
11294 (5.14) 11291 (4.88) 33635 (4.86)
Out of eight entries evaluated under dry sown-wet conversion, MTU

7014 (4.27 tJha), WGL 18011-15 (4.23 tlha) and Pothana (3.83 tJha) were
found promising.
Agronomy
Among the four scented rice varieties evaluated, Pusa Basmati recorded
the highest grain yield (3.12 tlha) followed by Kasturi Basmati (2.91 tJha).
Sowing of these varieties in the first week of December gave the highest mean
yield (3.03 tlha) compared to first fortnight of November.
Among the rice hybrids, MTU 2000 gave the highest yields in both
kharif (5.68 tJha) and rabi (6.29 tJha) seasons, followed by MTU 2001 (5.41
and 5.43 tJha) as compared to checks Divya (5.01 tlha) in kharif and Rasi
(5.66 tJha) and Kavya (5.62 t/ha) in raN season.
105
Orug allu _ a promising paddy variety ready for release.
Entomology
Out of 43 entries evaluated under pesticide free conditions, 20 cultures

including six from Warangal (WGL 3370, 3820,3825, 3943, 3971 and 48937)
and one from Bapatla (BPT 7346) were found free from the incidence of
gallmidge.
Studies on prevalence of gallmidge biotypes with three groups of nine

differentials indicated that five entries viz., W 1263, Phalguna, ARC 5984,
Ptb 10 and T 1477 were completely free from gallmidge, while ARC
660~(1.58%) CR-MR 1523 (2.33%) and Aganni (1.04%) recorded very low
incidence and the susceptible check TNl, the highest incidence (14.04%)
indicating the presence of native gallmidge biotype-l in Warangal district.
Out of 62 entries evaluated for resistance to major insect pests of

Warangal district, two entries viz., Ptb 39 (Jyothi) and Pusa 835-203-2-13-10-2
were found promising possessing resistance to both gallmidge and whorl
maggot.
In the screening trial against leaf folder and stem borer during kharif
season, the leaf folder was totally absent. Out of 17 entries screened, RP
2548-1702-5 was observed to consistently record lowest incidence of both
dead hearts (3.61 %) and white ears (1.89%) due to stem borer.
Among the 57 promising cultures of Warangal origin evaluated during

kharif against major insect pests of rice, 15 entries were found to be free from
gallmidge, while 19 entries showed lowest incidence of thrips. The incidence
of stem borer was low throughout the vegetative phase of the crop, while high
incidence of white ears (8.4 to 24.7%) was observed. Five entries viz., WGL
3306 (0.0%), WGL 49138 (1.9%), WGL 45843 (2.0%), RNR 1535 (2.1%)
and WGL 47877 (2.2%) recorded less incidence of leaf folder. Against whorl
~naggot four entries viz., WGL 20506, 49548, 47998 and 49102 were found
promising recording less than 5% leaf damage.
The efficacy of diffemt .insecticides was evaluated during both kharif

and rabi seasons against major insect pests of rice. During kharif, application
of isoazophos 3 G @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha recorded least incidence of gallmidge
(12.62%) with the highest yield (3.35 tlha) as against 20.18% incidnece of
gallmidge and 2.65 tlha of grain yield in untreated control. During rabi
isoazophos was found highly effective against stem borer (dead hearts 1.34%
106
and white ears 10.68%) and whorl maggot (1.5%). whik tr;a/ophGs was highly
effective against leaf folder (0.12% damaged leaves).
Studies on control of early stage insect pests '?/ith g:-amll~~:- insecticides.

sprayings and seedling treatment indicated that seedling root dipping in 0.02%
chlorpyriphos was most effective against gal1midge in k/;ari;' ::icason. Durinr;
rabi, whole seedling dip in chlorpyriphos 0.05% sciution '.vas higbltyeffective
against stem borer even upto 40 DA T and \';as on par with chlorpyriphos
0.02% seedling root dipping. None orrlle insecticide!' .V25 ,:fr2Ciivc in reducing
the incidence of whorl maggot ill bGl> J:ha:'{( am.! n;:; i seasons.
In the trial on optimum pest control \,.:ith ir,secticides in different

varieties, need based application of insecticides \vas found effective against
stem borer and whorl maggot, but did i>~t cx l1ibit any significant impact on
grain yield.
Monitoring of insect actiyiiY \,;<. :;:_'. < :~c:r~ i:ldicated that stem borer
was active throughout the year with p::~:r, c':::t; ,;~:. ::', 'jng September-January
months, while gallmidge, BPH and C~J-l \vc;·': ';.";i·j· active from September-
November reaching peak in Octobcr month. I..eaf folder and \VBPH 'were
active during kharif season.
1.1.5 Ragolu
Crop Improvemellt
During kharif, 1992, 1492 single plants resistant to gallmidge biotype

4 were selected form populations of F 2 to F 5 generations of 28 different
cross combinations. About 73 breeding lines were isolated form F4 and F5
generations of different crosses for resistance to gallmidge biotype 4. During
rabi, 326 single plant selections were made in F2 populations for earliness
and gallmidge resistance. Under back cross programme to improve the local
popular varieties viz., Phalguna and Swama by incorporating gallimidge
biotype 4 resistance, desirable single plants were selected from BC2 and
promoted to BC 3.
The details of the top two-three yielders in different varietal/yield trials

are furnished in table 9.
107
\\L!!~ O?
Yield (t/ha)
ih '_: trirJ
----~
2
--.---_--~_-_----_-
_____~ ________ ._ _ _ _4-,--_ _
() \' -; ",. -.. 42 4.98

4.98
4.92
4.34
19 5.44
H.(;~ i739 4.94
j.~c;_, : ~Ci5 4.79
Swam,. (c) 3.60
:\ .,,' 0: ,::::.:) 15 5.33
'", :J1,,'1ting with 4.73
~.~ day ~'ced!ings) Ma:1.:;~_;r:. (c) 4.73
S\l,'~.:P ;, -:.) 3.62
j\ V T (Late) 15 4.98
(L,:~ \l!c_'-,:;:1g with 60 4.61
d:, '~;-:(~dF i ~63) ~ :r2 4.51
t', . . <? ; ~.~) 3.94
15 6.13
5.16
4.76
3.52
r)'/T C'.-kClium) 32 5.99
5.48
5.32
3.96
19 6.38
; ;15 5.53
~!:' ':'517 5.21
',c;-~: =>\00 5.21
\',j;1';i (c) 3.42
\fLT ([v1edium) II 4.97
4.76
4.74
O\'T (Early) nc;_ 2409 4.49
'.'J;;~ 2408 4.34
"tiL 2539 4.34
ReI. 2624 (c) 2.11
MLT (Early) :JE77 4.48
DE 78 4.44
f)~: 75 4.30
~':JL 2624 (c) 3.69
I Y T (Basmathi) 20 lET 13549 3.32
lET 13541 3.26
RGL 2624 (c) 2.68
Pakistan Basmathi 2.75
Varietal Trial 14 Lalat 4.40
(Tankfed conditions) Vamsi 4.37
RGL 2538 4.14
Rasi (c) 2.58
Evaluation of 14 CR 296-260 5.01
GMR donors JET 10743 4.77
Swama (c) 4.56
IYT(Shallow-late) 40 lET 13492 4.55
lET 13336 4.44
lET 13495 4.44
Swama (c) 4.23
A YT 18 lET 12537 5.89
(Shallow-late) lET 12070 5.42
Swama (c) 5.46
J V T (Medium) lET 13583 4.54
lET 13585 4.49
lET 13586 4.40
Hybrid rice 15 MTU 2001 4.60
MTU 2008 4.56
Vamsi (c) 3.86
Rabi
o V T (Early) 10 RGL 1875 5.41
Rasi 5.19
RGL 2539 5.19
RGL 2624 (c) 4.83
M L T (Early) 15 DE 81 4.89
DE 88 4.80
RGL 2624 (c) 3.04
Hybrid rice 15 MTU 2001 4.87
MTU 2008 4.85
Vamsi (c) 4.86
Agronomy
Studies on rice based cropping systems incidated that the crop sequence
maize-rice-sesamum gave maximum net returns of Rs.6,463/- with a cost
benefit ratio of 1.98, followed by maize- rice-blackgram with monetary returns
of Rs.5,689/- with a cost- benefit ratio of 1.95
Application of 90 kg Nlha was found to be optimum for all the five i
pre-release cultures viz., RGL 2538, RGL 3168, Suraksha, RGL 2537 and
109
Swama tested. RGL 2537 outyielded all the pre-release cultures at 90 kg
N/ha with a grain yield of 5.31 t/ha.
Under late planted conditions, RGL 2537 gave maximum grain yields
with both 40 day old seedlings (5.28 t/ha) and 60 day old seedlings (4.76
t/ha), planted on 17th August and 7th September respectively. IET 10334
(4.25 t/ha) and IET 7251 (4.05 t/ha) performed better with 60 day old seedlings
than Swama (3.88 t/ha) and IET 9757 (3.72 t/ha).
In transplanted rice, four hand weedings (check) gave maximum grain

yield (4.65 tJha) , followed by anilophos + 2, 4 DEE @ 0.40 + 0.53 kg a.i.lha.
(4.6 tJha).
In the onfarm trials, application of 60 kg P205+50 kg K20/ha to variety

Swama resulted in an additional yield of 0.56 t/ha over applicaton of 35 kg
P20s/ha only, with a cost benefit ratio of 3.18.
Under staggered plantings, Suraksha and RGL 2538 recorded higher

grain yields with less incidence of gallmidge (l % silver shoots) in all the
plantings from 1st August to 1st October. Suraksha and RGL 2538 planted
on 1st August gave 5.66 and 5.55 t/ha of grain yield, while October 1st
planting recorded 3.44 and 3.32 tJha respectively.
Entomology
Among the 50 advanced cultures tested at Vanduva, 17 cultures viz.,

KAU 8754, KAU 8770, KAUPM 703, KAUPM 717, R 646-89-25, R 650-
1817, R 650-1820, RP 2333-156-8, RP 2333-248-11, RP 2966-22847, WGL
3971, WGL 48937, NHTA 8, Orumundakan (mutant), 52204, Ptb 2 and Ptb
10 exhibited resistance to gallmidge biotype 4.
The four groups of differentials consisting of 10 varieties consistently

showed a distinct pattern of reaction S-S-R-S (Susceptible to group I (W 1263,
ARC 6605), II (Phalguna, ARC 5984) and IV (TN1) and resistant to goup III
(CR-MR-1523, Velluthacheera, Aganni and Ptb 10) of the gallmidge biotype
4 existing- in Srikakulanl district.
Among the 71 advanced cultures tested, six cultures viz., RP 2333-

156-8, KAU 42-40-4-1, CRM 47, Ptb 39 (Jyothi), Pusa 586-6-101-1-5 and
VL 163 were found promising with multiple resistance to gallmidge biotype
110
4 and yellow sterr. borer. In the National s':::reeLng nl):"S('iy', n:ne CUbilCS
viz., lET 13624,13042,13688,13797, 13385, ~~3:3, ;,:.,.n'i-, 13,~:1 -::
13410 were found resistant to gall midge be: . ; - :,',: .:,e' >: '\' :~,'::1" .. ~. ::' "
Significant yield losses wC~'C obs:::::-":'

gallmidge was above 5% silver shoots 0,', ',;
Durillg surveys il1 S_r}}.:.~~kularn jjjSCl ~ , _ ~~. gaHl1?:'c- .:~c \\_":,~

recorded in about 3~12() ba i;; :-;: .: ';~ - ";.':~.~~~~·:ul;:'_rrl (~i·.ris~crt;
and sev"~re infestation '.vas observt\_~ ,i. /,."
and Kotabommali di'"i:~;':)lE,
I -. "!_be stern
VIZ ..R.F 2(~': 3-- I2}· : - _l
hearts (4.63% and ,i-.,S~/'J ,~, ,:::::,'"

was observed to be: :- J' 'PI'" er .- i
the mainf'ield. cr.'l', ~ :co:' :' " ..... ~ 1 ~ ~ _.' : :_,_
. .
Applica1.iJE of;' -, 'Jl'::.~ f:; ., .-; =-;=e1" trai1~p12Jl~.' ,;.d
offered b,:ecr prc;, ,,::.'. '
dead hC'::Lis and v,'as , t "~_'iprlc~s
0.05% just bef'.'j\- ' :~~ c;11orp':,rl'il; :".
20 Ee. 0.C-2%. 1:::' ,"
Arr;~)ng
lLc 2 . .:· ,'~i_:_l: .;.~l :
tole;-L.,~t
\'uicties. l';:?:l
IR 9)'~C-~-::'-2, HF 4, c.!"
1.7'1 t per ':a i·espe::;-;',·c,"".
'Under dir::ct ,x~c:~'

when sown as dry :'-t'<;~, ~i'." " : .~
of 3.48 and 3,47 !!h;:: :e:.:: " .:,. ! L ~
their ti:i:-ri::;z anT,y. ~':

yidd of 5.:-; . tlj, ... ., ... -.
~ : (- .
Out of 10 entries studied for their productive efficacy in ralation to
physiological parameters, RGL 2537, RGL 2538 and RGL 9643 had more
number of ear bearing tillers/sq.m, less sterility % and more 1000 grain weight.
They recorded higher grain yields of 6.69 t, 5.62 t and 5.07 t/ha respectively.
1.1.6 Rudrur
Crop lmproveuellt
The details of promising cultures in different trials are furnished in

table 10.
Table 10: Yield particulars of top three cultures in Varietal Trials
No.of
Name of entries
the trial Yield of top 3 cultures(t/ha)
-------
II III
OVT (Early) 14 RDR 839 (6.93) RDR 833 (6.89) RDR 837 (6.58)
PVT (Medium) 10 RDR 823 (6.70) RDR 776 (5.75) RDR 810 (5.75)
AVT(Medium) 5 RDR 756 (4.51) RDR 758 (4.34) Kavya (4.12)
ML T(Medium) 9 MTU 9990 (4.31) RNR 250 (4.25) MTU 9997 (4.22)
MLT (Early) 14 MTU 11291 (4.49) IR 64 (4.27) RNR 8449 (3.83)
lET (Early) 30 lET i01 I 17 (4.21) lET 101121(3.95) lET 101120(3.85)
MLT (Rabi) 14 RNR 985 (5.34) MTU 10883 (5.31) Erramallelu (4.91)
- --_---- --_. __.-_---
Agronomy
Among the five rice based cropping systems studied, rice (Surekha)
sunflower (APSH 11) gave maximum net returns of Rs.9,314/- fha, closely
followed by rice-sesamum (Rs. 7 .919/-/ha).
Among the four varieties viz., Surekha, RDR 536, BPT 5204 and WGL
4R6~_; tested at three spacings (lOX 10 em, 15 X 10 cm and 15 X 15 em),
Surekha gave maximum grain (2.58 t/ha) and straw yields (3.12 t/ha) followed
by RDR 536 (2.55 and 3.06 tlha respectively). Higher grain and straw yields
of 2.42 and 2.92 tlha were obtained with closer spacing of 10 X 10 em
f(llhwed by 15 X 10 em (2.23 and 2.7 tlha).
112
1.1.7 Bapatla
Crop Improvement
A medium duration culture BPT 4358 having resistance to BPH and

WBPH and suitable for kharif in NSP area and an early duraton culture BPT
6868 tolerant to blast and suitable for Krishna- Godavari area during rabi
were proposed for minikit testing.
Long duration cultures BPT 11711, BPT 1768 with NLR 9672 as check
were proposed for on farm trials in the farmers' holdings.
In multilocation variety trials (late) conducted during kharif, MTU

11268 and RGL 3537 recorded significantly superior yields of 5.49 tlha and
5.16 tlha respectively over MTU 2067 (3.5 tlha). Among medium duration
cultures, NLR 3363 recorded MTU 9990, RGL 2538 and NLR 33638 recorded
significantly higher yields over Prabhat (3.6 tlha). NLR 33636 the maximum
yield of 5.1 tlha.
In rice hybrid multilocation trial, five hybrids viz., MTU 2008, MTU
2003, MTU 2002, MTU 2000 and MTU 2001 gave significantly superior
yields over the check, Prabhat.
Perforamnceof top 2-3 cultures in differnt trials is furnished in tablell.
Table 11: Performance of top 2-3 cultures in different yield trials
Name of the trial No.of Entry/culture Yield (tlha).

entries number
2 3 4
Kharif
o V T (Late) 24 BPT 8783 6.70
BPT8817 6.61
BPT8768 6.52
MTU 2067 (c) 5.29
P V T (Late) 15 BPT 8054 5.50
BPT 8024 5.04
BPT 8034 4.76
MTU 2067 (c.) 4.44
A V T (Late) 17 [)i'T 7242 6.02
BPT 7325 5.38
BPT 7382 5.38
MTU 5293 (c.) 4.74
113
M L T (Late) 15 MTU 11268 5.49
RGL 3537 5.16
MTU 2067 (c) 3.57
P V T (Medium) 8 BPT 7317 5.42
PT 7989 5.30
BPT 7991 4.85
Prabhat (c.) 3.75
A V T (Medium) 12 BPT 4352 4.42
BPT7253 4.39
BPT 7367 4.34
Prabhat (c.) 3.84
M L T (Medium) 11 NLR 33636 5.19
MTU 9990 5.08
RGL 2538 4.60
Prabhat (c) 3.60
M L T (Hybrids) 9 MTU 2008 5.89
MTU 2003 5.79
MTU 2002 5.38
Prabhat (c) 4.26
igrollomy
Studies on response of different cultures to nitrogen indicated that BPT

4358 gave significantly higher yield at 120 kg N/ha (3.54 t/ha) over all other
entries including check Chaitanya (3.04 t/ha).
Application of 2.4 D N salt @ 0.8 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray

gave significantly higher weed control efficiency (55%), followed by anilophos
@ 0.25 kg a.i./ha + 2, 4 D Na salt @ 0.5 kg a.i/ha (46%) compared to hand
weeding (39%).
In the studies with promising WBPH resistant cultures under low

nitrogen management, BPT 4363 gave higher yield at 60 kg N/ha (1.75 t/ha)
over other three cultures viz., Swama (1.62 t/ha) , BPT 2217 (1.53 t/ha) and
BPT 4365 (1.22 t/ha).
El!tomology
Among the 150 elite cultures inclusive of Bapatla cultures screened

for their resistance to rice pests, BPT 8780, BPT 7350, BPT 7242, BPT 7382,
BPT 6850, DL 49, DL 22, and Bansalot 31(a) were free from incidence of
white ears, while BPT 7991, BPT 8794, WGL 46737, Surekha, BPT 7352,
RPW6-17, HBE 19, Kalamanch, Basmati, Kasturi and Pakistani Basmati
showed no damage due to gall midge.
114
~~ ~~-:.' ~\L;7,
BPT 8002, BPT 8029, BPT
8021. 7253, BPT 7245, BPT 6881,
'.~,~r~, '5:,), Salam and Basmati did not
SllCCL~";':~'l ~'-') b~'\~~i~ lear' ~.~c,)~-~-_:~-~ :~~ ,::j:' _-::'~'::d in severe form during the
:;eason, _!-~1C i~~_ci'~~2:::-"? 'Jf ~f"r·r :~)l( ;.: ;',~). ;;;',ceed 10% ill any of the cultures
(\.' .... (, .-
'i/, ",I r
... ' e was r; ·,;;-e in Lhe month of

r, ' . -, -
lJ~::.;Jt;e~· :!1 :_·~~)~'_:!1;::.:=::· ;~ . _~ '.',~;,:. _i b'·, .c.2: ln~p catches and
i:-[t=Sp~Cljv~' OL ~.~: . . -' 7··r~~;:"~ "'_' '; <:~~~"el·..?:i. ,~;_:.~·i.ures i;l-="r -~·358 and MTD
_-.
~'n ('.,-.! ."'('nn;eri
' " ' ..... ,,-'_.~ __ 1",S
J......,...., l:l"""i,~lpll"e
t_.,_ .. ~ ... v (-)"I~
·.d-·: , ».>.~ \'e1. /, "!"'~ J. 0'°0/0 re~sp'''c-L'l'\relv)
_ .J
l' . • . ~.\O'-and
1 '_"'~ ... ' f.I .... · ~A.-'-",._c •• _/, .......
hi;;her grain yields (2.S~ ,~nd 2. ')1 ::b::1) l>,(1n ~he other two varieties, BPT 6859
(2.11 tiha) and 3,-:';' (1:'.3 (2.36 r/l;;,,:. However, the pest incidence was lovv
during the seaS011.
Conventional in~:::::cti(;ides \vcr' s~lperior to botanicals in the control of

1ear ~ t:' 1 ' .,.
lOlder anC! lil li1Ci·C:,.::;ll1g
• 1
t lC
. . 1i
g;'Jll1 y;e.(.
1.1.8 Nanuyal
l)uL:n t . .(:w!·if fc_::' multii0~:' ':'·;1 '''<.':' wit:l early, medium a;~d late
maturing CLd!Li~':'3 an6 APA..u rice hyu:' , '. :;,:c ccmd~'.~'ed.
Among the 16 ::;::'1'1;' duration c~~,,:; .~~:; Le:,ted r·E 75 (7.77 tlha) gave
the highest grain yie:d and was signified";)' <.;uperior te the control MTU 701~
(6.12 tlha). \vhiie DE 8;1 (6.21 tlhal af: f')::: 78 (6.78 tlha) were on pnr vlih
DE 75 anc ivlTU 70! L~. Of ~he 12 mC0nm.: duration cultures evaluated, D;vl
,- (r 1 Ih) 11" ld , . ",-.~'
't) ,0., :: (l:;j ::C•. a.uN (O.'t t a gave l1l!E1er:ca y supenor yie. to cr:~cl~ b~' J
-1 :.' • ", (F ,
3291 (6.16 Jha).
i\ILon2 the 16 10m! dU2"ation cult:",._::< DC 45 (7.62 tlha'l 1\"·: .:Oi."~'

C' '- I
'. .
highest yieid followed by DL 42 (7.3 :/\la), while the check Iv1TU 5 i iL
6.02 t/ha.
in the multii0callOIl trial with ,.;.:.: h:·nrds. [,·11"_' 20m; g(l\'[ the :1;"::';s:
yield (7.2 ~/ha) follow.:d b)' IATU 2:JU i (6.5 tiha) anc BPT 320] (G.3
i is
o ::,;/i,y
,..
?PFliC3ilon or~. . dry nee,
!1mogen. to seml- . . h . l' (' /..,
In t rce eqmu sp Its 1.) +
:/3) at basai, tillering and panicle initiation stages along with l.0%
!.12!2;_;O,zccii spray g,:\'e ,he highest yield of 5.73 tlha followed by N in three
;~:'_.:.:; :;pEts \'.'ith 0.5% annab/1edi spray (5.7 t/ha). Spraying annabhedi at
'.':' tc ] .0% ii:.creased the yield by 0.30 to 0.55 t/ha over no s;:>ray of mmabhedi .
•11 :,'~'i1i-dry rice, pre-elTlcrgence application of the herbicide, 8.l1ilophos

, ). :<;; z<.i.l11a along \vith intercultivaticfl1 and lland w~e::i,;; a~ 3C Df',~:
~
~.
. _,,'-' . .·~~I1.'"'lU-...:-'
-._lJ-....t~ ... ..._,&.1. 1........
or,.,:n y~pL-l
bJ..Ul.l.l. Lv!. ......
C' 3
J.
tJ'11'-"\ ,..-.I".-.o.ly
c_)~ '_'l'J~\..t
:r.'l~r-,"';7rpr'
.i\._J:;._;,..\' .... _~
:~'!r
~J)
"-' ..
c"_' ~.__ - C'~~ ~· ..___~,(-·""~c·~
... lC;. ~.~ ... t '__.
pendimethalill @ l.5 kg
.' :'1 If 2..i./;13. ~lor:g \Vic~i i::,::;; " :~·~i·, ~:i~':;:~ :ili:~
,ccdi!1g at 3:1 D;~S (5.12 tlha).
" . . semi-dry ricc fallows, higher net returns VI::::;:; obt:lir:d ~ ii::, sunflower
_, 60lha) followed by groundnut (Rs.13,610lha).
Studies on water management indicated that wt;! land l'i,~c (5.25 tina)
~ed an additional yield of 1.44 t aDd 0.96 >:,/;la over iJpl;!:-~(; (~.S 1 Uha)
'~::mi-dry ('~.29 t/ha) rice respeetiY(;ly. For evcl-j' mm of ",:"ter LiS;;d 4.32
~ f' ;'ice was produced under upland rice, \;ihereC1s it 'i,'as 3. 95 ~.~g under
:-0,.:,-' rice and wet rice.
The details of pronllsmg VSl'!elies m varic:,:;~l and mu:tilocatio;-. trials

,1('; {LiT:.:sI1ed in Table 12.
T!:b!e 1.2: Pa~'liculars {Ji" ccp ;,-3 ct~i(ur~G in different ·tdals

--- ----~-.~-~
Name of No.of
the ,rial entries
.......
, _u.,,-".
,
i4 UTR 298 4.1 i
UTR 299-2 3.40
N!_,tZ 28600 (c) 3.21
1S Di, <·2 S. '_.
CL ~5
':,..\),.
11·-::
Late Kharif
A V T (Early) 8 VTR57 5.96
VTR 72 5.47
VTR 76 5.07
lET 1444 (c) 3.73
M L T (Early) 16 DE 75 3.98
DE 86 3.54
DE 78 3.33
lET 1444 (c) 2.45
P V T (Medium) 11 VTR 139 5.43
UTR 126 4.31
UTR 200 4.11
NLR 145 (c) 3.67
M L T (Medium) 10 DM39 4.47
DM43 4.00
NLR 145 (c) 3.67
Agronomy
During kharif rice varieties responded to nitrogen appliation upto 160

kg Nlha (6.0 t/ha). Among varieties NLR 28600 (5.42 t/ha) was found to
be superior to the rest of the varieties. During rabi, response to nitrogen
application was observed up to 150 kg Nlha (3.48 t/ha) and application of
200 kg Nlha (3.48 tlha) did not show any further increase in yield over 150
kg Nlha. Among the two varieties tested, NLR 33055 gave higher mean yield
(3.12 t/ha) than IET 1444 (2.57 t/ha).
Transplanting paddy on IS th August (5.45 t/ha) and 1st September

(5.49 t/ha) recorded significantly higher yields, with drastic reduction in yields
in 15 th September (2.7 t/ha) and 1st October (1.67 t/ha) transplantings.
. i
Among the four varieties tested NLR 28600 gave more grain yield
~ (4.5 t/ha) followed by NLR 145 (4.08 tlha).
Among rice based cropping systems for tail end areas of K.C.canaI,
growing groundnut after rice was found to be more profitable with net monetary
returns of Rs.29,871 Ilha and cost benefit ratio of 2.93. Growing melon after
rice was the next best wiith a net income ofRs.17,277Iha. Under well irrigated
conditions also groundnut after rice gave maximum net monetary returns
(Rs.23,990Iha) with 2.60 cost benefit ratio followed by rice- blackgram-gingelly
(Rs.20,779Iha) and groundnut-groundnut (Rs.20,069Iha) cropping systems.
I 17
1.1.10 Jagtial
Crop Improvement
During kharif, 207 germplasm cultures were maintained and evaluated

for their yield and other characters including pest and disease resistance.
Besides, progenies of 20 crosses were advanced from F4 to F5 generation
and progeny of three crosses were advanced from F3 to F4 generation.
Eleven medium duration and 14 short duration cultures were tested in

multilocation trials and all the cultures, except checks Kavya and Pothana,
were observed to be highly susceptible to the gallmidge existing in the region.
All the 11 rice hybrids (medium and short duration) of Andhra Pradesh
Agricultural U'iversity tested in multilocation trial at Jagtial were also highly
sesceptible to the gallmidge. During rabi out of eight rice hybrids tested at
Jagtial, none outyielded the local check Po thana, which recorded 6.22 tlha.
Among the hybrids MTUHR 2000 gave maximum yield of 5.84 tlha followed
by MTUHR 2008 (5.73 t/ha). All the hybrids showed high susceptibility to
stem borer.
In the yield trial with short duration varieties, Pothana top yielded with
6.56 tlha followed by Erramallelu (6.27 tlha) and Divya (5.78 t/ha). However,
Pothana should be sown after first week of December.
Studies on gallmidge biotypes showed that the biotype occurring in

Jagtial region is of biotype 3, and different from that of Warangal region.
1.1.11 Pulla
Crop Improvement
Two yield trials were conducted with advanced lines at a water depth
of 50-60 cm by lifting water into the plots at 45 DAP and maintaining till
the time of harvest. The entries lET 10675, lET 10665, lET 1444, eN 540,
IET 10726 and IETP 12122 recorded grain yields ranging from 4.2 to 4.7
tlha. In AVT and IVT of DRR,the grain yields of entries ranged from 1.1
to 2.0 tlha. Seven of the 44 entries tested in National semi-deep water rice
observational nursery showed better phenotypic acceptability.
118
'''1,::-'
high r:,~1,~;~' .::n.~~', ~;: ",

a[i~~~r tl" . .~r:"-,"d~'i·'·)'
... ~ - \ ,
, "
'., , ',_, ~ " .
If ar!ctj' , .,~ :. : '
_' f\i. ;? \'e . , yield of

,;, ,~:,' ,:~ " . ; \iidds of 4.2
l/1-:J .'~,.5!/l;Cl ~_.~ \_-:, _ ,:~:~~d2~\ [11" (: :,'~~:':C1 UDL~.:~" ~T(t2:'3pla11~,.. ,j ~~_Gd brO:ldcast
During khari!?--!;LK ~ :)325 t~ '. e t!v:; highest y:eld o~' G.=-; tllLi, ali ;n:::cease
of 8.1 % over check v?rielY r<LR 28600 (5.8 UIla) , wI~i1e NLR 33365 and
NLR 33166 "vith yields ci 5.2 t 31":( 6.] Uha respectively recorded an increas~
of 6A% al1e: 3, 9%1 r'?sp,::c';i'/~ly over the check.
During late kharifieady raJ!, NLR 145 gave 7.6% increased yield (6.1
tJ11a) over check IR 20 (5.6 tlha) , while varieties NLR 33.87 (5.9 tlha) and
NLR 33079 (6.0 tlha) recorded 5.0% and 2.7% increased yields over the
check.
1.1.13 Chintapalle
Among the long duration varieties evaluated, CR 260-77(158 days)

recorded maximum yield of 4.83 tlha as compared to MTU 2067 (4.61 t/ha)
and ROL 9608 (4.58 tlha) \vith 156 days duration.
Among the mediUlT duratio~l varieties, CR 730-1 (125 days) gave

higher yield (3.49 t/ha: fo1101,ved by MTU 9993 (3.46tJha) and BPT 1235
(3.39 tlha) with 125 and 135 days duration resp::ctivel:'. In short duration
varieties Pushkala (ROL 2624) with 110 days duration gave 3.22 tlha followed
by Tulasi (97 days, 3.02 t/ha) and ARC 102·72 (100 days, 3.01 t/ha) as
compared to the local Buc:ama (2.22 t/ha).
119
l\pplication cf 5 t
\vith 20 l:g 01, 40 :'~; Ti 20 S r.li"J'-l 3u ~:.:_.: ",.-.C~·~;/}·!~~ g'lVC b1gL~:;' :':~~:I~~ '~<. t.·~j(·.)~
vl"hile c\)11trol vvith no -rertiE=~~::' :~!::pli:..:~.i~~.t)~~. rc{,"~Gj/_'led 25L\.~ l\~s:_, :-;~:.;(. 'r:'1(~ cost
t<~J.efit r:~t1o je"'\;~a:e.:: that C~,.{!2·y Oi.~C :'i1~"~.:'~ :L C!"1_ f:':i'flti;~;.::!··:~ :~'esu]LcJ in a
r:rofit or Rs.3/-.
1.2 r:ilf~!ZE
Agricultural ResearcL St;lL;c'l~, A.Y:lL:;·neL is the le"d ce.:-"·" ~CI ,-esearch

on maize, while varietal testing is done (\1 ;(a.:ri:nnagar centre.
1.2.1 Amber'pet
Crop Improvement
The first medium maturing three way cross hybrid, EH 40127, identified
for release across the country for khari/ cultivation both under rainfed and
irrigated conditions during last year ,vas released under the name of DHM
107 by Central Variety Release Committee in June 1992.
Theyields of top 2-3entries in different trials are furnished in table 13.
Table 13: Performance of top 2-3 entries in different trials.
Name of No.of
the trial entries Entry/culture number Yield (tlha)
3 4
Kharif
Coordinated Trials
lET 9 Sartaj (c) 4.3
(Full season Trishulata (c) 4.0
maturity) PSM 1206 4.0
rET (Medium 34 KH 526 6.8
maturity) ICI734 6.1
PAC 90 E 07 6_0
Deccan 103 (c) 5.2
lET 18 Deccan 103(c) 3.4
(Medium maturity) I 2402 3.3
Pusa Compo II 3.3
lET 35 JH 3021 5.0
(Early maturity) JH 3003 5.0
EH 2420 4.8
Kiran (c) 4.5
120
AET l3 SSF 5904 4.9
(Full season 1st year) KH 5901 4.9
Sartaj (c) 4.8
AET 18 KH 5992 4.6
(Medium maturity 1st PAC 9302 4.5
year) SSF 5994 4.5
Deccan 103 (c) 3.5
AET 13 EH 40097 5.3
(Medium maturity IInd KH 510 5.1
year) PSCL 3436 4.8
Pusa Compo II (c) 4.2
AET 5 Arun (c) 4.8
(Early maturity IInd D 765 4.2
year) D 841 3.2
Zonal Trials
Trial No.401 A 48 EH 43401 lOA
EH 43141 8.7
EH 43371 8.3
Trishulata (c) 7.1
Trial No.401 B 29 EH 43631 5.8
EH 43701 5.7
X 2492 504
Trishulata (c) 4.5
Trial No.40 1 C 50 EH 43921 6.5
EH 43831 6.5
EH 43801 6.2
DHM 105 (c) 4.6
Trial No.401 D 50 EH 44301 6.1
EH 44661 6.1
EH 44671 6.1
Trishulata (c) 5.9
Trial No.40l E 50 EH 45081 5.6
EH 45141 5.6
EH 44891 5.3
Trishulata (c) 5.1
Trial No.401 F 50 EH 45431 10.2
EH 45481 5.3
EH 45351 5.3
Trishulata (c) 3.8
Trial No. 401 G 40 EH 46051 6.4
Trishulata (c) 6.1
DHM 105 (c) 6.1
Trial No.401 I 50 EH 47021 3.8
EH 46761 3.8
Trishulata (c) 2.9
Trial No. 402 24 MMH 68 (c) 6.1
MMH 42 (c) 5.9
MMH 75 (c) 5.4
121
Trial No.403 12 MMH 125 5.9
KH 5198 5.1
Varun (c) 4.4
Rabi - 1992-93
Coordinated Trials
lET (Full season 18 eMIP V 48 5.7
maturity) eMIP V 34 5.4
eMIP V 43 5.3
lET (Early maturity) 13 eMIP V 73 4.4
eMIP V 71 4.2
eMIP V 72 4.1
AET (Full season lInd 7 eMIP V7 5.1
year) eMIP V6 5.1
eMIP V 10 4.2
lET (Medium matur- 7 eMIP V 57 5.1
ity) eMIP V 53 4.4
eMIP V 52 4.2
lET (Early maturity) 9 CMIP V 68 4.0
eMIP V 67 3.6
eMIP V 69 3.6
AET (Medium matur- 8 CMIP V 93 3.4
ity 1st year) CMIP V 94 2.9
CMIP V 97 2.7
AET (Early maturity 10 CMIP V 24 2.3
1st year) eMIP V 22 2.2
eMIP V 30 2.1
AET (Full season lInd 7 CMIP V 7 5.1
year) CMIP V 6 5.1
eMIP V 10 4.2
AET (Medium matur- 4 CIMP V 3 5.0
ity lInd year) CMIP V 2 4.7
CMIP VI 4.0
Zonal Trials
Trial No.411-A 57 BH 6041 10.7
BH 6032 10.4
BH 6006 10.1
Trishulata (c) 9.1
Trial No.411-B 45 BH 6055 lOA
DHM 105 (c) 9.9
BH 6064 9.6
Trial No.411-C 43 BH 6106 1.5
Trishulata (c) 1.2
Trial NoAI1-D 42 BH 6143 2.7
Trishulata (c) 2.7
Trial NoAII-E 50 BH 6178 3.5
BH 6183 3.2
Trishulata (c) 2.7
122
Trial NoAII-F 50 DHM 105 4.9
BH 6249 3.7
Trial NoAII-G 50 BH 6273 2.9
DHM 105 2.8
Trial NoA11-H 50 BH 6339 7.7
BH 6333 6.9
BH 6355 6.9
DHM 105 (c) 6.1
Trial NoAll-! 50 BH 6390 3.7
BH 6380 3.6
BH 6394 3.6
Trishulata (c) 2.9
Trial NoAl1-J 50 BH 6417 3.1
BH 6419 2.9
BH 6420 2.8
Trishulata (c) 2.0
Trial NoA11-K 50 BH 6495 5.3
BH 6496 5.2
BH 6501 5.2
Trishulata (c) 4.7
Trial NoA11-L 50 BH 6543 4.4
Trishulata (c) 4.1
Trial N'oA11-M 50 BH 6558 4.0
Trishulata (c) 3.3
Trial NoA11-N 27 BH 6607 4.5
BH 6610 4.1
BH 6605 3.9
DHM 105 (c) 1.9
Trial NoA11-0 18 BH 6654 5.1
Trishulata (c) 4.8
Agronomy
Harvesting medium maturing (DHM 107) and late maturing (DHM

105) varieties of maize at physiological maturity of the crop recorded 5.0 tlha
on par with harvest at normal drying (5.1 tlha). However, harvesting at
physiological maturity helps in vacating the land a week early for land
preparation and sowing of second crop in time.
Intercropping of cowpea in kharif in various varieties of maize did not

adversely affect the yields of grain corn, popcorn or sweet corn as compared
to sole crop yields. Further, the stover or green fodder quality in terms of
crude protein was improved due to cowpea intercropping. Sweet corn +
cowpea intercrop recorded maximum gross returns (Rs 14,400Iha) followed
by sole crop of sweet corn (Rs.14,080Iha).
123
Pre-release maize cultures showed significant increase in grain yield
I at 90 kg N/ha (4.1 tlha) over 45 kg Nlha (2.9 tlha). Further increase in
nitrogen level had no significant effect on yield. Among the cultures tested
KH 510 recorded the highest yield (4.7 tlha) followed by KH 40007 (4.4 tlha)
and Pusa comp.II (4.2 tlha) as against 3.8 t and 3.7 tlha recorded by the checks
viz., Ageti 76 and Navjot respectively.
During rabi season, varieties V 5 and V 4 recorded maximum grain

yields of 7.1 and 7.0 tlha respectively. Significant response to nitrogen was
obtained up to 160 kg Nlha (6.4 tlha) with an increased yield of 2 tlha over
control (4.4 tlha).
Entomology
Among the 129 entries screened during kharif for tolerance to Chilo
partellus, 119 were moderately tolerant and eight viz., NMH- 124, SSF 523,
EH 40097, EH 40146, Ageti 76, KH 510, EH 50531 and Kiran were highly
tolerant.
Out of 44 entries of CIMMYT which consistently showed resistance

to borer, were further evaluated for tolerance to Chilo partellus and 12 lines
were observed to be moderately tolerant and 26 lines were highly tolerant.
Study on ETL of the borer, C. partellus, indicated that 25 larvae per plant
released at 15 DAG (days after germination) caused the highest damage and
recorded the lowest yield (1.5 tlha).
Among the six pesticides tested, seed treatment with repelin @ 20

mllkg of seed was most effective in controlling storage pests viz., Corcyra
cephalonica and Tribolium castaneum and recorded zero percent damage and
high germination.
Plant Pathology
Out of 176 genotypes of different coordinated trials evaluated under

field conditions during kharif 29 entries were found to be resistant to stalk
rot caused by Cephalosporium maydis. They are PAC 9715, KH 521, KH
522, NMWH 102, PSM 1204, PSM 1206, PSM 1207, DHM 103, PAC 90 E
07, leI 735, PM2-153(W), ICI 731, JH 3026, JH 3126, JH 3022, SSF 5903,
KH 5902, SSF 5904, IC 1108, Ageti 76, PAC 9714, Compo 85134, L21X
Pool 33 F5, ICI 702, EV 55, EH 40097, Navjot, KH 510 and EH 40146. In
124
rabi, 7 entries out of 76 tested in different coordinated trials were found
resistant to charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolinau. They are J 1
1222, Cron 3455, Trishulata, ICI 132, DHM 105, Dholi 8644 and B 840.'
During kharif, the incidence of late wilt on different varieties ranged from
2.45 to 5.05 ratings. Varieties DHM 103, Harsha, Prabhat, D 767, Pusa
Comp., CM SOO, Dhawal and Ageti 76 recorded resistant rating. During rabi.
the incidence of charcoal rot ranged from 1.52 to 4.80 ratings on 10 varieties.
Deccan 103 recording the lowest rating of 1.S2. At Karimnagar. the incidence
of turcicum leaf blight was observed ranging from 0.10 to 2.68 rating in rabi
season. DHM 103 showed least incidence followed by DHM 105, Prabha~
Trishulata, Dhawal, Ageti 76, CM 500, Sartaj and Hi-starch. The loss in yield
due to late wilt was estimated to be 18% in resistant cultivar (Deccan 103)
and 3S% in susceptible cultivar (Navjot).
Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 4 g/kg of seed one day before

sowing increased the germination by 5.5 to lS.0% in different varieties, reduced
the intensity of charcoal rot by 20 to SO% and increased the yield by 15.6 to
SO%.
The loss in yield due to charcoal rot during rabi season varied from
9% in resistant variety (Ageti 76) to 23% in susceptible variety (DHM 103).
Seed treatment with captaf and soil drenching with bleaching powder increased
the yield by 15.3% on an average.
Extellsion
In the onfarm trials conducted in cultivator's fields in different villages:

during kharif, new high yielding maize hybrids viz., DHM 105, DHM 107
and Trishulata recorded 73% (3.7 t/ha), 66% (3.6 t/ha) and S6% (3.3 t/ha) :
increased yield respectively over local check variety (2.2 t/ha). Similarly, the:
high yielding varieties, Harsha, Ashwini and Varun recorded 69% (3.3 t/ha) .
64.5% (3.2 t/ha) and 34% (2.6 t/ha) more yield respectively over local check:
variety in the onfarm trials conducted.
1.2.2 Karimnagar
Among the medium duration hybrids and synthetics under advanced

evaluation trial, the entry CMIP-V 156 gave a yield of 4.22 t/ha followed by ;
CMIP-V 153 (4.2 t/ha) as compared to check DHM 105 (3.97 tlha).
125
In maize based cropping system, after kharif maize, sunflower,
blackgram and redgram performed better than other crops tested.
1.2.3 Chintapalle
I Maize varieties Aswini and DHM 103 gave higher yields of 3.62 t/ha
Fnd 3.58 tJha as compared to local (2.57 q/ha).
The sequential cropping of maize followed by mustard gave a net profit
of Rs.8,065 per ha while Rajmash and Kusuma gave Rs.2,7001-ha
Application of 20 kg Nand 40 kg P20s/ha to maize in addition to

FYM normally applied by the tribal farmers, resulted in appreciable increase
in maize yield, giving a net profit of Rs.2 to 2.50 for every one rupee spent
on fertilisers.
In another trial, applying 20 kg N to maize resulted in 50% increased

yield over control with no fertiliser application.
Among the diffemt fodder maize varieties tested, APFM 13 gave the
highest green fodder yield of 39.44 t/ha.
1.2.4 Lam
Among the six varieties evaluated, EH-40 146 recorded the highest
grain yield (2.47 t/ha) followed by EH 40127 (2.42 t/ha) and OHM 105 (2.36
t/ha), as against 1.83 tlha obtained in the check DHM 103.
1.2.5 Darsi
In forage yield trial, APFM 16 (17.5 t/ha) and APFM 8 (15.5 t/ha)
gave significantly higher forage yield over the check African Tall (7.5 t/ha).
1.3 SORGHUM
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem is the lead centre for

sorghum research. Research on sorghum is also in progress at Nandyal,
Adilabad, Podalakur, Madhira and Darsi.
126
Crop Improvemellt
The performance of top three high yielding entries in various trials

conducted at different research stations is enumerated in table 14.
Table 14: Performance of top 3 entries in different trials.
Research Stationrrrial Yield of top 3 entries (q/ha)

2 3
Palem
AYT CSH 5 (24.2) SPY 938( 23.5) Spy 1041 (23.4)
l.
IYT-I SPY 1072(31.7) SPY 1043 (27.7) SPY 1021 (26.4)
2.
IVT-II SPY 1082 (21.7) SPY 1084 (21A) Spy 1063 (19.0)
3.
AHT SPH 576 (29.0) CSH 9 (28.1) CSH 6 (24.1)
4.
AIHT-I X 10304 (18) X 10542 (17) CSH 9 (17)
5.
IHT-I SPH 616 (42.9) SPH-623(39.8) CSH 6(39)
6.
IHT II PJH 58 (40.5) MSH-82 (38.2) MSH 81(37.5)
7.
MLT SPY 475 (34.2) SPY 938(33.3) CSH 9(33.1)
8.
Podalakur
CYT (State) MJ 278 (31.0) MJ 274 (30.0) NTJ 2 (29.6)
1.
ATCAYT Spy 913 (21.80 SPY 932 (21.70 M 35-1 (18.7)
2.
AICAHT (rabi) CSH 13 R (20.2) SRH 634 (19.8) CSH 12 R (19.3)
3.
Madhira
PYT-I MJ 278 (51.5) MJ 279 (50.5) MJ 272 (46.5)
1.
PYT-II MJ 290 (47.5) MJ 281 (45.50 MJ 289 (44.4)
2.
MLT MJ 278 (52.50 MJ 274 (49.50 MJ 268 (48.1)
3.
AYT (late kharif) Spy 1041 (53.3) Spy 1043 (44.4) SPY 1010 (43.7)
4.
AHT (late kharif) KH 275 (51.1) PSCL 8340 ( 50.40) CSH 11 (49.6)
5.
AYT (Rabi) Spy 932 (39.6) CSY 8R (38.70 Spy 913 (38.1)
6.
AHT (Rabi) SPH 596 (49.3) CSH 138 (48.8) SPH 606 (44.90)
7.
127
Nandyal
Coordinated trials
AVT Spy 932 (39.6) SPY 1089 (36.0) Spy 913 (36.0)
AHT CSH 13 R (36.9) SPH 498 (29.6) CHS 128 (33.1)
Striga resistance trial SRP 81 (30.3) SAR 36 (29.6) SR 596 (29.3)
APAU Trials
AVT (White types) NJ 2277 (48.9) NJ 2169 (48.1) Spy 932 (46.7)
AVT NJ 2313 (41.0) NJ 2106 (38.1) NJ 2265 (37.8)
(Yellow types)
PVT NJ 2350 (33.5) NJ 2338 (33.0) NJ 2316 (31.9)
MLT NJ 2169 (30.4) NTJ 1 (28.2) NJ 271 (28.2)
1.3.1 Palem
Agrollomy
Evaluation of sorghum genotypes to nitrogen response in kharifindicated

that maximum grain yield was obtained by CSH 6 (41.3 qlha) followed by
Spy 468 (29.3 qlba) and SPY 946 (28.1 qlba). The local yellow vareity
recorded the highest fodder yield (139.8 qlha) followed by local white variety
(135.4 qlha), SPY 946 (130.6 q/ha) and SPY 938 (121.7qlha), which were on
par with each other.
Application of 40 kg N and 80 kg Nlha increased the grain yields by

6.4 qlha and 9.4 qlba over the yield obtained with a Nlha (16.3 qlha). Similar
increase in fodder yield was obtained with 40 and 80 kg Nlba, which recorded
108.1 qlba and 116.7 qlba respectively as against 95.7 qlba with zero nitrogen.
Among the five genotypes evaluated under different fertility levels

CSH 11 gave maximum grain yield (29.6 qlba) followed by PJH 55 (29.5
qlha) and SPY 1025 (27.6 qlba), while SPY 1025 gave maximum fodder yield
W1.2 qlba). The grain and fodder yields increased from 15.9 q to 32.6 qlba
and 68.7 to 97.8 qlba respectively, with increase in fertility level from 20 kg
N+ 10 kg P205 to 100 kg N+50 kg P205 per ha.
Among the different in situ moisture conservation techniques tested,

flat bed sowing followed by ridging 30 days after sowing gave maximum
grain (28.5 qlba) and fodder yields (113.1 qlha). Pre-emergence spray of the
herbicide, Atrataf @ 1,0 kg a.i./ha recorded significantly higher grain and
fodder yields (26.8 q/ha and 95.9 q/ha) than inter-cultivation twice (24.6 q/ha
and 90.5 qlha).
128
Among the five genotypes evaluated SPY 946 gave the highest yield
of 94.2 q/ha and was on par with CSH 9 (24.5 q/ha) and SPY 475 (24.1
q/ha).
Emomology
During survey, sorghum crop sown early during last week of May was
observed to be completely free from shootfly incidence, while maximum
incidence was noticed on the crop sown in the last week of July or first week
of August. The incidence of red hairy caterpillar, mite and earhead bug was
noticed in isolated pockets.
Among the different varieties screened SPY 1041 recorded minimum

incidence of (68.1 %) shootfly and stemborer (37.4%). Among the hybrids,
SPH 621 and PJH 58 recorded minimum stemborer incidence at earhead stage.
In shoot pests resistance evaluation study, M 56, GSS 2, M 57, PS

37539-2-2 and IS 2146 recorded the least damage due to shootfly.
Among the seven insecticides tested, cartap 4G @ 3 glm, carbofuran

3 G@ 2 glm and Imidochloroprid 70 WS @ 10 glkg seed were effective in
reducing shootfly damage.
Plallt Pathology
During kharif, low intensity of anthracnose, sooty stripe, rust, rough

leaf spot diseases was recorded, while in rabi, rust was noticed in moderate
intensity.
Among the 12 varieties screened for resistance to different diseases,

SPY 1025 was moderately resistant to grain molds and highly resistant to rust,
while Spy 475 was highly resistant to sugary disease.
Among the various hybrids screened, SPH 468 and 9205 showed
resistance to grain molds, rust and sugary diseases. The hybrid SPH 468 with
high yield potential and multiple disease resistance can be recommended for
cultivation in Southern Telangana Zone. During rabi, 62 lines in different
yield trials were evaluated for their resistance to different diseases. All the
lines were free from charcoal rot disease, while rust was observed in a very
low intensity.
129
Soil Scieltce
In red chalka soils of Southern Telangana Zone, application of 20, 40

and 80 kg P205/ha increased the grain yield by 2.48, 5.24 and 5.90 q/ha over
no phosphorus application (9.53 q/ha).
Adoption of soil moisture conservation practices like sowing in contour

lines and sowing in contour lines followed by dead furrow resulted in increased
grain yields of 135 and 15.4 q/ha as against 9.9 obtained in local farmers
practice of sowing along the slope.
The grain and straw yields of sorghum varieties CSH 9 and SPY 462
increased with increase in the level of zinc sUlphate applied up to 25 kg/ha
and thereafter showed a slight decrease with 50 kg/ha of zinc suplahte applied.
Hence application of 25 kg/ha zinc sulphate can be recommended to sorghum
grown 011 red chalka soils.
1.2.3 Nandyal
Two trials were conducted with 36 and 29 cultures to identify varieties

resistant to striga. The incidence of striga was low to moderate. Out of 65
i cultures evaluated in the two trials, 25 cultures had no incidence of striga.
: Cultures SAR 1, SAR 16, SAR 36 and NJ 2165 recorded low incidence of
, striga for the last four years.
In shootfly resistance trial, SPY 1055 (2.5%), NJ 2314 (2%), NJ 2219

· (8%) recorded low incidence of shootfiy as compared to 50% incidence in
I the susceptible check Swama.
Out of 24 cultures tested to identify high yielding fodder types, entry
· 301-1 gave the highest fodder yield of 25 tlha followed by GSSV 148 (23.0
t/ha) as against 17.8 tlha obtained with NP Chari.
'1.3.3 Tandur
In the varietal trial (kharif), SPY 819 recorded the highest grain yield
• (31.2 q/ha) followed by Spy 475 (28.3 q/ha) as compared to the check SPY
462 (22.7 q/ha). In raM season, NTJ-2 gave the highest yield (20.9 q/ha)
: followed by NJ 2169 (18.5 q/ha) and NJ 2313 (16.9 q/ha), while the check
I M 35-1 gave 15.2 q/ha.
130
In the Coordinated trial SPY 978 (25.6 qlha), SPY 1090'(24.2 qlha)
and Spy 1006 (22.7 qlha) recorded higher grain yields over check CSV 8 R
(20.2 qlha). In the trial conducted with hybrids, SPH 1198 (30.6 qlha)
performed well as compared to CSH-13R check (28.5 qlha).
1.3.4 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
The dual purpose sorghum variety, AI 140 consistently performed well

during 1991 and 1992 and gave a grain yield of 30 qlha and 7.7 qlha of dry
fodder yield.
Among the 22 dual purpose varieties evaluated during 1992-93, AJ

140, Spy 669"IS 6962, Spy 946 and SPY 881 were rated as the best dual
purpose varieties with 10.0 to 13.7 qlha of grain yield and 81.2 to 95.0 qlha
of green fodder. However, in another trial, green fodder sorghum varieties,
GSSV 118 (65.9 tlha), SSV 84 (60.6 tlha) and CSH 13R (60.6 tlha) gave
significantly higher green fodder yield over check, Chittajonna (29.7 tlha).
Agronomy
Among the different contingent crops sown in the first week of September
on shallow Alfisols, fodder sorguum (var. AJ 140) gave higher net returns
(Rs. 5,830Iha) than fodder pearlmillet (Rs 3589Iha), horsegram (Rs.2,142 t/ha)
and sunflower (Rs.959Iha). Studies on suitable sequence crop after groundnut
harvesting showed that fodder pearlmillet (ICTR 8203) and fodder sorghum
(AJ-140) are more profitable with net returns of Rs. 1,211 and 976lha
respectively.
1.3.5 AdiJabad
Crop Improvement
Out of 18 hybrids evaluated in advanced hybrid trial, three hybrids

viz., CSH 13R (73.0 qlha), CSH 11(72.1 qlha) and SPH 468 (70.0 qlha) were
significantly superior to the check CSH 9 (63.9 qlha). In advanced varietal
trial, Spy 1021 (78.9 q/ha) gave the highest yield, followed by SPY 1043
(68.5 qlha), and SPY 462 (54.2 qlha) as compared to check CSH 5 (33.7
qlha).
131
Out of 7 varieties tested in multilocation trial, CSH 9 gave maximum
yield (63.7 qlha) followed by Spy 819 (55.2 qlha), which were significantly
superior to the check CSH 5 (46.0 qlha) and other varieties tested. In
multilocation hybrid trial with 17 hybrids, CSH 13R gave top yield (57.4 qlha)
followed by CSH 9 (51.9 qlha).
1.3.6 Podalakur
EJltomology
The pest load onjolVar earheads was less during the season. However,
fenvalerate 0.4% dust was observed to be better in controlling earhead pests
with increase in grain yield, followed by carbaryl 5% dust.
Plallt Pathology
In the trial for the management of charcoal rot disease, the incidence
of the disease was observed to be very low in untreated plots and almost
absent in treatments.
1.3.7 Anakapalle
Among the 29 cultures tested during rabi, IS 9645 gave the highest
grain yield (33.5 qlha), followed by IS 2325 (23.9 qlha). During kharif, 1992,
cultures IS 9645 (26.5 qlha) and CSH 13R (23.7 qlha) were found to be
superior in yield.
1.3.8 Vizianagaram
During rabi (October - January), the performance of nine white and

six yellow grain types was studied and Spy 462 gave the highest yield of
36.6 qlha closely followed by SPY 707 (35.5 qlha) and IS 5213 (34.7 qlha).
1.3.9 Lam
Among the 26 forage sorghum entries tested in lET (single cut, early
group), FS 115 (38 tlha), AKSS 3 (37.7 tlha) and lSel-9 (36.1 tlha) gave
significantly higher green fodder yield over check HC 171 (29.2 tlha). In
lET (single cut, late group), of the 13 entries tested, UPFS 26 (39.3 tlha),
AFS 26 (37.5 tlha) and AKSS 8 (36 tlha) recorded higher green fodder yield
than check He 13 6 (31. 6 tlha). In ML T, UPFS 23 (40.1 tlha) produced the
132
highest green fodder yield over Checks Chitta Janna, N.P.Chari and SSG
59-3.
1.3.10 Darsi
Among the pest resistant sorghum selections, entries 14839-1-3 and

PS-35805 recorded less score of 12.5 for shootfly, while entries 20777 and
PM 17500-2 gave higher yields of 11.6 and 11.1 qlha respectively with 31.8%
and 25.7% shootfly incidence.
1.4 PEARL MILLET
Research on crop improvement on bajra is being conducted mainly

at Vizianagaram, Palem and Perumallapalle Research Stations. The details of
the top yielders in different varietal trials conducted at the above research
stations are furnished in Table 15.
Table 15: Yield performance of top 3 entries in different trials
Yield of top 3 entries (q/ha)

Name of the trial
First Second Third
Vizianagaram
APHT - II MH 365 (38.9) MH 425 (34.6) MH 471 (30.5)
APPT - IV+V MP 271 (27.3) MP 263 (25.1) MP 252 (23.8)
PRHNT HHB 60 (34.9) MLBH 104 (32.9) GHB lSI (28.8)
Palem
APHT MH338 (25.5) MH 475 (25.3) MH 465 (24.0)
IPHT - I MH 517 (25.6) MH 535(24.0) MH 532 (23.6)
IPHT - II MH481 (34.4) MH 439 (32.1) MH 544 (32.1)
PPT MP 262 (23.4) MP 257 (21.2) MP 231 (20.1)
PEVT MP 281 (29.9) MP 275 (26.1) MP 240 (25.0)
PNHT 833 Ax 4781 (23.7) 81 Ax 591 (23.4) 861 Ax
4794 (22.6)
PRHNT Mallikarjuna (28.2) Eknath (27.6) ICMV 155 (26.7)
Anantapur
IPHT MH 503 (25.S) MH 505 (25.7) MH 523 (25.7)
APHT MH 426 (27.3) MH 462 (21.2) MH 456 (20.6)
PPT MP 231 (29.5) MP 234 (27.6) MP 219 (26.9)
I P H T-VIII MH 483 (21.2) MH 229(19.7) MH 491 (19.9)
PEPT MP 275 (28.1) MP 254 (27.6) MP 270 & 274 (26.9)
PRHNT ICMS 7703 (25.3) EKNATH 301 (25.2) HHB 50 (24.6)
133
PRN ICMP 91905 (2004) ICMP 155(18.8) ICMP 87237 (18.8)
Inbred 125 (18.8)
ML T (Drought RCB-IC-9 (21.8) ICMH 88088 (20.7) HHB 60 (20.4)
resistant)
PerumaIlapaIle
PPT IV + V MP 264 (37.8) MP 171 (36.6) MP 263 (33.6)
PEVT-IX MP 276 (38.7) MP 254 (35.3) MP 155 (32.7)
PRHNT- X MLBH 104 (40.8) VBH 4 (40.5) ICMH 7703 (38.9)
APHT-II MH 475 (44.6) MH 465 (44.4) MH 456 (44.2)
1.4.1 Perumallapalle
Crop Improvement
Among 60 hybrid combinations evaluated, three hybrids, 842Ax23

(54.2 qlha) , 841 Ax 951 (48.7 qlha) and 87002 Ax 4807 (48.0 qlha) gave
higher grain yields than other hybrid combinations.
Agrollomy
The effect of biofertiliser (Azospirillum sp.) on grain yield of rainfed

pearlmillet was studied for three years from 1990 to 1992. The results
indicated that use of biofertiliser either as soil application treatment @ 50
g/kg seed alongwith top dressing of 22.5 or 30 kg Nlha at 30-35 DAS is
economical by saving 1/3 to 1/2 of recommended dose of nitrogen (60 kg
Nlha). Use of biofertiliser as above gave yields ranging from 22.3 to 24.3
qlha as compared to 26.1 qlha obtained with 60 kg Nlha alone.
1.4.2 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
A synthetic APS 1 developed at Anantapur is ready for testing in

Coordinated trials.
Among the released varieties ICMH 451 (20.2 qlha) gave significantly
higher grain yield over the control (13.3 qlha).
134
Plaltt Pathology
Out of 106 initial pearlmillet hybrids and varieties screened for resistance
to rust, 10 entries recorded 5% leaf area affected by rust, the maximum
recorded being 58.8%.
Among the 42 advanced pearlmillet entries, only two entries viz., MP

234 and ICMV 155 showed 5% rust disease incidence.
In the 39 released and pre-released hybrids/varieties screened, the

incidence of rust was less (6.3%) on ICMP-451 followed by ICMH 451 (7.5%)
compared to HB 3 (52.5%)
Among the six popular varieties screened for downy mildew resistance,
the disease was less on ICMH 451 (5%), ICMS 7703 (6.7%) and wee 75
(6.7%).
1.4.3 Pandirimamidi
In the yield evaluation trial with different bajra varieties, ICMH-88088

recorded significantly higher yield (26.5 q/ha) compared to the local, Pittaganti
(5.8 qlha).
1.5 FINGER MILLET
Research on finger millet is being carried out mainly at Vizianagaram,

Perumallapalle, Peddapuram and Anakapalle.
Crop Improvement
The performance particulars of top 2-3 cultures in different varietal

trials conducted at different research stations are furnished in Table 16.
Table 16: Yield particulars of top 2-3 cultures in varietal trials.
Trial Culture and yield (q/ha)

First Second Third
Vizianagaram
Punasa (May-August)
A YT (Short duration) VR 707 (26.1) VR 706 (25.3) VR 710 (24.0)
Yield trial with cultures from VL 231 (28.8) VL 148 (24.1) VR 684 (23.7)
National trials (short duration)
135
Late kharif (July-November)
AYT with cross progenies Godavari (c) Ratnagiri (c)(39.7) VR 689 (39.0)
(41.0)
AYT with Pyru cultures. Ratnagiri (c) Godavari (c) (27.1) VR 716 (26.2)
(28.9)
State level Coordinated trial. VR 695 (33.7) VR 696(32.4) PPR 2614 (29.2)
All India Coordinated
trials
IV T IVT 12 (29.5) Ratnagiri (27.7) IVT 2 (26.9)
AVT - I (Early) A VTE 4 (29.8) A VTE 1 (29.1) Ratnagiri (c)
(28.7)
AVT - II (Mid late) AVTM 11 (37.6) AVTM 5 (32.9) Ratnagiri (c)
(32.9)
AVT - III (Late) Ratnagiri (c) (37.7) AVTL 8 (37.4) AVTL 2 (35.4)
Late RaM
(November-March)
Yield trial VR 714 (42.8) VR 712 (40.1) Ratnagiri (c)
(39.7)
Peddapuram
State level Coordinated trial. Ratnagiri (39.9) VR 550 (39.7) Godavari (38.9)
AVT - II (Medium) Godavari (41.9) AVTM 6 (39.3) AVTM 4 (33.6)
AVT - III (Late) AVTL 8 (39.2) Ratnagiri (37.0) AVTL 1 (33.8)
Palem
AVT (Medium) A VTM 6 (24.6) AVTM4 (24.0) AVTM 8 (21.7)
State level coordinated varietal RR 230 (27.0) AKP 2 (19.3) VR 706 (18.3)
trial
Perumalapalle
kharif
IYET (Medium) PPR 2614 (c) Kalyani (c)(28.2) PPR 2350 (c) (27)
(30.9)
AVT (Early) Kalyani (c) (28.2) PPR 2679 (25.7) PPR 2618 (23.7)
CVT (State) PPR 2614 (31.1) Kalyani (c) (29.4) PPR 2148 (25.7)
All India Coordinated Trials
IVT PPR 2614 (c) IVT 20 (27.1) IVT 12 (23.2)
(32.4)
AVT - I (Early) PPR 2679 (c) AVTE 12(28.9) AVTE 13 (26.1)
(29.1)
AVT - II (Medium) A VTM 3 (35.9) PPR 2614 (c) AVTM 4(32.9)
(35.1)
AVT - III (Late) PPR 2614 (c) AVTL 1 (23.2) A VTL 2 (22.0)
(31.4)
Rabi
iYET (Medium) PPR 2614 (c) PPR2657 (34.2) PPR2675 (32.7)
(37.7)
AVT (Early) Kalyani (c) (31.0) PPR 2679 (23.7) PPR 2620 (22.8)
136
1.5.1 Vizianagaram
Agrollomy
In trasplanted crop raised under rainfed conditions, application of

anilophos 0.3 kg a.i./ha as post emergence spray at 15-20 days after planting
recorded the highest grain yield (33.7 q/ha) , which is about 5% more Over
single hand weeding (32.1 q/ha).
Transplanted crop of variety Ratnagiri came to harvest early by 2 to

3 days and gave higher grain yield (23 q/ha) than direct seeded crop (15.5
q/ha) , under similar conditions.
In the onfarm trial conducted at 15 locations with VR 704 and VR

708 in comparison to AKP 2 during early kharif: VR 704 performed well at
12 locations. VR 704 recorded the highest mean yield of 16.3 q/ha as against
15.3 q/ha and 14.4 q/ha recorded by VR 708 and AKP 2 respectively.
1.5.2 PerumallapaIJe
PPR 2679 in early duration group and PPR 2614 in medium duration
group were found to be promising. PPR 2614 proved its superiority in All
India Coordinated trials occupying first place and is being proposed for release
in 1994 by the central varietal release committee.
Plant Pathology
Eighteen cultures were screened against blast and other diseases. The
incidence of blast and blight was negligible on all the cultures. Severe
incidence of mosaic disease was observed on AKP 2, PPR 2614, VR 695,
VR 717 and Kalyani, while four cultures, viz., VR 530, PPR 2148, VR 520
and VR 706 were free from mosaic.
1.5.3 Anakapalle
Plallt Pathology
Kharif: Entries IVT 11 in IVT, AVT 2 and AVT 4 in AVT exhibited

highly resistant reaction to both finger blast and neck blast, while VR 706 in
germplasm and local collections recorded highly resistant reaction to finger
blast.
137
In the National screening nursery for blast resistance, six entries viz.,
1650, 3019, 3024, 3031, 3064 and 3482 showed highly resistant reaction to
bOTh neck and finger blast. However, all the entries screened recorded
mod\.!rately susceptible reaction of leaf blast.
Two sprays of carbendazim (0.05%) at em'head emergence and 10 days

latcr recorded least incidence of neck (10%) and finger blast (13.9%) and
maximum grain yield (3.6 t/11a) as against 30.0%, 35.4% and 3.1 tlha respectively
in control.
The mean incidences of neck and finger blasts were relatively less in
the sowing done on 24 th August as against in July sowings. In general, PR
J 158-9 had low'est incidence of leaf, neck and finger blasts, among the six
varieties tested, in almost all dates of sowing.
Among the 15 pre-release and released varieties evaluated for blast

resistance, HR 4-22-1 had zero incidence of neck blast, while VL 145 had
least incidence of finger blast (7.62%), followed by HR 4-22-1 (7.71%).
Rabi: Studies on the incidence of blast disease on eight varieties sown

on two different dates (18th and 30th December) showed that all the varieties
recorded grade 2 of leaf blast in both the dates of sowing. VL 149 had least
incidence of neck blast in both the dates of sowing, while the incidence of
linger blast was least on Ratnagiri in first sowing and on VL 149 in second
SOWll1g.
Aspergillus and Drechslera were the predominent fungi associated with

ragi seed of six varieties harvested and collected during kharif season.
1.6. FOXTAIL MILLET
1.ii 1 Nandyal
Crop Improvement
During kharif, four State level and All India Coordinated varietal trials
were conducted, besides generation of variability through hybridization and
selection. The performance of top 2-3 varieties in the trials are furnished in
Table 17.
138
Table 17: Performance of Foxtail millet cultures
Name of the trial Top 2-3 yielders (q/ha)

First Second Third
Kharif
State Level Coordinated SiA 2593 (33.1) SiA 2276 (32.6) SIA 2622 (31.0)
Trial.
SAVT SiA 2634 (32.3) SiA 2593 (30.8) SiA 2640 (30.6)
SIVT SiA 2653 (34.0) SiA 2669 (30.4) SiA 2652 (30.2)
All India Coordinated Trial
AVT SiA 2641 (27.2) SiA 2593(26.8) SiA 2640 (26.7)
In the State level Coordinated Trial conducted at four locations, (Nandyal,

Anantapur, Darsi and Palem), with SiA 2593 recorded the highest mean yield
of 21.4 qlha followed by SiA 2634 (21.0 qlha) and SiA 2632 (20.3 q/ha) as
compared to the check Prasad (16.5 q/ha). The performance particulars at
different locations is given in Table 18.
Table 18: Performance of Foxtail millet cultures at different locations in

State level Coordinated trial (Kbarif 1992)
%
Grain yield (q/ha)
increase
Culture Mean over
Nandyal Anantapu PaIem Darsi check
(prasad)
1. SiA 2593 33.1 22.5 21.2 8.9 21.4 29.6
2. SiA 2634 29.3 15.5 22.2 16.9 21.0 26.8
3. SiA 2632 26.4 14.6 20.0 20.0 20.3 22.4
4. SiA 2622 31.0 11.4 20.7 16.7 20.0 20.6
5. Prasad (c) 22.2 13.5 17.5 13.0 16.5
6. LeQakshi (c) 22.9 22.2 14.6 6.4 16.5
CD at 5% 4.1 4.2 N.S 8.6
Agronomy
Among different crops grown during rabi after harvest of kharif setaria,
jowar gave higher net returns (Rs.8,509 Iha). Ploughing for rabi crops recorded
higher seed yield and net returns for all the crops. Among the various
intercroppng systems, setaria + red gram 5: 1 ratio gave maximum net returns
139
(Rs.19,824Iha) followed by growing setaria (skipped row) andjowar as relay
crop (Rs. 13,456/ha).
Among 5 varieties tested for their response to nitrogen, SiA 2593

produced the highest yield (25.9 q/ha) when fertilised with 60 kg Nlha. Linear
response to nitrogen was obtained upto 60 kg N/ha, which was significantly
superior over 20 kg Nlha but was on par with 40 kg N/ha.
In the yield maximisation studies, improved variety when fertilised

with recommended dose and cultural practices were carried out gave maximum
grain yield (32.4 q/ha), while the local variety did not respond to graded
production practices, the improved variety responded positively, except to
plant protection measures.
Plant Pathology
Out of 126 entries screened for resistance to blast, downy mildew and
rust, 36 were free from diseases, while 90 entries recorded blast and downy
mildew ranging from 1 to 25% incidence. There was no incidence of rust,
brown spot and smut. In another trial, the incidence of downy mildew and
blast was more in the late sowing (28-7-92) compared to in normal sowing
(13-7-92). Seed treatment with Ridomil @ 2 g/kg of seed + one spray of
dithane-M-45 0.2% was most effective in controlling downy mildew and
recording higher yield (31.9 q/ha), followed by seed treatment with Kavach
(2 g/kg of seed + Ol~e spray of dithane- M-45 0.2% (29.6 q/ha).
During the surveys conducted in Kumool district, mild incidence of

blast and rust diseases was observed in October, while there was no incidence
of downy mildew, smut and brown spot.
Studeis on seed pathology of setaria indicated that Aspergillus jlavus,

A. niger, Curvularia sp., Rhizopus sp., l\1ucor sp. and Penicillium sp. were
associated with the seed.
Entomology
In setaria based intercropping system, setaria intercropped with ground-

nut 5: 1 ratio recorded very low incidence of armyworm (0.3%), while setaria
+ greengram recorded the maximum incidence (1.4%).
140
1.6.2 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
Setaria varieties SiA 2593 (22.5 q/ha) and Lepakshi (22.2 q/ha) gave
higher grain yields of 51 % and 49% more over the check Chitra (14.9 q/ha),
Plant Pathology
Blast incidence was low on setaria during kharif season. Seed treatment
with mancozeb @ 2 g/kg seed + foliar spray with edifenphos 0.1 % significantly
reduced the incidence of blast (disease score 0.4) from 2.1 score in control.
The next best was seed treatment with mancozeb + foliar spray of 0.1%
carbendazim; which gave the highest grain yield of (13.5 qlha) as against 11.8
qlha in control.
1.6.3 Darsi
Variety SiA 2632 gave the highest grain yield of 20 qlha recording
54% increased yield over check Prasad (13.0 qlha).
1.6.4 Chintapalle
Among the 17 varieties tested, SiA 2593 (19.3 qlha) , Prasad (18.8
qlha) gave superior yield over local (12.0 qlha) in High Altitude and Tribal
Area Zone.
1.6.5 Palem
Among 29 cultures tested in A VT during kharif, none was superior tc

the local check PMS 1, which gave an yield of 21.5 q/ha. However FAVI I
22, yielded 20.7 qlha was on par with the check.
In the State level Coordinated trial, cultures SiA 2634 (22.2 q/ha), SiA
2593 (21.2 qlha) , SiA 2622(20.7 q/ha) and SiA 2632 (20.0 q/ha) performed
well as compared to the check, Prasad (17.5 q/ha).
141
1.7 PROSO MILLETS
1.7.1 Nandyal
During kharif, 14 cultures of Kodo millet were evaluated in advanced

varietal trial and only one culture DPS 439 (33.1 qlha) gave the highest grain
yield on par with that of PSC 1 check (32.5 q/ha).
In pros~ millet advanced varietal trial, conducted with 15 cultures, the

check, Kl recorded the highest grain yield of35.7 q/ha followed by GPUP
6 (33.8 q/ha), GPUP 8 (33.7 qlha), GPUP 7 (32.9 q/ha) and TNAU 87 (31.54
q/h~) which were on par with the check.
1.7.2 Chintapalle
Sama varieties, LAVT 9 (22.3 qlha) and LAVT 6 (21.8 q/ha) recorded
16 to 18% increased yields over local (18.3 qlha).
1.7.3 Lam
Among 20 Variga germplasm lines evaluated, L 9204 (23.3 q/ha) , L

9203 (21.7 qlha) and L 9205 (20.0 qlha) gave higher seed yield.
Out of 13 varieties tested in AVT, L 2204 recorded significantly superior

seed yield (24.4 q/ha) over check, Sagar (17.2 q/ha). In coordinated trial of
the 15 entries evaluated, PAVT 6 (33.9 q/ha) gave higher yield over checks
PAVT 14 (21.1 qlha) and Sagar (23.3 q/ha).
1.7.4 Darsi
Of the 17 Variga varieties tested, PAVT 5 (26.9 q/ha) and PAVT 13

(25:i q/ha) recorded higher grain yields over the check, Varada (22.8 q/ha).
142
2.0 PULSES
The Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam is the lead centre for
research on pulses. Research work on pulses is also in progress at Warangal, •
Madhira, Jagtial, Palem, Ghantasala, Nandyal, Podalakur, Yelamanchili.
Vizianagaram, Tirupathi and a few other centres. '
2.1 Greengram
2.1.1 Lam
Crop Improvement
Six varietal trials each during kharif and rabi were conducted to identify
superior green gram varieties. The top three varieties in different trials are
presented in the table 19
Table 19: Performance of top three varieties of greengram at Lam
Yield of top ranking cultures(q/ha)

Trial
First Second Third Check
Kharif
PYT LGG 463(12.2) LGG 461(12.2) LGG 468(12.0) PDM 54(11.7)
AYT LGG 440(12.6) LGG 429(12.5) LGG 460(12.3) PDM 54(11.0)
lET LGG 462(12.8) Pus a 9271( 12.1) LGG 443(12.1) Pus a 105(1l.4)
AYT-1 LGG 463(12.6) LGG 461(12.5) ML 538(11.7) ML 5 (10.9)
AYT-2 MGG 295 (12.6) LGG 440(12.6) WGG 37(12.1) PDM 54(10.7)
MLT LGG 429(12.6) WGG 35(12.5) LGG 448(12.4) PDM 54( 10.9)
Rabi
OYT LGG 470(22.7) LGG 471(20.3) LGG 472(20.1) PS 16(14.0)
PYT LGG 468(13.9) LGG 459(13.9) LGG 465(13.5) ML 267(11.3)
AYT LGG 439(13.9) LGG 460(13.0) LGG 422(12.5) PDM 54(10.2)
AVT-1 LGG 460(9.5) WGG 35(7.7) MGG 314(7.0) PS 16(4.6)
AVT-2 LGG 450(13.8) LGG 410(13.4) Pusa 9031 (11.6) PS 16(8.7)
Rice-fall- LGG 433( 18.2) LGG 460(16.3) LGG 449(16.1) PDM 54(13.8)
ows
143
Agrollomy
Among six genotypes of greengram tested in upland areas during rabi,

LGG 410 gave maximum yield (8.7 q/ha) followed by LGG 450 (8.1 q/ha).
Among the three varieties viz., WGG 37, MGG 295 and PDM 54
tested at !\V(J spacings i.e. 30 X 10 and 40 X 10 cm, WGG 37 recorded
maximum grain yield (13.2 q/ha) at 30 X 10 cm spacing.
Studies on the contribution of non-monetary inputs for realising higher

yields in greengram indicated that improved variety (PDM 54), timely sowing
(with gorru immediately after the onset of rains) and timely weeding (at 21
DAS) are the critical non- monetary inputs.
Entomology
None of the 73 cultures screened in different trials during kharif, was

resistant to galerucid beetle, while LGG 443, TARM 18, LGG 457, LGG 466
and WGG 2 recorded less aphid damage. During rabi, none of the 29 genotypes
screened showed resistance to galerucid beetle. However, cultures LGG 429,
LGG 449 and. LGG 469 recorded less damage due to galerucid beetle.
Chrozophora rottleri and Chrozophora prostrata were found to be alternate
hosts for galerucid beetle adults during summer months i.e. March to May,
1993.
Light trap, pheremone trap and field observations during kharif revealed
that galerucid beetle and aphid damage were high to the extent of 75.6% and
69.9% respectively.
Plallt Pathology
Among the 95 greengram cultures tested during kharif, ML 439, ML

443 and WGG 37 were found resistant to leaf crinkle and powdery mildew,
GM 85-33 to web blight and MGG 221, LGG 439, LGG 443, LGG 459,
LGG 460 and MH 90-1 to Macrophomina leaf blight disease under field
conditions. In rabi rice fallows, out of 56 cultures screened, T ARM 1, TARM
2, TARM 13, TARM 22 and TARM 26 were free from powdery mildew,
while WGG 35, Pus a 9072, LGG 450, PS 16, LGG 449, LGG 456, LGG
460, LAM M2 and LGG 407 were free from leaf spots and TARM 22, LGG
407 and LAM M2 were resistant to rust disease.
144
Disease surveillance in kharif showed that greengram in general suffered
due to leaf crinkle, powdery mildew, yellow mosaic, Macrophomina leaf blight
and web blight
In rabi, powdery mildew was observed predominently by third week

of January. The incidence of leaf spots and rust ,\-vas negligible, while that
of yellow mosaic and leaf crinkle was low.
2.1.'2 Warangal
Crop Improvement
Variety WGG 2 developed at Agrilcutural Research Station, Warangal

retained its superiority for higher yield (11.9 q/1m) compared to check PDM
54 (l0.3 q/ha). It was also observed to be resistant to angular baIck leaf spot,
Rhizoctonia leaf blight and tolerant to yellow mosaic virus disease.
In different varietal trials conducted, the following greengram cultures

occupied the top ranks in yield (Table 20)
Table 20: Pal·ticulal·s of top yielders in greengram at WarangaI.
_ _ _~ Yield O~~?_~ rlwkil~g cultures(q/ha,,-)_ _ __

Trial
First Secom; Third
----------- -------_- ------ ---
Kharif
PVT POM 54(c) (5.4) 1'\'1L 267(c)(4.5) WGG 62(4.5)
lET GM 84-26 (10.0) WGG 35 (9.0) TARM 18(8.3)
Pusa 9272(8.3)
AVT-l LGG 461 (9.1 ) LGG 463(8.9) GM 84-13(7.7)
AVT-2 WGG 2(11.9) MGG 295(11.l) WGG 37(11.0)
MLT WGG 35( I 0.8) WGG 37( 10.5) PDM54 (c)(7.7)
Rabi
AVT-l WGG 35(3.5) VGG 4 (3.4) Pusa 9272(3.4)
AVT-2 LGG 450(6.5) Pusa 9071(6.0) PS 16(c) (5.4)
Agrollomy
The differences in yields of four pre-release varieties viz., PDM 54,

WGG 2, MGG 295 and WGG 37 and the two spacings (30 X 0 and 45 X
10 cm) were not significant. However, all the genotypes gave higher yield
145
(mean 9.0 q/ha) at wider spacing than closer spacing (8.5 q/ha). Among the
varieties PDM 54 (9.5 q/ha) and WGG 2 (9.4 q/ha) gave higher yields.
Among the eight greengram pre-release varieties evaluated during rabi,

WGG 2 gave maximum yield (9.0 q/ha) followed by WGG 37 (8.5 q/ha) and
Pusa 9032 (8.2 q/ha) as against 5.2 q/ha obtained with the check PS 16.
Plaut Pathology
Of the 20 green gram cultures screened against different diseases during

rabi, all were free from wilt and root rot diseases, while 5 cultures viz., TARM
1, 2, 13, 22 and 26 were free from powdery mildew disease. Seedling blight
was recorded in 5 entries viz., TARM 1, TARM 2, WGG 35, PS 16 and
Barabanki.
Among the 10 fungicides tested for the control of powdery mildew,

spraying topas (0.05%), carbendazim (0.1 %) and thiophanate methyl (0.1 %)
effectively controlled the .spread of the disease and increased the seed yield
by 2.35, 2.0 and 1.67 q/ha over control (6.79 q/ha).
2.1.3 Madhira
Crop Improvement
The top yielders in different trials conducted at Madhira are presented

in Table 21.
Table 21 : Particulars of top yielders in greengram at Madhira
Top ranking varieties (yield g/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
Kharif
PVT MGG 295(c) (15.1) MGG 233 (12.9) MGG 340(12.3)
MLT MGG 329(13.9) MGG 332(12.7) WGG 35(12.7)
lET MGG 295(c) (17.6) GM 84-26(15.1) Pusa 9272(14.8)
AVT-I GM 84-13 (15.6) MGG 295(c) (14.7) AKM 8803(14.4)
AVT-2 MGG 295(15.8) MGG 221(15.1) WGG 2(13.2)
Rabi
PVT MGG 320 (13.9) MGG 319(13.8) MGG 316(12.8)
AVT-I NARP 1(15.1) WGG 35(14.9) LGG 456(13.9)
AVT-2 Pusa 9032(15.4) LGG 410(15.0) Pusa 9031(15.0)
During the year 57 local collections of greengram were made.
146
2.1.4 Podalakur
Crop Improvement
In multilocation trial conducted with eight cultures, the yields were

poor due to continuous rains after sowing. However, MGG 295 (4.9 q/ha)
and ML 267 (4.4 qlha) appeared to be promising.
Agrollomy
Studies on suitability of different crops for early kharif, in black soils

under rainfed condition indicated that greengram among short duration crops
and redgram among all crops recorded maximum yields. Among the moisture
retention techniques adopted in these crops, pressmud treatment gave higher
yield (28.8%) over control.
Entomology
During a survey, flea beetle incidence was recorded ranging from

4-10% in different villages, while that of sucking insects (aphids) ranged from
2-5%. The incidence of Heliothis was only 1 to 2%.
Spraying acephate (1.3 gil) or monocrotophos (1.5 mIll) reduced the

pod borer damage to 2.9% and 3.5% respectively from 18.4% recorded in
control.
2.1.5 Tirupati
In multilocation trial, WGG 37 (6.36 qlha) , LGG 440 (5.92 qlha) and
LGG 429 (5.70 qlha) occupied top three ranks, giving 20, 11 and 7 per cent
higher grain yields respectively over check, ML 267 (5.32 qlha).
In the mung coordinated varietal trial (AVT) grain yield differences

among entries were not significant. However, LGG 461 recorded numerically
higher grain yield (3.7 qlha) followed by PDM 54 (3.5 q/ha) compared to
check PS 16 (3.2 qlha).
In coordinated varietal trial (AVT-II), WGG 37 (6.18 qlha) , LGG 440

(6.11 q/ha), and WGG 2 (6.04 qlha) occupied the top three ranks \)'ith higher
grain yield over the check, PS 16 (5.48 qlha) and Kondaveedu (4.97 q/ha).
147
MGG 295 - a promising green gram variety ready for release.
MRG 66 - a Promising red gram variety ready for release from ARS. Madhira.
2.1.6 Vizianagaram
In multilocation trial with 13 cultures, none of the entries was superior

to the check, ML 267 (6.5 q/ha) in yield. However, MOO 332 (7.9 q/ha)
and MOO 439 (7.8 q/ha) were found to be promising with increased yields
of 22.4% and 20.5% respectively over the check.
2.1.7 Peddapuram
In multilocation trial conducted during kharif with 13 entries, MOO

332 and WOO 35 with the highest yield of 6.3 qlha were found to be superior
over the rest of the entries.
2.1.8 Ragolu
Out of 14 varieties evaluated in rice fallows, LOO 410 (4.9 qlha),

Pusa 105 (4.9 qlha) and LOG 450 (4.7 q/ha) recorded higher yields.
2.1.9 Ghantasala
LOG 433 gave maximum yield (18.2 qlha) followed by LGG 460 (16.3
q/ha) and LGG 449 (16.1 qlha) compared to checks PDM 54 (13.8 qlha) and
Lam M2 (l0.0 q/ha).
2.1.10 Adilabad
Of the 9 entries evaluated in observational trial, LOG 450 gave maximum

yield (13.3 qlha) followed by LOG 407 (11.9 qlha) and LGG 40 (10.2 q/ha).
2.1.11 Chintapalle
Out of 12 varieties evaluated, LOG 420 (6.47 qlha) LOG 462 (6.0
q/ha) and MOG 265 (6.0 q/ha) were found to be superior.
148
2.2 Blackgram
2.2.1 Lam
Crop Improvement
Five varietal trials during kharif and nine in rabi were conducted to
identify superior genotypes. The promising entries under different trials are
furnished in Table 22.
Table : 22 Performance of top three cultures in blackgram
Yield of top ranked cultures (q/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
Kharif
OYT LBG 699 (12.5) LBG 700 (lOA) LBG 701 (904)
AYT LBG 625 (12.7) LBG 621 (11.4) LBG 618 (11.1)
lET LBG 623 (I 0.9) WBG 26 (10.2) LBG 20(e) (9.7)
AVT-1 WBU 108 (10.0) TAU 6(9.4) LBG 20(c) (9.1)
AVT-2 LBG 629(9.9) LBG 20(e) (9.6)
Rabi
PYT LBG 695 (15.3) LB0697(12.0) LBG 693(11.7)
AYT None was superior to check LBG 402 (12.0)
AVT-l LBG 685 (8.2) LBG 648(7.9) LBG 402(7.8)
AVT-2 LBG 22(22.1) L2G 623(2l.4) LBG 402( c)(21.1)
MLT None was superior to check LBG 402 (10.1)
Rice fallows
PYT LBG 685 (18.7) LBG 697(18.4) LBG 684(18.3)
AYT LBG 683 (19.7) LBG 648(19.6) LBG 674(18.1)
AVT-l LBG 648(23.3) LBG 683(22.8) LBG 685(19.6)
AVT-2 LBG 22(18.2) LBG 639(14.7) WBG 13(14.2)
----~-
Agrollomy
Three blackgram varieties viz., T9, TAU 5 and PU 19 were tested at

two spacings, 30 X 10 and 45 X 10 cm. Among the three varieties, T9
recorded maximum yield of 6.6 qlha at 30 X 10 cm spacing.
149
Application of 60 Kg P20S and 40 kg Slha gave maximum yield (7.4
q/ha) on par with 60 Kg P20s/ha (7 q/ha) indicating that addition of sulphur
has no significant effect on the yield of blackgram.
In agronomic evaluation of six genotypes during rabi in upland areas,

LBG 402 (9.9 qlha) and LBG 22 (9.6 q/ha) were found superior to the check
LBG 17 (8.3 qlha).
In rice fallows, out of 8 varieties tested LBG 402 (17.2 q/ha) , LBG
22 (16.2 q/ha) and LBG 639 (15.4 q/ha) were found superior to the check
I.BG 17 (12.4 q/ha).
During rabi, four varieties of blackgram viz., LBG 402, LBG 611 and
Buttaminumu were tested at three seed rates of 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha in rice
fallow~. Broadcasting 40 kg seed/ha 2 days prior to the harvest of paddy
resulted in higher yield (11.5 qlha) , which was on par with 50 kg seed/ha
01.7 q/ha). Among the varieties LBG 402(11.7 qlha) was superior followed
by Buttaminumu (11.6 q/ha).
Application of weedicides benthiocarb, pendimethalin, anilophos and

sethoxydim in different combinations in rice fallow blackgram did not
significantly influence the yield. However, weed free check recorded the
highest yield (13.1 q/ha) followed by anilophos @ 1.5 kg a.i.lha (12.1 q/ha)
compared to unweeded check (10.2 q/ha).
Elltomology
Among the varieties/cultures tested LBG 402, LBG 611, LBG 17 and
LBG 626 recorded less incidence of stem fly with higher yields ranging from
8.2 to 10.0 q/ha.
Seed treatment with carbosulfan @ 30 g/kg seed followed by two foliar

sprays resulted in yield increase of 27.0% as compared to three sprays, besides
controlling thrips and stem fly.
Plallt Patizology
Out of 43 blackgram entries tested, COBG 282, GU 87-15, GUARD

18, TAU 4, LBG 616, LBG 617, LBG 618, LBG 625, LBG 626, LBG 628,
LBG 629, LBG 635 and LBG 645 were resistant to Macrophomina leaf blight,
150
and TAU 6, GUARD 18, WBG 26 were resistant to leaf crinkle disease under
field conditions in kharif. In rabi rice fallows, LBG 17 continued to display
resistant reaction to powdery mildew, while LBG 667, LBG 680 and LBG
691 were moderately resistant to powdery mildew. LBG 639, LBG 642, LBG
648 consistently showed resistant reaction to stem canker and TAU 12 to leaf
spots. LBG 648 was found resistant to rust and stem canker. For effective
control of powdery mildew, carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, tridemorph (all
at 0.1 %), topas (0.05%) and sulfex (0.3%) were found superior to the rest of
the fungicides, while leaf spots could be suppressed effectively with
mancozeb (0.3%) and rust with tridemorph (0.1 %), sulfex (0.3%), topas and
(0.05%), mancozeb (0.3%). Maximum yield was obtained with mancozeb (16.0
q/ha) followed by topas (15.8 q/ha).
During disease surveillance in kharif, severe incidence of powdery

mildew, web blight and Macrophomina leaf blight was observed, while yellow
mosaic virus and leaf crinkle diseases were less severe.
Spraying karathane 0.1 % + manconzeb 0.3% effectively reduced the

incidence of rust disease to 4.17% as compared to control (35.18%).
Estimation of total phenolic content of leaf samples of 4 blackgram

varieties from 3 levels of plant canopy indicated that bottom (18.11 mg/g)
and top leaves (15.97 mg/g) contained higher quantities of total phenols than
middle leaves (13.6 mg/g).
2.2.2 Warangal
Crop Improvement
The particulars of promising cultures in different trials conducted during

kharif and rabi seasons are presented in Table.23.
151
Table 23 : Particulars of top yielders in B1ackgram.
Yield of top ranked genotypes (q/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
Kharij
PVT WBG 57 and WBG 59 (9.4) WBG 61 (8.6)
WBG 63(9.7)
lET RBU 28 (10.7) TAU 13 and TAU 14 (9.5)
WBG 26 (10.4)
A V T-I WBU 108 (9.8) WBU 104 (9.6) T 9 (e) (9.4)
A V T-2 UL 310 (8.2) LBG 20 (7.5) PV 30 (e) (7.5)
Rabi
AVT WBG 67 (16.9) LBG 402 (e)(16.0) WBG 57 (15.5)
A V T (RF) WBG 39 (10.9) WBG 49 (10.7) LBG 17(e) (9.1)
A V T-I LBG 685 (12.4) LBG 402 (10.6) LBG 17(e)(9.9)
A V T-2 LBG 40Y(10.5) LBG 17(e)(9.5) LBG 623 (9.3)
MLT LBG 685 (12.7) LBG 402(e) (11.9) LBG 17(e) (10.7)
Agronomy
Evaluation of four blackgram varieties under different dates of sowing

in rice fallows indicated broadcasting seed in matured paddy crop either in
the middle of October (13.1 q/ha) or on 1st November (13.3 q/ha) gave higher
yields. Sowing in the middle of November drastically decreased the grain
yield (4.7 q/ha). Significant differences in yield between varieties (LBG 17,
LBG 402, LBG 611 and LBG 12) and seed rates (40 and 60 kg/ha) were not
observed.
Blackgram varieties (LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 611 and LBG 20) did
not show significant response to irrigations. The varieties also did not show
ml'ch variation in yield.
Plant Pathology
Out of 16 germplasm lines screened during rabi against different

diseases, none of the entries recorded the incidence of wilt and root rot diseases,
while two entries viz., LBG 642 and LBG 17 were free from powdery mildew
disease.
152
2.2.3 Madhira
Crop Improvemellt
The particulars of the promising blackgram cultures in different trials

are presented in Table 24.
Table 24: Top yielders in different varietal tdals.
Top ranked genotypes (yiel~~.9i~~) _~ _ ~___ _

Trial
First Second Third
... ---.---~---
Klwrif
lET LBG 623 (13.4) WBG 26 (12.7) X 312 (12.7)
AVT-I VB 3 (11.8) WBU 108 (11.6) T 9 (c) (lLS)
A V T-2 WBG 13 (19.7) LBG 22 (18.5) LBG 639 (15.9)
Rabi
MLT LBG 402 (c) (16.9) LBG 672 (16.0) LBG 675 (16.0)
2.2.4 Podalakur
Crop Improveme11t
In AVT, the yield differences among the 15 cultures with shiny seed
were not significant. However, PBG 16 gave the highest yield (8.9 q/ha).
Pooled data of the last three years (1990-91, 1991-92 and 1992-93) showed
that PBG 3 gave the highest mean yield (10.2 q/ha) followed by PBG 5 (10.7
q/ha) and PBG 16 (10.7 q/ha).
.
Similarly, the yield differences among the 14 nonshiny seed cultures
were also not significant during this year. The cultures PBG 102 and PBG !
106 gave the highest yield of 8.1 q/ha. The mean yield data of last three
years indicated that PBG 107 (12.0 q/ha) and PBG 101 (10.1 q/ha) are
promlsmg.
In adaptive trials conducted in four villages, PBG 1 and LBG 402

recorded equal yield of 8.18 q/ha, which was 12% more over check LBG 17
(7.3 q/ha).
153
Agronomy
Under rainfed conditions during rabi, the response of blackgram to N

and P application was maximum between 0-20 and 20-40 kg Nand P
respectively. However, highest yields were obtained with 40 kg Nfha (4.4
q/ha) and 60 kg P20s/ha (5.23 q/ha).
The mean yields of the three blackgram varieties viz., LBG 20, PBG
1 and LBG 17 increased with increase in population level from 2.22 lakhs/ha
(2.6 q/ha) to 4.44 lakhs/ha (3.0 q/ha). Among the varieties, LBG 17 gave
maximim yield (3.4 qfha) as compared to PBG 1 (3.3 qfha) and LBG 20
(1.6 q/ha).
Entomology
In surveys, the incidence of Spodoptera was observed to range from

8 to 16% in different villages, while the incidence of flea beetle and aphids
varied from 7 to 20% and 3 to 22%. Heliothis damage ranged between 1 to
4%.
Integrated pest management by combining different methods of pest

control (raising trap crop, collection of egg masses, larvae and killing them;
spraying NPV, poison baiting and spraying acephate) reduced the pod borer
damage due to Spodoptera and increased the yield (4.7 q/ha), the next best
being poison baiting alone (4.4 qfha).
Plant Pathology
The incidence of foliar diseases (Cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew

and rust) was significantly reduced by spraying carbendazim (0.1 %) or topas
(0.1 %) and resulted in increased grain yields (6.2 qfha) over control (3.6 q/ha).
2.2.5 Tirupathi
In urd coordinated varietal trials (AVT-1 and 2) conducted during

kharif, the check, T 9 recorded higher grain yields of 1.7 and 1.9 q/ha as
compared to other entries. As the yields are low in red soils during kharif,
blackgrarn appears to be not suitable in this area.
154
Among the 11 entries evaluated in rabi, LBG 648 gave the maximum
yield (6.7 q/ha) followed by LBG 660 (6.4 q/ha) and LBG 685 (5.4 q/ha)
while LBG 17, the check recorded only 4.6 q/ha. '
2.2.6 Ghantasala
Crop Improvement
The details of promising cultures in different trials conducted in rice

fallows at Ghantasala are presented in Table.25.
Table 25: Top yielders of blackgram in different varietal trials
Top ranked cultures (yield g/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
PYT LBG 685 (18.7) LBG 697 (18.4) LBG 684 (18.3)
AYT LBG 683 (19.7) LBG 648 (19.6) LBG 674 (18.2)
A V T-l LBG 648 (23.3) LBG 683 (22.8) LBG 685 (19.6)
A V T-2 LBG 22(18.2) LBG 639 (14.6) LBG 13(14.2)
MLT LBG 648 (21.9) LBG 660 (20.6) LBG 673 (19.7)
Elltomology
Stemfly and pod borers were noticed after 40 days of sowing. Stemfly
incidence ranged from 11.5 to 50.9%.
2.2.7 Jagtial
Cultivars WBG 13· and 26 developed at Warangal performed similar

to that of LBG 17, 683 and 403 with yields ranging from 12.5 to 14.4 q/ha.
In rice fallows WBG 14 has recorded higher yield (9.7 q/ha) than LBO 17
(5.2 q/ha) November first week was found to be optimum time for sowing.
2.2.8 Adilabad
Out of 10 entries tested, LBG 22 (12.1 q/ha) , LBG 17 (11.2 q/ha) and
LBG 642 (11.0 q/ha) recorded higher yields.
2.2.9 Chintapalle
Among 12 varieties evaluated during kharif, LBG 603, 642 and 660
gave higher yields of 9.0 to 9.1 qlha.
155
2.2.10 Ragol u
Out of 11 varieties evaluated in multi - location trial in rice fallows,

LBG 17 (6.5 qlha) and LBG 673 (6.4 qlha) gave higher yields than other
varieties.
2.3 REDGRAM
2.3.1 Lam
Crop Improvement
Five entries under AVT and nine entries in IET(M) were evaluated
during kharif, and none was found superior to the checks,LRG 30 and C-Il.
The yields recorded in these trials were poor due to severe incidence of
Heliothis pod borer.
Among the 11 early entries of redgram tested under adaptive studies

in collaboration with ICRlSAT during kharif,ICPL 84052 (15.8 qlha) , ICPL
89016 (14.0 qlha) and ICPH 8 (12.6 qlha) were found superior to the check
ICPL 87 (8.0 qlha).
During rabi, 18 redgram varieties were tested in pre-rabi Advanced

Yield Trial and none was found superior to the check LRG 30 (10.2 qlha).
However, ICPL 87119 gave the maximum yield of 12.1 qlha followed by ICP
8863 (11.6 qlha).
Agronomy
In the studies on weed management,weed free check gave maximum

yield (8.8 q/ha) followed by the application of weedicide metalachlor @ 1.5
kg ,ti.lha (7.2 q/ha).
Emomo[ogy
The incidence of Heliothis was high on all the 22 redgram cultures

screened and even ICPA 332 and ICPL 84060, which are termed as tolerant,could
not resist it. However, MTH 26, MTH 28,KM 7 and ICPL 84060 showed
better recouping ability inspite of heavy incidence of Heliothis.
156
Of the 20 insecticidal schedules tested against Heliothis on redgram,none
could keep the pest under check. The first bloom and pods were completely
damaged. The number of larvae per 5 plants,pod borer damage and yield
varied from 9.5 to 15,13.2 to 21.7% and 1.34 q/ha to 1.58 q/ha respectively.
As the incidence of Heliothis was very heavY,NPV either singly or in

combination with jaggery could not control the pest.
2.3.2 Warangal
Crop Improvement
Among the short duration culturer, ICPL 84031 retained its superiority
for the third consecutive year and recorded 7.9 q/ha seed yield followed by
ICPL 84052 (7.1 q/ha) and ICPL 85010 (6.3 q/ha), the three year mean yields
for these cultures being 9.3, 8.3 and 7.4 q/ha respectively.
The particulars of top yielders in redgram varietal trials of different

maturity groups are presented in Table 26.
Table 26 : Top Yielders in Varietal trials
Yields of top ranked genotypes (q/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
Kharij
PVT WRG 13 & WRG 14 WRG 11 (10.8) WRG 10 (10.0)
(11.7)
AVT-I(Medium) ICPL 87119 (14.8) C 11 (c) (14.5) ICPL 332 (13.9)
AVT-2(Medium) ICPL 87119 (21.2) MTH 26 (20.5) SPMA 8 (17.9)
MLT ICPL 87119 (13.7) ICPL 332 (13.0) LRG 30(c)(11.3)
Agronomy
The effect of plant popUlation on the productivity of four early and

five medium duration genotypes was studied in two different trials during
kharif season. Among the early genotypes, P 852 recorded the highest yield
of 7.2 q/ha and was on par with MUA 1(7.0 q/ha). Among the two spacings
(30 x 10 and 40 x 10 cm), wider spacing recorded significantly higher yield
(7.8 q/ha) as compared to closer spacing (5.3 q/ha). In the case of medium
duration genotypes, C 11 gave the highest yield (10.7 q/ha) followed by KM
157
7 (8.3 q/ha). The yield difference between the two row spacings (45 x 10
and 60 x 10 cm) were not significant.
The short duration redgram variety ICPL 85010 did not show response
to Nand P upto 60 kg N and 60 kg P205 per ha under rainfed condition.
However, slightly higher yields were obtained at 40 kg N/ha (6.3 q/ha) and
30 kg P205/ha (6.4 q/ha). Plant population of 2.22 lakhs/ha (45 x 10 cm.
spacing) was found to be optimum and increase in population to 3.33 lakhs/ha
(30 x 10 cm)did not result in increased yield. The yields were low in general,
due to severe incidence of pod fly and borer.
Studies on the yield of redgram to different levels of moisture deficit

indicated that the seed yield declined by 46% and 38% due to continuous
deficit imposed with irrigation at 0.5 and 0.7 ID/CPE ratios throughout crop
growth period, respectively. Among the growth stages, the crop was observed
to be more sensitive for moisture strees during flowering period (60-100 DAS),
which resulted in 41 % reduction in seed yield. The irrigation schedule of
0.7, 0.9, 0.9 CDIIPE ratios at vegetative, flowering and pod development
stages appeared to be optimum for higher yield.
2.3.3 Madhira
Crop Improvemellt
Among the 10 entries tested in IET during kharif, SPMA 4 gave the
highest yield (17.3 q/ha) and was significantly superior to the check, C 11
(13.8 q/ha). In AVT-l conducted with 7 entries, MRG 66 registered the
highest yield of 12.3 q/ha followed by the check, BDN 2(10.0 q/ha). In AVT-2
conducted with 9 entries, the yield differences were not significant. However,
the local variety gave the highest yield (12.9 q/ha) followed by MTH 26 (12.5
q/ha). Five local collections of redgram were made during the year.
Plallt Pathology
Among the six cultures, which were found resistant to Macrophomina

stcm canker during kharif 1991 and again tested during this year, MRG 66
rccorded lowest incidence of stem canker and root rot. The variety is proposed
for release.
158
2.3.4 Podalakur
Crop improvemellt
Out of six cultures evaluated in multi-location trial, MRG 66 gave the

highest yield (16.9 q/ha) as compared to LRG 30 (12.8 q/ha).
In the onfarm trial conducted at 4 locations with extra-short duration

varieties, ICPL 88001 recorded higher yield (4.5 q/ha) over ICPL 88034 (3.4
q/ha).
Entomology
Acephate 0.1 % and polytrin-C 0.05% significantly reduced the pod

borer damage to 17.3% and 20.4% respectively as against 54.1 % in control.
Acephate recorded the highest yield (11.4 q/ha) followed by polytrin-C (11.0
q/ha) and monocrotophos (10.6 q/ha).
During survey, 10 to 14% incidence of Heliothis was noticed in different

\cillages.
2.3.5 Tirupati
Entomology
Infestation of Heliothis on pod basis ranged from 3.11 % to 17.47%

and on seed basis from 1.0 to 8.0%. Similarly, the damage due to pod fly
ranged' from 1.67 to 2.33% on pod basis and from 0.5 to 1.0% on seed basis.
Spraying alfaguard twice @ 5 mIll recorded low incidence of Heliothis on
pod (3.11 %) as well as seed basis and gave the highest seed yield (11.1 q/ha)
as compared to 17.67% and 7.0% infestation of pods and seeds respectively
and 7.6 q/ha seed yield in control. Chlorpyriphos 0.05% and dimethoate
0.05% gave better control of pod fly than other treatments.
2.3.6 Palem
In PYT with 8 entries to identify high yielding medium duration

varieties suitable for Southern Telangana Zone, the check LRG 30 gave
maximum yield (17.1 q/ha) followed by PRG 17-1 (16.3 q/ha) and PRG 67
(15.9 q/ha). In multilocation trial with 8 entries, ICPL 332 (18.4 q/ha) stood
159
first in grain yield, followed by ICPL 87119 (18.0 q/ha) and MD 9103 (16.9
q/ha).
2.3.7 Darsi
In the multilocation trial conducted during kharif, entry ICPL 84031

has recordcJ the highest yield of 12.4 q/ha among extra short and short duration
varieties, while ICPL 332 ranked first with grain yield of 24.4 q/ha among
long duration varieties.
2.3.8 Ragolu
In multilocation trial with short duration varieties conducted in

collaboration with ICRISAT during kharif, the seed yields were highest in
ICPL 88026 (10.0 q/ha) followed by ICPH 8 (9.9 q/ha). Short duration
varieties ICPL 88026 and ICPL 84031 gave higher yields of 8.7 and 8.1 q/ha
respectively with closer spacing of 45 x 20 cm. The yields were significantly
reduced at wider spacings of 60 x 20, 75 x 20 and 90 x 20 cm.
2.3.9 Yellamanchili
During kharif, ICPL 88026 (5.5 q/ha), ICPH 8 (5.44 q/ha) and ICPL
84031 (4.7 q/ha) recorded significantly higher grain yields over all other
entries. The results obtained during last three kharif seasons indicated that
variety ICPL 84031 (117 days) recorded the highest average yield (5.1 q/ha)
among the short duration ones. Though ICPH 8 gave an yield of 5.9 q/ha,
it matured in 145 days. The local check recorded 3.3 q/ha with 151 days
duration.
2.3.10 Utukur
In multilocation trail with 18 entries conducted in kharif, ICPL 332

(Abhaya) recorded the highest yield(8.8 q/ha) followed by ICPL 8863 (7.4
q/ha) as against4.7 q/ha obtained by the check, ~RG 30.
2.3.11 Adilabad
In observation trial, among the 7 entries tested, ICPL 87119 gave the
highest yield of 9.5 q/ha followed by MRG 66 (8.6 q/ha).
160
2.3.12 Chintapalle
Out of 12 ICRISAT extra-short duration varieties evaluated along with

local check konda kandi (155 days), ICPL 86005 with 145 days duration (15.3
q/ha) and ICPL 87105 with 136 days (15 q/ha) were found to be superior
over local (11.14 q/ha).
Among mixed crops, redgram-paddy (Rs.6,975/ha) and redgram-ragi I
(Rs.3,777/ha) gave higher net returns as compared to pure crop of rcdgram

(Rs.647Iha).
2.3.13 Anantapur
Of the 16 varieties evaluated in redgram varietal trial (short duration),

ICPL 85063, ICPL 87119 and M 9103 gave significantly higher grain yields
(6.7, 6.7 and 6.2 q/ha) over local check, PDM 1 (4.0 qlha). Among the 26
medium duration cultures tested during kharif, only three varieties viz., GAVT
87-2 (6.5 qlha), BDN 672 (6.3 q/ha) and ICPL 332 (6.1 q/ha) gave yields on
par with the check, PDM 1 (6.4 q/ha).
2.4 BENGAlGRAM
2.4.1 Lam
Crop Improvement
Promising cultures in different trials are furnished in Table 27.
Table 27: Performance of top 2-4 cultures
Yield of top ranking cultures (g/ha)

Trial
First Second Third Fourth
AVT - 1 BDN 392 (20.7) BDN 776 (19.8) - Annegeri (19.8)
(Bold seed)
AVT-2 BDN154 (19.1) Annegeri (13.3)
(Bold seed)
AVT BDN 9-3(19.1) Annegeri (18.2)
(Nonna!)
MLT ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCC 37 (14.1)
89224 (19.2) 89220 (19.0) 89228 (18.8)
ICCT-DS ICCV ICCV Jyothi (15.3)
90051 (19.3) 90001 (16.8)
ICSN-DS ICCV ICCV ICCV Jyothi (15.6)
92028 (20.8) 92029 (19.3) 90003 (19.0)
.LDlJ...Bl LPLlB_ _ _ _EL<JoJJ,.tryLj'-J]._L7\-1(l_:z_9.:.l6)J---_Entry 3 (17 2) BON 9-3 (16 2)- ,
16 J
Agronomy
Weed free check recorded maximum yield of 14.3 q/ha followed by

two hand weedings at 30 and 60 DAS (14.0 q/ha) and spraying oxyfluorofen
@ 0.1 kg a.i./ha (13 q/ha).
Ento11l%gv
The incidence of Heliothis was low during rabi and pod damage ranged
from 1.57 to 3.78% on different varieties. Bengalgram culture ICC x 790197-3
PLB appeared to be promising against Heliothis.
2.4.2 WaraugaI
Crop Improvement
Among 13 varieties evaluated in AVT-1 during rabi, ICCV 10 retained

its superiority (11.6 q/ha) , followed by BDN 9-3 (11.4 q/ha) and BG 369
(10.9 qiha). In MLT with 13 entries, ICCV 89229 gave the highest yield
(10.9 qiha) followed by ICCV 89223 (10.7 qiha) and ICCV 10 (10.4 q/ha).
Out of 40 lines evaluated in ICRISAT diversified bulk population

breeding (DBPB) trial, line No.3 gave the highest yield (13.5 q/ha) followed
by line No.21 (13.5 q/ha) and line No.17 (12.5 q/ha), while BDN 9-3 (check)
recorded 9.7 q/ha only.
2.4.3 Madhira
In multi location varietal trial with 13 entries, ICCV 89224, ICCV

90051 and ICCV 89228 gave 16.9 q/ha, 16.7 q/ha and 16.2 q/ha yields
respectively, while check Jyothi recorded 7.9 q/ha only.
2.4.4 PodaIakur
In multilocation varietal trial conducted with 10 entries, ICCV 89223

(7.0 qiha) and ICCV 89205 (6.2 q/ha) gave significantly higher yield over the
check, Annegeri (3.2 q/ha).
162
2.4.5 Nandyal
Out of 12 varieties tested, Ieev 89220 recorded the maximum yield

(15.3 qlha) registering 46% increased yield over check IeeV 37 (10.4 qlha).
Variety IeeV 90051 also fared well with 14.6 qlha.
The incidence of root rot was zero in IeeV 89211, Ieee 37,
IeeV 89205, IeeV 10 and IeeV 89228, while high incidence was noticed
in AKG 46 (24.1%).
2.5 HORSEGRAM
2.5.1 Palem
In preliminary varietal trial set I and II conducted with 24 entries each,

eight entries in set I and 10 entreis in set II recorded yields higher than the
local varieties (6.4 and 6.8 q/ha). PHML 21 (6.9 qlha) and PHML 66 (7.9
qlha) recorded maximum yields in set I and II respectively.
2.5.2 Vizianagaram
Among the 12 entries tested in the adaptive trial, HG 6 (19.4 q/ha),

Kuthi (18.9 qlha) , PHG 9 (18.7 qlha) , PHG 20 (18.5 qlha) and HG 5 (18.4
qlha) recorded more than 10% higher yield over check PDM 1 (16.5 q/ha).
In the onfarm trial conducted with three promising cultures viz.,

PHG 9, PHG 20 and PHG 62 in comparison to PDM 1, the culture PHG 9
gave higher mean grain yield of 4.0 qlha as against 3.4 q/ha obtained
with PDM 1.
2.5.3 Anantapur
In coordinated trial, KS 2 gave the highest yield (7.4 qlha) followed

by PHG 9 (6.8 qlha) compared to local (5.8 q/ha). Based on three years results,
PHG 9 with a mean yield of 7.6 q/ha, can be recommended to scarce rainfall
zone. Besides, short duration varieties (68-70 days) like Marukuthi (7.2 q/ha)
and KS 2 (6.9 q/ha) can also be recommended.
163
2.5.4 Pandirimamidi
Out of 4 selections evaluated VZM 1 recorded higher grain yield (14.5

qlha).
2.6 COWPEA
2.6.1 Lam
Under coordinated varietal trials, varieties GC 3 (5.8 qlha), GC 2 (5.7

q/ha) and GC 8949 (5.6 qlha) in AVT 1 and GC 4 (6.3 qlha) and GC 5 (5.5
q/ha) in AVT 2 were found promising.
2.6.2 Tirupati
In AVT 1, the check GC 2 gave significantly higher yield (4.8 qlha)

over the other 10 cultures tested during kharif. In AVT, out of six cultures
evaluated GC 3 recorded higher yield (2.6 qlha) than the check GC 2 (1.9
q/ha).
2.7 SOYBEAN
2.7.1 Lam
Crop Improvement
Out of 80 germplasm lines evaluated, AGS 82-584 recorded the highest

yield, while P 1647 matured very early (102 days). In different varietal trials
conducted, IS 87-24 (14.7 qlha), KB 92 (14.2 q/ha) , MACS 58 (14.0 qlha),
DS 86-75 (13.3 qlha) , MACS 330 (12.1 q/ha) and IS 87-59 (11.8 qlha)
recorded higher yields. In multilocation trial carried out during kharif season,
PK 472 (13.3 q/ha) and MACS 58 (12.2 q/ha) performed well over Hardee
(9.2 q/ha). In rabi, JS 80-219 (12.2 qlha) was found superior followed ·by
Pb-l (11.2 qlha) and Hardee (9.2 qlha).
Agrollomy
Lower plant population of 2 lakhlha recorded significantly higher yield

(9.8 qlha) over higher plant populations of 4 and 6 lakhslha, which gave yields
of 9.1 qlha and 8.1 qlha respectively.
164
Of the different weed control methods tested pre-emergence application
of aiachior @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha gave the highest yield (11.1 q/ha). Among the
different systems studied, higher net returns (Rs.6,837/ha) with a cost benefit
ratio of 1:92 were obtained, when soybean and mustard were grown in kharif
and rabi seasons respectively.
Intercropping of soybean with red gram adopting paired row planting

of redgram at 60/150 cm with 5 rows of soybean in between gave maximum
yield of soybean (20.5 q/ha) compared to other systems, which gave yields
ranging from 10.8 to 16.2 q/ha.
Application of different micronutrients did not show significant effect

on yield of soybean.
2.7.2 Warangal
In multilocation trial, Monetta recorded higher yield (4.9 q/ha) than

the other 9 varieties tested. All the varieties recorded poor yields due to long
drought spell of 25 days after flowering.
2.7.3 Madhira
The performance of 10 varIetIes was evaluated in kharif and rabi

seasons. The yield differences were significant only in kharif season, and IS
71-05 gave the highest yield (11.7 q/ha) followed by Pb 1 (10.5 q/ha). In
rabi PK 472 gave the highest yield of 22.6 q/ha followed by Pb 1 (21.3
q/ha).
2.7.4 Podalakur
Among the four entries evaluated in multilocation trial, MACS 201

gave the highest yield (7.1 q/ha) followed by MACS 58 (5.7 q/ha) as against
5.0 q/ha obtained with Hardee, the check variety.
2.7.5 Utukur
In the varietal trial conducted under rainfed situation, Hardee recorded

the highest yield (5.5 q/ha) compared to other five varieties, which gave yields
ranging from 2.3 q/ha to 3.8 q/ha.
165
MACS 201 - a high yielding Soybean variety recommended for cUltivation in Andhra Pradesh.
2.7.8 Adilabad
In observational trial with 5 entries, Hardee (16.5 qlha), PK 262 (14.5

qlha) and PK 471 (14.0 qlha) gave higher yields.
2.7.9 Chintapalle
Among soybean lines tested, MACS-56 (15.0 qlha),Hardee (8.0 qlha)

and Gawrav (7.8 q/ha) were found superior.
2.8 Rajmash
2.8.1 Lam
Among the six genotypes tested during rabi, none was superior to the
best check HUR 137 (3.5 qlha).
2.8.2 Madhira
Twelve entries were evaluated in multilocation trial during rabi and

HUR 15 gave the highest yield (24.7 qlha). In AVT, HUR 141 (15.4 q/ha)
appeared to be promising with 41 % higher yield than the check, PDR 14.
166
3.0 OILSEEDS
3.1 Groundnut
Research work on groundnut is in progress at Tirupati, Kadiri, Palem

and in many other research stations. Tirupati is the lead centre,while Kadiri
is the main centre for groundnut in Andhra Pradesh under ICAR Coordinated
Research Projects on Oil seeds.
3.1.1 Tirupati
Crop Improvement
The details of top yielders in different varietal trials are furnished

in Table 28.
Table 28: Particulars of top yielders in groundnut
Pod yield of top rankers (q/ha)

Name of the trial --------"-----------'-----____:~----!------
First Second Third
Kharif
a) For high yield
FVET (SB) TCGS 61 (15.6) TCGS 52 (15.5) TCGS 56 (15.2)
Com. VT (SB) TCGS 76 (21.0) TCGS 67 (19.6) TPT 1 (18.6)
IVET (SB) LPG sel x JL 24 JL 24 (15.4) JL 24 x Starr 1
(17.0) (15.3)
RRYT (SB) (TCG 1716 X J 11) (TCG 1716 X J 11) (TCG 1716 X J 11)
-19 (11.7) -17(11.3) -4 (10.9)
MLT ICGV 86347(22.5) Kadiri 3(17.9) ICGS 65 (16.2)
b) For earliness and high yield
FVET (SB) TCGS 38 (16.8) TCGS 29 (16.4) TCGS 30 (16.3)
IVET (SB) K3/Chico 2(12.4) K3/Chico 5(12.2) K3/Chico 3 (11.3)
RRYT (SB)-I TCG 1716/ TCG 1716/ TCG 1717/
Chico-l (7.8) Chico - 7 (7.6) Chico - 10 (6.9)
RRYT (S8) - II TCG 1716/ TCG 273 TCG 1706/Chico·
Chico - 7 (15.1) Chico - 3 (14.6) 11(14.3) and reG
1717/Chico - 16 (14.3)
c) For Foliar disease resistance and yield
Com. VT (SB) TCGS 91 (25.0) JL 24 (22.9) TCGS 89 (20.0)
IVET (SB) Chico x NCAC Chico x NCAC Chico x NCAC
17090-2 (17.6) 17090-4 (14.7) 17090-5 (14.4)
167
RRYT NCAC 17090 x JL 24 K3 x NCAC K3 x NCAC
(17.1) K3 x NCAC 17090-8 (16.7) 17090 - 4(16.4)
17090-10 (17.1)
d) For high oil content with yield
IVET JL 24 x TMV 10-4 JL 24 x TMV Starr x TMV
(15.0) 10- 1(14.1) 10-1 (l2.8)
Rabi
3) For high yield
FVET (S8) TPT l(e) (20.0) TPT 2(e) (19.0) TCGS 56 (17.0)
Com. V.T.(S8) TCGS 64 (14.1) TCGS 67 (13.5) TCGS 71 (13.4)
MLT SVGSI (19.1) TPT 1(17.6) K 134 (17.6)
b) For earliness and yield
FVET (S8) TCGS-36 (18.5) TCGS-30(l7.8) TCGS-29 (17.5)
c) For Foliar disease resistance and yield
Com. VT TCGS 85 (22.6) TCGS 82 (21.7) TPT l(c) (20.7)
d) AICRPO Trials
[VET TPT 2 (13.5) JL 24 (11.2) INS 9204(10.6)
AVT-I . JL 24 (12.2) TPT 2 (12.1) AIS 9201 (8.2)
AVT-II TPT 2 (22.1) A II S 9214 (18.6) JL 24 (17.8)
Four pre-release varieties viz., TCG1,TCG 3,TCG 6 and TCG 30 were

evaluated in minikit trials at three locations each in four districts. TCG 1
recorded 18% increased pod yield (11.7 q/ha) over local in Prakasam district,
while in Guntur district TCG 6 gave 14% increased yield (10.3 q/ha) over
local. TCG 30 recorded 21.0% more pod yield (18.3 q/ha) over local in
Krishna district.
In testing of varietal mixtures and pure varieties,the performance of

pure varieties was observed to be better than mixtures. Among the pure
varieties,IL 24 (15.6 q/ha) recorded the highest pod yield followed by TPT 2
(14.7 q/ha). In mixtures, TPT 1 + TPT 2 combination was the best recording
14.6 q/ha of pod yield, followed by JL 24 + TPT 2 (14.6 q/ha) and TMV 2
+ TPT 2 (14.4 q/ha).
In the on-farm trials laid out with two early maturing pre- release
varieties, TCGS 29 and TCGS 37 in Karnmapalli and in Tirupati rural mandaI,
TCGS 37 and TCGS 29 recorded 8% and 6% increased pod yields respectively
over JL 24.
168
Plant Physiology
Out of eighteen groundnut pre-release and released cultures studied for

their drought tolerance, TCGS 26 (16.0 qlha), TCGS 28 (15.5 qlha),TCGS 30
(16.7 qlha),TCGS 37 (16.1 q/ha) and TCGS 91 (16.4 qlha) among pre-release
cultures and TPT 1(13.6 qlha) , TMV 2 (15.1 qlha) and JL 24 (17.1 q/ha)
among released cultures tolerated early and midseason moisture stress.
Application of borax as dust ( 2 to 4 kglha) or spraying (0.2%) or

urea spraying (1%) showed no significant effect on pod yield and other
characters.
Seed treatment or foliar application of cobalt nitrate to kharif rainfed

groundnut did not improve pod yields. None of the 14 spanish groundnut
genotypes tested showed fresh seed dormancy of desirable level.
Six popular genotypes (TPT 1, TPT 2, TeGS 30, TCGS 1, JL 24 and

K 134) were tested for their suitability to late rabi summer conditions (February
sowing). In general the pod yields were reduced by 24% in January sowing
and by 47% in Februrary sowing over December sowing.
Agronomy
Under rainfed conditions in kharif, K 134 (8.47 qlha) and JL 24 (7.73

qlha) gave significantly higher pod yield over other four varieties tested.
Normal kharifseason sowing (15th July) recorded the highest pod yield (9.01
qlha) compared to early (9th June) (6.29 qlha) and late kharif (11th August)
sowing (2.93 qlha). K 134 performed well in all the three dates of sowing,with
pod yields of 8.57,11.76 and 5.02 q/ha respectively in early,normal and late
sowings. The pooled data of groundnut pod yield for the last 3 years clearly
showed that optimum month for sowing groundnut is july (Normal sowing)
for realising higher pod yield (Table. 29)
169
Table 29: Influence of date of sowing on productivity of groundnut varieties
Mean pod yield (1990 to 1992) (q/ha)

Period of sow-
ing JL TPT I TCGS I TCG K ICGS -
24 273 134 E 27
Mean
carlv 10.12 11.76 11.07 8.96 12.36 11.77 11.01

khm:if(1une)
Normal 13.64 11.17 11.17 10.46 13.81 10.71 11.83
kharif(July)
Late kharif 6.32 6.16 6.81 5.62 8.32 6.09 6.55
(August)
Mean 11.03 9.70 9.68 8.35 11.50 9.52
----
In cropping systems research for rainfed alfisols, in early Kharif, cluster
bean performed better, followed by sesamum and greengram. In normal kharif
(July) groundnut + Redgram in 7:1 ratio proved better and gave yields of 5.2
qfha of groundnut + ·16.3 qlha of redgram. Crops in late kharif failed due to
moisture stress.
Studies carried out for the last 3 years on population requirement for
new spanish bunch varieties under rainfed conditions clearly showed· that a
population of 3.3 lakhslha (30 x 10 cm) was optimum for realising higher
yields (16.47 q/ha). Among the four varieties under study, K 134 and TPT 1
have performed well in all 3 years with higher pod yields of 17.05 and 17.03
i q/ha respectively (Table 30).
Table 30: Population requirement of new Spanish bunch groundnut varieties
Mean Pod yield q/ha

Particulars
1990 1991 1992 Mean
Varieties
TPT 1 17.3 23.85 10.10 17.03
K 134 17.26 23.05 10.84 17.05
ICG-E-27 14.78 18.50 9.83 14.37
TMV2 21.80 11.47 16.64
Population
2.22 iakhsfha (30 X 15 em) 11.20 20.14 9.84 15.39
3.33 lakhsfha (30 x 10 em) 15.42 23.05 10.95 16.47
H4 lakhs/ha (30 x 7.5 em) 17.56 22.21 10.91 16.89
170
Studies on crop geometry (skip-row) for groundnut and redgram cropping
system under rainfed conditions in alfisols indicated that higher net monetary
return (Rs.3,31OIha) was obtained from groundnut + redgram in 7:1 ratio
followed by skip row (22.5 x 10 cm) relay intercropped with redgrarn
(Rs.2,874/-).
Among the groundnut based cropping systems under well irrigation,

sunflower in kharif groundnut in rabi and rice in summer season was the
most remunerative cropping system with net return of Rs.28,605Iha followed
by groundnut-groundnut-groundnut (Rs.23,702Iha). Variety IC 150, gave the
highest yield under irrigated rabi conditions (38.8 q/ha), whereas under kharif
rainfed conditions TPT 3 gave maximum yield of 14.6 q/ha.
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Studies on the effects of long term use of manures and fertilizers on

the productivity of groundnut and soil fertility showed that organic content
was highest in the gypsum treated plot at both the depths of 0-15 cm (0.288%)
and 15-30 cm (0.268%). Maximum content of available phosphorus was
recorded in the treatment NPK + lime at both the depths (17.20 kglha). Highest
content of potassium was observed with NPK + gypsum + ZnS04 treatment
at both the depths (484 kg and 455 kglha at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths
respectively). As the depth increased, organic carbon,phosphorus and potassium
contents in the soil decreased. Maximum exchangeable calcium was noticed
at 0-15 cm depth (7.3 m.e.!100 g of soil) in the treatments NPK + lime and
NPK + gypsum. Significant differences in magnesium content between different
treatments were not observed. Highest content of heat soluble sulphur was
observed in the treatment NPK + gypsum + ZnS04 (10.52 ppm) followed by
NPK + gypsum (10.22 ppm) at 0-15 cm depth.
Highest content ofN (3.34%) in the index leaf at 45 DAS was observed
in the treatment NPK + gypsum. Significant differences were not observed
with regard to other nutrients viz., P,K,Ca,Mg and S in the index leaf.
Application of NPK recorded maximum pod yield (19.01 qlha) which

was on par with NP (18.44 qlha) and NPK + gypsum + ZnS04 (17.47 q/ha).
Studies on nutrient dynamics in groundnut based cropping system were

carried out in irrigated red soils. Highest pod yield of groundnut (23.06 q/ha)
was obtained in kharifwith 50% of recommended fertilizer to groundnut and
171
was on par with 100% (22.9 qlha) of fertilizers to groundnut. In case of rice,
100% fertilizers gave maximum yield of38.43 qlha followed by 50% fertilizers
(29.46 q/ha). Pod yields of groundnut in rabi were significantly more in plots
which received 50% and 100% recommended fertilizers to the previous kharif
rice crop,compared to the plots which received no fertilizer for rice or groundnut.
But they were on par with the yield of groundnut in plots where 100%
recommended fertilizers were applied for kharif groundnut. The pod yields
were higher in groundnut preceeded by rice, than in groundnut preceeded by
groundnut.
The chemical analysis of soil after harvest of kharif and rabi crops
indicated higher values of pH,EC, available P,and exchangeable Mg,at 0-15
cm depth in the plots grown with paddy in kharif, while at 15-30 cm depth
available S was more in groundnut grown plots. Analysis of leaf and bhusa
of rabi groundnut crop indicated that N,P,Ca,Mg and S contents in index
leaves and N,P,K and Ca contents in bhusa were significantly more in the
rabi groundnut crop grown after paddy than in groundnut grown after groundnut.
Soil Physics
Studies on soil amelioratives to improve soil moisture in sandyloam

soils for rainfed groundnut revealed that addition of tank silt @ 10 t/ha recorded
significantly higher pod yield (16.62 qlha) followed by pressmud cake @ 5
t/ha (15.61 qlha) and FYM @ 10 t/ha (15.31 qlha) than control (13.18 qlha).
Studies on soil and moisture management practices for rainfed groundnut

showed that khus as vegetative barrier along the contour recorded significantly
higher pod yield (11.97 qlha) followed by sowing on contours with dead
furrow (11.1 qlha) as compared to contour sowing (10.61 qlha) and flat bed
showing (9.28 qlha).
Elltomology
Light trap studies showed the continuous presence of leaf webber moth
from July'92 to June'93 with peak populations during September - November
and lowest during March - May. The adult beetles of root grubs were seen
continuously from July to December.
Studies on crop-weather-pest relationship showed that early sown crop

(June) suffered more damage due to thrips than normal (July) or late sown
172
(August) crops of groundnut. However, normal (July) and late sown (August)
crops suffered more jassid damage than early sown crop (June). With regard
to leaf webber, late sown crop suffered heavy damage while early sown crop
suffered the least.
In varietal screening trials under normal and late sown situations, no

cultivar was found resistant to any of the key pests of groundnut. Heavy
incidence of thrips and jassids and low incidence of leaf webber were observed
on all the cultivars in normal sown crop. In late sown crops, the thrip damage
was negligible, while heavy -incidence of jassids and leaf webber was recorded.
Soil application of granular insecticides or spraying at 20 DAS with

0.05% monocrotophos resulted in less thrip damage, while spraying insecticides
twice at 20 and 60 DAS resulted in lower leaf webber damage.
Plaltt Pathology
Out of 53 groundnut lines screened for their reaction to tikka and rust
diseases,one line, K3 x NCAC 5 yielded (24.8 g/plant) more than double the
check JL 24 (12.0 g) with equal rating of disease severity (8.0 in 0-9 scale)
indicating its high tolerance to the disease.
Of the 59 lines screened for their resistance to collar rot,TCG 273 x

J 11 (F 9) was found to be outstanding with nil disease and 24.8 g pod yjeJd
per plant. Of the 17 cultures screened in CVT for their reaction to late leaf
spot and rust, TCGS 1, 86 and 87 exhibited tolerant reaction to LLS with 3.0,
3.7 and 2.6 disease severity ratings. K 3 x NCAC in replicated row yield trials
and K 3 x NCAC 17090 in IET exhibited tolerant reaction to LLS and rust.
In MLT, less incidence of dry root rot was observed in MLTG 19

(1.7%), MLTG 2 (2.0%) and MLTG 14 (2.66%). MLTG 10 and MLTG 4
recorded less incidence of lvfyrothecium, tikka leaf spot and rust diseases.
Delay in the sowing of groundnut from 9th June to 11 th August resulted

in progressive increase in the severity of LLS and rust.
In the observational trial on chemical management ofLLS in November

sown groundnut, score (0.25%) gave highest pod yield followed by carbendazim
(0.1 %) + mancozeb (0.25%) with less disease incidence in Nagari mandaI.
173
Preventive fungicide sprays given on the basis of prediction of onset
of LLS resulted in significant increase in pod yields. Least disease incidence
and higher pod yields were obtained with cyproconazole (0.25%) and mancozeb
(0.25%) + carbendazim (0.1 %). Rhizobium cultures IGR 6 and NC 92 produced
more number of root nodules and increased the pod yield per plant in TPT 1
and TMV2 varieties.
Application of farmyard manure at 5 tlha reduced the incidence of dry

root rot to 7.87% and recorded 19.58 qlha of pod yield as against 19.11%
disease incidence and 16.83 qlha of pod yield in untreated control.
Agricultural Ellgilleerillg
Sowing seed and drilling fertilizer with tractor drawn seeder i.e., seed
cum fertilizer drill gave maximum yield (8.63 qlha) and population (2.78
lakhslha) followed by sowing with Eenati gorru (5.83 qlha and 2.22 lakhslha).
The former can cover 0.4 to 0.6 halhr with tractor drawn seeder compared to
0.14 halhr with Eenati gorru and 0.06 halhr in farmer's practice of sowing
behind country plough and the cost of sowing is reduced by Rs.68Iha. In the
onfarm trial, sowing with tractor drawn seeder and broadcasting fertilizer
recorded higher popUlation and pod yield (8.25 qlha) over sowing behind
country plough (6.7 qlha).
Tractor drawn blade harrow was observed to be economical for harvesting

groundnut. It requires only 12.5 hours time to harvest an hectare compared
to 105 man hours required in manual pulling. The farmer can save Rs.62/-
ha on labour cost and the field losses are also less at sufficient soil moisture
condition.
Agricultural Economics
Seeding by tractor drawn fast seeder in groundnut was found

economically viable, as it gave an additional net return of Rs.l ,097=50Iha
over the check (sowing behind the country plough) with a benefit cost ratio
of 16.88.
In chemical management of tikka leaf spot in November sown groundnut,

spraying carbendazim 0.1 % + mancozeb 0.25% one month after sowing gave
highest net returns of Rs.11 ,9451ha over check with a benefit cost ratio of
49.4.
174
3.1.2 Kadiri
Crop Improvement
The top yielders in different trials are furnished in Table 31
Table 31 : Particulars of Top yielders in different trials
Pod yields of Top rankers (q/ha)

Name of the trial
First Second Third
Kharif
For high yield and earliness
lET (SB)-1 K 1187(13.89) K 1182(13.89) K 134(13.87)
lET (SB)-II K I 177(12.5) K 1175(12.13) K 1171(12.04)
CVT (SB) K 134(c) (15.5) K 160(14.4) K 1128(13.2)
AVT (SB) K 190-2(14.4) K 134(c)(14.3) K 150(13.5)
MLT (SB) MLT 6(13.0) MLT 15(12.9) MLT 19(12.0)
AICRPO Trials
IVT (SB) GV 8901(13.95) TG 27(13.3 I) K 150 (12.96)
AVT (SB) K 134 (13.61) TMV 2(LC) (13.26) ICGV 86590 (13.02)
IVT (VB)-I ICGS 76(7.76) LGN 2(7.13) K 3(6.03)
AVT (VB)-1I ICGS 76 (6.81) ICGV 86300(5.65) K 2(5.39)
AVT (VR) M 335 (9.03) R 265 (8.79) M 13 (8.53)
IMDVT (VB) ICGV 88308(12.39) ICGV 86590(9.79) ICGV
8831-2 (9.22)
Rabi
IVT (SB) INS 92 I 7 (30.38) INS 9201 (27.20) INS 9208(24.48)
AVT (SB)-I AIS 9204(33.3) AIS 9201 (28.18) AIS 9203(25.71)
AVT (SB)-U AIlS 9207(3 I .32) AIlS 9214(30.92) AIlS 9202 (25.51)
and TMV 2 (25.51)
Agronomy
The intercropping system of groundnut + redgram in 7: 1 ratio recorded

the highest net returns of RS.5,850Jha as compared to 11:1 (Rs.5,025/ha) and
lS:1(Rs.4,278/ha), while sole crop of groundnut gave Rs.3,976Jha. Pooled
analysis of 3 years results also revealed that 7: 1 ratio gave the highest nel
returns.
175
In the studies with four varieties viz., TPT 1, K 134, ICGS E-27 and
rMV 2 and 3 population levels (2.22,3.33 and 4.44 lakhslha),TPT 1 gave the
highest pod yield of 13.18 qlha. Population levels did not significantly
influence the yield.
Application of nitrogen (@ 10 and 20 kg N/ha) and phosphorus (@

20 and 40 kg P205/ha) either singly or in combination did not show significant
effect on yield.
Entomology
Among the 55 cultures screened, ICGV 86005 gave the highest yield
(3.6 g/plant) with jassid incidence of 2 on ICRISAT scale, followed by ICGV
86558 (3.4 g/plant) with jassid incidence of 1 on ICRISAT scale.
Among the 25 elite and pre-release cultures screened X -14-4-B-8-

BXEC 21137-1 recorded the highest yield of 12.23 qlha with jassid incidence
of 2 on ICRISAT scale, followed by K 134 (12.17 q/ha) with jassid incidence
of one.
In light trap collections, adults of root grub were observed from last
week of May to August, with peak population in August. Leaf webber population
was high during September.
Extension
In minikit trials, K 150 recorded on an average 30% more pod yield

(11.41 qlha) over local check.
In frontline demonstrations conducted in Nellore, Chittoor, Kurnool

ard Anantapur districts, K 134 gave increased yields ranging from 12.3 to
36.2% more over local JL 24.
3.1.3 Utukur
Crop Improvement
Nineteen cultures were evaluated in ML T during kharif and rabi seasons.

In kharif, MLTG 18 gave the highest pod yield (12.3 q/ha) followed by MLTG
4 (11.0 qlha). In rabi,highest pod yield was obtained in MLTG 15 (23.9 q/ha)
followed by MLTG 19 (23.8 q/ha) and MLTG-7 (23.6 qlha).
176
Agronomy
Studies conducted for three years on population requirement for spanish I

bunch varieties under rainfed conditions showed that a population of 33.3
plants/m2 i.e. sowing at 30 x 10 cm spacing gave maximum pod yields.
Studies on groundnut based cropping systems for rainfed conditions

conducted for the last three years indicated that growing groundnut with
redgram in 7: 1 ratio is highly remunerative to the farmers.
3.1.4 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
In multilocation varietal trial, ICGV 86347 with 11 0 days duration

gave significantly higher yield (23.7 q/ha) than all the other 23 varieties tested
and has a shelling percentage of 65%. TMV 2 gave an yield of 16.7 qlha.
Agrol1omy
Agrometeorology
Characterization of climate of Anantapur district based on rainfall

pattern of last 30 years indicated that optimum time of sowing for groundnut
under rainfed and irrigated (supplemental) conditions in south - western parts
and eastern parts of Anantapur district is first fortnight of July and for north
western parts of the district is second fortnight of July.
Study on relationship between weather and incidence of late leaf spot

on groundnut revealed that leaf spot appeared at 60 DAS,while its spread
started from 90 DAS with congenial weather conditions like more relative
humidity (80% and more) and low night temperatures (around 20°C). The
late leaf spot disease was found to influence significantly the pod and haulm
yields, since control of the disease by spraying kavach at 15 days interval
increased the yields significantly.
Pod yields of groundnut were significantly higher with protective

irrigation (20.7 q/ha) over rainfed (13.6 q/ha) and at normal sowing during
first fortnight of July (22.5 q/ha) over early (14.9 qlha) and late (14.1 q/ha)
sowmgs.
177
Optimum adult moth emergence of red hairy caterpillar was noticed
whenever there was a rainfall of 15 mm. With rainfall of more than 15 mrn
or heavy downpour, emergence of moths was delayed by 2-3 days.
Operational Research Project
Experiments conducted in farn1ers' fields at 10 locations revealed that

gross returns were higher (Rs.6,537Iha) when groundnut was intercropped with
;edgram (15:1 ratio) than with sole crop of groundnut (Rs.5,679Iha).
Cantour cultivation + dead furrow at 3.6 m interval recorded maximum

pod yield (6.3 qlha) as against 5.8 qlha in farmer's practice of cultivation
across the slope.
Application of sand @ 40 tlha before sowing groundnut gave 21 %

higher yield (7.1 qlha) over no sand application (5.8 qlha).
Adaption of complete package of practices (seed rate 100 kglha, optimum

dose of 20 N, 40 P20S kg/ha, placement of fertilizers, effective weed
control,seed treatment, need basid plant protection and in situ moisture
conservation practices) gave higher pod yield (7.0 q/ha) and gross income
(Rs.6,336Iha) over the local practice (5.6 qlha and Rs.5,040Iha).
Soil Sciellce alld Agricultural Chemistry .
Soil resistance at 5 cm depth was significantly reduced to 3.5 kg/cm2

with ploughing as compared' to 13.2 kglcm2 when no primary tillage was
given. Leaf area index and tap root length of groundnut were significantly
higher in ploughed plots than under primary tillage. Pod yield of grotindnut
was highest with Rekkalaguntaka (16.88 qlha), while lowest yield (11.29 q/ha)
W2S obtained under no primary tillage.
Application of fertilizers and manures did not significantly influence

the groundnut yields. However, 20 kg N + 40 kg P205 + 40 kg K20 +.
ZnSo4 gave the highest pod yield (13.5 qlha) as compared to no manures
(10.2 q/ha). The plots that received FYM or groundnut shells recorded higher
percent of organic carbon.
178
Plant Pathology
Spraying of mancozeb (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.1 %) twice at 60 and

75 DAS or thrice at 60,75 and 90 DAS gave effective control of late leaf Spot
on groundnut and recorded higher pod (17.9 and 17.4 qlha) and haulm (14.0
and 14.6 qlha) yields. Highest net returns of Rs.3,494Iha were obtained with
two sprays.
Among the 24 varieties screened against foliar diseases,rCGV 86699

recorded the lowest disease index (2%) followed by rCGS 86347 (7.6%),
rCGS 11 (8.3%) and K 134 (9%) as compared to 23.3% with TMV2. leGS
86347 gave the highest pod yield (23.7 q1ha), while rCGV 86699 gave
maximum haulm yield (45.7 qlha). Seed treatment with different fungicides
and time of seed treatment (30 days and 7 days before sowing and at the time
of sowing) did not significantly influence the pod and haulm yields. However,
seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed gave higher pod yield (11.8
qlha) as against 9.0 qlha with no seed treatment. Germination percentage was
significantly increased by seed treatment with captan (88%) and topsin M
(84%) over control (70%).
During survey conducted in August and September months in 11

villages of Anantapur district, incidence of collar rot (0.9%),stem rot (1.0%)
and tikka leaf spot (20%) was noticed in all the fields.
Agricultural Engineerillg
Maximum pod yield of 11.1 qlha was obtained with contour cultivation
+ khus as vegetative barrier in the inter-bunded area,as compared to contour
cultivation alone (9.3 qlha).
3.1.5 Nandyal
Crop Improveme1lt
Out of 18 groundnut varieties tested in the multilocation trial, Gimar

1 recorded the highest pod yield (22.2 qlha) followed by K l34 (19.7 q/ha),
K 150 (19.5 qlha) and SVGS 1 (19.2 qlha) under rainfed situation. Results
of the last three years indicate that the performance of K 134 is superior to
others with 33% increased yield (22.3 qlha) over TMV 2, while lCGS 11
stood second with 21.0%.
179
Agronomy
Pre-emergence application of butachlor (1.0 kg a.i./ha) along with two

intercultivations and hand weedings at 25 and 40 DAS gave higher yield (30.7
q/ha) than other treatments.
3.1.6 Anal\.apalle
Application of neem cake (750 kg/ha) or carbaryl dust 10G (1.0 kg

a.i./ha) or phorate 10 G (1.0 kg a.i./ha) at sowing or carbofuran 3 G (1.0 kg
a.i./ha) at 25 days after sowing significantly reduced pod borer damage to 4.5
to 7.9% as against 27.2% in untreated control. However, the differences in
pod yields were not statistically significant.
3.1.7 Yelamanchili
In multilocation trial conducted during Kharif, 1991 and 1992, variety

lCGS 11 (16.5 q/ha) was significantly superior to the check JL 24 (10.6 q/ha).
In another trial, reGS 44 (17.1 q/ha) and Gimar 1 (17.0 q/ha) gave significantly
higher yield than TMV 2 (12.5 q/ha).
Studies on the optimum time of sowing to reduce the vegetative growth

and boost the groundnut yields indicated that 15th May sowing was significantly
superior to 31 st May, 15th June and 30th June sowings in all the varieties
tested viz., JL 24, Tirupati 1, Kadiri 3 and rCGS 44.
Among the four varieties, semi-spreading varieties Kadiri 3 and rCGS

44 sown on 15th May recorded the highest yields of 17.0 q/ha and 19.0 q/ha
respectively, as against 11.7 q/ha and 12.1 q/ha recorded by JL 24 and Tirupati
1 respectively.
In the multilocation trial conducted during rabi with 17 entries, K 150

(16.8 qlha) was significantly superior·to TMV 2 (9.2 q/ha).
Among the 33 rCRISAT cultures evaluated, ICGV 89402 recorded nil

-Incidence of rust and early leafspot and traces of late leaf spot with 13
pods/plant.
180
3.1.8 Vizianagaram
In the multi location trial with 16 entires, MLTG 12 gave the highest
pod yield (13.3 qlha), followed by MLTG 13 (12.4 qlha) MLTG-3 (12.0 q/ha)
and MLTG 15 (12.0 q/ha) as against 10.8 qlha recorded by JL 24.
3.1.9 Ragolu
In Kharif 1992,sowing during first week of June recorded significantly

higher yields in all the varieties tested viz., Kadiri 3 (11.2 q/ha), leGS 44
(10.5 qlha) , TMV 2 (9.3 q/ha) and JL 24 (8.4 q/ha).
3.1.10 Peddapuram
In the multilocation varietal trial conducted during kharif, 1992, MLTG

7 (12.6 q/ha) was superior to other 17 entries tested.
3.1.11 Darsi
Crop Improvement
Out of 10 short duration varieties tested ICGV 89012 recorded the

highest pod yield (14.17 qlha) with a duration of 90 days (42% incresed yield
over general mean yield of 9.95 qlha).
Among 34 disease resistant lines tested, ICGV 90074 ranked first with
a pod yield of 21.18 q/ha and moderate resistance to rust (score 2).
Of the 11 foliar disease resistant lines ICGV 87202 gave higher pod
yield (22.92 qlha) which is 49% more over general mean yield (15.34 q/ha).
The entry ICGV 86398 among 19 pest resistant cultivars tested recorded
the highest pod yield (15.28 qlha) which is 91 % more over TPT 2 (7.98 q/ha).
In MLT with 19 entries, MLTG 4 (FDRS 4) ranked first with a pod

yield of 19.21 qlha. The mean of four seasons data indicated that PDRS 4
registered the highest pod yield (27.94 qlha) , followed by FDRS 10 (26.21
q/ha) and K 134 (25.99 q/ha).
181
! Agronomy
Under red soils of NSP right canal, highest pod yield of 32.46 qlha
was obtained with 30 N and 60P kglha followed by 30 N, 40 P (30.95 qlha)
as agiainst 9.81 qlha in control (No Po).
In the studies on multiple cropping systems in red soils of NSP right

canai, with four base crops (groundnut,maize, redgram, gingelly) and 5 second
crops (groundnut,blackgram,greengram,soybean,and coriander), groundnut-
groundnut sequence registered the highest pod yields (18.22 and 22.29 qlha)
followed by groundnut-blackgram (18.27 and 19.27 qlha). Two year results
indicated that groundnut-groundnut cropping sequence is better for realising
higher yields and monetary returns.
3.1.12 Jagtial
Crop Improvemellt
In observation varietal trials, JCG 78-18-1, JeG 88-1 and JeG 88- 2
performed better than other cultures under test. In minikit trials, JeG 2
developed at Jagtial and TG-26 developed at Trombay performed better.
During rabi in AVT stage-I,the entry AIS 9204 recorded the highest
pod yield (19.3 qlha) followed by AIS 9202 (19.1 qlha). However, AIS 9202
recorded the highest kernel yield (13.08 qlha) and oil yield (6.59 qlha) followed
by JeG 88-2 (12.75 qlha kernel and 6.43 qlha oil yields).
In AVT stage-II, the entry AIS 9202 recorded the highest pod (14.42
q/ha) and kernel (9.09 qlha) yields followed by AIS 9207. However, out of
all entries AIS 9213 recorded the highest oil content of 51.13 % followed by
INS 9217 and JCD 88-2 with 50.4% oil.
Agronomy
In red chalka soils, irrigation at 12,10 and 9 days interval in vegetative,

flowering and kernel formation stages respectively gave higher yield (24.5
qlha) while the crops subjected to moisture stress either at vegetative or
flowering or pod formation stages recorded pod yields of 19.0 to 21 qlha.
182
Among different methods of irrigation, check basin method produced
significantly higher pod yield (26.73 q/ha) with a cost benefit ratio of 2.41
compared to furrow (21.55 q/ha) and border strip (21.05 q/ha) methods.
Application of gypsum (500 kg/ha) at 30 DAS recorded the highest

pod yield (21.33 q/ha) and gave cost benefit ratio of 1.87 with maximum net
returns (Rs.7,937/ha). Application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha at basal + 6
foliar sprays of Zn S04 at 10 days interval recorded an yield of 20.96 qlha
with net return of Rs.7,490/ha and cost benefit ratio of 1.81.
3.1.13 Warangal
Intercropping in groundnut during winter affected the groundnut pod

yield. However, the total yield (equivalent) was more with groundnut + mustard
and groundnut + pigeonpea system than with sole crop of groundnut. The
groundnut + mustard system gave an yield advantage of 38%. Inter cropping
sunflower in groundnut adversely affected the groundnut yield.
3.1.14 Palem
Plant Patizology
Among foliar diseases, tikka, rust and bud necrosis diseases were
observed as important diseases in Southern Telangana Zone. The incidence
of bud necrosis disease was very severe (70-80% ) a week before harvest.
Among the 70 germplasm entries screened, 18 entries had less incidence

of tikka disease, while rust incidence was low on 40 entries. Eight entries
showed less than 14% incidence of bud necrosis.
3.2 SESAMUM
3.2.1 Anakapalle
Agronomy
In rice-fallows under sandy loam soils, application of 60 kg N/ha gave

significantly higher yield (7.8 q/ha) as against 5.0 and 6.1 q/ha obtained with
20 kg and 40 kg N/ha respectively. Among the three varieties studied, Gowri
recorded significantly higher yield 6.0 q/ha over YLM 17 (5.0 q/ha) and
YLM-ll (5.5 q/ha)
183
Soil Science
Ploughing with rotavator or disc plough + harrowing improved the soil

physical condition of alluvial soil decreasing bulk density, increasing water
holding capacity and pore space and ultimately resulting in higher grain yield
of 3.6 q/ha and 3.3 q/ha respectively in gingelly grown after paddy.
Plall! Pathology
Late sowing of sesamum in the middle of June recorded higher incidence

od phyllody (2.49%) than early sowing in the middle of May (0.67%). The
seed yield was also drastically reduced from 6.17 q/ha in early sowing to 1.52
qlha in late sowing. Application of phorate 10 G @ 10 kg/ha either at sowing
or at 0 and 20 DAS or at 0, 20 and 40 DAS had no significant effect on the
incidence of phyllody.
Seed treatment with captan (0.3%) followed by three sprays of dithane

M-45 (O.2%)or copper oxychloride (0.3%) at 20,40 and 60 DAS significantly
reduced the disease intensity and increased the grain yield.
Among the 44 entries screened in the uniform disease nursery, IVT

17, IVT 18, IVT 19, IVT 26 and IVT 27 were free from Alternaria leaf spot
disease, but recorded 100 per cent disease intensity of stemblight. Least
incidence of stem blight was observed on IVT 9 (0.96%) and IVT 8(2.5%).
3.2.2 Yelamanchili
Crop improvement
During kharif, culture YLM 40, a collection from Tanuku area was
significantly superior with a grain yield of 5.7 q/ha to the check Gouri (2.8
qlha) in initial evaluation trial, even though the seasonal conditions were
unfavourable with severe incidence of sucking pests, mites and thrips and
Alternaria leaf spot disease. Sesamum cultures YLM 11 and YLM 17 which
performed well for the last three years at Agricultural Research Station,
Yelamanchili in AI CRPO trials and in the farmers' fields were praposed for
released in Andhra Pradesh as Yelamanchili 11 and Yelamanchili 17.
184
3.2.3 Tirupati
Agronomy
Studies on methods of sowing, irrigation levels and weed mangaement

in summer sesamum indicated that giving 5 irrigations at 20, 30, 40, 50 and
60 DAS gave the highest yeild (6.26 q/ha). However, the different methods
of sowing and weed management did not significantly influence the yield. If
limited water is available, irrigations can be scheduled at 15 days interval (4
irrigations) to get satisfactory yield (5.62 q/ha). Soil application ofbio-fertilizers
i.e.Azatobacter @ 2 kg/ha or Azospirillum @ 5 kglha alongwith chemical
fertilizer @ 20 or 30 kg N/ha as top dressing at 30-35 DAS gave yields
ranging from 6.0 to 6.7 q/ha and significantly higher than the control (no
nitrogen) (4.57 q/ha) and on par with nitrogen alone @ 40 kg N/ha (6.56
q/ha) or 60 kg N/ha (6.91 q/ha)
Entomology
Spraying with monocrotophos 0.5% at pod formation gave better control

of pests and recorded higher seed yield (4.57 q/ha).
3.2.4 Ragolu
During rabi, among the nine cultures evaluated, YLM 21 (7.7 q/ha).
YLM 17 (7.7 q/ha) and YLM 16 (7.3 q/ha) out yielded the check Gouri (6.7
q/ha).
3.2.5 Peddapuram
Among the 9 cultures evaluated in ML T during Kharif, YLM 21 (12.0

q/ha) and YLM 17 (11.4 q/ha) gave significantly higher yield than the check
Gouri (7.0 qlha).
3.2.6 Jagtial
Out of 13 cultures tested in PVT, JS 331, JS 340 and JS 335 developed

at Jagtial performed better with yields ranging from 12.9 to 14.7 q/ha, whereas
in initial varietal trial IVT 18 and IVT 17 recorded higher yield among 29
entries tested.
185
----------~~-~- ~.------,- 1
'. . ..
~
',-
YLM 17 a promising sesamum variety oi 75-80 days duration,
','
r -
.. _-:.
L
,
VARUNA - a promising mustard variety proposed for release in Northern Telangana areas_
3.2.7 Pandirimamidi
Variety GYLM 4 (7.8 qlha)was found to be promising at this station.
3.3 SUNFLOWER
3.3.1 Darsi
Among 15 hybrids tested, in coordinated A VT, AHT 10 was superior

with an yield of 15.5 qlha, followed by AHT 2(13.1 qlha) and AHT 7 (12.9
yiha).
In advanced varietal trial, of the 8 entries evaluated, A VT 3 ranked

first with a seed yield of 4.08 qlha followed by AVT 2 (3.71 qlha) , AVT 5
(3.67 q/ha) and AVT 8 (3.66 qlha).
In the initial evaluation trial, lET 43 recorded the highest yield of 9.93
qiha, the next best being lET 40 (9.24 q/ha) and lET 42 (9.20 qlha).
3.3.2 Anakapalle
Among the 11 cultures evaluated, RSH 8 gave the higb:st : i~lU 13.0
qiha, followed by NSH 8 (12.3 qlha).
Maximum yield (13.7 qlha) was obtained with the application of 90

kg Nlha during rabi season compared to 4.2 qlha and 9.6 qlha obtained with
oand 60 kg Nlha respectively. Irrespective of the dose of N applied, NSH 8
gave the highest yield of 9.91 qlha followed by APSH 11 (9.87 qlha) and
Morden (6.81 q/ha).
Evapotranspiration loss in rabi sunflower was 393.6 rom, while

evaporation loss during the same period was 371 mm. The mean ETfEO ratio
was 0.98.
3.3.3 Yelamanchili
Among the six varieties evaluated, MSFH 17 (9.37 qlha) and RSH 7
(8.97 q/ha) were significantly superior to APSH 11 (7.68 q/ha).
186
3.3.4 Tirupati
Agronomy
Maximum seed yields of 19.47 q/ha and 13.66 q/ha were obtained
when the crop was sown during first fortnight of January in rabi season and
in first fortnight of April during summer season respectively.
The results of the trial conducted for the last three years (1989-90,
1990-91 and 1991-92) indicated that sowing of irrigated sunflower from first
fortnight of December to first fortnight of January during rabi and from first
fortnight of March to first fortnight of April during summer is ideal for realising
higher yield of irrigated sunflower.
Among the sunflower hybrids evaluated for their suitabili'ty as a

contingent crop under different dates of sowing, MSFH 8 recorded the highest
seed yield of 7.42 q/ha. Sowing during the third week of September gave
maximum mean yield (7.63 q/ha) followed by second week of September
sowing (6.39 q/ha).
Studies on the effect of varieties, population and nitrogen levels on

the yield of rabi irrigated sunflower showed that KBSH 1 gave the maximum
yield (21.34 q/ha) among the 4 varieties tested, while application of N @ 120
kg/ha and 1.67 lakh population per ha gave higher yields (20.93 and 19.8]
q/ha respectively) than 40 and 80 kg N/ha and 1.11 lakh population per ha.
Plant Physiology
Dusting of borax @ 2 kg/ha or spraying of 1% urea +0.2% borax at

rayfloret stage did not improve seed set or seed filling.
3.3.5 Kadiri
Out of20 newly developed hybrids (early) evaluated, IHE 117 recorded
the highest seed yield (8.17 q/ha) followed by IHE 114 (8.11 q/ha) and IHE
118 (8.02 q/ha). Among the 26 medium duration new hybrids tested, IBM
147 (12.44 q/ha) , IHM 132 (12.41 q/ha) and IHM 133 (11.91 q/ha) gal(
higher yields than others.
Out of 11 entries tested during kharif and rabi under New seed policy.
NS 68 recorded the highest seed yield (13.49 q/ha) in khariffollowed by M,
187
64 (12.4 q/ha) and NS 70 (12.1 q/ha) whereas in rabi, NS 80 gave the highest
seed yield (27.15 q/ha) followed by NS 83 (26.9 q/ha) and NS 75 (26.16
qlha).
3.3.6 Utukur
During rabi, maximum grain yield (15.4 q/ha) was obtained when
irrigations were scheduled at 4 cm can evaporation, followed by irrigation at
6 cm can evaporation (12.3 q/ha).
3.3.7 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
Culture AHO 7 gave maximum grain yield of 10.0 q/ha as compared

to 5.5 q/ha obtained in MSFH 1, AHO 7 matured in 86 days with less incidence
of leaf spot and larger head diameter.
Plallt Pathology
Alternaria leaf spot appeared at 50 DAS. The disease was effectively

controlled by spraying mancozeb + carbendazim, which recorded 12.9% disease
index as compared to 48.9% in control.
3.3.8 NandyaJ
In the varietal trial conducted during kharif, NS 67 recorded maximum

yield of 19.3 q/ha, while in rabi, out of 11 entries tested NS 81 gave maximum
yield of 24.4 q/ha under irrigated dry conditions.
3.3.9 JagtiaJ
In the varietal trials conducted during rabi, hybrids APSH 11, MSFH
8 and variety Morden recorded seed yields of9.3, 9.4 and 9.0 q/ha respectively.
Among the different dates of sowings, September 25th sowing gave higher
yield (18.8 q/ha) than other sowings. Drastic reduction in yields was observed
in crops sown from December onwards. With increase in N level from 0 to
90 kg/ha, the seed yield increased from 7.2 q to 10.7 q/ha.
188
Sunflower crop receiving irrigation (5 cm each) at sowing, 30, 50 and
70 DAS performed better compared to those that received irrigation at sowinQ.
14, 35 and 50 DAS or at sowing, 14, 50 and 70 DAS. -
In red chalka soils among the crops grown after rabi sunflower, summer
crops (January sowing) of groundnut (13.6 qtba), sunflower (11.6 qiha),
greengram (11.4 qtba) and maize (33.2 qtba) performed better than sesamum
and blackgram.
3.3.10 Chintapalle
Among the varieties evaluated, Morden (11.0 qtba) was better suited
to the tract.
3.3.11 Rajendranagar
The leAR Project for the production of super elite and elite seed oi
sunflower is in operation at Rajendranagar.
Crop Improvement
During rabi, 270 paired crossings between selected single plants of A

and B lines were effected. From standing crop of breeder seed productioj
plot, 250 single plants of R lines were selected for further evaluation.
Among the 82 hybrids evaluated, 12 hybrids proved to be superior in

- yield (17.88 to 22.87 qtba) over the mean performance of the check hybrid
(17.16 qlha), with percent of oil content ranging from 41.14 to 48.53%.
Agronomy
Application of fertilizers at 90 : 60 : 30 kg NPKlha and sowing R

lines two days after sowing 7-IA was observed to be useful for better see~
set of hybrid APSH 11, without requiring staggering.
Soil application of humic acid and fulvic acid @ 4.00 mllha ar.:
spraying borax 0.2% at ray floret appearence showed positive effect on see:
set and quality and recorded mean maximum yield of 533g/plant.
189
3.4 SAFFLOWER
The sub centre for AICORP on safflower is located at Agricultural

Research Station, Tandur from 1989-90.
3.4.1 Tandur
Crop Improvement
The yield performance of the top three entries in different trials is

furnished in Table 32.
Table 32 : Performance of top ranking safflower cultures
Yield of top three entries (Q/ha)

Trial
First Second Third
Multilocation GMU 764 (13.6) GMU 763(12.7), GMU 724 (11.1)
testing of germplasm.
Evaluation of GMU 836 (18.9) GMU 831 (17.8) GMU 848 (13.9)
gennplasm (early rabi).
Single plant GMU 460 (15.9) GMU 171 (15.1) SeI 2946 (13.9)
selection trial.
AYT VB 19-3(1 0.6) II-13A (9.5) 1II29-A (8.5)
IVT CTV 231 (10.6) CTV 236 (9.2) CTV 226 (8.9)
I HT CTH 9 (16.5) CTH 15 (16.5) CTH 17 (14.3)
AVT CTV 212 (11.7) CTV 218 (lOA) AI (9.7)
The cultures VB 19-3 and II -13 A were superior in seed yield and oil
~ontent over the best check for the last 3 years.
Agrollomy
The performance of all the five rainfed rabi crops (safflower, gram,
sorghum, sunflower and coriander) was superior under early sown conditions
(September) compared to normal (1st F N of October) and late sown (IInd
F.N. of October) conditions. However, safflower gave high monetary return
(under early sown conditions) of Rs. 7,294Jha followed by sunflower (Rs.
5,572Iha), sorghum (Rs.3,849Jha) gram (Rs.3,655Jha) and coriander (Rs.
2,339Iha).
190
Greengram - safflower crop sequence in rainfed system gave higher
grain yields (11.8 and 14.8 q/ha of greengram and safflower respectively) and
net returns (14,971/ha)as compared to sorghum (37.7 q/ha) - safflower (9,4
q/ha) crop sequence (net returns Rs.12,843/ha) and mono crop of safflower
(14.2 q/ha and Rs.7,614/ha), with cost benefit ratios of 3.59, 2.68, and 3.35
respectively.
Intercropping safflower with gram or coriander in 2: 1 rows at a

population level of 75:25 was profitable with net returns of Rs. 2,716 and
Rs.2,483 per ha respectively, compared to sole crops of gram (Rs. 1,099/ha)
and coriander (Rs. 528/ha). However, with linseed as intercrop, population
level of 50:50 is more renumerative (Rs. 1,937/ha net returns) than 75:25
population (Rs.l,713/ha). However, sole crop of safflower is most economical
(Rs. 5,912/ha net returns) over different intercropping systems and sole crops.
In the studies for yield maximisation, greengram - safflower sequence

gave higher yield of safflower (8.13 qlha) than in fallow - safflower (7.33
qlha). Application of NPK at 20-20-0 kglha increased the yield of safflower
by 2.86 q/ha over control (7.56 qlha), while 40-40-0 kglha N P K has resulted
in further increase in yield by 83 kglha. Need based plant protection recorded
higher yield of 8.42 q/ha compared to no plant protection (7.09 qlha). In the
case of mono crop of safflower, application of 40-40-0 N P K kglha is more
profitable.
Among the different 3 year rabi crop rotations tested, linseed-

gram-safflower was significantly superior with higher monetary returns (R5.
10,334Iha), followed by wheat-gram-gram (Rs. 9,969/ha, linseed - safflower
- safflower eRs. 9,948Iha), and safflower - safflower - linseed (Rs. 9,709/ha).
Gram followed by safflower is found to be the best combination in rainfed
rabi as gram favourably influenced the grain yield of succeeding crop, while
sorghum as preceding crop reduced the yield of succeeding crop. Wheat and
linseed were obser\'cd to bc poor yielders and not suitable for this area.
Dcmonstrations on cultivators' fields also showed higher net returns

of Rs. 7,330 and 5,9551ha respectively in moong - safflower and moong -
rabi sorghum sequences with cost benefit ratios of 1.62 and 1.32.
In fertilizer-cum-moisture conservation trial, ridge and furrow system

(11.7 q/ha) was found superior to compartmental bunding (10.5 q/ha) and
border and skip method (8.7 qlha) for planting safflower. Increase in fertilizer
191
level from 20-20-0 kg NPKfha to 40-40-0 kg NPKfha increased the yield by
2.53 q/ha, whereas it was only 0.68 qlha due to increase from 40:40:0 to
50:50:0 kg NPKfha.
Plallt Pathology
Survey of safflower diseases was conducted in Ranga Reddy, Medak

and Mahabubnagar districts. Alternaria leaf spot was recorded in all the three
districts with intensity: ranging from 4 to 6 on 0-9 scale. The incidence of
root rot and wilt ranged from 42-51 %. The percent disease index of Alternaria
leaf spot ranged from 19.4 to 69.4 on 200 lines screened and four lines only
recorded PDI below 30 per cent.
In another set of 13 lines screened, the PDI ranged from 13.8 to 41.6
as against 87.2 in control.
3.5 CASTOR
Castor work is in progress at Regional Agricultural Research Station,

Palem and Agricultural Research Station, Darsi.
3.5.1 Palem
Crop Improvemellt
In yield trials conducted for earliness PCS 43 and PCS 60 out yielded
the other entries with 19.2 qlha and 18.9 qlha respectively.
Among the 13 entries evaluated for high yield, PCS 7 gave the highest
yield (14.4 qlha ) as against 14.1 qlha and 8.0 qlha recorded by the checks
48-1 and Aruna respectively. None of the seven entries evaluated for high oil
yield was superior to the check 48-1.
Under coordinated trials, among the 21 entries tested in intial

varietal/hybrid trial (short duration) RV 93 in varieties and RH 99 in hybrids
recorded the highest yield of 47.4 q/ha and 23.3 qlha respectively as compared
to checks,Aruna (23.3 q/ha )and GCH 4 (24.8 qlha ). In initial varietallhybrid
trial with medium duration cultures,RV 108 gave maximum yield of 13.6 qlha
compared to checks Aruna (10.6 qlha) and GCH 4 (11.8 qlha ). In advanced
varietallhybrid trials with short duration cultures,entries 9211 (14.4 qlha ) and
192
9203 (12.4 qlha )recorded maximum yields compared to checks Aruna (10.0
qlha )and GCH 4 (11.5 qlha).
In medium duration advanced varietallhybrid trials, entries 9213(13.9

qlha ) and 9208 (14.4 qlha) recorded superior yields compared to checks
Aruna(10.3qlha) and GCH 4 (14.1 qlha) respectively.
Agronomy
Under early sown rainfed condition, varieties GCH 4 and 48-1 gave
significantly higher seed yield at 90 x 30 cm (32.6 qlha) or 60 x 60 em (33.2
qlha) spacing and 60 kg Nlha (33.7 qlha ). Under late sown condition, variety
Aruna outyielded (21.8 qlha ) PCS 4 (16.7 qlha ) and REC 9 (14.7 qfha ).
Spacing of 60 x 30 cm and application of N @ 60 kglha prouduced higher
seed yield over other spacings and nitrogen levels. However, the differences
in yields were not statistically signficant.
Studies to assess the yield potential of hybrid GCH 4 with high input
management under rainfed condition indicated that maximum yield (40 qfha)
can be obtained with the application of 80kg Nlha in four equal splits at basal,
30-35 DAS, 70-75 DAS, and 105 DAS respectively. The productivity of
castor in slopy lands under rainfed conditions was increased by sowing
castor along the contour and forming ridges and furrows along with application
of 40kg Nlha in two splits i.e.,112 basal and 1/2 as top dressing at 30-35 DAS.
Among castor based cropping systems,none was superior to sole crop of
castor, which gave maximum gross returns Rs.16,273Iha as against Rs.11 ,889fha
with castor + cowpea intercropping system when weather conditions were
favourble for castor with minimal pest load. For increased hybrid seed production
of GCH 4, sowing in September with 4: 1 female : male proportion and
application of 100kg Nlha appeared to be ideal.
Entomology
In the survey conducted during kharif in Mahaboobnagar district, the

emergence of red hairy caterpillar was noticed in two peaks,the first peak on
10th and 11 th June and the second peak on 29th and 30th June,while at RARS,
Palem peak emergence was observed on 4th-5th July due to late receipt of
rain. Semilooper was noticed during first week of August at Potulamadugu
and during second week of November at Palem. In general, the semi looper
damage during kharif was less than in previous year kharij. The incidence
193
of Euproctis sp. and Spodoptera litura was negligible as in previous kharif.
The incidence of Bihar hairy caterpillar was severe from October- December,
1992 at Palem. The serpentine leaf miner,Liriomyze trifolli was noticed from
the beginning of the season which reached peak level during fIrst fortnight of
September and declined there after. .
All the 59 entries in coordinated varietallhybrid trials were free from

damage of major pests semilooper, tobacco caterpillar, capsule borer and
jassids. However, serpentine leaf miner damage was severe in all, the extent
of damage varying from 26.2% to 50.7%.
Among the 59 entries,15 entries recorded complete "defoliation due to

Bihar hairy caterpillar,while 9 entries recorded about 20% defoliation indicating
some degree of tolerance. Deep redstem entries viz., RH 103 and RH 99 were
highly susceptible to Bihar hairy caterpillar followed by entries with red stem
and green. stem.
Studies on pest incidence in relation to cropping systems and crop

production practices indicated that the intercrops (pigeonpea, sunflower,cowpea
and sesamum)did not have any influence on the incidence of serpentine leaf
miner on castor. Leafminer was not noticed on all the above intercrops or
sole crop except on cowpea in farmers' fields. Further,the incidence of leaf
miner increased with increase in the level of nitrogen applied on all the three
genotypes (Aruna, GCH 4 and 48- 1).Increase in plant density also resulted
in increased incidence of leaf miner.
Among the insecticides tested against Bihar hairy caterpillar, acephate

0.075% was the most effective with the highest yield (16.5 q/ha) followed by
monocrotophos (0.05%) and chlorpyriphos (0.05%). The percent loss in yield
due to castor pests in unprotected plots was 18.99 and 17.25 in GCH 4 and
SH 41 respectively.
In another trial, fenvalerate 20 EC @ 100 g a.i.lha was found to be

highly effective against Bihar hairy caterpillar followed by fenvalerate 0.4%
DP @ 25 kglha.
Among the different chemicals tested, only neemguard was found to

be effective in controlling serpentine leaf miner.
194
Plallt Pathology
Seeding blight,wilt,Alternaria blight,greyrot,Macrophomina disease

and bacterial blight were the important diseases observed on castor in the area,
Out of 81 advanced generation breeding material including 21 Palem

station entries screened for major diseases,41 entries recorded less than 10%
wilt incidence. Seed treatment with carbendazim and topsin M significantly
reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt.
Plallt Physiology
Studies on chemical regulation of sex expression in castor indicated

that entries Aruna, 48-1, SHB 18 responded to ethrel application and gave
maximum yields of 17.4 qlha,18.2 qlha and 17.3 qlha respectively at 3000
ppm as against 13.3,15.8 and 15.5 qlha obtained with no ethrel treatment. In
another trial, ethrel 2500 and 3000 ppm promoted the production of more
female flowers in varieties VP 1 and PPL 1.
3.5.2 Darsi
Crop Improvemellt
Out of 40 hybrids evaluated, SKP 24 x 48-1 ranked first with an yield

(14.6 qlha) of 137% more than the check, GCH 4 (6.15 qlha).
In the preliminary yield trials conducted during kharif with 15 and 7

entries PCS 4 (6.1qlha), PCS 7 (6.0 qlha) and RG 217 (5.4 qlha) in one trial
and RC 47-B (10.35 qlha) and PCS 42 (8.41 qlha) in another trial recorded
higher yields.
Out of 26 high oil lines evaluated, (IN 6 x 48-1) x PCS 4 was found
to possess resistance to BOllytis disease.
Agrollomy
The variety PCS 4 and the hybrid GCH 4 recorded the highest yeilds
of 12.98 and 14.57 q/ha at the spacings 90 x 30 cm (37,037 plantslha) and
90 x 60 cm (18,518 plantslha) respectively indicating that the optimum spacing
for varieties is 90 x30cm and for hybrids 90 x 60 cm, to realise maximum
yeilds.
195
In red soils, under rainfed conditions, castor variety PCS 4 recorded
the highest yield (12.01 qlha) with 40 kg Nlha, while the hybrid GCH 4 gave
maximum yield with 60 Kg Nlha.
3.6 RAPESEED AND MUSTARD
3.6.1 Lam
Of the 44 germplasm lines evaluated to identify high yielding black

mustard varieties suitable for Andhra Pradesh, LBM 73-1 recorded the highest
seed yield (15 qlha) followed by LBM 1 (14.2 qlha) and LBM 363 (12.8
q/ha).
In black mustard yield trial, 14 cultures were evaluated and LBM 428
(12.7 qlha), LBM 422 (12.1 qlha) and LBM 65 (10.2 q/ha) gave significantly
higher yeilds over general mean yeild (9.2 qlha).
In another mustard varietal trial, of the 13 varieties tested, TM 20

(12.6 qlha) , LBM 1 (11.7 qlha) , LBM 13 (11.2 qlha) and TM 9 (10.9 qlha)
recorded higher seed yeilds than the check, Varona (6.1 qlha).
Among the six varieties tested in rapeseed-mustard varietal trial, GM

1 (10.6 qlha) and Kranti (10.2 qlha) recorded yields on par with the check,
Varuna (9.0 qlha).
3.6.2 Darsi
Of the six varieties of rape seed-mustard evaluated, GM 1(8.5 qlha)

Varuna(5.2 q/ha) and Vardhan (4.8 qlha) recorded higher seed yields.
3.6.3 Jagtial
Variety GM 1 recorded the highest yield of 26.9 q/ha, while Vardhan,

Kranti and RLM 829 performed better than other varieties tested with an yield
range of 22.3 to 23.1 qlha.
All the insecticides tested viz., monocrotophos, phosalone, dimethoate,

methyl demeton, phosphomidan, acephate,fenvalerate and decamethrin were
efffective in checking aphids and thereby increasing yields to 7.3 to 9.3 q/ha
as compared to untreated crop yielding 3.3 q/ha.
196
3.6.4 War an gal
Mustard appears to be a promissing crop in the tract for rabi season.

Among the seven varieties tested, GM 1 (15.7 q/ha ), Kranthi (14.9 q/ha) and
PT 303 toria (14.5 q/ha) performed better than others, when sown during
second fortnight (l5-25th) of November. Seed yield was affected due to severe
incidence of powdery mildew.
3.6.5 Rudrur
Among seven varieties tested, GM 1 gave maximum yield (14.5 qlha)

followed by Vardhan (13.6 q/ha) and PT 303 toria (13.1 q/ha).
3.6.6 Adilabad
Out of six varieties evaluated, PT 303 tori a gavethe highest yield (12.4
q/ha) followed by Vardhan (10.9 q/ha) and Varuna (10.6 q/ha).
3.6.7 Ragolu
Sowing of rapeseed and mustard varieties during first fortnight of

November gave higher yields than during second fortnight of November.
Among the six varieties tested, PT 303 toria (11.1 q/ha), GM 1 (9.4 q/ha) and
Bhavani (8.7 q/ha) were found to be superior in yield. The results obtained
during previous years and this year indicate that RLM 619 and PT 303 cultures
are best suited to Srikakulam area. Sowing of these two varieties during the
first fortnight of November at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm with a fertilizer dose
of 80kg N/ha and 3 to 4 irrigations can be recommended to the farmers.
3.6.8 Yelamanchili
Among the six rapeseed and mustard varieties tested, GM 1 gave

significantly superior yield (12.3 qlha) over the check Varuna (8.6 qlha).
3.6.9 ChintapaIIe
Among 11 varieties evaluated, GMI (12.56 q/ha) and Vardhan (11.56

qlha) in long duration varieties and Bhavani (9.3 q/ha )and PT 303 toria
(8.8 q/ha ) in short duration varieties were found ideal for high altitude area.
197
3.6.10 Pandirimamidi
Among the selections evaluated, PT 303 tori a was found to be high

yielding (12.4 qlha ).
3.6.11 Palem
Out of 6 varieties evaluated, PT 303 toria gave highest yield (13.56

q/ha) followed OM 1 (12.0 qlha) and Vardhan (10.91 qlha) indicating their
better perpormance to introduce mustard safely in this zone as rabi crop.
3.6.12 Anantarajupet
Out of 4 mustard varieties, Vardhan has recorded the highest yield

(10.0 qlha) followed by OMl (9.0 qlha). Among two toria varieties, Bhavani
came earlier than PT 303 with an yield of 9 qlha.
3.7 NIGER
3.7.1 Chintapalle
Among 12 improved varieties tested, KGN 2 (4.95 q/ha) and OA 10

(4.75 qlha) were found suitable to this tract. Application of 40 kg Nlha
significantly increased the yield (6.25 q/ha ) with a cost benefit ratio of 1: 16.
198
4.0 OTHER CROPS
4.1 SUGARCANE
Research on sugarcane IS being carried out at the Anakapalle,

Rudrur,Vuyyur and Perumallapalle research stations, with the objective of
evolving high yielding varieties of different durations (early, mid and late
maturity), rich in juice quality and suitable for different agro-climatic conditions
of the state. Specific programmes like imparting resistance to scale insect, red
rot and smut diseases and incorporating tolerance to drought and water logged,
saline and alkaline conditions are also takenup. Suitable crop management and
protection practices are also being developed.
4.1.1 Anakapalle
The RARS, Anakapalle is the lead centre for sugarcane research in

Andhra Pradesh. The rCAR coordinated research projects for improvement of
sugarcane and for jaggery are located at this station. It is also one of the
centres of Govt. of India scheme on sugarcane adaptive research in Andhra
Pradesh.
Crop Improvement
Varietal improvement and evaluation in sugarcane is being accomplished

through various breeding techniques such as bi-parental crosses, recurrent and
reciprocal recurrent selections, in-breeding, inter and intra specific hybridization,
inter and intra-varietal crosses, polycross, mutation breeding etc. Based on
location specific problems and requirements, donor parents of proven usefulness
are used in crossing programme, being taken up every year at National
Hybridization Garden, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore. The sugarcane
seed (fluff) received from Coimbatore is evaluated in different stages viz.,
seedling, settling and selection nurseries and yield trials.
In seedling nursery, 191 genotypes were selected for further evaluation.

More number of genotypes (more than 10) were selected from the crosses Co
7201 x Co T 8201(17), Co 8316 x CoT 8201 (16), CoT 8201 x MS 6817
(13), CoT 8201 x B 38192 (13) and the G.C. Co 8318 (11).
In the settling nursery, out of 381 genotypes evaluated 72 lanes were

selected for further testing. In the selection nursery, out of 94 genotypes
199
studied, 28 promising clones were identified for further evaluation. Among
them, the clones 91A13, 91A36, 91A38, 91A52, 91A 157, 91A 172, 91A 181
and 91A 201 with more than 100 t of cane yield per ha and 91A 13, 91A
20, 91A 45, 9IA 168, 91A20I and 91A 208 with more than 18.0 per cent
juice sucrose were promising. Among the 34 clones evaluated in preliminary
yield trial, 11 clones for early maturing group were selected. Out of the 11
clones in early group, 90A 272 (119.6 tlha and 19.97%) and 90 A 40 (113.7
tlha and 19.1.0%) gave higher cane yield and per cent juice sucrose than co
6907(90.0 tlha and 18.02%). Among the six clones in midlate group, 90A186
and 90A279 gave higher cane yield of 122.l tlha and 116.7 tlha respectively,
~ompared to 106.l tlha recorded by Co 7219. However, none of the six
clones was superior to Co 7219 with regard to per cent juice sucrose.
In the initial evaluation trial with early maturing types, the clones Co
C 85036(107.5 tlha), 84A 125 (102.5 tlha) and C 81555 (102.3 t/ha) for cane
yield, 83 A 30 (20.94%),85 A 261 (20.79%) for juice sucrose per cent were
identified to be good. Maximum commercial cane sugar yields were obtained
with 85 A 261 (14.54 t/ha) and CoC 85036 (14.45 t/ha).
Two main yield trials with 11 each of early and mid-late maturing
genotypes were conducted. The particulars of cane yield, per cent juice sucrose
and sugar yield recorded by the promising genotypes are furnished in table
33.
Table 33: Yield Particulars Of Promising Genotypes

In Main Yield Trials
Cane Percent Sugar Reaction

Genotype! yield
variety Parentage yield juice to red rot
(tlha) sucrose it!ha)
Early maturing
83 A 189 CoC671 xCoC800 1 122.0 18.07 14.39 T
88 A 75 Co7704 x Co772 114.8 16.73 13.34 S to Co419
pathotype
83 A 15 CoC671 x Co6806 114.6 17.17 14.11
88 A 180 CoC671 x CoC8001 105.4 15.24 1l.l9
Co 6907 Co740 x Col2S7 102.0 16.64 12.20 FR
(check)
Mid latc maturing
86 AI46 Co6304 x CoT8201 124.8 18.96 17.09
87 A298 Co7704 x CoC671 116.3 18.73 15.77
200
88 A162 CoT820 1 x CP44-10 111.9 18.99 14.52
87 A397 Co7201 x Co775 111.1 18.78 14.72
88 A90 80R41 x CoC671 116.9 17.66 14.72
85 A82 CoT820 x CoA7602 113.0 17.99 14.58
87 A3 CoA7602 x CoT8201 113.1 17.49 14.26
89 A120 Co7201 x Co775 105.8 18.64 14.26
Co7219 Co449 x Co658 103.7 18.88 14.14
Agronomy
Early maturing varieties viz.,85A261 and 81A99 proved superior to

C06907 in cane yield. 85A261 planted in January and harvested at 9 months
age gave maximum cane yield of 95.7 tlha, while maximum juice sucrose
value (19.9%) was registered in this variety planted in January and harvested
at 13 months age .
Application of phosphorous (50 kg P205/ha) and potash (50 kg K20)

in addition to nitrogen (75 kg N/ha) to variety 85A261 under rainfed conditions
gave higher cane and sugar yields (73.97 t/ha and 10.9 tlha respectively) than
application of N alone (66.42 tlha and 9.88 t/ha ) or N + P (68.23 t/ha and
10.0 t/ha) or N + K (70.9 tlha and 10.39 t/ha). Planting cane at 40 cm spacing
gave slightly higher cane yield (70.9 tlha ) than at 60 cm (68.9 tlha).
Application of 75 kg N/ha in two equal halves at 30 and 60 days after

planting to June planted crop in red sandy loams under rainfed conditions
gave significantly higher cane yield (69.6 tlha) than entire N applied as basal
(41.3 tlha) or in two equal halves at planting and within 30 days after planting
(58.5 tlha). Among the five varieties tested, 83A30 recorded the highest cane
yield (63.6 t/ha) followed by Co 6907 (62.9 t/ha) and 81A99 (53.9) while
85A261 gave the lowest yield of 52.1 tlha.
Maximum cane yield of 72.33 t/ha was obtained in 85A261 variety

when nirnin coated urea was applied @112 kg Nlha at 45 and 90 days after
planting, recording an increase of 9.19 tlha over ordinary urea applied at the
same level and time. Application of 75% recommended N in the form of
nimin coated urea was equally effective and increased the cane yields by
12.99 t/ha and 10.17 tlha in varieties 85A261 and C07219 respectively.
201
Under normal irrigated conditions (6 days intervel during formative
phase), combined application of nitrogen (224 kg Nlha),phosphrous (100 kg
p20slha) potassium (l00 kg K201ha) and three sprays of Zn S04 ( 0.4%) to
ratoon crop of C07219 showed higher uptake of N,P and K and gave the
highest cane yield (91.1 tlha) as against 77.3 tlha obtained with the application
ofN alone. Similar trend was observed under delayed irrigations (at 18 days
intervel ) also, but cane yields decreased on an average by about 9 tlha.
However, juice sucrose values were not affected by either irrigation intervel
or application of different nutrients ..
Variety Co 7219 planted in March and harvested in next February

registered higher cane yield (115.0 tlha) and juice sucrose per cent (18.73)
than the crop harvested in April (l 02.6 tJha and 17.13%). Significant differences
in cane yields were not observed due to different irrigation regimes imposed
during formative and maturity phases of the crop.
In alluvial soils under well irrigated condition, application of 2,4-D

@4.5 kg ailha , gramoxone @ 2.5 I ailha at 20 and 60 days after planting
gave maximum cane yield (85.1 tlha) followed by pre-emergence application
of atrazine @ 2.0 kg a.ilha + hoeing at 60 days after planting (83.5 tlha ).
Unweeded control plots recorded cane yield of 71.3 tlha,
In red sandy loams under well irrigated conditions, spraying of atrazine

@ 1,0 kg ailha + 2,4-D Na salt @ 1.0 kg a.ilha after irrigation and off barring
in ratoon crop gave maximum cane yield of 84.1 tiha, an increase of about
20.7 t/ha over control.
Intercroping sugarcane with soybean recorded higher cane and sugar

yields both under normal (125.4 tlha and 16.85 tlha) and paired row (132.4
Uha and 16.88 tlha) systems of planting. In general the cane yield and quality
were good in paired row system of planting (120x40 cm spacing) as compared
to normal planting (at 80x80 cm spacing).
Soil Sciellce and Agril.Cllemistry
In red sandy loam soils of the factory area of MIS. Chodavaram

Cooperative Sugars Ltd. with low and medium soil available phosphorus and
potassium, sugarcane responded to phosphate equivalent to 45 kg P205iha in
terms of made up level of soil available phosphorous and potassium equivalent
to 250 kg K20/ha in terms of made up level of soil available potassium.
202
Analysis of irrigation waters in the Payakaraopeta and Samalkot factor;
areas showed that 81 % waters in Payakaraopeta area were high to very high
saline where as 24.5% waters were medium saline and 70% waters were high
saline waters in Samalkot factory area as per USDA classification. About
94.4% waters of Payakaraopet and 89.8% of Samalkot area were classified as
low sodic waters, while 24.4% and 32.7% waters of Payakaraopeta and
Samalkot factory areas were having more than 2.5 mell of residual sodium
carbonate.
In July planted rainfed sugarcane, application of Azotobacter @ 1.25

or 5.0 kg/ha along with inorganic N @75% recommended dose of 75 kg
N/ha gave significantly higher cane and sugar yields, indicating that Azotobacter
can supplement N requirement and save 25% of N ie., 18.75 kg Nlha for
rainfed sugarcane.
Application of 150 kg K20/ha was found to be optimum for realising

higher cane and sugar yields of sugar cane varieties Co 7219 and 81 A99.
Depletion of water soluble,exchangeable and fixed K fractions of soil potassium
was noticed, when the cane crop did not receive potassic fertilizers.
Application of 84 kg N/ha (75% of recommended 112 kg N/ha ) + 6

tlha press mud cake gave maximum sugar and cane yields of variety 85A261.
Application of 10 tlha each of cane trash and press mud cake along
with 112 kg N, 75 kg P20S and 120 kg K20/ha recorded higher juice sucrose
per cent , cane and sugar yields, indicating better uptake and utilization of
nutrients. The balance sheet on nutrients indicated removal of N P K from
soil reserves, when the crop was not supplied with manures and fertilizers.
Varieties Co86249, 88A189, 83V15, 88A214, CCC 83089, C06907,

84A 125 and CoT 8201 showed higher uptake and utilization ofN,P and K
under water logged conditions.
Jaggery Research
Information collected on the post-harvest losses of jaggery indicated

total loss of 2.1 to 4.2% due to transportation, storage ( from March to
September, 92), processing and distribution of jaggery at market level.
203
Storage of jaggery of different shapes and sizes, from February to
August resulted in considerable reduction in sucrose content (2.1 to 3.7%),
hardness (0.40 to 0.76 cm ) pH (0.01 to 0.09) and weight (0.8 to 4.2%) of
jaggeD', and increase in reducing sugars (1.47 to 3.67%), colour reading (10.7
to 34.6) and moisture content (0.56 to 2.87%). The powder form of jaggery
packed in polyethylene bag was superior with respect to keeping quality
followed by pot jaggery, recording less reduction in sucrose content on storage
in August 92 (2.1 to 2.3% reduction respectively). The deterioration in quality
of jaggery was less with 10 kg lumps compared to 1 kg and 5 kg lumps.
Similar results were obtained with different shapes and sizes of jaggery stored
from February,1993 to June,1993.
Among the varieties in the initial evaluation trial, 81A99, 83A30,

84A125, 85A261, C07508 and C06907 gave good quality jaggery. Among
the varieties in the main yield trial (early maturing), 88A75, 88A189 and
C06907, gave good quality jaggery with high sucrose content of more than
83%. Among the midlate varieties in main yield trial, 86A146, 87A298, 88A90,
88A162, C07219 and C07706 gave grade-I jaggery having sucrose content
ranging from 84.7 to 85.8%.
Painted earthen pot and IISR- Gur .drying cum storage bin proved
superior for storing jaggery for February to June,1993. In another study, brick
and powder form of jaggery packed in polythene sheet was superior in quality
upto June, 1993, than that packed in hessian cloth. .
The keeping quality of liquid jaggery was good with citric acid 1%,
potassium metabisulphite 0.1 % or benzoic acid 0.05% as preservatives in
sterilized bottles.
Using juice settling tank to reduce losses of juice from scum resulted
in obtaining 3.2% extra juice and 0.46% of jaggery (i.e.) 460 kg of jaggery
from 100 tonnes of cane). In the on farm trial to study the performance of
sugacane varieties for better quality jaggery on cultivators' holdings, 85A261
and Co 7706 gave higher cane (107.3 t and 110.0 tlha) and jaggery (12.81
tlha and 13.33 tfha respectively) yields than Co 6907 (100.0 tlha and 11.5
tlha) and Co 7219 (103.2 tlha and 12.65 tlha).
204
Plant Physiology
Varieties/clones 87A157(95.4 tlha), 87A3(95.1 tlha), Co T 8201(94.9

tlha), Co 6907(91.7 tlha) , Co 7219(89.3 tlha), 84A 125 (85.1 t/ha) and
86A146(84.7 tlha) performed well under soil moisture stress during summer
while Co 86249(109.7 tlha), CoT 8201(105.9 tlha), 88AI89(104.2 t/ha) and
C083089 (103.1 tlha) gave significantly higher yield than the standard Co
7219(90.6 tlha) under waterlogged conditions.
Cane yield was significantly higher in December (76.7 tlha) and January
(78.2 tlha) plantings than in February (63.7 tlha) planting. Higher dry matter
production was recorded at both 120 and 240 DAP in January planting,
compared to December and February plantings.
Entomology
Staggered planting of CoT 8201 from January to March, 1992 at 10

days interval indicated that the incidence of early shoot borer was more in
February planting, than in January and March plantings. On the other hand,
scale infestation and encrustation were more in January plantings and almost I
absent in March plantings.
Among the 13 elite scale resistant cultures, Fl-9 ('16 mg/cane), B

46304-6(20 mg/cane), Fl-11 (22.67 mg/cane), 83A 192(22.67 mg/cane) and
83A 150-3(26.67 mg/cane)in plant crop and F 1-9 (9.3 mg/cane), F 1-11(14.7
mg/cane), 83A 93-9 (14.7 mg/cane), 83A192 (21.3 mg/cane) and 83A21-12(21.7
mg/cane) in ratoon crop recorded significantly less scale encrustation than in
standards Co 6907 (l00 mg and 53.3 mg/cane in plant and ratoon crops) and
Co 7219(273.3 mg and 60 mg/cane in plant and ratoon crops).
Studies on the population dynamics of scale insect shovyed that the

weight of scale encrustation increased from zero mg/cane in August to 460
mg/cane in December 1992 in plant crop of Co A 8201, whereas in ratoon
crop, the intensity of scale insect gradually rose from 20 mg/cane in August
to 600 mg/cane in December, 1992. The intensity of scale insect was higher
and relatively earlier in ratoon crop than in plant crop.
Studies on field distribution pattern of scale insect indicated that the

highest infestation of scale insect in plant crop was 63% of canes at 10 m
interior of South and 2 m from East. Infestation was more in South (36%)
205
and declined towards North (13%). In ratoon crop, eastern side is relatively
more infested than western side. The highest infestation with 93% of canes
infested was at 5 m interior South East. The overall infestation in plant and
ratoon crops stood at 35.4% and 63% canes infested respectively.
Plallt Pathology
Among the 39 varieties/clones screened for resistance to smut, one

clone (87A65) reacted as immune, while five clones viz., 81A99, 83A192,
88A97, 89A52 and 89A65 reacted as resistant.
Out of 40 varieties/clones tested against three isolates of red rot fungus

from Co 419, CoC 671 and Co 997 by plug method of inoculation, 13 varieties
/ clones viz., Co 7706, CoT8201 C07508, CoA7602, C08013, 83A30, 85A123,
88A189, 85A261, 87A380, 89A92, C086249 and 88A162 reacted as resistant
to all the three isolates. In nodal method, 34 varieties/clones exhibited
resistance.
The virulence pattern of six isolates of red rot fungus collected from
Anakapalle (from infected canes of Co 419, Co 997, N 8602), Vuyyur (CoC
671),Chagallu (C062175) and Vizianagaram (unidentified variety) tested on a
set of 20 varieties by plug method of inoculation clearly confirmed the existence
of three patho types of red rot fungus, viz., Cf 419, Cf 671 and Cf 997 in
coastal Andhra Pradesh.
Among the different techniques evaluated for screening sugarcane

varieties against red rot disease under field conditions, depositing cultured
sorghum grain in leaf sheath cavity and pouring red rot spore suspension in
leaf sheath cavity· were only successful in reproducing the disease, that too
only in a few canes of the test varieties Co 419 and CoC 671. In the other
two methods viz., applying cultured sorghum grain and sand mixture and
incorporating red rot cane debris along cane rows, the disease did not appear.
In pot culture, sugarcane wilt disease could be reproduced by inoculating

the associated fungi (Cephalosporium sacchari and Fusarium moniliforme)
and applying stress factors (alternate wettting and drying, water logging and
moisture stress) in the test "ariety, CoC 671.
206
4.1.2 Rudrur
Crop Improvement
A total number of 1591 seedlings and 421 genotypes were evaluated

in seedling nursery and settling nursery and 240 and 42 clones were promot':!d
for further testing in settling nursery and selection nursery respectively. In
selection nursery, 78 clones were tested along with three standard checks (Co
6907, Co 7219 and Co 8014) and 15 clones possessing high yield and sucrose
content were promoted to preliminary yield trial.
The details of promising clones in different yield trials are given in

Table34.
Table 34: Particulars of promising clones
% Juice sucrose
Name of
Clones Cane 10th 12th c.C.S
the Trial yield tJha month month Ctlha)
PYT (Early) 89R 91 115.00 17.11 18.30 15.l9

89R 43 125.00 10.87 11.23 8.50
89R 83 122.66 12.30 13.40 11.20
Co 6907(c) 117.85 16.47 17.78 15.00
PYT (Mid late) Co 7219(c) 161.85 19.10 2l.l6 25.30
89R 2 124.63 12.45 17.80 15.62
89R 27 107.22 16.31 20.96 16.63
MYT (Early) 87R 40 130.06 18.22 19.64 19.33
Co 8014(c) 129.27 17.74 19.96 14.91
CoC 671 126.10 18.58 20.03 18.47
MYT (Mid late) 88R 58 131.39 17.24 19.81 18.39
88R 71 119.22 17.62 18.17 15.77
88R 13 111.02 18.98 19.51 15.80
Co 7219 113.40 18.83 20.47 17.17
FET (Mid late) Co 87021 136.92 18.86 16.63 16.52
Co 87025 129.62 12.67 18.87 17.89
Co 7219 126.71 15.13 19.77 18.64
Soil Sciellce {I/l(1 Agricultural Chemistry
Application of potash @ 300 kg/ha (l 0 1.16 t/ha) increased the cane

yield by 18 tlha over no potash application (83.24 t/ha). Addition of zinc to
potash did not give extra yield over potash alone at different levels.
Among the 11 varieties tested in IET( early) Co 86005 registered

maximum juice sucrose per cent (18.66), purity per cent (91.83), (91.83) and
207
gur recovery per cent on cane (10.81) and on juice (17.89) basis. Grade-I
jaggery was obtained from Co 7219,Co 86002, Co 86005, Co 86007 Co 86008.
Of the 10 entries in MYT (early), 83A 30 was superior to others in

respect of gur recovery per cent on cane (12.55) and juice (20.48) basis and
in juice sucrose per cent (20.34) and purity (93.64).
Among the mid late cultures Co 87017 followed by Co 87016 in IET

and 87R 103 in MYT were found to be promising in terms of gur per cent
recovery on cane and juice basis, juice sucrose per cent and purity.
Plallt physiology
Studies on the performance of sugarcane varieties under different levels

of moisture supply (at 50% and 75% ASMD) indicated that variety 85 R 186
recorded the highest cane yield (151.85 tlha) with irrigations at 50% ASMD,
while irrigations at 75% ASMD level the cane yields of all the varieties were
significantly reduced and the varieties CoC 671 (105 tlha), Co 6907 (101.65
tiha) and 85 R 186 (98.7 q/ha) were at par. Highest mean sucrose content
was obtained with CoC 671(19.18), which was on par with 85 R 186 (18.79%),
Co 8014 (18.24) and Co 7219 (18.41). However, irrigations at different levels
of soil moisture depletion showed no effect on juice sucrose per cent.
Plallt Pathology
Of the 34 varieties/clones tested against smut disease under inoculated

conditions, clone 79 R 207 and 87 R 117 reacted as resistant, while nine
clones reacted as moderately resistant of which 83 A 30 and 85 R 186 are
commercially important.
Among the 55 entries evaluated for resistance to diseases under natural

conditions, seven entries (Co 8011, Co 87012, Co 87016, Co 87022, Co 87025,
Co 87044 and Co 87260) recorded zero incidence of both smut and grassy
shoot diseases, indicating their field resistance to these two diseases. The
promising pre- release clone, 85 R 186 showed field resistance to smut and
tolerance to grassy shoot disease.
208
Sugarcane Adaptive Research Project (SARP)
In the three tier seed production programme, breeder seed (cycle- III)
was raised over an area of 15.57 ha, foundation seed (cycle- II) on 160.39 ha
and certified seed cycle-I and II on 454.87 ha and 396.09 ha respectively in
different sugar factory areas in the state. Under crash programme, 25 ha were
planted with 85 R 186, CoC 671, Co 8014, Co 7219, Co 8013, Co 6907, Co
7805, 83 VIS, 85 A 261, 83 V 288 and CO 8021 and healthy and pure seed
material was supplied to the farmers.
Thirty five adaptive trials were conducted in 14 factory zones on

various aspects of cane cultivation viz., recommended dose of fertilizer to
ratoon crop, manuring by pocketing, varietal performance, soil application of
potash regular irrigations at maturity phase and foliar spray of potash. In
Nizamabad Cooperative Sugar Factory zone, soil application of potash (100
kg K20/ha) increased the cane yield by 15% over control. In Nizam Sugar
Factory Zaheerabad zone, application of recommended fertilizer dose (310 kg
Nlha and 100 kg K201ha) to ratoon crop resulted in 12% and 9% increase in
cane yields of Co 7219 and Co 8014 respectively. Pre-release varieties 85 R
186 (in Telangana region) and 85 A 261 (in Vuyyur area) proved their
superiority over Co 7219 and Co 6907 respectively.
4.1.3 Vuyyuru
Crop Improvement
In seedling nursery, the highest number of germinants (48.43/gram of

fluff) was obtained in cross Co 8013 x Co 775, followed by Co 6304 x eoA
7602 (28.46) and Co 6304 x Co 7717(26.48), while 100% survival of seedlings
was recorded in crosses Co 740 x Co 775, Co 6304 x CoA 7602, Co 6806
x Co 6304 and Co 6806 x Co 62198. Maximum number of clones (52) were
selected from the cross Co 6304 x Co 7717, followed by Co 8013 x Co 775
(51).
Out of 272 clones evaluated in the settling nursery, 41 clones were

promoted to selection nursery based on their yield and other desirable traits.
Three clones viz., 92 V 92, 92 V 45 and 92 V 271 which recorded cane yields
of 137.5 tlha, 150.0 tlha and 232.5 tlha respectively were directly promoted
to PYT owing to their outstanding performance.
209
The performance of 39 clones was studied in selection nursery and 91
V 83 was found to be the best with maximum millable canes (98, 750 /ha)
and cane yield (138.59 tfha).
Of the 15 clones evaluated in the preliminary yield trial, nine clones

consisting of two from early group (90 V 2 and 90 V 42) and seven from
mid late maturing group (90 V 19 90 V 20, 90 V 23, 90 V 74, 90 V 87, 90
V 92 and 91 V 189) were selected for further study.
In initial evaluation trial (early) out of 9 clones,CoC 85026 registered

the maximum cane yield (189.01 tJha) followed by Co 6907 (147.85 tJha) and
CoA 88081 (147.79 tfha). The former and the last varieties also recorded
higher sugar yields of 19.64 t/ha and 19.52 tJha respectively over other clones.
In final evaluation trial, CoC 671 registered the highest cane (158.87
t/ha) and sugar (20.27 tJha) yields, out of 8 early maturing varieties studied.
In the main yield trial with nine early maturing varieties, 86V 96 recorded
maximum cane (133.29 tJha) and sugar(18.53 tJha) yields, while among the
nine mid late varieties studied, Co 8021 gave the highest cane (142.15 tJha)
and sugar (17.4 tfha) yields, followed by 88V 94 (120.2 tJha and 17.0 tJha).
Agronomy
Studies on time of planting and harvesting of sugarcane indicated that

January plantings of the two early maturing varieties viz., 81 V 48 and Co
8013 gave higher cane and sugar yields over March plantings. Harvesting at
12th month was better than at 10th month for the two varieties in both the
plantings for getting higher cane and sugar yields. Among two varieties, 81
V 48 produced higher cane and sugar yield over Co 8013.
Studies on residual effects of P and K applied to paddy crop on the

subsequent sugarcane crop and the direct effect of P andK application to
sugarcane crop indicated that application of P andK at 100 kg each per ha to
sugarcane crop had significant influence on stalk population, millable canes,
juice sucrose per cent, cane and sugar yields over no application of P andK,
indicating no significant effect of P and K residues on the succeding crop of
sugarcane. The average of two years data showed that P and K applied at 100
kglha each gave 10.94 tJha of more cane yield and 3 tJha of more sugar yield
over no application.
210
Irrespective of time of ratooning and gap filling, variety 81 V 48
recorded significantly higher cane yield (92.79 tlha) with 10.79 tlha sugar
yield than Co 8013 (sugar yield 8.36 tlha). January ratoon crops produced
significantly higher cane and sugar yields than March ratoon crops, while
November ratoon crops recorded the cane yield on par with January ratoon
crops with more or less similar sugar yields. Gap filled plots had higher cane
yields than unfilled plots. November ratoon crops gave significantly higher
sucrose value (18.5%) than March ratoon crops (17.6%), but on par with
January ratoon crops.
Soil Sciellce and Agricultural Chemistry
Response of sugarcane to phosphate application in alluvial soils indicated

that different made up levels of P had no effect in regard to per cent purity
values.
Among vanetIes, 81 V 48 was found significantly superior In JUIce

sucrose per cent (20.25) over Co 8021 (17.18). Among made up P levels, 45
kg P20s/ha recorded maximum juice sucrose (19.16%) followed by 60 kg
P20s/ha (18.87%) as compared to 0 kg P20s/ha (18.4 3%). Phosphate application·
at 45kg P20slha (made up level) recorded significantly higher cane yield of
150.47 tlha.
Similarly application of 75 kg P20S + 75 kg K20lha and 150 kg

K20/ha recorded significantly higher cane yields (147.78 t and 135.76 tlha
respectively). Potash application showed significant effect in increasing juice
sucrose per cent and juice purities.
Application of 40 kg P20S + 30 kg K20/ha or 30 kg P20S + 60 kg

K20/ha to paddy did not influence the soil P20S and P20S status at the time
of harvest of sugarcane crop raised after paddy, while P and K or both applied
to sugarcane crop resulted in increase of available P and K status of soil.
Indiscriminate use of N fertilizers (252 kg/ha) resulted in marginal

improvement in cane yield (1.2 t/ha) and considerable decrease in per cent
juice sucrose (-1.09), per cent purity (- 1.63) and CCS yield (-0.51) compared
to the recommended dose. Among the varieties evaluated for salt tolerance,
early varieties 84 A 125 (35.17 t/ha) and 81 V 48 (24.54 t/ha) and midlate
variety 82 V 12 (33.19 tlha) recorded higher cane yields whereas per cent
2I I
juice sucrose was highest in 85 A 261 (17.87) followed by Co 8013 (17.84)
and 82 V 12 (17.75).
Plallt Pathology
In plug method of screening, out of 30 varieties screened 12 varieties

viz., . 85 A 256, 85 A 261, 86 V 85, 86 V 96, Co 85044, Co 85032, Co
87045, Co 87263, 88 V 87, Co 8021, Co 1615 and 86 V 3, showed resistance
to red rot, while in nodal method of screening, 14 varieties showed resistant
reaction to Cf 671 pathotype, whereas in the case of Cf 997 pathotype, 22
\ arieties showed resistant reaction.
Out of 27 varieties screened for resistance to smut, 10 varieties showed

resistant reaction (84A 125, 86 V 85, 86 V 96, 86 V 21, Co 85032, Co 87045,
87 V 59, 88 V 59, 88V 87 and Co 7219), while 88V 140, CO 86032, CO
8021,86V 3, C 81615 showed moderate resistant reaction.
In integrated disease management, planting of healthy seed material

recorded low incidence of red rot followed by soil application of antagonistic
fungi.
Elltomology
Among 45 varieties evaluated,10 varieties viz., Co 7808, Co 87037,

Co 87265, 88V 140, Co 6907, CoC 671, 87V 186, 86V 109, 87V 59 and CO
7219 were found to be moderately susceptible to shoot borer. For internode
borer the infestation index ranged from 3.05 (Co 88037) to 18.23 (Co 81615).
The weight of scale encrustation in gm per cane was less than 2.,Og in Co
81615 (1.48), Co 87037 (1.7g) and Co 7219(1.2g). Cartap 4 G whorl application
reduced the incidence of shoot borer significantly recording the lowest per
cent of dead hearts (33.36). The next best was endosulfan 0.07% (35.01 %)
as compared to control (47.54%) and quinalphos 0.05% (44.33%).
4.1.4 Perumallapalle
Crop Improvement
In the initial evaluation trial (early) with 10 varieties, Co 6907 with

its higher population of 0.95 l/ha gave the highest cane yield (125.4 t/ha)
followed by CoT 8201(122.1 t/ha) and CoC 81061 (121.5 t/ha). CoY 89101
212
recorded higher sucrose (20.63%) because of its early flowering followed by
CoA 89082 (19.34%) and CoA 89085(19.16%).
In the main yield trial (early) with ratoons of eight varieties, highest
cane yield was registered by Co 7621 (98.8 tlha) followed by Co 62175 (83.7
tfna ). CoC 671 and Co 8337 recorded higher sucrose values of 17.28% and
17.33% respectively.
Agronomy
In studies on the effect of time of planting and age at harvesting on

cane yield and quality with early and midlate varieties, Co 7805 planted in
January and harvested at 12th month gave the highest yield (136.2 tlha )
followed by Co 7805 planted in January and harvested at 10th month (133.3
tlha).Similarly CoT 8201 planted in January and harvested at 12th month (l09
tlha) or at 10th month (103 tlha) gave higher yield over March planting. The
results indicated that mid-late varieties give higher yields when planted in
i
January and kept upto 12th month. However, the sucrose content was more
(18.4 2 to 19.33 %) in March planted crops compared to January planted crops
(17.3 to 17.96%) except in Co 7805 harvested at 12th month. Similar study·
on ratoon crops indicated that January planted crops of both early and mid-late
varieties retained upto 12th month gave higher cane yields (67.8 and 69.1 t1ha
respectively).
Ratoon crops of March planted Co 7805 and CoT 8201 and harvested
at 12th month gave higher sucrose per cent values of 20.08% and 19.57%
respectivel y.
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Studies on phosphorus and potassium requirement of sugarcane indicated

that the cane yields were significantly higher with 100 kg P20S and 200 kg
K20/ha (115.3 tlha), as compared to 98.6 tlha recorded with 0 K20 and 0
P20S. The former treatment recorded highest stalk population (1,02,401
stalks/ha), and juice brix (19.06%) at 240 days age of the crop. However,
purity of the juice (98.75%) and juice sucrose per cent (18.31) were more
with 200 P20S + 0 K20 Kg/ha.
Studies on the factors responsible for good quality of jaggery in

Aragonda area of Chittoor district indicated that there were no significant
213
differences in soil characteristics such as pH, EC, free lime, available N and
K, heat soluble S, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Na and micronutrients (Zn,
Fe,Mn,Cu) and textural separates (sand, silt, and clay) between the good and
poor quality jaggery locations. However, organic carbon and available P
contents were significantly more in locations of good quality jaggery.
Analysis of leaf samples for N and sheath samples for P,K,Ca,Mg,S,

and micronutrients (Zn,Fe,Cu and Mn) at grand growth period showed no
significant diffirences between good and poor quality locations, except for
sheath sulphur content which was more in good quality locations. Significant
differences in sucrose%, total nonsugars and colour reading of jaggery samples
from different locations was noticed. Similarly the cultural and manurial practices
followed by the farmers of the two locations were the same.
Survey of under ground irrigation waters in sugarcane growing areas

of S.V.Coop. Sugar Factory, Gajulamandyam indicated that 27% of samples
fall in the class of C2S 1 and 73% in C3S 1 class. These waters could be used
for sugarcane in light soils with good drainage or permeability .All the irrigation
water samples have RSC values of less than 1.25 m.e.!l. indicating that they
are safe for irrigation.
4.2. COTTON
Research on cotton is a carried out at Lam, Nandyal, Adilabad and

Mudhol.
4.2.1 Lam
Lam is the lead centre for research on cotton in Andhra Pradesh.

AICRP on cotton is also located at Lam. Besides, NSP cotton scheme and
hybrid cotton scheme are also in operation.
214
Crop Improvement
Table 35: Particulars of top yielders in different trials.
Name of the trial No. of Kapas (q/ha)Yield of

entries
First Second Third Check
AICCI Project
lET (Gh) 35 ICMF 31 CNH 275 TSH 288 LRA 5166
(17.9) (16.2) (14.2) (11.2)
PYT (Gh) II lCMF 20 C 256-4 TSH 289 LRA 5166
(19.3) (15.7) (15.3) (12.1)
CVT (Gh) 16 NA 1325 HLS 72 . L 604 LRA 5166
(15.2) (13.9) (13.9) (11.9)
Evaluation of compact 18 NA 1325 Anjali (c) CNHPT I LH 900
types (Gh) (26.6) (23.9) (21.6) (21.3)
lntra-hirsutum hybrid trial 14 RCH 2 DHH 10 DHHI4 NHH 44
(conventional) (31.7) (25.4) (24.4) (25.4)
Male sterile based intra- 15 ARCHH 36 LHI (LC) MECH 144 NHH 44
hirsutum hybrid trial (23.7) (22.4) (22.0) (25.2)
Male sterile based intra- 10 MLCH 22 MECH 101 WHH 130 NHH 44
hirsutum hybrid trial for (21.7) (19.3) (19.2) (22.8)
central & south zones
Interspecific hybrid trial 15 DHB 100 PHB 45 DHB 105 HB 224
(Gh x G.b) (10.0) (8.4) (8.4) (5.2)
NSP Scheme
OYT (Gh) 10 LPS I LPS 2 89338-2 L 389
(26.9) (26.4) (22.8) (19.6)
PYT (Gh) 10 86003 89345-3 89248 L 389
(25.7) (23.2) (22.6) (20.7)
AYT (Gh) 8 86379 L 604 89345-1 L 389
(25.3) (25.0) (23.2) (22.6)
Germplasm evaluation 25 86179 Tide water T 20- 76
(20.8) (18.2) ANL (17.4)
MLT (Gh) II NA 1325 L 604 L 389
(21.9) (20.1) (19.9)
Hybrid COttOIl Scheme
Out of 124 intra-hirsutum medium staple hybrids tested in three sets

for their suitability to rainfed conditions, A 13 (39.5 q/ha),A 18 (35.9 q/ha),
A8 (35.7 q/ha) , B52 (32.8 q/ha) , B30 (31.9 q/ha) C 40 (30.5 q/ha) gave
significantly higher yields than the checks NHH 44 and LAHH 1.
In the management practices for improving seed cotton yield and quaiity,
spraying IAA @ 10 ppm gave m')re number of reproductive parts produced
(121.2), number of reproductive parts remained (79.6), boll weight (3.65 g)
and number of seeds per boll (29.4) than other treatments.
215
In hybrid seed technology studies, higher setting per centage was
obtained in first week of December (60.6%) followed by November fourth
week (58.8%).
In 10 onfarm trials conducted with LH 1 and NHH 44, LH 1 gave an

average yield of 15.5 qlha as against 14.6 qlha recorded by NHH 44.
Agrollomy
Among the cotton based cropping systems, cotton-chillies-cotton rotation

was found beneficial with higher net monetary returns followed by mono
cropping of cotton.
Closer spacing of 90 x 60 cm gave higher mean seed cotton yield

(20.63 q/ha) than 120 x 60 cm spacing (18.36 q/ha) but was on par with
recommended spacing of 105 x 60 cm (19.49 q/ha) at different fertilizer levels.
The 90 x 60 cm spacing with a fertilizer dose of 150:45:45 kg NPKlha gave
numerically highest seed cotton yield of 21.35 q/ha.
Soaking seed in humic acid ( at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) or foliar spray of
humic acid ( at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) showed no significant effect on seed
cotton yield. However, highest yield (18.2 q/ha) was obtained with seed
soaking in 0.5% humic acid for 12 hours.
Intercropping of rainfed cotton with soybean, c1usterbean and maize

reduced the yield of the main crop cotton. Sole crop of cotton recorded the
highest net monetary returns (Rs. 7,272/- per ha), followed by cotton + soybean
in 1:2 ratio (Rs.4,9711-) per ha. Regarding incidence of pests, cotton + maize
cropping system recorded more population of jassids (1.64Ileaf) and least
infestation of boll worm (11 % square damage). On contrary, cotton + soybean
system recorded least jassid incidence (0.7Ileaf) and higher bollworm infestation
(I 7.0%).
Plallt Physiology
Among the 30 genotypes screened for their drought tolerance and yield,
TCH 1002, NA 1325, S 2-48/25, RAS 1002, LK 861, CNHPT 2 and CNH
171 recorded higher kapas yield (from 11.11 to 15.71 q/ha) with high relative
water content (79.5 to 94.1 %) and chlorophyll stability index (0.08 to 0.29)
during water stress period. Significant and positive correlation was recorded
216
between second picking kapas yield and relative water content. The high
yielding varieties also recorded lower chlorophyll stability index during drought
period.
Application of mepiquat chloride affected plant height at both the

concentrations (100 and 125 ppm) tested, in both the population levels (nonnal
and 25% more than normal). Seed cotton yield/plant was higher in nonnal
population (46.1 g) compared to 25% higher population (34.4 g), while seed
cotton yieldlha was more in 25% higher population (14.36 qlha) than in nonnal
population (12.86 qlha). Application of the chemical at both the concentrations
gave superior yield (14.13 and 14.68 qlha at 100 and 125 ppm) compared to
control (11.98 qlha).
Elltomology
Of the 92 entries screened for jassid resistance, P 13 x M 12, NHH

44, CAHH 468 and NA 1325 scored lowest jassid injury grade. Among the
12 entries tested for boll worm resistance, the arboreum entries AKA 8307
and AKA 8713 recorded less than 10 per cent boll worm damage. AKA 8713
gave the highest seed cotton yield (18 qlha).
Studies on the incidence and population dynamics of key pests of

cotton showed thatjassid infestation started by 1st week of August and persisted
upto last week of February, with peak incidence during 1st week of September.
Maximum incidence of Helicoverpa was noticed during October-November
months, while incidence of white fly and aphids was negligible.
Among the new insecticdes tested against cotton boll worms, al·
phamethrin @ 25 g a.i.lha proved better with least boll worm damage (3.85%)
along with higher seed cotton yield (14.43 qlha), followed by endosulfan 875
g a.i.lha (7.72% and 11.9 qlha).
Studies on the compatibility of seven insecticides with four fungicides

for the control of boll worms and foliar diseases showed that none of them
individually or in combination exhibited phytotoxic symptoms on cotton.
Cypermethrin + quinalphos + mancozeb gave the highest kapas yield (24 q/ha)
with 21.22% damage to bolls as compared to 25.92% damage of bolls and
11.65 qlha kapas yield in check. Quinalphos + fenvalerate + sulfex recorded
the least damage (7.23 %) to bolls with kapas yield of 17.5 qlha.
217
Evaluation of NPV against Helicoverpa sp. showed that application of
NPV @ 450 LE/ha was as effective as the insecticide endoquinolphos in
reducing the boll worm damage. NPV @ 450 LElha alternated with
chlorpyriphos recorded least boll worm damage (11.63%), while highest yield
was obtained with NPV @ 450 LE/ha alternated with fenvaler~te (15.92 q/ha).
Among the different insecticides evaluated against jassids. spraying

monocrotophos @ 300 g a.i.lha recorded least incidence of jassids (0.711Ieaf)
and gave maximum kapas yield (7.8 qlha).
[filII! Pathology
Positive correlation was observed between the incidence of bacterial

blight and relative humidity, while for Altcl'naria leaf spot, significant negative
correlation was noticed with maximum and minimum temperatures.
Out of 160 genotypes screened for resistance to bacterial blight, 26

entries viz., L 604. 602, 70 D, CNHPT 1, LH 886, LH 1445, NHH 302,
MECH 58, 207, 99. 101,67, CANHH 106,442,443,453, CMSH 10, PHB
15, CH 1134, ARCHH 1292, 130, 1262, TKA 332, CNH 171, BCHH 16 and
MLCH 25 showed immune reaction.
The loss in yield due to grey mildew was assessed as 8.0 per cent.
Spraying tridemorph 0.1 % recorded lowest incidence of rust (4.98%)

followed by bayleton (5.58%). However, sulfex 0.5% gave maximum yield
(8.18 q/ha) followed by bayleton (7.99 q/ha) and tridemorph (7.74 q/ha).
Integrated disease management (seed treatment, field sanitation and

need based sprays with fungicide and antibiotic) recorded less incidence of
bacterial blight (10.95%) and higher yield (11.72 qlha) as compared to farmers'
method (19.5% and 8.99 qlha).
4.2.2 Nandyal
Research work on cotion is carried out under All India Coordinated

Cotton Improvement Project, rainfed American cotton, hybrid vigour studies,
arboreum cotton and white northern cotton improvement scheme.
218
Crop Improvement
The top yielders in different varietal/yield trials conducted under different

projects are presented in Table 36.
Table 36: Particulars of top yielders in cotton in different trials.
Name of the trial No. of Variety Culture Yield of

entries kapas(q/a)
I AICCotton Improvement
Project
lET (G. hirslItllm) 21 TKH 891 25.33
ICMF 31 24.89
ICMF 23 22.18
NA 920 (LC) 18.33
PVT (G. hirslIt1l11l) 7 NA 1416 25.97
NA 1348 24.47
CBBRH 1 24.02
NA 920 (LC) 22.00
CVT (G.hirslItwn) 11 NA 1325 28.36
RAMP 105 27.25
NA 920 (LC) 21.92
Intra-hirsutum hybrid trial 11 OHH 509 25.20
(rainfed) Savitha (Z.C) 24.47
NHH 39 (LC) 20.67
Male sterile based 9 Savitha 22.06
intra-hirsutum hybrid MECH 99 21.96
trial (rainfed) NHH 39 (LC) 20.77
Intra-hirsutum hybrid 14 RCH2 23.39
trial (irrigated) OHHIO 19.95
T 13 x M 12 19.51
NHH 39 (LC) 16.53
G.hirsutllm varietal trial 17 NA 1325 19.11
(Irrigated-compact plant type) RAS 1005 15.00
CVT (G.arborellm) (rain fed) 11 NO 2588 27.08
NO 2463 25.11
Srisailam (LC) 20.88
Oesi cotton hybrid trial 17 CZOO 2506 33.18
(rain fed) MDCH 201 31.22
Srisailam 11.30
II Rainfed American Cotton 15 NA 1325 27.37
A YT (G.hirsliturm) NA 1373 26.66
NA 1290 19.86
Priya (c) 27.72
MLT (G.hirsutum) 9 NA 1325 24.53
NA-1373 20.83
Priya (c) 16.04
219
PYT (G.hirsutllm) 13 NA 1510 23.06
NA 1520 22:22
NA 1521 20.67
Priya (c) 14.78
Progeny row trial (G. hirslltulll) 14 NA 1588 25.51
NA 1599 22.63
Priya (c) 15.02
III Hybrid Vigour studies 14 NHH 219 28.30
Intraspecific) NHH 288 23.50
hybrid trial (G.hirslltum) JKHY I (c) 15.46
IV Mungari Cotton (G.arboreu11l)
improvement scheme
Progeny row trial 13 2881 22.94
2823 22.38
Srisailam (c) 14.44
PYT 9 2655 21.22

2822 19.99
2788 19.55
Srisailam(c) 16.14
AYT 13 2708 19.8~
2794 18.19
Srisailam (c) 12.22
V White Northern Cotton
Improvement Scheme
A Y T (Rainfed) 8 1062 17.11
812 16.65
1060 16.42
Mahanandi( c) 15.03
Desi cotton hybrid trial 10 NCA 205 24.84
NCA 265 22.48
NCA 263 22.45
SrisaiJam(c) 13.30
ZC: Zonal Check; LC: Local Check.
Under American cotton improvement scheme. results of the advanced

yield trial conducted for the last three years indicated that NA 1325 consistently
performed well with the highest mean yield of 26.63 q. of kapas per ha, which
is 50% more than that of the control Priya (17.74 q/ha). In multilocation trial
also NA 1325 gave the highest yield of 24.53 q/ha. This variety was given
to the fanners for large scale cultivation.
Agronomy
In intercropping studies under irrigated conditions, sale crop of cotton

gave the highest yield (29.8 qlha) followed by cotton + greengram (28.5 q{ha)
220
and cotton + clusterbean (27.5 q/ha). However, the highest net returns was
obtained with cotton + cluster bean intercropping (Rs.19,916/ha) followed by i
cotton + tomato (Rs.16,022 Iha) and cotton + greengram (Rs.14,800 Iha) as

compared to sole crop of cotton (Rs.1l ,340 /ha). Among the intercropping
systems cotton + soybean recorded the lowest square and boll damage due to
boll worms.
In intercropping studies under rainfed conditions, cotton + groundnut

in paired row system registered marginal increase in yield (22.39 q/ha)
compared to sole crop of cotton (20.55 qlha). Soybean as an intercrop has
suppressed the main crop (cotton) and resulted in reduced kapas yield. In
conventional system, sole crop of cotton gave the highest yield (21.99 q/ha).
Soybean as an intercrop both in paired row system and conventional system
registered comparatively low mean per centage of square and boll damage.
Vareity NA 1325 under irrigated conditions, gave highest yield (24.58

qlha) with 105 N + 52.5 P20S + 52.5 K20 kg/ha and was on par with 90 N
+ 45 P20S + 45 K20 kg/ha and 120 N +60 P20 kg/ha. This is in confirmity
with the earlier results and a dosage of 100 kg N, 50 kg P20S and 50 kg·
K20/ha appears to be economically optimum fertilizer combination for NA
1235 under irrigation in the black cotton soils of Nandyal.
Among the five cropping systems studied, cotton in the first year and
greengram and chillies in second year gave the highest net returns ofRs.25,987/-
per ha over two years period, followed by the system, cotton in the first year
and soybean and groundnut in second year with a net return of Rs.24,540/-
per ha.
Plant Physiology
Studies on effect of topping in cotton hybrid NHH 390 revealed

significant yield increase (21 %) when topped at 90 DAS (21.80 qlha) as
compared to 17.9 q/ha in control. The cost benefit ratio was 1:8.5.
Foliar spray of urea (1 %) + potash (0.5%) twice at 90 and 110 DAS

to NHH 390 gave maximum yield (20.2 q/ha) compared to control which
recorded 16.9 q/ha.
Cotton cultivars 2708, 2794, 2792 and 2463 recorded less boll drop
(18 to 26%) and higher yields (17.l7 to 19.88 q/ha) under excessive moisture
221
conditions as against 54% boll drop and 12.22 qlha kapas yield in the check
variety Srisailam.
EJltomology
Incidence of jassids was observed from last week of August to the end
of November with peak incidence in the last week of November. Thrips and
aphids were observed from second week of September to second week of
October. Boll worm was not noticed during the crop growth period.
Quinalphos 0.75% + repelin 1.0% gave the highest yield (10.33 qlha)
with 22.44% mean damage of squares and bolls due to Helicovelpa sp., as
against 27.64% damage and 5.77 qlha yield in control.
Monitoring of Helicovelpa armigera and Spodoptera Ii/ura with sex

lures indicated that the activity of Helicovelpa was more than that of Spodoptera
filUm during kharif season.
Among the 19 entries screened, NA 152 and L 603 were observed as

tolerant to jassids and Helicovelpa armigera.
4.2.3. Adilabad
This station is working on American cottons for ghat areas of Adilabad

district.
Crop Improvement
Among the progenies tested in progeny rows, two progenies viz., ADB
66 and ADB 111 were advanced to the preliminary yield trial. In preliminary
yield trial, ADB 10050 recorded the highest kapas yield (7.0 qlha) followed
by LRA 5166 (6.8 q/ha) and CZH 239 (6.8 q/ha) in black soil during kharif
sea~on. In advanced yield trial, out of 13 entries tested, ADB 92-9 (9.2 q/ha)
and ADB 92- 39 (9.1 q/ha) performed better followed by LRA 5166 (6.3
q/ha). Among the eight entries evaluated in multilocation trial LRA 5166
(7.3 q/ha) and NA 1325 (7.10 q/ha) gave higher yields followed by L 603
with 6.7 qlha yield .
. In coordinated trial with intra-hirsutum cotton hybrids conducted in

black soils with 19 entries, CZHH 574 (13.1 qlha), CZHH 569 (10.5 q/ha)
222
and CZHH 572 (9.7 q/ha) gave higher kapas yield. In coordinated varietal
trial CZH 430 (10.8 qlha), CZH 418 (10.7 qlha) and CZH 419 (9.8 qlha) Were
the top yielders among the 12 entries tested. Evaluation of 36 superior fibre
quality high yielding American cotton varieties in initial evaluation trial resulted
in identification of CZH 250 (11.1 qlha), CZH 231 (10.1 q/ha) and CZH 235
(l0.1 q/ha) as the top yielders.
Out of 7 entries evaluated in preliminary varietal trial, CZH 311 gave

the highest (8.4 q/ha) yield, followed by CZH 319 (7.9 qlha) and CZH 317 I
(7.9 q/ha).
4.2.4. Mudhol
Desi COttOIl (G.arboreu11l)
Out of 111 germplasm lines evaluated, four entries viz., 2114 (18.76
qlha) , E 2 (18.72 q/ha) , DCF4-1 (20.16 qlha) and MAAH 24 (20.16 q/ha)
were highly promising for yield. Out of 76 single plants tested in various
generations, 17 promising lines with high yield potential (60-120 g/plant) were
selected as against Saraswathi (39 g/plant). Among the 32 progenies evaluated
for yield and fibre characters No.2450 and 2465 gave an yield of 48 g/plant
as against 33 g/plant in Saraswathi.
Of the 8 selections tested in the advanced varietal trial-I, selection

No.2240 outyielded (16.6 qlha) the control (LRA 5166) by giving 40% more
kapas yield. In A VT II, two entries 2434 and 1875 recorded superior yields
of 15.36 and 16.2 qlha respectively as against 12.75 qlha in check, LRA 5166.
In coordinated varietal trial, four entries 2401 (19.59 qlha), 2415 (8.32
qlha) , 1867 (8.8 qlha) and 1875 (8.74 qlha) outyielded Saraswathi (7.0 q/ha).
Americall COttOIl (G.ltirslltum)
Among 66 genotypes evaluated, seven entries gave mean yield of 35

g/plant and above. Among the progenies evaluated in progeny row test, 9202
and 9206 gave significantly higher yields of 10.6 and 9.52 qlha over LRA
5166 (7.56 qlha). In multilocation trial, entries 604, MCU 5, ADB 1226 and
NA 1325 gave significantly superior yield over LRA 5166 (5.74 qlha).
223
4.2.5 Palem
Among the seven test varieties evaluated, NA 1375 (13.6 qlha),L 603
(13.7 qlha) and LH 1 (13.2 qlha) gave significantly higher kapas yield over
other varieties. In fertilizer cum spacing trial, significant yield improvement
was obtained with the application of NPK @ 80:40:40 kglha respectively at
60 x 30 cm spacing (15.5 qlha).
4.3 MESTA
Amadalavalasa
Crop Improvement
Among the 18 improved progenies of Hibiscus sabdariffa, evaluated

for their yield potential in the initial varietal trial, four progenies viz., C2 Pl2
(ER 43/AMV 4), C4Pll, C4P14 and C4P15 (AR 61AMV 4) gave significantly
higher fibre yields of24.89, 27.78, 24.89 and 24.89 qlha respectively as against
23.15 qlha recorded by the check AMV 4. In the preliminary varietal trial,
among the four cultures tested, AHS 73 (33.68 qlha) gave significantly superior
yield over the check AMV 4(31.71 qlha).
Among the four improved progenies viz., AHS 68, AHS 69, AHS 70
and ER 4 tested under initial evaluation trial, AHS 68 recorded the highest
yield (37.38 qlha) as against 33.1 qlha in AMV 4.
In the advanced varietal trial, eight cultures were evaluated and AHS
41 (32.13 qlha) gave significantly higher yield than the AMY 4(28.49 qlha).
Out of six cultures of Hibiscus cannabinus evaluated in the preliminary

varietal trial, AMY 2 was significantly superior to the check Bhimili 1 with
23.15 q/ha and 17.42 qlha of fibre yields respectively.
Agronomy
Dry matter production and fibre yields of different varieties varied

significantly with the stage of harvest. AMV 4 harvested at 50% flowering
produced significantly higher dry matter and fibre yields than all other varieties
tested. At both the stages of harvest( at small pod stage and 50% flowering
stage) sabdariffa varieties produced higher dry matter and fibre yields than
cannabin us varieties indicating their greater genetic potential.
224
Early sowing of mesta (AMV 4) in the first week of April recorded
the highest mean fibre yield of 44.95 q/ha, and thereafter the yields showed
a declining trend with delay in sowing by every fortnight. The crop sown in
first week of April and harvested in third week of October (47.14 q/ha) or
first week of November (47.0 q/ha) gave maximum fibre yields.
Studies on sequence crops for mesta based cropping system showed

that mesta (AMV 4) sown in first week of May recorded higher yield (38.64
qlha) compared to April sowings (36.56 and 36.77 q/ha). The yields of
sequence crops exhibited declining trend as the sowings were delayed (from
4th September to 3rd October), since the crops suffered due to moisture stress
under late sown conditions. Among the sequence crops, horse gram SO\'-il1 in
first week of September excelled others and recorded the highest yield of
16.67 q/ha.
In intercropping studies with groundnut and ,blackgram as intercrops,

highest yield advantage of 21 % (LER: 1.21) was obtained with mesfa -:-
groundnut at 100:75% population in 3:3 row proportion, followed by mesfa
+groundnut at 100:50% in 3:3 ratio (LER 1.20), and mesta + blackgram at.
100:75% in 1: 1 (LER: 1.20). In general, blackgram and groundnut performed
well in 3:3 row proportion and recorded higher yields. In 1: 1 row proportion
intercrops tended to grow taller, producing more vegetative growth at the
expense of reproductive organs.
Hand weeding once at 3 weeks after sowing (WAS) or twice at 3 and

4 WAS gave higher fibre yields of 14.57 and 16.45 qlha respectively and
were significantly superior to hoeings. Highest fibre yield was recorded with
normal method of fertilizer application ie., 50% at sowing and the remaining
50% at 5 WAS.
Entomology
The incidence of jassids varied from 4.0 to 38.3% in September and

o to 41.2% in October in different villages. Mealy bug was noticed in eight
out of 10 villages surveyed only in October, with the incidence ranging from
1.6 to 28.5%. Semi-looper was observed only in two villages with negligible
per cent incidence (1.6 and 1.9%).
Spraying dimethoate 0.05% reduced the incidence ofjassids significantly.

Among the dust formulations carbaryl 30 kglha was more effective than other
225
dusts. Highest fibre yield (22.1 qlha) was obtained with spraying of dimethoate,
followed by carbaryl dusting (19.83 qlha).
Plant Pathology
Higher incidence of leaf rot and foot and'stem rot diseases was noticed
in October compared to in September.
4.4. TOBACCO
?\'{(ltdyal
The centre for AICRP on tobacco was shifted from Venkataraman-

nagudem to Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal and started
functioning from 1-4-1992.
Agrollomy
Studies on tobacco based cropping systems indicated that bhendi,

grecngram, korra and gingelly could be successfully raised as preceding crops
of tobacco. Soybean did not fit into the rotation of natu tobacco planted in
October after the harwest of soybean since tobacco did not come up well for
want of moisture as the monsoon ceased by September. Studies on the effect
of spacing and topping levels on yield and quality of cigarette natu tobacco
in deep black soils showed that natu special gave significantly higher cured
leaf yield (10.67 qlha) than sun cured natu variety (8.82 qlha). Natu special
variety produced maximum yield of cured leaf (12.46 q/ha) with a spacing of
75 x 75 cm, whereas sun cured natu variety gave maximum yield (12.31 q/ha)
with 82.5 x 82.5 cm spacing. The topping levels had no influence on leaf
yields.
In deep black soils natu special variety gave maximum cured leaf yield
with 40 kg Nlha (9.54 q/ha) and 50 kg P20s/ha (9.44 qlha), the lowest levels
tested as against 9.44 and 9.21 q/ha obtained with 60 kg N/ha and 70 kg
P20s/ha respectively. Among the three varieties, Natu special gave higher
yield (12.42 qlha) over sun cured variety (6.21 qlha).
226
5.0 HORTICULTURAL CROPS
5.1 FRUIT CROPS
5.1.1 Mango
5.1.1.1 Sangareddy
The AICRP on sub-tropical and temperate fruits is in operation at Fruit

Research Station, Sangareddy,which is the lead centre for research on mango.
Crop Improvement
More than 400 varieties of mango collected from abroad and within
India are maintained.
Among the 20 varieties of different regions· evaluated, Kesar plants

were more vigorous, recording maximum height (528 em)followed by Alphonso
(484 cm), while the latter recorded maximum plant spread (630 em and 660
cm) followed by Kesar (619 and 622 em).
Neelum gave the highest yield (1023 fruits, 196 kg/plant), while Alphonso
recorded the lowest yield (135 fruits and 22.6 kg/plant).
Among the hybrids evaluated, Ratna, Neelgoa, Mallika, Neelashan and

Neeluddin were more vigorous in growth, but their yield, except that of
Neelgoa, was poor. Neelgoa gave maximum number of fruits/tree (336 weighing
75 kg, followed by Swama Jehangir (262 fruits and 49.5 kg).
Banganapalli plants propagated by veneer grafting were more vigorous

in terms of girth (83 em) and height (7.09 m) as against inareh grafted plants
(75 em girth and 4.84 m height). Veneer grafted plants yielded maximum
(99 kg) followed by sheild budded plants (91.3 kg). Minimum yield (59.9
kg) was recorded in inareh grafted plants.
Studies with clonally propagated root stocks and interstocks of dwarf

cultivars indicated that the plants with interstock of Mahmooda Vikarabad
were the shortest followed by those with Royal Special interstock. However,
the fruit yields/plant were poor.
227
Agronomy
Intercropping of papaya In mango gave maximum gross monetary

returns (Rs 10138/ha).
Biochemistry
Application of N P K @ 1 kg each per plant resulted in maximum

growth and fruit yield per plant (339 fruits weighing 100 kg) in the 12th year,
while no nitrogen with 1 kg each of P and K gave minimum yield (85 fruits,
26 kg).
Entomology
The incidence of insect pests was low during the season. Mango shoot
borer, mealy bug, leaf webber and leaf galls during vegetative phase and
mango hopper and thrips during reproductive phase were the major pests. Low
intensity of hopper (less than 2 hoppers/panicle) was observed on all the 20
varieties screened because of delayed and low intensity of flowering.
Mango hopper was effectively controlled by spraying sevin XLR plus

at 0.1 % or Mavrik 20 EC at 0.002% concentration thrice at bud burst, before
opening of flowers and fruit set stages. .
Plallt Pathology
San 619 10 EC was significantly superior to other treatments, for the

control of powdery mildew, followed by bayleton 25% WP,and punch 40 EC.
During surveys on the incidence of mango malformation in Nuzvid of

Krishna district in January 1993, no vegetative and floral malformations were
observed. However, malfaormation was observed during the year under report
in Chinnarasam (10%) A.U. Rumani (1.5%), Arnrapali(5%) and less than 5%
in Nuzvid, Tiyyamamidi, Peddarasam, Kolanka Goa, Neeluddin, Dashehari
and Neelgoa in the germplasm present at F.R.S., Sangareddy. Incidence of
powdery mildew was low on most of the varieties due to late flowering from
last week of January. However, powdery mildew disease was observed in
moderate to severe form on Fernandes (70%), Royal Special (50%), Mahmooda
Vikarabad (25%), Neeleshan (25%) and Rumani(20%).
228
5.1.1.2 Anantarajupeta
Crop Improvement
One hundred twelve varieties of mango are maintained at this station

to study their performance. Eight more promising varieties viz., Hybrid 14.
Amrapali, Manoranjan, Ratna, Kesar, Prava sankar, Mahrnooda and Dashari
X Vikarabad were collected during the year and added to the existing germplasm.
Five ecotypes of Baneshan from Embai, Kodad, Kodur, Venkatareddipalli and
two ecotypes of Peddarasam were collected and grafted.
Among the nine pre-release mango hybrids, Panchadara Kalasa X

Willard was found to be promising with more number of fruits (313/plant).
The fruits are juicy, very sweet with TSS 20% and soft pulp. This variet\'
is being proposed for release next year for commercial cultivation. Deblos-
soming and defruiting showed no effect on off season flowering in mango
variety Neelum. .
Plant Pathology
The fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae was isolated from gummosis

and dieback diseased samples. In the pathogenicity tests conducted on one
year old mango grafts of Panchadarakalasa X Willard, disease symptoms
developed within 15 days of inoculation. All the hybrids developed at
Anantharajupet were free from the disease, execpt Panchadarakalasa X Willard.
Application of carbendazim paste after removing the infected bark and spraying
carbendazim 0.1 % was found to be effective in checking the spread of the
disease.
5.1.1.3 Rajendranagar
Among the four hybrids evaluated, Neeleshan and Dashehari X

Mahrnooda were vigorous in growth, while Manjira and A.U.Rumani were
dwarf. Neeleshan registered highest yield (70 kg/tree) followed by Dashehari
X Mahrnooda (60 kg/tree).
5.1.1.4 Ambajipet
Mango fruit borer, a new pest was identified as Deanolis albizoJJalis.

The insect completed three generations in a season, spent 9 months in aestivation
229
in wood during off season. The moth IS short lived. eggs are laid on
inflorescence, twigs and fruits.
5.1.2 Banana
5.1.2.1 Koyvur
Crop Improvemellt
Four clones of banana, one each of the varieties Tella Chakkerakeli,

K£lrpura Chakkerakeli, Robusta and Yenugubontha were studied and the clone
of Yenugu Bontha was found promising and yield consistently with an average
of bunch weight of 22.5 kg and 7.5 hands and 90 fingers per bunch. Forty
four accessions of banana were maintained and evaluated. During the year
three clones viz., Kammu arati, Kanda arati and Vakkisa from agency areas
of East Godavari district and one variety Malbhog from Assam were collected
and added to the germplasm raising the total accessions to 48.
Agrollomy
Seven spacings were tried to test the performance of Karpura

Chakkerakeli under high density planting and plant height and number of days·
to shooting were found to increase with increased population. Bunch weight,
number of hands and fingerslbunch and yields were reduced with increased
population. The same trend was noticed with the first ratoon crop.
Studies to findout optimum dose and time of nitrogen application to

Robusta banana indicated that application of nitrogen @20Q g N per plant in
4 split doses before shooting is good for getting higher returns. In another
trial, application of 200 gm of potassium per plant of Robusta banana in 2
split doses before shooting gave maximum returns.
The form of nitrogen either organic and in organic applied to Robusta

banana had no significant influence on growth and yield characters. However,
highest net returns (Rs.1.44 lakhs) for 2 seasons and cost benefit ratio (1 :2.89)
were recorded when 200 gm of N was applied per plant in inorganic form.
First 6 months period after planting was found critical for weed
competition. If weeding was not done during this period, drastic reduction
in growth and yield was observed. Among the different weed control measures
230
studied, growing and incorporation of cowpea into soil was highly effective
in controlling the weed growth in banana gardens.
Tissue culture plants of Dwarf Cavendish grew more vigorously from

5th month of planting and dominated suckers in all growth characters. Tissue
culture plants had more canopy than suckers.
Plant Pathology
In the observational trial conducted in Panama wilt sick plot, none of

the Gros Michel plants were affected by Panama wilt, while all the Amritpani
plants died due to the disease.
5.1.2.2 Chintapalle
Among 14 dessert varieties tested, Robusta, Nendra padathi, KC. Keli

and Dwarf Cavendish registered yields ranging from 30 to 35 tlha compared
to local hill banana Kanda Mukheri (15 t/ha). Among culinary types, the
variety Germony recorded maximum yield of 44 t1ha followed by Chinia (33.5
t/ha) and Yenugu Bontha (24.6 tlha).
5.1.3 Citrus
5.1.3.1 Tirupati
All India coordinated research project for citrus is 111 operation at

Tirupati.
Horticulture
Physico-chemical analysis of fruits of 19 sweet orange, three Cleopatra

mandarin, two grapefruit, one pummelo, three sour orange, two Rangpurlime,
one rough lemon and 16 miscellaneous varieties was carried out. Among the
sweet orange varieties, the fruits of Carlton, Dulcis malta, Parson Brown,
Cadenara fina, Paper rind varieties weighed more than 200 g each, while that
of Jaffa malta weighed least (117 g). The rind thickness was more than 0.7
cm in Carlton, Parson Brown, Homosassa, and Dulcis malta, while percentage
of rind in fruit was more than 40% in Jaffa malta, Carlton and Cadenara fina.
Varieties Blood red malta and Parson Brown recorded the highest brix(13.07)
followed by Quein (12.93) and Pineapple sweet orange(12.8).
231
The fruit weight in Cleopatra mandarin varieties ranged from 43 to 58
2, while the rind thickness varied from 0.34 to 0.39 cm, percentage rind from
25 to 31 and brix of juice from 9.65 to 11.24. The fruits of sour orange
\'arieties showed wide variation. Variety Emmakaipuli had the fruits of
maximum weight(772 g each), rind thickness (1.67 cm) and percentage rind
(~8.8%), while the fruits of Chinnotto sour recorded least weight (63.3 g) and
those of Rajkaipuli weighed 143.3 g. The rind thickness and percentage rind
were OJ cm and 27.9% respectively in Rctikaipuli and 0.43 cm and 28.9%in
Chinnotto sour varieties. Among the two Rangpurlime varieties, the fruits of
variety California recorded more weight (56.7 cm), rind thickness (0.3 cm)
and percentage rind (29.4%) than those of Sri Rampur variety which had
corresponding values of 48.8g, 0.2 cm and 24.2%. The brix of juice was
more in Sri Rampur (10.73) than in California (9.67).
Among the seven sweet orange varieties evaluated on Rangpurlime

root-stock (planted in November, 1990), Jaffa attained maximum height (2.44
m), followed by Sathgudi (2.29 m), while Sathgudi recorded maximum volume
(12.79 cum). About 35% of Sathgudi plants showed precocity with about 7
fruits/plant. Blood red malta recorded least height (1.44 m) and volume (2.15
cm).
Among six acid lime selections, Tenali selection recorded maximum

height and volume, while Vikram had minimum height and volume.
Mungalipattu plant No.9 is early to come to bearing and yielded more number
of fruits than other selections.
Studies on the performance of Sathgudi on six rootstocks (initiated in

1983) showed that maximum percent of mortality (87.5%) occurred on Rough
lemon (Jamberi) root stock, followed by on Trifoliate orange (25%), Troyer
citrange (20.8%), Rangpur lime (16.7%) and Cleopatra mandarin (4.2%), while
no mortality was recorded so far on its own reotstock, i.e., Sathgudi on
Sathgudi. However, tree volume and cumulative yield per tree were maximum
on rough lemon rootstock (61.1 cm and 527 fruits), while Sathgudi and
Rangpurlime rootstocks recorded least yields (93 and 92 fruits/ tree respectively).
Physico-chemical analysis of Sathgudi fruits on different rootstocks was carried
out during September - October and March - April. During September-October,
maximum fruit weight (175 g) and T S S (9.47) were observed on rough
lemon rootstock, while rind thickness (0.32 cm) and percentage rind (25.5%)
were least on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock. During March-April, the fruit
weight was highest in Troyer citrange rootstock (210 g) followed by on
232
Cleopatra mandarin (203 g), while TSS was maximum on Trifoliate orange
rootstock (12.84) followed by on rough lemon (11.98). The rind thickness
was minimum on Rangpur lime rootstock (0.4 em), while percentage rind Was
least on Trifoliate orange (24.2%).
Seven rough lemon and six Rangpurlime strains are being evaluated
as rootstocks for Sathgudi and in general the budlings on rough lemon strains
were observed to be more vigorous than on Rangpurlime strains. Among
rough lemons, Rough lemon 14-9-13 rootstock recorded maximum height
(48.98 em) of bud lings followed by Rough lemon Chethalli rootstock. Among
Rangpurlime rootstocks, maximum height was recorded on Rangpurlime Rahuri
(27.55 cm), followed by on Rangpurlime Abohar (23.34 em).
In pilot-cum-demonstration rootstock trials in Pulivendla, 31.7% and

22% mortalities were recorded on lamberi and Rangpurlime rootstocks
respectively, while in Himakuntla the corresponding! mortalities were 2.5%
and 0.0%. The height and volume of the trees were more on lamberi rootstock
at both the locations. The cumulative yields per tree were almost similar on
both the rootstocks at Pulivendla (about 930 fruits), while at Himakuntla the
yield on Rangpurlime rootstock was more (907 fruits) than on lamberi (835
fruits). Weight and size of fruits, juice %, number of seeds, seed content,
brix and acidity were more on Rangpur lime than on lamberi, in September,
1992. However, during March- April, variable results were obtained at the
two places. In Pulivendla, fruits on lamberi had more weight, size, rind
thickness, percentage of rind and brix, while in Himakuntla, fruits on
Rangpurlime had more weight, size, rind thickness, percentage rind and brix.
Fertilizer trial on Sathgudi budded on Rangpurlime indicated no difference
between different doses of N (200 g to 800 g N/tree) applied. The mean
height and volume of trees was slightly more at 600 g N/tree. Acid lime
seedlings showed increase in tree height and volume with increase in the dose
of N upto 600 g/tree. Yield increase was observed upto 800 g N/tree, the
highest dose applied.
Studies on comparative nutritional effect of inorganic and organic

manuring in citrus indiciated that maximum fruit weight (226.67 g) was
recorded with the application of cake 7.5 kg+ inorganic fertilizers (600 g N,
225 g P2 Os and 450 g of K2 0 per plant) followed by cakes @ 15 kg/plant.
233
Weed Control
Glyphosate ( 2 kg/ha) followed by glyphosate 1 kg/ha has effectively

controlled both mono cot and dicot weeds even up to 240 days after application.
This is followed by Glyphosate 2 kg/ha + gramoxone 1.8 l/ha in efficacy.
Elltomology
Eight orchards were surveyed in Mulkanoor and Gopalpunim villages

in Karimnagar district and four orchards showed severe incidence of green
mite, while one orchard has low incidence of bark borer.
In fixed plot survey, severe incidence of leaf miner was recorded in

July, September, November and December months, while severe infestation
of Papilio demolells caterpillars and leaf eating weevils was observed in July,
November and December months. Snow scales were in severe form on trunks
of 10% of acid lime plants. Parasitisation of Papilio caterpillars by Apantales
sp. was observed up to 5%.
In the studies on biology and population dynamics of major citrus

pests, severe incidence of leaf miner was observed from July to September
and November to first fortnight of March and low incidence in second fortnight
of March and in May. There was no incidence of leaf miner in October,
April and June months. Stray incidence of psyllids was noticed during
December, February and May months and zero incidence in the remaining
months.
Spraying fenvalerate 0.005% twice was very effective in reducing the

incidence of leaf miner.
Plallt Patizology
Nine Sathgudi and three acid lime orchards were surveyed in Anantapur
and Chittoor districts for the incidence of diseases. Mosaic, canker, twig
blight, root rot, Diplodia gummosis, greening and tristeza diseases were
observed in 5, 8, 4, 2, 1, 2 and 2 Sathgudi orchards respectively, while zinc
and magnesium dificiencies and sun bum were observed in 9, 1, and 2 orchards
respectively.
234
All the three acid line orchards showed mild twig blight and canker
diseases, while bark eruption, bark and wood splitting and iron deficiency
were noticed in two orchards each. .
In fixed plot survey, canker was severe on acid lime during July and
August '92, moderate in December'92 and June, 1993 and mild in remaining
months. On Sathgudi severe incidence of canker was observed in June '93
and mild to moderate incidence in the remaining months. Mild to moderate
incidence of twig blight was observed on both acidlime and Sathgudi trees
throughout the year. Maximum increase in volume of acid lime trees, besides
least weight of dead twigs was recorded in trees where pruning followed by
one spray of bavistin 0.1 % followed by one spray of copper oxychloride 0.3%
followed by foltaf 0.2% were given.
The trees receiving four sprays of dithane M-45 (0.25%) and bavistin
(0.1 %) recorded less number of pre-harvest stem end rot diseased fruits.
Canker on acidlime was effectively controlled by pruning followed by

one spray of copper oxychloride (0.3%) followed by 4 sprays with copper
oxychloride (0.3%) + streptocycline 100 ppm or dithane M-45 (0.2%) + copper
oxychloride (0.3%). In cross protection trial against tristeza, uninoculated
acid lime seedlings recorded the highest tree volume (68.9 m3) andJruit yield
(722 fruits/tree) followed by mild strain inoculated trees (39.0 m.) and 539
fruits).
5.1.3.2 Petlur
Crop lmproivemellt
Seeds of high yielding acidlime plants from nearby areas were collected
and nursery was raised and seedlings were trasplanted in secondary nursery
beds. Nucellar acid lime seedlings of uniform size were selected from the
nursery and planted in an area of 6.58 ha.
Extensive survey was carried out to identify high yielding lime trees
and nutritional disorders in acid lime orchards. During survey, an acid lime
plant which is highly tolerant to canker with different morphological characters
in leaf shape and size was identified in a garden at Pallipadu of Balayapalli
mandaI.
235
Plaut Pathology
Several citrus orchards were visited, their problems identified and

suitabie remedial measures were suggested to the orchardists.
5.1.4 Cashew
Cashew research is can-ied out at Bapatla and Kavali, the former being
~he centre of All India Coordinated Cashew Improvement project.
5.1.4.1 Bapatla
Crofl Improvemellt
A total of 123 germplasm were maintained, out of which 92 were

multiplied vegetatively and supplied to research stations at Pandirimamidi,
Venkataramannagudem, Aswaraopet, Kadiri and the same were planted
simultaneously at Bapatla.
Among 15 promising germplasm accessions, trees No.71 (49.7kg), 10/4

(48.0kg) and 228 (43.4kg) recorded maximum yields during 1993 with shelling
percentage of more than 28.0.
The secondary selections from the seedling population of T.No.39,

T.No. 56 (Bpp-6) and T.No.l (Bpp-5) were evaluated. The types 3011 (T.No.39),
3/33 (T.No.56) and 10/9 (T.No.I) gave cumulative yields of 352.5 kg, 281.4
kg and 268.4 kg respectively for the last llyears. All the varieties showed
the nut weight above 5 g.
From 8 sets of hybridization crosses made, 380 nuts were obtained.

The success of hybridization ranged from 13.8 to 20.6% with average success
of 16.8%.
The eXlstmg hybrid seedlings were evaluated and those that have
recorded mean yield of 10 kg of nuts/year in 12 years orchard life and having
nut weight of more than 5g were selected. During 1993, Hy.3/28 (T.56 x
MlO/4) gave the maximum yield of 28.0 kg followed by H2/16 (T.No.l x
T.NoAO) with 18.1 kg. Among the different hybrids evaluated 4/1 (16.0 kg),
5/2 (l5.9kg) and 2/3 (14.8kg) were found promising with good yield and nut
weight.
236
In multilocation trial laid out in 1988, entry H2/15 recorded maximum
mean height (2.3 m) followed by VTH 59/2 with 2.1 m. The entry H21l6
recorded maximum girth of 31.0 cm followed by VTH 59/2 (30.0 cm). The
T.No. 129 of Bapatla recorded 1.25 kg yield.
Among the three methods of propagation, soft wood grafting is found

as the ideal method under Bapatla conditions. High percentage of success in
soft wood grafting was obtained in the months of December (72.8%), January
(73.5%) and February (61.7%). In veneer grafting, maximum percentage of
success was obtained in the months of November (28.3%), December (26.3%)
and February (28.6%). In flush grafting also maximum success of 20-34
percent was obtained during November and December months under mist
condition.
Top working by beheading the trees during N ovember-December months

at 1m height and grafting during January -February showed 60-80% success
under Bapatla conditions.
In the root stock studies, root stock T.No.39 has greater success of
75% followed by T.No.40 (72%).
Agrollomy
Soil application of 500, 250, 250 g N, P20S, and K20 respectively per
tree followed by 2% urea and endosulfan spray recorded maximum number
of nuts (1788) and yield (9.6kg) per tree with a shelling percentage of 27.0,
followed by soil application of fertilizers (as above) and 4% urea and endosulfan
spray(8.5 kg nuts/ tree).
Fertilizer application fof 500 g N, 125 g P20S and 125 g. K20 per
tree at 1.5 m away from the trunk increased the cashew yields. Under cashew
based cropping systems, the intercrops Eucalyptus and casuarina are coming
up well.
Elltomology
Neem oil 5% swabbing on the uninfested trunk during April month

was observed to act as a good prophylactic measure in keeping away the borer
attack upto 90 days and recording a minimum of 3.33% trees susceptible after
120 days. All the neem products i.e. neem oil 5%, neem seed kernel extract
237
5%, neem cake extract 5% and sevidol4 G fared well as prophylactic measure
for borer attack upto 90 days, recording no infestation.
Studies on bio-ecology of pests indicated that increase in temperature

was favourable for multiplication of all fruit pests i.e. Lamida moncusalis
(H'ebbeJ) ,Hipotima haligramma (shoot tip caterpillar) and 'Nephoteryx sp. (nut
borer). Leaf miner incidence increased with decline in temperatures, while
infestation of L. moncusalis on leaves was negatively correlated with relative
humidity. Maximum outbreak of Plocaoderusferrugineus was recorded during
May to July and continued upto October-November months in rainy season
and decreased in summer months.
Among the germplasm lines, mInImUm popUlation of weevils was

recorded in T.No. 274,286, 244, 232 and 231 ranging from 0 to 1.0. Minimum
percentage (3.8 and 4.0) of leaf miner was recorded in T.No. 232 and 71,
while T.No.277 recorded maximum susceptibility. Neem cake extract 5%
treated trees recorded maximum reduction in percentage damage to shooot
tips by H haligramma, population of weevils, and H haligramma per lateral
mimimum percent damaged nuts by moncusalis (1.2) and NephotelYx.sp (1.52).
Spraying monocrotophos 0.05% (first spray) followed by endosulfan 0.15%
(second spray) was equally effective. All the neem products tried performed
well in recording higher yields, out of which maximum yield (10.35 kg/tree)
was obtained in neem cake extract treated followed by neem seed kernel
treated trees.
5.1.4.2 Kavali
Eight cashew varieties viz. BPP 1 to 6, 8 and 9 were collected from

Bapatla and planted on 1-3-92. The plants are coming up well.
5.1.4.3 Pandirimamidi
Out of 12 varieties brought from Bapatla, BPP2, BPP3 and BPP4

established well and recorded 5 to 6 kg of nuts/ tree at the young age 4 years.
5.1.5 Guava
5.1.5.1 Sangareddy
Among the 22 hybrids evaluated, 8/4 Safed Jam X Apple form gave
the highest fruit yield (53 kg/tree) followed by 3/6 Red fleshed (48kg), 5/14
238
Red fleshed (40kg) and 10/6 Safed jam X Seedless (40 kg). In girth, heighi
and spread, the hybrids 1016 Safed Jam X Seedless and 5114 Red fleshed
appeard to be vigorous.
5.1.5.2 Chintapalle
Among the three vanetles of guava viz., Kohir Safeda. Allah:!i-:: j

Safeda and Lucknow 49 evaluated, Allahabad Safeda gave higher yield of 18
tlha at 5 years age.
Of the four varieties evaluated viz., Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49.

Kohir Safeda and Lucknow Seedless (LxS). Allahabad Safeda and Luckno\\'
49 varieties were found promising at 4 years age.
5.1.6 Watermelon
Among the 8 hybrids evaluated. Santrupti registered the highest fruit

yield (45.1 tlha) followed by Nath 102 (34.9 t/ha) and MHW 6 ( 34.6 t/11a).
However, maximum incidence of fruit fly 03.::-'%) \vas observed in Santrupti
followed by Nath 102 (8.8%).
5.1.6.2 Vijayarai
Variety Arka Manik gave the highest yield in all the four months of
planting i.e. October (38.3 tlha). November (36.7 t/ha), December (29.2 tlha)
and January (18.3 tlha) over Sugar Baby (27.2. 27.1. 23.6 and 16.5 v'ha
respectively in the above plantings). However. Sugar Baby recorded higher
TSS of 9%, 9.8%, 11.2% and 11.5% in October, November, December and
January plantings as against 8.4%, 10.2%,9.2% and 10.8% recorded by Arka
Manik.
5.1.6.3 Anantarajupct
Among five \vatermelon varieties. Arka Manik came to flowering early

and gave higher yield (15.0 tlha) followed by Madhu (13.0 tlha ) and Milan
(11.0 tlha). Sugar Baby produced fruits with high TSS of 12.0%.
239
5.1.7. Muskmelon
5.1.7.1 Anatarajupeta
Variety Sona gave higher yield (12.0 t/ha) with sweet fruits (TSS 10%)
followed by Hara Madhu (10.0 t/ha) and Punjab hybrid (9.5 t/ha).
5.1.8 Coconut
5.1.8.1 Ambajipet
Research on coconut is carried out at Ambajipet, where the AICRP on

palms is also located.
Crop Improvemellt
Among 13 cultivars, including two hybrids and East coast tall, evaluated,
the highest nut yield per palm per year was recorded in Laccadive ordinary
(124 nuts), while maximum cumulative yield per palm since 1980-81 was
obtained in Phillippines ordinary (1511 nuts) followed by Laccadive ordinary
(1294 nuts), Java (1101 nuts) and Fiji (1078 nuts). The hybrids W.C.TaU X
e.o. Dwarf and e.O. Dwarf x W.C.Tall gave 1176 and 1046 nuts respectively.
Copra content per nut was highest in Andaman ordinary (272.3 g), whereas
highest copra yield per palm per year was recorded in Phillippines ordinary
(24.4 kg.).
Out of9 promising varieties studied, the hybrid C.O. Dwarf x W.C.Tall
recorded the highest nut yield per palm (63 nuts), whereas the highest cumulative
yield per palm was obtained in East Coast Tall (553 nuts). Phillipines ordinary
gave maximum copra per nut (217.7 g), while East Coast Tall x Ganga bondam
registered the highest copra yield per palm per year (13.5 kg).
Evaluation of hybrid coconuts showed that Gangabondam x Laccadive

ordinary gave superior nut yield per palm per year (35 nuts) and also cumulative
nut yield per palm (130 nuts).
Agrollomy alld Soil Sciellce
Studies on Economics of NPK fertilizer for East Coast Tall in alluvial

soils of Godavari delta indicated that the palm receiving 0.5 kg N, 0.75 kg
P20S and 0.75 kg K20 gave the highest nut yield per palm, whereas maximum
240
cumulative yield was recorded in the palms receiving 1.5 kg N, 0.25 kg P20s
and 0.75 kg K20. However, highest copra content per nut (182.6 g) and
copra yield per palm per year (17.2 kg) were obtained from the palms receivino
lkg. N, 0.5 kg P20S and 1.5 kg K20 per palm. e
Studies on high density multi species cropping pattern in coconut garden

indicated that model I (coconut + pepper, cocoa, banana, pine apple and
cinnamon), increased the coconut yield and 15 8 nuts/palm/year as against the
pretreatment yield of 72 nuts. Model II gave an yield of 148 nuts/palm/year
as against pretreatment yield of 70 nuts. The control recorded 73 nuts in
1992-93 and 68 nuts during pre-treatment period.
Out of five cacao hybrids studied as intercrop in coconut, NC- 42/94

was found precocious and came to flowering early.
El1tomology
Seven species of parasitoids of coconut black headed caterpillar were

mass multiplied in the laboratory on alternate host Corcyra cephalonica and
on the natural host Opisina arenosella. About 17.4 millions of parasitoids
were reared, of which 10.7 millions \vere supplied to the farmers.
Beetle, Parena nigrolineata was observed to be an important predator

of black headed caterpillar and major activity of adult beetles and grubs was
noticed during March and December months of the year.
The parasitisation by Bethylid was 0.3% and nil by Braconid prior to

release of parasitiods, Goniozlls nephantidis and Bracon hebator. Inundative
release of larval parasitoids increased the parasitisation from 0 to 62% with
84% suppresiion of population of black headed caterpillar.
Coconut spathe damage by the beetle, O,yctes rhinoceros decreased

from 2 to 0% a year after the release of baculivorus inoculated beetles.
Plallt Pathology
Imposition of management practices on Tatipaka diseased coconut

gardens showed increase in number of leaves and leaf length, besides marginal
improvement in the nut yield.
241
Seedlings inoculated with Vijayarai isolate of Ganoderma (isolated
from infected roots) showed loss of turgidity, withering and drying up of outer
whorl of leaves. Higher soil temperatures from March to June favoured spread
and intensity of Ganoderma wilt disease leading to death of palms.
All the 30 cultivars under test against Ganoderma wilt disease were
found susceptible and have shown typical bleeding symptoms. In this trial
all the 5 plants died in 10 of the 30 varieties tested, while three each are
surviving in St. Vincent-op and St. Vincent-IC and one or two in the remaining
vllfieties.
In the trial initiated in 1988, treating the infected palms with neem
cake Aureofungin Soil + Bordeaux mixture was found to be effective in
reducing the disease severity, while neem cake + carbendazim appeared to be
effective in the trial stmted in 1990.
The package of practices adopted in Demonstration cum-management

blocks were observed to be effective in checking the spread of Ganoderma
wilt disease.
5.1.8.2 Vijayarai
In the studies on coconut based cropping systems the performance of

cacao. banana and pine-apple in coconut gardens was satisfactory. Cinnamon
among spicies and spinach among vegetables performed well.
5.1.9 Oil Palm
5.1.9.1 Vijayarai
In the studies intiated in August 1988 on the adaptability of oilpalm

to the Krishna-Godavari tract, emergence of male and female inflorescences
was observed at 10 and 14th months after planting. About 41 % of male and
51 % of female inflorescences were observed during March to May, 1993.
IvIaximum yield of 20.17 q/ha FFB (fresh fruit bunches) was recorded
with 800 + 400 + 1800 g of N, P20S and K20 per palm per year as against
9.~6 q/ha fresh fruit bunches obtained with no fertilizer application.
242
Among irrigation treatments, drip irrigation recorded the maximum
yield of 18.71 q/ha, followed by conventional irrigation (17.46 q/ha) as against
no irrigation (14.15 q/ha).
In another trial planted on 20-12-1989, 32% male and 85% female

inflorescences were observed during March,1993.
Elltomology
Studies on pest complex of oilpalm indicated extensive damage to the

crown by Rhinoceros beetle and to the ripened fruits by the avian pest, jungle
crmv.
Weevils liberated by the Entomologist, CPCRI, Palo de during December.

1990 are thriving and multiplying satisfactorily and helping in pollination.
fruit set and higher yield.
5.1.9.2 Ambajipct
Elltomology
On oilpalm, seven insect pests were recorded including two new records
viz., a hom caterpillar Elynmias hypermneslra undularis and leaf eating
caterpillar Phalaera sp. A larval parasitoid Apanteles sp. was recorded on
hom caterpillar.
Plallt Pat/Zology
Leaf spots due to Helminthosporium or Camptomeria were observed

at Agricultural Research Station, Vijayarai. Attempts to bring the organism
into culture were not successful so far. Boron and magnesium deficiencies
were recorded on oilpalm at Vijayarai.
Sixty Tanera hybrid red oilpalms planted two years back were evaluated.
Growth of the plants was satisfactory and male flowers were observed in the
month of June i.e., 23 months after planting.
243
5.2 ARID ZONE FRUITS
The All India Co-ordinated Research Project for arid zone fruits is
loc:1tcd at Anantapur and research is being calTied out on ber, pomegranate,
custard apple, fig, and other miscellaneous fruits, besides observational trials
at other re:::earch stations.
5.2.1 Ecr
5.2:1.1 Anantapm'
Crop [II1[1rOl'emcllt
Different promising varieties of ber were screened for their adaptability

under rain fed conditions in the scarce rain fall zone. In germplasm evaluation,
Gola and Kaithili recorded higher fruit yields (25.0 and 24.7 kg/plant
rc~pcctively). The variety Gola had the highest fruit weight (25 g), more pulp
(17.5 g/fruit) and TSS(15%) compared to Gangaregu (11.5 g of pulp/fruit and
12.4% TSS).
In ber varietal trial,Gangaregu recorded the highest yield (33.2 kg/plant)

follO\ved by Gola (22.58 kg/plant) and Kaithili (20.37 kg/plant). The pulp
\\'cight and TSS were highest in Gola (19.2 g/fruit and 15.5%) and lowest in
Gallgaregll (11.5 g/ fruit and 12.4%).
Studies to find out the optimum catchment area for a plant for maximum
utiii:::Cltion of rain water indicated that highest fruit yield (26.14 kg/plant) was
obtained with 100% normal spacing (6x 6 m) without slope.
Plallt Pathology
Powdery mildew disease was effectively controlled by spraying karathanc

0.1% (PDI 7.9) followed by bavistin 0.1% (P.D.I. 9.1) comapred to control
(POI 45.7).
!:.'molllology
Spraying insecticides thrice (first spray at pea stage with monocrotophos

0.03%, second spray at 15 days after first spray with fenthion 0.5% and third
spray at 15 days after second spray with carbary 1 0.1 %) reduced the incidence
244
of fruit borer and fruit fly to 12.62 and 14.4% respectively from 27.05 and
19.08% in unsprayed control.
Among 6 chemicals tested against fruit borer, monocrotophos 0.03%

and dimethoaEs 0.03% were most effective, recording 82.35% and 69.46%
borer control respectively.
Among the seven fungicides tested, topsin M (0.1 %) was found superior
in controlling powdery mildew on ber, followed by karathane (0.1 %),
cabendazim (0.1 %) and sulfex (0.2%).
5.2.2 Pomegranate
5.2.2.1 Anantapur
Crop Improvement
In germplasm evaluation Ganesh variety gave the highest fruit yield

(4.8 kg/plant) followed my Muscat (3.5 kg/plant) while highest fruit weight
was recorded in G.K.V.K.l (228g). Maximum T.S.S. (15.5%) was obtained
by Madakasira local from Anantapur, whereas juice was highest in Ganesh
(46%) followed by Madakasira (44%).
Among the ten varieties tested in varietal trial, Madakasira gave the
highest fruit yield (2.92 kg/plant) followed by Ganesh (3.8 kg/plant).
Agrollomy
Better soil moisture conservation was found even after 20 days of

irrigation in the basins mulched with paddy husk to a thickness of 8 em.
followed by groundnut husk.
In the studies on drip irrigation, higher grO\vth and fruit yields were
obtained where 30% area was wetted in alternate day irrigation with three
drippers per plant.
245
Plallt Pathology
Of the six fungicides tested for the control of fruit spot disease, blitox
(0.4%) and topsin M. (0.1 %) gave lowest PDI (5.73%) followed by bavistin
(0.1 %) as against control (28.26 PDI).
Cercospora and Alternaria leaf spots and ColletotrichulJl spot on fruit

were observed to be severe during November, December and January months.
5.2.3 Custard Apple
Anantapur
Crop Improvement
Among the thirteen selections in custard apple, Rayadurg gave the

highest yield (23 fruits/plant) and found suitable to drought conditions.
Among the three methods of propagation techniques, viz., patch budding,

veneer grafting and soft wood grafting, with variety Chance seedling, the
highest graft take was obtained in soft wood grafting (56%) in March, followed
by veneer grafting (44%) in March. There was no success in the case of
patch budding from February to May.
Plaut Pathology
Of the ten varieties screened, Pink's mammoth was found to be resistant

to Alternaria leaf spot (PDI 4.5), while Atemoya, Bullock's heart, Islandgem
and Washington were moderately resistant with less than 20 PDI.
5.2.4 Fig
Anantapur
Of the six varieties in germplasm, Poona recorded the highest fruit

yield (72 fruits/plant) followed by Maisram (65 fruits/plant). Highest fruit
weight \vas obtained in variety Poona (29 g), while Shahi recorded the highest
TSS (21 %) followed by Poona. (19%).
246
5.2.5 Pine Apple
Chintapalle
Spraying plano fix @ 1.0 ml/gallon of water on whole plants resulted

in 82.3% flowering within 20 days after spraying.
5.2.6 Jack
5.2.6.1 ChintapaHc
Four varieties of jack, VIZ .• Karja panasa, Thene panasa, Kobbari

panasa and BlIl'ada panasa available in the agency area were ~o!lecteJ ~;;d
maintained in the nursery.
5.2.6.2 Analltarajupeta
Three more varieties viz,. Tirupati Local, Udipi and Panruti \\m
collected and added to the germplasm bringing the total to 14.
5.2.7 Tamarind
Anantarajupeta
The grafts of two varieties viz., Prathistan and S63 were planted and
their growth was found satisfactory.
5.3 VEGETABLE CROPS
Research on vegetable crops is being carried out mainly at Rajendranagar,

where the lCAR Coordinated Research Project on Vegetables is located. It
is also conducted at a few other horticultural research stations of the University.
5.3.1 Brinjal
A total of 142 lines were transplanted in February, 1993 for purification

of segregating lines by selfing. The selfed seeds were collected and preserved
for further utilization.
247
Among different pesticides tested against pest complex of brinjal,
ethofenprox @ 50 g. a.i.lha gave the highest yield of 16.67 tlha followed by
carbaryl X LR 48 F@ 800 g a.i./ha (16.5 tlha). The latter reduced the aphid
population to 5.67/plant and fruit borer damage to 8.82% from 28.67/plant
~lIld 22.57% respectively in untreated control.
i\ mong 177 cultures of brinjal screened, 57 cultures were free from

littk leaf disease.
5.3.1.2 Vijayarai
Of the 39 varieties tested, none was free from the fruit borer. The
incidence of fruit borer varied from 12.2% to 56.6% on differem varieties.
Only one variety, NOB 2 (12.2%) recorded less than 20% incidence of ti·uit
borl:r. All the 11 accessions received from NBPGR,New Delhi were highly
sllsceptible to little leaf disease.
5.3.1.3 Tirupati
Brinjal proved to be more remunerative than other vegetables grown

under run off collection of rain water.
5.3.2 Tomato
5.3.2.1 Rajcndranagar
Among 10 varieties evaluated in PYT, C 11-9 gave maximum yield

(30.6 tlha) followed by LE 77 (28.5 tlha) and APAU Sel -2 (27.3 tlha) than
PED (2l.2 tlha). Of the 96 lines of tomato germplasm tested during rabi,
Sel-2 out yielded (50.9 tlha) rest of the lines.
Plallt Pathology
During kharif, tomato was subjected to attack by TS\VV, wilts and

fruit rot resulting in 70-80% damage, while in rabi, powdery mildew, leaf
spots and leaf curl ranged from 5 to 50%.
Among the 9 fungicides tested, bavistin 0.1 % and topas 0.05% recorded
less incidence of powdery mildew (18.99% and 26.6%) and higher yields of
41.01 and 40.11 q/ha respectively.
248
Of the 63 cultures screened against TSWV and leaf curl, 30 cultures
were free from TSWV, while other cultures showed 8-50% infection ofTSWV.
Incidence of TSWV was morc in khar~{, while leaf curl was more in summer.
Seed treatment with thiride @ 2 g/kg seed or captan @ 2 g/kg seed

or copper oxychloride @ 3 g/kg seed controlled damping off disease effective Iv
in the nurseries of tomato, brinjal and chilli. .
Entomology
Spraying inscctiides at the first sight of egg/ larva rcorded least incidence
of fruit borer indicating that the first sight of egg or larva is the economic
threshold level for tomato fruit borer.
5.3.2.2 Vijayarai
Studies on influence of time of planting on yield of tomato varieties

indicated that Arka Vikas gave higher yields of 10.0, 29.2,30.8 and 27.7 tlha
respectively when planted in September, October, November and December
months, whereas variety Marutham recorded higher yields in July (8.0 tlha).
August (7.3 t/ha) and January (18.63 t/ha) plantings.
In varietal screening, Pusa Ruby gave the highest yield of 33.66 tlha
and was on par with Col-I 12 (33.2 tlha), Ec 1291711PL(31.36 tlha) and Col
94(31.23 tlha).
5.3.2.3 Nandyal
In the spacing-cum-manurial trial of rinfed tomato, higher yields of

12.06 tlha were obtained with a spacing of 60 x 60 cm and a manurial dose
of 60 N+30 P+30 K kglha.
5.3.3 Bhendi
Evaluation of 26 germplasm lines resulted in identification of APAU

0-11-1, APAU 0-13, APAU 0-16, APAU 0-21, APAU 0-25 and APAU 0-26
as resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus. (YVMV).
249
Among the 18 okra varieties screened, HRB 9-2, P-7, ARCH 2, Arka
Anamika and XHE 002, were found to be highly resistant to YVMV disease,
while XHE 002 (75.0 q/ha) , GOH 4 (75.0 q/ha) and Arka Anamika (66.5
qlha) recorded higher yields.
Spraying of topas 0.05%, karathane 0.1% and bayleton 0.05% gave

good control of powdery mildew disease of okra and recorded higher yields
of 61.0, 49.2 and 47 q/ha respectively.
5.3.3.2 Vijayarai
Of the 36 varieties screened, variety PS 2 was free from the incidence

of fruit borer. In all other varieties, the fruit borer incidence ranged from
5.5% (IC 52322) to 89.9% (LHS 1). With regard to YVMV, varieties IC
10265 and PS 2 were free from infection.
5.3.4 Beans
Rajend ranagar
Among the 108 germplasm lines evaluated, 12 were white seeded, 42

black seeded and 54 red seeded. DLL 11 (6.6kg/vine) and DLL 66 (6.0
kg/vine) in early duration types (80-100 days), DLL 34 (6.75 kg/vine) in
medium duration types (101-130 days) and DLL 35 (5.8 kg/vine) in long
duration types (above 130 days) were found to be superior in yield.
5.3.5 Peas
RajelU/rallagar
Among nine varieties evaluated, PB 29 (b) 1.4 gave the highest yield
of 11.0 tlha and was significantly superior to Bonneville (7.3 tlha). Least
infestation of fruit borer was observed in Bonneville (8.6%). Among the eight
varieties screened against powdery mildew, IP 71, IP 83 and FC 1 were
resistant to the disease, while IP 71, IP 83 and KS 226 gave higher yields of
31.1, 28.9 and 30.4 q/ha respectively.
250
5.3.6 Cabbage and Cauliflower
Rajendranagar
Of the five cabbage varietieslhybrids evaluated during rabi, Ganesh

Gol was found promising with an yield of 37.3 t/ha. In cauliflower, among
the four varietieslhybrids tested, Indian Early was promising with an yield of
20.0 t/ha.
5.3.7 Gourds
Rajendranagar
Among short and medium duration cultures of ridge gourd, LA 12

(l3 t/ha) and LA 17 (16 t/ha) respectively were outstanding in yield.
Of the 27 varieties of bottle gourd evaluated, LS 21 and LS 9 gave

higher yields of 28.3 and 26.8 t/ha respectively. Varieties LS 1, 19, 26 and
35 were free from mosaic and leaf spot diseases.
5.3.8 Pumpkins
Rajendranagar
Ten varieties of pumpkin were evaluated under rainfed conditions and

CM 50 (28.8 t/ha) followed by CM 39 (23.8 t/ha) were found high yielding
and suitable for Southern Telangana Zone. Variety CM 50 (Chandrika) was
consistently superior over all other varieties and is recommended for State
level release.
Out of 57 pumpkin cultures screened against red pumpkin beetle, 13

cultures were free from the damage.
5.3.9 LEAFY VEGETABLEs
Rajendranagar
The performance of five Basella (mountain spinach) selections was

studied, of which MS 1 gave maximum leaf yield of 1850 g/plant in 60-75
days. The quality of MS 1 was good even after flowering and seed set.
251
Among the eight Palak types evaluated during kharif, SS 1571 recorded
the highest leaf yield of 32 tlha followed by MS 5 (30.4 t/ha).
In Rosella, 69 lines were evaluated during kharif and in the vegetable

green types the highest leaf yield was obtained in SS 1598 (528 g/plant)
followed by PSR 662 (510 g/plant). The yield in red types ranged from 180
to 400 gmlplant.
Of the six Amaranthus varieties evaluated in AYT, MSA 4 gave

siQnificantly higher leaf yields of 20.2 t/ha in kharif and 23.2 t/ha in summer
seasons.
5.3.10 Cooking melons (Cucumber) and Snap melons
Among the five culinary cooking melon cultures tested in AYT, MS

43 and MS 44 gave higher yields both in kharif (22.3 and 22.2 t/ha) and
summer (43.2 tlha each) seasons. Among the three table types (snap melons),
;\1S 13 recorded the highest yields of 16.4 t/ha and 23.5 tlha in kharif and
summer seasons respectively. MS 43 and MS 13 are proposed for release.
Of the 36 lines of cooking melons evaluated, MS 72 gave the highest

yield (46.1 t/ha) followed by MS 68 (44.3 tlha) and MS 73 (43.5 tlha). MS
71 and MS 79 were found free from the infestation by fruit fly, while MS
44, MS 12 and MS 84 recorded low incidence of 1.32%, 2.03% and 3.13%
of fruit fly respectively.
Among the 9 lines of cooking melons tested under rainfed conditions,

MS 43 gave the highest yield of 21.0 tlha, followed by MS 44 (20.8 tlha).
5.4. TUBER CROPS
5.4.1. Sweet potato
Ranjendranagar
Among the 11 varieties tested in rabi lET trial, X 108-2 recorded

significantly superior yield (23.85 t/ha) by/ 105th DAP, followed by Samrat
and 82-6 (22.92 and 20.14 tlha respectively). Among the two stages of harvest,
105th DAP was significantly superior over 90 DAP.
252
Out of 8 promising varieties tested in uniform regional trial, S30/21 a
white skinned and open pollinated variety of APAU gave the highest yield
(25.97 t/ha), closely followed by OP/23 (25.69 t/ha) and 851168 (24.72 tlha).
Higher tuber yields were obtained with 1/3 and 2/3 dose of N supplemented
with 2 kglha Azospirillum (vine dipping) (23.15 and 21.64 t/ha respectively)
and gave highest net returns (Rs. 29,458 and 27,048Iha) and cost benefit ratios
(1 :56 and 1:49).
5.4.2. Colocasia
5.4.2.1. Rajendranagar
In the initial evaluation trial, NDC 2 (2004 t/ha) followed by selection-I

(19.7 t/ha) and Satamukhi (1904 tlha) recorded significantly higher yields over
other 5 varieties tested.
Maximum tuber yield (16.5 t/ha) was obtained when green manure
crop cowpea was taken as intercrop in colocasia and incorporated into the soil
before flowering, followed by french bean as intercrop (16.2 t/ha). However.
maximum net returns were obtained when colocasia was intercropped with
french beans (Rs 28,870Iha) followed by sole crop of colocasia (Rs 21, 770/ha).
5.4.2.2. Kovvur
Thirty two collections of colocasia from the plains of West Godavari

and agency areas of East Godavari districts and five collections from regional
centre of CTCRI, Bhubaneswar were added to the germplasm raising the
total number of entries to 65.
Of the 10 varieties evaluated, Kovvur Sel. 2 gave the highest yield

(21.09 t/ha) followed by Kovvur Sel-l (20.57 t/ha), C 266 (19.89 tlha) and
C137 (19.2 t/ha ). Corms planted horizontally in the first week of April gaye
the highest corm weight per plant (2.13 kg) and yield (59.72 t/ha), which was
significantly superior to May and June months of planting and on par with
corms planted vartically in the first week of April (2.08 kg/plant and 57.92
tlha).
253
5.4.3. Tapioca
Peddapuram
In the coordinated unifrom regional trial of the five varieties tested, H

226 registered higher tuber yield (59.3 tlha), followed by H 165 (58.6 tlha).
In the onfarm trials also H 226 recorded superior yield (22.0 tlha)
over the local (16.2 t/ha).
Twenty three non-edible and 18 edible germplasm collections were

maintained and evaluated. H 17/78, H 1259 and H 972 among non- edible
collections and M 4 and Vizag from edible collections appeared to be promising
for yield.
5.4.4 White yam
Rajendranagar
Among the five varieties evaluated, I 146 (45.0 t/ha) followed by U

195(2) (40.0 t/ha) recorded higher yields.
5.4.5 POTATO
Chintapalle
Among five varieties tested,Kufri Sindhuri (25.8 tlha) and Kufri Lalima
(25.6 tlha) were found promising.
5.4.6 RADISH
5.4.6.1 Chintapalle
Of the eight varieties of radish evaluated Pus a Reshmi (19.8 tlha)

recorded higher yield over others.
5.4.6.2 Bapatla
Among the seven varieties tested, Long white, Bapatla local and Japanese
white recorded more root length and root weight.
254
5.5 SPICES
5.5.1 Chillies
5.5.1.1 Lam
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam is the lead centre for

research on chillies. Research work in chillies is also in progress at Malyal.
Crop Improvement
About 289 chilli germplasm lines were evaluated and 323 single plants
with distinct characters were selected for furher study.
In hybridization work to develop high yiclding/pest and disease resistant

varieties, 202 hybrid progenies were studied and promising single plants wcre
selected. The progenies of 04 x 315, CA 960 x 315 and 04 x Hot pepper
were prolific. .
In yield and quality evaluation trial, out of 3 8 lines evaluated, LCA304,

LCA 324, LCA 305 and LCA 308 were promising.
The cultures LCA 408, 404 and 407 recorded higher yields in paprika
varietal trail. LCA 305, 304 and 324 performed well among the 11 varieties
tested in advanced yield trial. Among them LCA 305 was proposed for release,
while LCA 304 and 324 were proposed for minikit testing. Among varieties
and hybrids tested in coordinated trials, Tejaswini (16.3 q/ha) and Hybrid 1
(16.3 q/ha) among the hybrids and PKM 1 (25.5 q/ha), RHRC 16-5 (22.65
q/ha) and LCA 304 (20.29 q/ha) among varieties gave higher dry pod yields.
CA 219, LCA 304 and Sel-l wcre free from viral disease.
Elltomology
The incidence of mites was heavy during this year and entries, DPLCI,
LCA 304.. LeA 303, LI 13.. and LCA 235 recorded less incidence of mitcs
(2.24 to 2.98 mean number of mites/leaf) as compared to the check G4(3.72/leaf).
Germplasm lines CA 219, LCA 304, LCA 305 and DPLCI recorded less
number of thrips (l.5 - 1.9 thrips!S leaves), while check G4 recorded 2.86
thrips/5 leaves. Entries BC 21-2, LIC 18, LCA 306, LCA 235 and OT 5
recorded less than 10% pod damage due to pod borers, as against 14.55% on
the check G 4.
255 .
Foliar application of triazophos and acephate at both the concentrations
i.e., 750 g a.i./ha and 500 g a.i./ha were effective in controlling thrips. Similarly
mites were significantly controlled by triazophos @ 750 g and 500 g a.i./ha,
followed by thiodocarb at the same concentrations. Less pod borer damage
(5.07%) was noticed when thiodocarb 750 g a.i./ha was applied followed by
pyraclophos @ 750 g a.i./ha (5.15%). Application ofthiodocarb @ 750 g and
500 g ai/ha gave superior yields, followed by triazophos @ 750 g and 500 g
a.i.lha.
Plant Pathology
Highest incidence of viral disease was observed in thrips released plots

(14.35%) , followed by in aphids released plot (9.62%). The aphid transmitted
viral disorder exhibited interveinal chlorosis and stunted plant growth and was
more pronounced under heavy rain conditions. The thrip transmitted viral
disease exhibited yellowing and mottling of leaves and upward curling of leaf
margins and the symptoms were more pronounced during dry spell conditions.
Survey of chilli growing areas indicated 15-20% viral incidence as

compared to 50% incidence in previous year. The varieties G 3, Kiran, LCA
315, LeA 324 and LeA 304 showed field resistance to virus complex. Wilt
due to Fusarium sp. (10-15% incidence), powdery mildew (Levelillula taurica)
in severe form (50%) were observed in Khamrnam, Karirnnagar and Warangal
districts. Bacterial leaf spot was recorded in coastal districts (5 -10%).
The entries LCA 315, LCA 304, LeA 308, OT3, OT4, OT2, Ee
119981, EC 188553 and LEC 16 showed resistance to viral complex. Seed
treatment with carbendazim (0.05%), followed by two foliar sprayings of
carbendazim (0.05%) at 3 weeks interval was found effective in checking both
die-back and fruit rot. Soil application of furadan 3 G at 1 kg a.i./ha to nursery
and to the main field at 15 days after transplanting was effective in checking
spread of viral complex.
Biochemistry
Ascorbic acid was highest in red chillies than in green chillies. Capsaicin
content was high in LCA 235 (0.585%) and LCA 324 (0.455%), while oleoresin
was high in LCA 324 (13.6%) and LeA 254 (13.2%).
256
Retention of pod colour and oleoresin content \vas more in pods which
were dried in drier followed by pods treated with 2.5% NaC03. Loss of colour
and oleoresin was observed in sun dried pods.
Varieties JCA 283, Pusa Jwala, LCA 235 and PKM 1 contained high
per cent capsaicin (0.52% to 0.65%), while SC 14-2, and RHRC 16 5 had
high oleoresin content (14.4%) followed by Pusa .Twala (13.8%) and LCA 235
(14.0%).
5.5.1.2 Podalakur
Plallt pathology
Survey on chilli diseases conducted in the villages of Podalakur, Rapur,

Chejerla and Kaluvoy mandals revealed that the die-back and furit rot disease
was prevalent in all the villages (5-50% incidence), while the leaf spot incidence
varied from 5-10%. Maximum incidence of die-back and fruit rot was observed
in Lingampalli village. Virus incidence was not observed in any of the villages
surveyed.
5.5.1.3 MALYAL
Among the chilli genotypes evaluated, LCA 308 recorded significantly

higher yield (17.79 q/ha) of dry chilli against popualr culture LCA 235 (9.35
q/ha), LCA 206 (13.08 q/ha), LCA 229 (11.4 q/11a) , CA 960 (8.94 q/ha) and
G4 (11.02 q/ha). The yields were low due to heavy incidence of viruses and
blossom midge.
Among the insecticides sprayed at 10 days interval against blossom

midge (Asphondyfia capsici), chlorpyriphos @ 0.05% recorded the lowest
incidence (yield loss of 157 kg/ha) followed by carbaryl 50 WP (195 kg/ha),
in G4 variety.
Quinolphos @ 0.05% sprayed at 10 days interval recorded less mite

infested plants (14.3%) as against phosalone (9.9%), whereas monocrotophos,
methyldemeton, acephate, carbaryl, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were found
to increase the mite affected plants (89.2 to 100%) compared to untreated
control (82.96%).
Out of 25 genotypes evaluated against the blossom midge, LCA 315

and G4 were found· to be less susceptible.
257 .
5.5.1.4 Chintapalle
Pusa lwala gave superior yield (9.0 tlha green chillies) in adaptive
trial.
5.5.1.5 Rajcndranagar
Soil application of furadan G 1.0 kg a.i.lha in nursery recorded less

incidence (6.2%) of virus disease on chilli and gave maximum yield (30.8
q!ha) , followed by neem oil repelin 2% spray (4.95% and 24.2 q/ha).
Among 6 hybrids of capsicum evaluated, Kt 1 gave significantly higher

yield (20.5 tlha) with lowest fruit borer incidence (7.8%), followed by California
wonder (19.0 tlha and 10.2% borer incidence).
5.0.2 Co:iandel'
5.5.2.1 Lam
Of the 120 germplasm lines evaluated, ATP 102 (13.2 q/ha), followed
by Gadwal (12.2 qlha) and ATP 77 (12.1 qlha) recorded higher seed yield
over check, Guntur local (9.8 qlha).
Among 13 entries tested in comparative yield trial, No.695 recorded

the highest seed yield (11.4 qlha) , followed by CS 45 (10.8 qlha) and ATP
82 (10.6 q/ha) over Guntur local (7.8 qlha).
5.5.2.2 Nandyal
In coriander varietal trial, CS 4 recorded maximum yield (6.08 qlha),

followed by CS 5 (5.24 qlha). However, the yield differences among varieties
were not statistically significant.
Coriander after kharif groundnut gave higher monetary returns followed

by coriander after greengram. The returns were meagre with sole crop of
coriander.
258
5.5.3 Fenugreek
Lam
Out of seventy germplasm lines evaluated, Lam selection 1 recorded

the highest seed yield (10.7 q/ha) , followed by Pusa Early Branching (10.3
q/ha) and IC 4935 (9.5 qlha) over local check (6.3 qlha).
In comparative yield trial, TG 194 gave maximum yield (9.4 qlha),

followed by HM 46 (8.9 qlha), TG 947 (8.4 qlha) as against 5.8 q/ha recorded
by Guntur local.
5.5.4 Pepper
Research on black pepper is carried out at RARS, Chintapalle.
Crop Improvement
Among the 11 varieties evaluated, Panniyurl recorded maximum yield

(1.8 t/ha) with a gross income of Rs 68,476/ha. In varietal cum fertilizer trial
with varieties Panniyur 1 and Karimunda, application of 75 : 50 : 130 g
NPKJvine was found to be optimum dose from 3rd year and recorded higher
average yield of 530 g of dry pepper/vine i.e., 33% more yield over control
(without fertilizer).
Application of N in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)

gave 29 to 44% increase in dry pepper yields in Kattanadan variety compared
to N given in the form of urea and ammonium sulphate.
Panniyur 1 intercropped with coffee gave an additional income of Rs.

15,6001ha through coffee.
Plant pathology
Percent recovery of Phytophthora foot rot disease affected vines was

more with 1% of Bordeaux mixture soil drench @ 5 .0 l/vine around the basin
and two rounds of foliar spray during July and August. Soil drenching with
Ridomil MZ 72 @ 5 l/vine and two rounds of foliar spray in July and August
gave 86% recovery from foot rot disease.
259
In the pot culture study on biological control of foot rot, treating with
either Trichoderma viride or T.harzianum or foliar spray with Bordeaux mixture
1% or Bordeaux paste application recorded 14% incidence, compared to 34%
incidence in untreated control.
5.5.5 Ginger
Chintapalle
Among the seven varieties of ginger evaluated, three varieties viz., V2

Sl -8 (19.2 tlha), VI S4 -4 (16.9 tlha) and VI SI-8 (15.2 tlha) gave higher
yields and superior to Narsipatnam local.
Planting of ginger on raised mounds recorded least incidence of soft

rot (27.6%) with maximum yield (3.16 tlha) as against 42.8% incidence in
local practice. The per cent increase in yield over control was 30.7% in case
of raised mounds and 34.1 % in case of planting on ridges and furrows. In all
the three methods of planting spraying and soil drenching with 1% Bordeaux
mixture alone or in combination with neem cake (5 kgll0 m2 bed) or with
soil application of carbofuran granules @ 25 giiO m2 bed were found effective
in reducing the soft rot incidence (15-23%) compared to control (34-44%).
5.5.6 Onion and Garlic
5.5.6.1 Malyal
In the varietal trial, onion variety MAC 8 recorded the highest bulk
yield of 9.19 tlha, while in garlic MAS 9 (Nizamabad local) gave the highest
yield of 3.633 tlha.
Among onion varieties, N 53 (21.3 tlha) and Mahalaxmi bright red

(2l.0 t/ha) and in garlics, variety G 282 (19.0 t/ha) were found promising.
260
5.5.7 Turmeric
5.5.7.1 Anantarajupet
Among 26 short duration types, peT 13 was found promising with

fresh rhizome yield of 20.0 t/ha, followed by Ca 14614 (18.0 t/ha) and peT
10 (17.5 tlha).
Out of 35 medium duration types, eli 317 gave the highest rhizome
yield (27.5 tlha) followed by eli 225/5 (25.0 t/ha) and eli 362 (23.7 t/ha).
Among the 31 long duration types evaluated ell 326 recorded the
highest rhizome yield (30.0 t/ha), followed by ell 327 (28.3 t/ha) and ell 324
(25.2 t/ha). ell 326 has been giving consistently higher yield for the last three
years and hence, proposed for release.
Plant Pathology
During the year, incidence of rhizome rot, leaf spot and leaf blotch
were not observed.
5.5.7.2 Chintapalle
Among the 10 varieties of turmeric evaluated, Bhavani Sagar 1 (32.7

t/ha), PTS 24 (31.7 t/ha) and Cll 326 (30.65 t/ha) recorded higher yields.
Variety PTS 10 recorded maximum yield of 30.4 t/ha.
5.5.7.4 Jagtial
Short duration variety peT 13 (Suguna) was well accepted by the

farmers. Out of 4500 plants of irradiated Armoor local, 884 plants resistant
to rhizome rot were selected by raising in rhizome rot sickplot. They are being
tested in multilocations.
In initial evaluation trial, 21A in long duration, Cli 330 in medium

duration and peT 13 in short duration were found promising.
261
From 160 germplasm lines collected from different parts of the country,
promising selections were made (JTS 1,2,3). They will be evaluated further.
5.5.7.5 Malyal
In the varietal evaluation trial, Armoor variety gave the highest yield
(21.3 t of fresh rhizomes per ha) followed by PCT 10 (17.1 tlha) and Cll 317
(15.3 tlha).
5.5.7.6 Kovvur
Turmeric germplasm was collected from various sources during the

year raising the total accessions to 118. Among the germplasm lines evaluated,
entry eli 225/5 recorded maximum mothers weight per plot (8.4 kg), while
peT 10 gave maximum fingers weight per plot (27.0 kg). However, VK 145
recorded the highest mothers weight (0.071 kg) and fingers weight (0.416 kg)
per plant.
5.5.8 Bctclvinc
5.5.8.1 Chintalapudi
Plallt pathology
In fixed plot survey of betelvine gardens in Guntur district maximum

percent disease incidence of Phytophthora leaf spot and foot rot (wilt) was
recorded in the month of February (32.0% wilt) followed by in January and
March (30% each). Minimum percent wilt was recorded in October, 1992.
From April to September, 1992 only leaf spot stage was observed. Anthracnose
disease was maximum in February (13.5%). Bacterial stem canker was high
in the months of May (41.4%) and June (33.5%). Powdery mildew was
recorded for the first time from October to January. Maximum incidence of
sclerotial wilt was recorded in the month of April (30.8%) followed by in
May (23.4%) and June (10.8%).
Roving survey in West Godavari district during pre-monsoon and

post-monsoon seasons was conducted. In pre-monsoon surveys, leaf spot and
wilt due to Phytophthora capsici was maximum in lanka lands of Doddipatla
area of Narsapur division (7.6 to 8.0) and Dommeru area of Kovvur division
(7.2 to 8.5%). Anthracnose leaf spot followed by bacterial leaf spot were next
in importance, while Sclerotial and Fusarium wilts were also observed during
262
survey. Post-monsoon survey indicated increase in foot-rot (wilt) disease in
the area.
Stem inoculation method was found to be the best method for uniform
development of stem rot disease for screening the cultivars against P hytophthora.
Based on stem lesion reaction, cuitivars Godi Bangia Maghai, Pachaikodi and
Holi Sahar Sanchi were found to be tolerant to the disease.
The incidence of wilt disease due to Phytophthora was found to be

minimum when healthy, disease free planting material was used and the
infected planting material was treated with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture, strepto-
cycline 500 ppm and carbofuran 0.3% for 30 minutes before planting.
Repeated isolations from originally Phytophthora leaf spot infected

plants gave consistently Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina on PVPH
selective medium.
An endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. was found to be associated

with betelvine roots. Arbuscules and vesicles were observed in the roots.
Ridomil soil drenching reduced the incidnce _of Phytophthora wilt

(25.35%) significantly followed by Bordeaux mixture (31.9%) aliette (34.96%),
kavach (39.73%) and acorn in (46.5%) compared to untreated plots (91.9%).
Biological control of Phytophthora foot and stem rot disease by the

application of Trichoderma at quarterly intervals gave higher leaf yield,
followed by Trichoderma application at pre and post- monsoon season.
Betelvine crop grown after maize crop recorded the lowest incidence
of Phytophthora wilt disease in two seasons. This practice is recommended
to reduce the wilt disease in Ponnur and other betelvine growing areas of
Andhra Pradesh.
Crop Improvemellt
Twenty four cultures collected from various parts of the country we!e
evaluated for morphological and physiological characters. Tellaku varieties
collected from Ponnur, Utukur, Chintalapudi and Chennur gave more leaf
yield, while the keeping quality of leaves was more in varieties Godi BangIa,
Kali patti, Karapaku, Gachipan, Ramtek Bangia, BangIa nagaram and Nova
263
BangIa. The varieties Pachai Kodi, BangIa, Hali Shahar, Sandri, Gachipan and
Kariel showed tolerance to anthracnose disease.
In intial evaluation trial, Tellaku of APAU outyielded rest of the

cultivars, but was on par with Kulijedu of APAU Sangli Kapoori of Madhya
Pradesh Agricultural University (MPAU) and local check.
Agrollomy
Application of 200 kg Nlhalyear in 6 splits at 60 days interval gave

higher leaf yield than other split applications. Application of Phosphorus at
100 kg P20slhafyear as basal was found to be superior with better vine growth
leaf yield and good keeping quality. Theslow releasing N fertilizers as neem
coated urea and tar coated urea showed no significant advantage compared
to urea on growth, leaf yield, keeping quality of the leaves and incidence of
anthracnose disease.
Application of micronutrients like Zn, Mn and Mo showed no significant

beneficial effect on growth and yield of betel vine.
July to January months are good for transport of betel leaves compared
to April-May months. Packing of leaves leaving hollow space at the centre is
better than solid packing. Among the methods of packing, bamboo basket
lined with moist straw is better than other methods tested.
Among the various drainage practices adopted, the raised bed with
splash irrigation was found to be better for betelvine.
Six new varieties of betelvine were collected during the year, bringing
the total number of germplasm collections to 54. All the 54 varieties were
grouped into two types Kapoori and BangIa types. Among Kapoori types,
Satyavasam gave higher leaf ~ield per plot (4,200/1 Om2), while in BangIa
types Godi BangIa (4,10011 Om ) gave higher leaf yield.
264
5.6 FLOHICUL TURE
5.6.1 Rajcndranagar
In roses 275 varieties, compnsmg of 200 hybrid tea roses, 50

Floribunda and 25 miniature roses and a few tall roses were collected and
maintained. The performance of 165 varieties was assessed. Among hybrid
roses, Century two Colour magica Cynthea, Etema, Pink peace, Red chief,
Red devil, Friendship, Jacaronda and Lady X were superior, for floriferousness,
size of flower and length of stalk, while Sweet surrender, Oklahoma, Paga
meiland and Snow white were most fragrant varieties. In floribunda varieties,
Lutin, Shocking blue, Summer snow and Weeping China doll and in miniature
roses, Star-N-strips, Hombre, Dream glo, Pink spray, Priti and Margokoster
were superior in floriferousness.
Among the five varieties of gladiolus evaluated for export qualities,

CV.Sancere was observed to have maximum plant height (77 cm), spike length
(57 em) and maximum shelflife (10 days), followed by Friendship, Yellow
stone and Rose supreme with 67.5 cm 70.7 em and 72.2 em plant height and
S days shelflife. Among the 20 varieties evaluated in the germplasm of
gladiolus, Cv. Sancere, Arti, Sylvia and Friendship produced longer spikes
than other varieties. Cultivars Suchitra, Yellow stone, Friendship, poonam and
Samcere had 3 days of keeping quality.
Among the 32 varieties of chrysanthemum evaluated, flower size was

maximum in grape bowl (9.16 cm) followed by Kikubiom (S.14 cm) while
higher number of flowers per plant was recorded in IIHR 6 (210) followed
by in Flint (ISO), IIHR 5(165) and Basnati (160). Among nine newly evolved
chrysanthemum varieties Red gold registered maximum flower yield (SOD
kglha), followed by Birbal Sanani, while IIHR Sel 5, IIHR Sel 6 and Redgold
produced large size flowers. A total number of 25 varieties of Gerbero \vere
collected and planted in the field to study their performance.
5.6.2 Chintapallc
Sixteen epiphytic and five terrestrial orchids have been collected and
evaluated. Among the epiphytic ones, Dendrobizwz aphyllum, Cymbidium
aloifoliulll, Aerides, Aerides, ringense and Rhindostylish retrllsa were found
promising with attractive long and coloured inflorescence.
265
A commercial Rose variety yielding maximum cut flowers per plant.
5.7 AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS
5.7.1 Rajendranagar
Germplasm of aromatic and medicinal plants are being maintained.

Jamrose, an aromatic crop is a new addition to the existing germplasm of
aromatic plants. Bharatpur variety of Vetiver collected last year, is performing
well, while Bio 13, a Citronella variety has not established well.
In medicinal plants, Cassia augustifolia and Abelmoschus oschatus

Jr~ the new additions to the existing germplasm. Rauvolfia canaseus and
R.selpentina are performing well.
The herbage and oil yields of lemon grass variety OD 19 and uptake
of N P K increased with increase in the level of N applied from 0 to 150 kg
N/ha and P20S from 30 to 60 kg P20S /ha. Application of 150 kg N + 60
kg P20S per ha gave the highest herbage yields of 9.23 t, 5.93 t and 4.67
tlba and oil yields of 29.5 kg, 20.2 kg and 15.9 kg/ha in 7th, 8th and 9th
cuttings taken during September, 1992, January 1993 and May 1993 respectively.
However, the effect of nitrogen was more pronounced on herbage and oil
yields compared to phosphorus.
5.7.2 Chintapalle
About 150 species of medicinal plant flora were collected and maintained,
which include lemon and citronella grasses. Application of urea @ 20 kg N/ha
I promoted vegetative growth of citronella grass significantly.
266
6.0 POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
Research on Post-harvest technology of field crops is carried out at

Bapatla and in horticultural crops at Rajendranagar and Vijayarai.
6.1 Bapatla
Agricultural Ellgilleerillg
The CIAE dhall mill gave good results for milling black gram. HO\vever
for milling, there are certain limitations like marketability of the finished
produce.
The CIAE groundnut decorticator received very good response from

the farmers and local firms have started fabricating and supplying the same
to the farmers.
The UAS groundnut pod stripper is having some limitations like low
output per manhour. It also lacks safety measures for the feeder.
The PKV chillies dryer was found effective in its performance. Turmeric
grader was designed and fabricated at this centre. With Tekurpet variety
rhizomes, four grades of produce (bulbs, fingers, polishable nali and unpolishable
nali) could be obtained in one pass. The farmers and traders at Duggirala
expressed satisfaction over the graded produce. A modification of the seed
hopper was found necessary and the work is under progress.
The modified turmeric polisher was demonstrated in villages near by

Duggirala. Preliminary polishing could be completed on a batch of 180 kg
of turmeric in 10 minutes. For full polishing the drum has to be rotated for
about 1 112 hours at a speed of about 30 RPM.
Elltomology
The bengalgram produce stored in polythene lined gunny bag was frcc
from pest infestation and had less fungal infestation besides having good
viability. Protein content of produce was not affected. The produce stored
in nylon bag and compactly knitted gunny bag was also free from pulse beetle
infestation, but the viability was lost after 180 days of storing.
267
Turmeric rhizomes stored in nylon bag, compactly knitted gunny bag
and polythene lined gunny bag were free from pest infestation upto 210 days
after storing.
All the four plant materials viz., rhizome powder of Acarus calamu,
kernel powder of Azadirachta indica and Pongamia and leaf powder of
Jatropha CZlrcas dusted on the bags containing turmeric rhizomes were effective
in preventing the entry of cigarette beetle on nylon bag, but not effective on
loosely knitted gunny bag .
•\ficrobiology .
Mixing of NaCI powder at 1% level i.e., 1 kg of powdered common

salt per 100 kg of wet paddy was found effective in preventing the sprouting
and mould development under inclement weather conditions upto 7 days.
Addition of spreader materials viz., dry paddy husk (4% W/W) and paddy
straw (cut pieces 4% W/W) to wet paddy alongwith NaCI(I %) were found
useful in maintaining better colour of the grain.
Groundnut samples of rabi season, containing moisture content far

below the safe level recorded normal viability of kernels. Varieties ML TG 12
and 16 recorded minimum fungus infected kernels (l %), while 2 to 20%
infection was recorded in other cases. Varieties MLTG9 and 8 recorded
maximum infected kernels of 20 and 17% respectively.
Biochemistry
Studies on biochemical changes in paddy during storage revealed that

with increase in storage period, the milling qualities like total rice yield
remained constant at 80 to 80.5%, whereas head rice yield increased from
74.0 to 79.5% and broken rice yield decreased. Starch became less soluble
during storage due to the increase in insoluble amylose over the period of
storage. Crude protein content did not change with the time of storage, while
free fatty acids content increased after 6 months of storage. The total water
uptake upon cooking increased with increase in storage period.
Preliminary studies on aflatoxin contamination in groundnut indicated

that samples of groundnut stored with high inherent moisture content (18 to
24%) in kernels showed contamination of aflatoxin, while those with 13 -
14% moisture content had no aflatoxin.
268
Studies to overcome inherent problems associated with the utilisation
of rice bran for extraction of edible oil indicated that in~rease in FF A (rancidity)
during storagtfjof bran is the major problem for extraction of oil. Heat
stabilization of bran can help to solve this problem to some extent.
6.2 Rajendranagar
Pre-harvest spray of GA + NAA, GA + dithane M-45 combinations

were found better in reducing the physiological spot development on the
surface of pomegranate fruits.
The grape varieties, Anab-e-shahi and Thompson seedless harvested

after 10th day of last irrigation were superior in quality (physical appearance
and taste) upto 9 days storage period at room temperature.
Among 11 containers tried, wrapped fruits of custard apple packed in

vented CFB honey comb box recorded maximum shelf life of 7 days at room
temperature and 9 days in cool chamber (CC). In this container individual
riped fruit was protected from pressure of other fruit by avoiding crushing
and bruizing. They had maximum organoleptic score due to good physical
appearance and taste.
Baneshan mango fruits wrapped in tissue paper or news paper and

. packed in vented CFBBHC container had more shelf life of 11 days at room
temperature and 15 days in cool chamber (CC) with uniform colour and
flavour. Hence this container may be recommended for long distance
transportation.
By a low cost technique, golden yellow monucca and raisins of export

quality were produced from Anab-e-shahi and Thompson seedless respectively
and both were stored for 11 months under refrigeration. At RT, monucca
was stored for 6 months and raisin was stored for 11 months without losing
quality (colour and flavour).
Pure pulp of custard apple stored with sugar (2: 1) + ascorbic acid (250
ppm or 500 ppm) retained its colour and original flavour upto 3 months in
RT, 10 months in refrigeration and deep freeze conditions. This pulp can be
used for preparation of products likes quash, nectar and toffees.
269
Out of 32 tomato lines, 15 lines were found resistant to Alternaria and
Fusarium pathogens during 10 days storage period at RT.
The zero energy cool chamber proved to be more useful for vegetable
vendors and vegetable growers for storing vegetables for short period and to
prevent post-harvest losses.
6.3 Vijayarai
Sweet orange fruits treated with bavistin (500 ppm) + 2, 4-D(l00 ppm)
recorded minimum spoilage of fruits (5 and 15%) after 50 days and 60 days
of storage respectively. Orange fruits sprayed with bavistin 500 ppm and kept
in perforated polythene bags also recorded minimum spoilage.
Guava fruits stored at 10°C showed minimum spoilage of 5% after 15

days of storage, whereas 100% fruit spoilage was observed before 5 days
under normal conditions.
Mango fruits treated with bavistin (500 ppm) and kept in polythene
bag recorded minimum spoilage of 25% after 20 days of storage, whereas
100% fruits were spoiled in 10 days of storage under normal conditions.
Banana fruits could be stored upto 15 days without much loss of weight
and spoilage by keeping them at a temperature of 13-15°e, while all other
treatments recorded 100% spoilage of fruits before 10 days of storage.
6.4 Chintalapudi
Bamboo basket with inside lining of moist paddy straw was superior
to other packing materials for transport of betel-vine leaves. Packing betel
vine leaves leaving hollow space at the centre is better than solid packing.
7.0 SEED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
RAJENDRANAGAR
Promotioll of Research alld Developmelltal efforts 011 hybrids
Stigma of the seed parents of pearlmillet hybrids Pusa 23 and MH 179

maintained receptivity for 7 days during rabi. Though viable pollen was
270
available upto 12 noon, high percentage of seed set was observed between
9.00 to 10.00 a.m. in both the hybrids.
In the female parent of sorghum hybrid SPH 468, stigma receptivity

lasted for six days and eight days during kharif and rabi respectively and
pollen of ina Ie parent was viable upto 12 noon. Maximum seed set was between
8.00 to 9.00 a.m. and 9.00 to 10.00 a.m. during kharif and rabi seasons
respectively.
In sunflower, the stigmas of the' A' line of hybrid APSH 11 remained

receptive upto three days, while the pollen of its 'R' line collected at 9.00
a.m. was found viable up to 7.00 p.m. i.e. even after 10 hours of collection.
Pollen parents of SPH 504 and SPH 468 were late in 50% flowering
by 1 and 2 days respectively to that of seed parents. This gap can be bridged
by spraying 3% urea at 4, 5, 6 weeks after sowing.
Under Rajendranagar conditions the male parent of APSH 11 was early

to its female parent in 50% flowering by 4 days, while seed parent was early
in flowering to that of pollen parent in KBSH 1 and LDMRSH 3 by 6 and
3 days respectively necessitating staggered sowing accordingly.
Breeder Seed Prot/llction
The following quantities of breeder seed were produced In the

University.
Seed Production in Andhra Pradesh Agricultural

University (1992- 93)
Breeder Seed (Quintals)

Paddy 438
Maize 20
Millets 11
Pulses 163
Groundnut 116
Other oilseeds 60
Chillies 1
Vegetables 7
Mesta & Jute 2
Cotton 3
Fodder crops 28
________TuOilt'll_______________~.~
271
Seed Physiology alld Storage
Seed of Pusa lwala and LCA 960 of chilli dried to 16% seed moisture
and stored in moisture impervious containers (aluminium foil pouch and
polythene bag) maintained standard certification germination for 20 and 22
months respectively. Vapour proof containers were observed to be the better
conta_iners for storage of chilli seed having about 6% seed moisture compared
to moisture pervious containers.
Based on temperature and relative humidity, places like Kompally in

Ranga Reddy district and Kumool are found good for seed production of rice,
maize and sunflower, while Warangal was moderate and Tanuku in West
Godavari in the coast was very poor. Similarly for seed storage, Kompally,
Anantapur and Kumool were classified as good; Nizamabad and Srikalahasti
as moderate and places like Visakhapatnam, Tanuku and Vijayawada as very
poor due to prevailing temperature and relative humidity. Thus Telangana
and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh are ideal for seed production and
storage.
Seed Pathology
Seed treatment with thiram @ 2.5 g/kg seed maintained germination

upto 21 months in wheat and bengalgram, 18 months in sorghum and 17
months in redgram with low fungal colonisation. ABC dust @ 5 g/kg seed
also maintained good germination similar to thiram treatment, but the seed
had higher fungal colonisation.
In sorghum and bajra, thiram @ 3.5 g/kg seed or captan in combination

with malathion WP (2 g/kg seed) or malathion EC (2 ml/kg seed) seed treatment
maintained germination for 23 months in storage. The above seed treatments
maintained above 90% germination in maize upto 15 months.
Bunt incidence in rice was more in samples of MTU 7029 (32%) and
MIU 5293 (26%) compared to in Surekha (8%).
Field survey revealed the prevalence of leaf blight and sheath blight
in rice seed production fields in Krishna-Godavari zone. In Northern Telangana
zone, blast, bacterial leaf blight and sheath blight were recorded.
272
8.0 DISCIPLINE ORIENTED RESEARCH
8.1 Agronomy
8.1.1 Watershed Development Project
8.1.1.1 Maheshwaram
Observations recorded on soil moisture at growth period and harvest

time showed the benefits of in-situ soil moisture conservation practices. Contour
lines with dead furrows had more available moisture than that of the fanner's
practice of sowing along the slope. Adoption of in-situ soil and moisture
conservation practices significantly increased the grain yield of sorghum variety
SPY 462. Simply by sowing across the slope, the grain yield was increased
by 52.25% (7.43 qlha) over local method of sowing along the slope (4.88
qlha). The yield was further increased by 51.41 % and 10%, when the crop
was sown on contour lines (11.25 qlha) and dead furrows were opened in the
crop sown on contour lines (12.3 qlha).
In castor also, sowing across the slope increased the yield by 27.3%
(3.17 qlha), while sowing on contour lines (4.32 qlha) further increased the
yield by 36.3%. Sowing on contour lines with ridges and furrows resulted in
. further increase in yield by 25.7% (5.43 q/ha). Soil moisture levels were also
found to increase with in-situ conservation practices.
In the studies on biomass production of forest plants in watershed area,

Acacia holosericea recorded higher biomass production (0.32 kg/plant) in the
first year, while highest biomass was produced by Cassia ciamea in the second
year (7.3 kg/plant) and Acacia auriculiformis (12.8 kg/plant) in the third year.
Agricultural implements like fespo plough and ferti-seed planter were

compared with farmer's method of sowing (plough furrow method) for Jowar
and castor. The cost of sowing Jowa,. and redgram in 2:1 ratio with fespo
plough was less (Rs. 218/ha) compared to sowing in piough furrow (Rs.375Iha).
The grain yields of .Iowa,. were 16.3 q/ha and 14.6 qlha in sowing with fespo
plough and farmer's method respectively.
In castor, the cost of sowing was least with ferti-seed planter (Rs.182/ha)
as compared to fespo plough (Rs.184Iha) and sowing in plough furrow
(Rs.272/ha). However, castor yield was higher with fespo plough (12.0 q/hu)
273
followed by ferti-seed planter (11.4 q/ha) and plough furrow sowing (10:6
q/ha).
Studies on the residual effect of deep tillage given in kharif, 1991-92

on the succeeding crop of Jowar in kharif, 1992-93, indicated that the grain
yield was increased by 18% and 7% in deep tillage done during 1991-92,
with tractor drawn chisel plough (upto 45 cm) (19.5 q/ha) and CRIDA bullock
drawn iron plough (20 cm)(17.6 q/ha) respectively over country plough land
preparation (10 to 15 cm) (16.5 q/ha).
Studies on micro-watershed on rainfed alfisol showed that soil

conservation practices viz., dead furrow, ridges and furrows with and without
khus barriers on contours at 1% vertical interval helped in contour cultivation
and in-situ conservation of soil moisture, besides increasing the yield 9f castor.
The average yield of castor above the khus line (9.16 qlha) was more
than below the khus line (7.83 q/ha) plantings. Maximum yield of castor
(8.26 q/ha) was obtained in sowing along the contour with ridges and furrows
and khus as compared to sowing along the slope (6.25 q/ha).
8.1.1.2 Anantapur
Method of planting of khus slips viz., on flat bed, on plough furrows,

on flat bed and covering with stone pebbles and on toe of ridges, showed no
significant effect on the survival of khus. Dipping khus slips in 5%
superphosphate solution at planting + BHC application recorded highest survival
(55.5%) at 104th day after planting.
In the micro-watershed, ground nut inter-cropped with redgrarn gave

higher returns when compared to pure crop of groundnut. Ber grown in an
area of 0.4 ha gave returns to a tune of Rs.6725/-. In general, watershed
management approach gave more total returns than farmer's method of
cultivation. Contour cultivation + dead furrow at 3.6 m interval gave maximum
pod yield of 6.25 q/ha (8% increase) as against 5.80 qlha in farmer's practice.
8.1.1.3 Chintapalle
Studies on soil erosion under podu cultivation with different crops

showed that soil loss was high in fallow land with all agricultural operations
274
(2.32 tJha) compared to the land sown with cowpea (1.89 tJha) and maize
(1.75 tJha).
8.1.2 Water Management
Garikapadu
In the studies on multiple cropping systems in red soils of NSP left

canal command area, maximum returns (Rs.31,564/ha) were obtained with
greengram - groundnut - groundnut cropping system.
8.1.3 Cropping Systems Research
Cropping systems research is carried out under All India Co- ordinated
Agronomic Research project at three centres viz., Rajendranagar, Rudrur and
Maruteru. Among the rice based cropping systems evaluated at Rudrur,
rice-safflower-greengram crop sequence gave maximum net returns of
Rs.l4,599/ha in black sandy clay loam soils of Northern Telangana Zone.
The second best was rice - sunflower-greengram (Rs.l4,381/ha).
Studies on use of FYM/paddy straw/green manure as organic sources

substituting a part of nitrogen requirement of rice, conducted at 3 locations
viz., Rajendranagar, Maruteru and Rudrur in kharif indicated that the total
grain yield of rice was maximum (9.93 t/ha) in kharif + rabi when 100%
inorganic fertilizers were applied. However, similar yields of 9.79 and 9.48
t/ha were obtained where 25% of N was substituted by FYM or green manure
respectively.
At Rajendranagar, maximum grain yields of rice were realized in chalka

soils with 120:80:40 Kg N, P20S and K20 ha in kharif (5.07 t/ha) and rabi
(3.68 tlha). Phosphorus application showed a better interaction, raising the
productivity of rice in kharif, while application of potassium @ 40 kg/ha
showed significant response in kharif than in rabi.
At Maruteru, application of 84 kg N/ha gave maximum grain yield

(5.55 t/ha) of rice (MTU 2067) as against control (3.28 t/ha). Different sources
of N (prilled urea, LG urea, urea combined with soil or compost or paraquat
coated or waste gear oil coated) showed no significant difference in yield.
275
In alluvial soils of Maruteru, DAP and Ammonium polyphosphate
proved to be equally efficient to SSP in supplying phosphorus to rice crop in
kharij. Application of 60 kg P20s/ha gave the highest grain yield of 5.54
tlha. Rock phosphate proved to be inferior for rice crop.
The results of monitoring of secondary and micronutrients in rice-rice

cropping system at Maruteru indicated beneficial effect of sulphur (25 kg/ha)
or zinc (5 kg/ha) in giving higher grain yield over controL Significant
differences in yield due to levels of sulphur (25 and 50 kg S/ha) and zinc (5
and 10 kg Zn/ha) applied were not observed.
In the light chalka soils of Rajendranagar with poor moisture retention,

soybean crop in kharif gave moderate yield of 8.84 q/ha. Among rabi crops
succeeding soybean, mustard and sunflower fared well with minimum tillage
requirements of one ploughing/harrowing after harvest of kharif crop.
Studies on establishment of pulse crop in rice fallows at Maruteru

indicated that method of sowing blackgram i.e. dry or sprouted seed and at
45 or 75 kg seedlha had no significant effect on yield of blackgram. However,
application of 50 kg DAP to kharif rice at boot leaf stage or just before harvest
gave higher yield of succeeding blackgram (22.35 q/ha) as compared to no
fertilizer to rice (19.15 q/ha).
At Rudrur, bengalgramlblackgram fared well in rice fallows after

thorough land preparation compared to broadcasting in standing crop. Seed
rates/fertilizer doses did not influence the grain yields.
Studies to maximise the productivity of rice - rice cropping system, at

Rajendranagar initiated during raM season of this year revealed the beneficial
effect of application of FYM (12 tlha) in increasing efficiency of fertilizers
applied to rice crop. Application of 25 or 50% enhanced fertilizer dose to
rabi rice significantly increased the grain yield of rice over recommended
fertilizer dose.
8.1.4 Experiments on Cultivators Fields
Intercropping sunflower in groundnut in Medak district and redgram

in groundnut in Prakasam district in 7: 1 ratio recorded better productivity
levels than sole crop of ground nut and gave gross returns of Rs.19, 178/- and
26,088/ha in Medak and Prakasam districts respectively.
276
In kharif, rice variety NLR 145 gave 4.24 tlha of grain yield compared
to local popular variety MTU 5291 (3.26 tlha) in Prakasam district. In rabi,
maximum productivity of 20.34 q/ha of groundnut was obtained by adopting
improved variety (lL 24), fertilizer dose and package of practices than farmers
method of cultivation with TMV 2 (14.79 q/ha). In Cuddapah district, NLR
28600 performed better (5.25 tlha) than NLR 9672-96 (4.35 tlha) in kharif,
when all the improved cultural practices like line planting/maintaining 50
hills/m2, plant protection measures etc., were adopted by the farmers.
During kharif, groundnut variety TPT 1 was compared under rainfed

conditions against TMV 2 and in rabi under well irrigation, TPT 2 was
compared with TMV 2 for their performance. The results indicated that
significantly higher yields 6.66 q/ha under rainfed condition and 15.29q/ha
under well irrigation were recorded by the improved varieties with improved
cultural practices over the local TMV 2 with local practices (5.72 q. and 13.63
q/ha). The effect of zinc application to rice and gypsum application to
groundnut crop was tested in Prakasam and Cuddapah districts. In Prakasam
district, application of 50 kg zinc sulphatelha to soil for rice and 500 kg
gypsumlha to groundnut crop at 35 days after sowing along with recommended
fertilizer dose gave maximum yields of rice (3.8 tlha) and groundnut (20.2
q/ha) in kharif and rabi seasons respectively.
In Cuddapah district application of zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha alongwith

recommended fertilizer dose to rice significantly increased the grain yield to
5.0 t. and 5.66 t/ha during kharif and rabi seasons respectively. Similarly
groundnut crop responded to gypsum application @ 500 kg/ha at 35 DAS
with recommended dose of fertilizers and gave higher yields of 11.48 q/ha in
kharif and 16.17 q/ha in rabi season over farmer's practice.In Medak district,
application of weedicide butachlor granule @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 4 DAT (3.25
t/ha) or benthiocarb @ 1.5 kg a.i.lha at 4 DAT (3.14 t/ha) to rice crop were
not beneficial in increasing the yield as compared to two hand weedings (3.35
tlha). In rabi season, application of gypsum @ 500 kg/ha to groundnut, along
with recommended fertilizer dose gave maximum pod yield of 15.04 q/ha as
against farmer's practice of no gypsum application (10.34 q/ha).
277
8.1.5 Dryland Farming
Anantapur
In groundnut + red gram intercropping system, pre-emergence application

of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i.lha gave effective weed control and higher pod
yiled of9.9 qlha, followed by early post-emergence application of pendimethalin
@ 0.5 kg a.i.lha (9.4 qlha) after rains.
Among different drought management practices tested to mitigate the

effect of drought, mulching with groundnut shells @ 5 tlha at 10 days after
sowing of groundnut gave significantly increased pod and haulm yields of
16.8 qlha and 28.1 qlha respectively, as against 12.6 qlha of pods and 20.3
qlha haulms obtained in control.
Initial plant population and pod yield were not influenced by the time
of sowing (sowing on first, third, fifth and seventh day after rain) and planking.
Among the 9 top feed trees evaluated for fodder yield, Scimna automaria
yielded the highest fodder (7.61 tlha) followed by Caesalpinia eriostachys
(4.4 tlha) and Mimosa tenuiflora (3.08 t/ha).
Among the different dryland farming systems, highest gross returns

were obtained with agriculture + sheep rearing (Rs.3,670/ha) followed by
agriculture alone (Rs 3,427Iha) and agri-silviculture + sheep rearing (Rs
3,219Iha).
In the studies to find out suitable contingent crop for conditions of late
onset of monsoon, fodder sorghum gave the highest net returns (Rs 5,829/ha)
followed by fodder pearlmillet (Rs 3,539/ha).
The cropping intensity under dryland conditions could be increased by

sowing fodder pearlmillet in the second fortnight of October after groundnut.
The fodder pearlmillet as a sequence crop gave the highest net returns of Rs.
1211lha followed by fodder sorghum (Rs 976/ha).
8.1.6 Agroforestry
The AICRP on agroforesty is functioning at Rajendranagar since 1987.
278
Evaluation of 12 tree species for the suitability to Telangana region
indicated that after 54 months of growth, sisso, subabul and Eucalyptus are
fast growing and suitable for the region.
Studies on the compatibility of crops viz., sunflower, castor, sorghum

and red gram with subabul and sisso revealed that due to shade effect of the
trees, the seed yields and growth of the crops in the rows immediate to the
trees were significantly reduced as compared to the rows away from the trees.
In tamarind based agri-silvi-horti system, yields of the crops grown

along side of phalsa plants were lowest particularly that of sunflower followed
by sorghum, redgram and castor. However, the yield loss of crops could be
compensated by fruit yield from phalsa, which gave an extra amount of Rs
600 to 800/ha.
Incorporation of tree leaves such as siris along with urea in the proportion
of 25% leaf + 75% urea (equivalent of 100 kg Nlha) significantly increased
the organic carbon content and total and available N in a red sandy loam soil.
Similar effect was observed with the incorporation of the leaves of sisso and
subabul.
Fertility status of soils i.e., organic carbon, available N, P205 and K20
under 5 year old trees of Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sisso, Leucana leucocephala
and Dendrocalamus strictus etc., was increased significantly. Fertility
improvement was found to be maximum under Albizia lebbeck followed by
under subabuI and sisso.
Among the 20 multi-purpose tree species, leaves of Albizia lebbeck

were found to contain maximum nitrogen (4.6%) followed by the leaves of
Acacia alb ida (3.9%) and [nga dulcis (3.3%).
8.1.6.2 Kavali
The agroforestry scheme under NARP Phase-II IS 111 operation at

Agril.Res.Station, Kavali from 1990-91 onwards.
In horti-pastoral system fruit plants of ber, ami a, anona and guava were
planted in Sept. 1992. Pasture crops Stylo hamata and Cenchrlls ciliaris will
be sown during klwrif, 1993.
279
In mango based agri-silvi system base crop mango, tree species
Eucolyptus, casuarina and subabul were planted in December, 1992. . The
arable crops viz., greengram, cowpea and pigeonpea will be sown during
kharif, 1993.
In the studies on the performance of legume and grass fodders

inter-cropped with multi-purpose trees, planting of multi-purpose trees was
done during December, 1991. Higher girth and height was observed in Albizia,
closely followed by Dalbergia. The legumes and grasses sown by broadcasting
in Dec. 1992 did not establish well. It is proposed to sow them again by
pelleting during kharif.
Under cashew based agri-horti system, planting of cashew and filler

trees viz., ber, anona, soapnut and woodapple was done during December
1991 and the growth of ber, cashew and soapnut was more than that of other
plants. The arable crops viz., pigeonpea, castor and sorghum sown during
late kharif ,1992 failed due to various reasons.
Among the 12 multipurpose tree species planted in December, 1991,

subabul recorded maximum height, while Eucalyptlls recorded maximum girth.
Very slow growth was observed in soapnut and tamarind.
8.1.7 Weed Science
8.1.7.1 Bapatla
Research for the control of weeds with herbicides in field crops like
rice. fingermillet, pulses, vegetables (brinjal and bhendi) and problem weeds
like Parthenium is in progress. Emphasis has been given for the control of
Echinochloa. sp. and Cuscuta sp. in rice fallow pulses.
Trials conducted in farmers' field for the control of Echinochloa sp.

in rice fallow pulses indicated that applicat,on of fluazifop - p - butyl and
sethoxydim at two doses 0.2 and 0.3 kg/ha 15 days after sowing blackgram,
were effective in controlling Echinochloa seedlings. Highest yield of 11.8
qfha was obtained with sethoxydim @ 0.3 kgfha followed by fluazifop-p-butyl
@ 0.3 kgfha (11.3 q/ha) as against 8.0 qfha obtained in unsprayed control.
In rice fallow pulses, post-emergence (crop) sand mix application of

pendimethalin at 1.25 kg/ha followed by spraying of water on the day the
280
paddy sheaves were removed was most effective in reducing the infestation
of Cuscuta to 5% at harvest and recorded the highest blackgram yield of 11.5
qlha as compared to 88% infestation and 4.38 qlha yield in unsprayed control.
Of the 26 greengram varieties screened, seven varieties viz., LGG 424,

LGG 456, LGG 457, MGG 161, MGG 221 and MGG 332 were found to be
resistant to Cuscuta, while all the 10 blackgram varieties were susceptible.
Similarly, none of the 13 onion varieties showed tolerance to Cuscuta.
In pot culture studies, application of pendimethalin at 1.0 and 1.5 kglha

and fluchloralin at 1.87 kg/ha one week after transplanting onion seedlings
were found to control Cuscuta infestation and produce mature onion bulbs.
Studies on suppression of Parthenium with Cassia sericia indicated

that there was about 60% reduction in the population of Parthenium, 22 months
after establishing Cassia sericia.
Pre-emergence application of fluchloralin at 1.0 kg a.i.lha combined

with one hand weeding at 30 DAP gave maximum yield of brinjal (23.44
tJha) and maximum weed control efficiency (76%) followed by pendimethalin
1.0 kg a.i.lha combined with hand weeding at 30 DAP (22.13 tlha and 47%
WeE) and hand weeding twice (22.0 tlha and 51.1 % WeE).
In bhendi, pre-emergence application of alachlor at 2.0 kg a.ilha +

hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded the highest weE (60%) and yield (16.96
tlha), followed by fluchloralin at 1.0 kg a.i.lha + hand weeding at 30 DAS
(56% weE and 15.9 tlha yield) and alachlor at 3.0 kg a.ilha (56% weE and
16.05 tlha yield).
In dry sown rice, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, pre- emergence
application of butachlor at 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg a.i.lha and benthiocarp at 2.5
kg a.i.lha were effective in suppressing weeds upto 45 DAS.
In direct sown fingermillet, pre-emergence application of herbicides

viz., 2, 4-D sodium salt (0.5 and 0.75 kg), 2,4-D ethyl ester (0.5 and 0.75
kg) and isoproturon (0.75 kglha) showed various degrees of phytotoxic
symptoms and severe stand reduction (70-90%). Hence pre-emergence
application of herbicides in fingermillet is not recommended.
281
In transplanted fingermillet, hand weeding twice (at 15 and 30 DAT)
was most effective with maximum WCE (89%) and highest grain yield (18.74
q/ha), followed by the application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg a.i./ha (71%
WeE and 17.94 q/ha yield) and 0.50 kg a.i.lha (59% WCE and 17.28 q/ha
yield).
Pre-emergence application of metolachlor or pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha

followed by one inter-cultivation at 30 DAS controlled weeds effectively in
castor. Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg/ha followed by
fluazifop-p-butyl @ 0.25 kg/ha at 21 DAS controlled weeds effectively in
groundnut and gave maximum pod yield of 18.92 q/ha. Pre-emergence
application of oxyfluorfen followed by intercultivation at 30 DAS (18.5 q/ha)
or pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kglha followed by
fluazifop @ 0.25 kg/ha at 21 DAS (I8.15 q/ha) were also equally effective
in c0ntrolling weeds and recording higher pod yield. Fluazifop controlled
CYllodon very effectively in groundnut.
In pigeonpea, metolachlor or pendimethalin @ 1.0 kglha as pre-

emergence application followed by one intercultivation at 45 DAS controlled
weeds effectively and recorded higher yields. Occurrence of heavy rain
immediately after the application oxyfluorfen caused 100% toxicity to pigeonpea
crop.
In rice based cropping system, application of anilophos @ 0.3 kg/ha

or butachlor @ 1.0 kg/ha or metoclachlor @ 1.5 kglha to sunflower during
rabi season controlled weeds effectively in rice and sunflower respectively.
Though application of 2,4-DEE @ 1.0 kglha recorded the highest yield of
paddy, the yield of subsequent sunflower crop in 2,4-DEE applied plots was
adversely affected.
Among the 6 herbicides tested in different combinations, combination

of 2,4-DEE @ 0.5 kglha + pretilachlor @ 0.5 kglha gave the highest grain
yield of rice (4.19 t/ha) followed by oxyfluorfen 0.075 kg + 2,4-DEE 0.5
kglha (3.89 tlha) and butachlor 0.75 kg + 2,4-DEE 0.5 kg/ha (3.l9 tlha) . New
product anilophos plus @ 0.3 + 0.4 kglha also proved to be good for the
control of weeds in rice.
282
In direct sown puddled rice application of anilophos plus @0.3 + 0.4
kg/ha 10 DAS or 8 DAS controlled weeds effectively and recorded the higher
grain yields of 5.61 tlha and 5.45 tlha respectively.
Evaluation of arozin 2% granules in transplanted rice indicated that

application of granules @ 0.4 kg/ha was effective in controlling weeds and
recording the highest grain yield (5.06 tlha).
In direct sown rice under rainfed conditions, two hand weedings at 25

and 45 DAS gave better control of weeds and gave higher grain yield (2.04
tlha) than application of herbicides. Among the herbicides, anilophos 0.4
kg/ha gave the highest yield (1.73 tlha) followed by anilophos 0.2 kg +
2,4-DEE 0.5 kg (1.69 tJha) and butachlor @ 0.75 kg+2,4-DEE at 0.5 kglha
(1.62 tJha).
In tomato pre-emergence application of butachlor or pendimethalin

reach @ 1.0 kglha followed by one intercultivation at 25 DAT or oxyfluorfen
'. @ 0.2 kglha controlled weeds effectively and recorded higher tomato yields
of more than 30 tJha.
Studies on the control of Parthenium in non-cropped areas indicated

that application of atrazine @ 0.5 kglha as pre- emergence did not allow
Parthenium to germinate, while atrazine @ 0.75 kg/ha as early post-emergence
killed all germinated young Parthenium weeds. Application of 2,4-D Na @
1 kglha killed one month old Parthenium plants. Application of sodium
chloride 5% at 30 days after emergence of Parthenium and sodium chloride
10% at flowering stage killed Parthenium plants completely.
In chillies, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin or butachlor

both @ 1.0 kg/ha followed by one intercultivation at 30. DAT recorded higher
". yields of 3.3t and 3.15 tJha respectively, besides controlling the weeds well.
Investigations were carried out in greenhouse with 6 crop plants

(bajra,wheat,ragi,greengram,peas and fenugreek) to find out their suitability as
indicator plants to study the residual effect of atrazine in soils. The results
indicated that pea plant was most sp.nsitive for bio-assay since significant
reduction in its germination and shoot length occurred at 0.1 ppm and root
length at 1.0 ppm.
283
Application of aniloguard @ 0.5 kg/ha and butachlor @ 2 kg/ha to
rice crop did not affect succeeding maize and sunflower crops, while green gram
crop was adversely affected. However, if greengram is to be taken after
paddy, aniloguard and butachlor should be applied to the rice crop at doses
less than 0.4 kg and 1.5 kg/ha respectively. Column chromatography studies
revealed that application of butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha did not show any residues
ofbutachlor in rice,bran and straw samples. Studies on tolerance of oxyfluorfen
even at 0.1 kg/ha was toxic to greengram, ragi and mustard, while redgram
and chillies showed toxicity at 0.2 kg/ha. maize, peas, chickpea, groundnut
and tomato were less affected.
Sunflower, groundnut, castor and greengram sown after the harvest of

maize crop (135 days) were not affected by atrazine applied @ 1.0 kg/ha to
maize crop.
In mango, application of glyphosate @ 1 kg/ha with 2% ammonium

sulphate on 30 and 60 day old weeds controlled the weeds effectively and
recorded higher TSS and reducing sugars with less acidity.
Studies on the movement of pendimethalin in soil using soil columns

fabricated with polyvinyl chloride pipes indicated that 50% of pendimethalin
remained in top soil (0 to 5 cm), while the remaining 50% was present in 5
to 20 cm of soil profile.
Maize, sorghum, ragi, sunflower and bengalgram sown after harvest

of pigeonpea to which oxyflurofen was applied @ 0.15 kg/ha as pre-emergence
followed by bentazone @ 1.0 kg/ha at 45 DAS were affected by the residual
toxicity of the above two weedicides.
Weed survey was completed in East Godavari and parts of Visakha-

patnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts in rice, sugarcane, sesamum,
groundnut, ragi, chillies, banana and tobacco fields and the dominent weeds
were recorded. -
8.2 Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
8.2.1 Lam
Studies on physico-chemical changes in soils of NSP right command

indicated that the medium black calcareous soils of Rentachintala area were
284
high in CaC03 content, while the soils of Venkatapuram village in Prakasam
district were highly alkaline in lower depths and highly calcareous in upper
layers. The soils of Rahampalli village in Darsi mandaI were shallow in depth
and presence of higher proportions of CaC03 is the major problem. The soils
of Pulipadu village of Addanki mandaI showed alkalinity.
Survey on the quality of ground water from betelvine gardens in Tenali

division at monthly intervals showed that the mean salt content (EC) of water
samples was low (1.82 m.mhos/cm) during the month of November and
increased from December onwards (2.09 to 2.3 m. mhos/cm). The CAR
values were also low during October (3.4) and November (3.5) and increased
from December onwards reaching 4.52 in February.
In black calcareous soils, application of 50 kg zinc sulphate/ha was

found to be the optimum dose for economic yields, while no favourable
response was observed to soil application of SUlphur.
Studies on long term fertility management in groundnut cropping system

indicated that the highest pod· yield (l 0.73 q/ha) was obtained with the
application of 150% recommended NPK fertilisers (30:60:75 kg NPKlha) in
kharif while in rabi a similar result was obtained from 100% recommended
NPK superimposed with 2.5 tlha of groudnut shells. The plots that received
FYM and groundnut shells showed improved water holding capacity and
organic carbon content.
Economic pod yields of groundnut were obtained when the soil available
P20S was made upto 60 kg/ha or by increasing the P content in leaf to 0.27%.
In vertisols, the pod yield of chilli was not affected due to increase in
the level of CaC03. The metabolic iron content in leaf at 30 and 60 DAT and
per cent P at 30 DAT decreased significantly, while per cent N, K and Ca
increased with increase in the level of CaC03 in soils.
Application of 150 per cent recommended dose of NPK to rainfed

cotton in vertisols gave increased kapas yield and net retumslha. The lint
quality parameters in respect of 2.5% span length and ginning percentage were
improved due to addition of zinc sulphate.
Survey on nutritional aspects of rice and rice fallow blackgram in

Guntur district showed that 50% leaf samples of rice were deficient in potassium
285
(1.08%) while other nutrients N (1.94 to 3.66%), P (0.14 to 0.32%), Ca (0.32
to 0.94%) and Mg (0.2 to 0.6%) were at insufficiency levels. The EC of the
cell sap of blackgram leaves showing tip drying was high (17.12 m. mhos/cm)
compared to healthy leaves (11.98 m. mhos/cm). The ratio of Na to K was
also high (3.68) in the affected leaves compared to healthy ones (1.85) indicating
the tip drying in blackgram may be due to more absorption of Na in place of
K.
8.2.2 Micro and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutants in Soils and Plants
Rajendranagar
Analysis of soil samples collected from Rangareddy, Medak, Maha-

boobnagar, Warangal, Nalgonda, Anantapur, Krishna and Srikakulam districts
indicated moderate to severe deficiency of zinc in all the districts except in
Srikakulam. Crop nutrient surveys of fmit crops, guava and sapota in
Rangareddy district revealed zinc deficiency to the extent of 47.5 and 39.3%
respectively. Severe deficiencies of zinc and iron visually observed in oil palm
nurseries and on 3 to 4 year old plants grown in upland areas of Rajahmundry
and Elum were confirmed through plant testing.
Soil samples collected from different depths from different villages of

Warangal district showed zinc deficiency in surface as well as sub-surface
samples indicating the need for zinc application.
Studies on zinc needs of rice-rice cropping system for six seasons with
variety Tellahamsa, indicated that maximum mean response was obtained with
the application of 50 kg zinc sulphatelha. Application of 50 kg zinc sulphatelha
showed residual effect even upto fourth residual crop. Fourth residual effects
are found to be more for 50 and 100 kg zinc sulphatelha compared to 12.5
and 25 kg zinc sulphatelha. Application of FYM alone @ 2.0 tlha every season
did not increase the yield significantly.
Studies on sulphur requirements of maize-groundnut cropping system

in Northern Telangana Zone indicated that groundnut responded more to
sulphur than maize. Among the different sources of sulphur tested (single
super-phosphate, gypsum and potassium sulphate), potassium sulphate showed
better effect on yield of maize, while for groundnut all the three sources had
more or less same effect. Application of FYM alone @ 5.0 tlha did not help
in increasing the yield. Pot culture studies on response of sunflower to sulphur
286
applied through different sources indicated that maximum response (39.7%)
was obtained with the application of 20 ppm of S through ammonium sulphate,
followed by 20 ppm of S through gypsum (35.0%) and 20 ppm S through
SSP(20.7%). Slight increase in oil content over control was obtained when
sulphur was applied @ 20 ppm S.
Pot culture studies on the effect of cadmium application on sunflower

indicated that the critical content of cadmium causing reduction in dry matter
is about 60 ppm in dry matter content at 40 days age of the crop. Critical
levels of cadmium in red and black soils are 25 and 35 ppm (DTPA extractable)
respectively. Sunflower appears to be tolerant to cadmium toxicity as judged
from the high contents in dry matter.
In frontline demonstrations, application of 50 kg zinc sulphatelha to

groundnut gave maximum response of 61.4% and 46%, while sulphur @.40
kg S/ha through gypsum gave maximum response of 32.4% and 16.3% in
Nellore and Mahaboobnagar districts respectively.
8.2.3 Management of Salt affected soils and use of saline water in agriculture
The Coordinated Research Project for Management of salt affected

soils and use of saline water in agriculture is in operation at Bapatla.
Characterisatioll of irrigatioll water
During the year, 379 water samples were collected from Guntur district
and analysed for their quality. Out of 760 water samples collected so far from
Guntur district, 65.9% were of good quality waters, 27.4% marginally saline,
2.1 % saline, 0.8% high SAR saline, while 17.7% were marginally alkaline
and 1.6% alkali water. Of the 544 water samples from Khammam district,
79.4% were of good quality, 1.3% marginally saline, while 17.6% were
marginally alkali and 1.5% were alkali waters.
Out of 44 water samples collected from doruvlls in and around Bapatla,

only two samples had ECiw 2.0 and 2.6 dS/m, while all others had ECiw less
than 2.0 dS/m. The pH varied from 6.9 to 9.85 and the depth of water table
in June varied from 90 to 300 cm.
Studies at bench mark locations in Guntur district showed that there

was a marginal increase in salinity of tube well waters after 13 years of
287
pumping at Ramachandrapuram, Solasa and Vadlamanu, while RSC and SAR
decreased. There was no evidence of salt build up or RSC or SAR in these
soils due to continuous use of RSC waters over years except at Vadlamanu
and Venigandla, where there was a build up of RSC in the soil. But citrus
trees were observed to be declining at Solasa due to use of RSC waters. The
water quality was improved at Venigandla.
The water quality at Nidubrolu I and II deteriorated and HC03 ion

dominated waters were converted into CI dominated waters resulting in gradual
build up of salts in the soil over years, leading to substantial reduction in
vegetable yield. The water salinity at Machavaram and Chintalapudi also
increased resulting in gradual salt build up in the soil, leading to reduction in
growth in betelvine.
Developmellt of DOTIlVU Technology
The ground water table gradually lowered from April to July and then
raised from August to December and then again started lowering from December
to March. The ECiw varied from 0.43 to 2.6 dS/m in piezometers of 5.8 cm
depth, while it varied from 0.19 to 0.90 dS/m in observation wells of 2.8 m
depth.
Economic evaluation of subsoil water harvesting system installed in

farmer's field during 1991-92, showed that the cost benefit ratio, net present
worth of the system and internal rate of return worked out as 2.26, Rs. 56,178/-
and 46.4% respectively. During 1992-93, subsoil water harvesting was installed
in another farmer's field at a cost of Rs. 28,7001- by laying tile drains to a
length of 172' and 130' on either side of the sump in such a way that the
water yield was 12,666 l/sec. even in May. The overall savings to the farmer
was Rs. 61,2001- per year with the installation of improved doruvu system,
when compared to the existing system of irrigation with 4 oil engines.
Agronomy
In the studies on role of organic manures on nitrogen use efficiency

and crop production in soil irrigated with saline waters, highest pod yield
(11.24 q/ha) of groundnut was obtained with 15 kg N + FYM @ 15 t/ha
under saline water irrigated conditions (8 irrigations of 3 cm depth with ECiw
6 dS/m) followed by 15 kg N + diancha @ 5 t/ha.
288
Plant Breeding
Among 49 genotypes of cotton screened during kharif, 1992 in black

soil, against salt tolerance with best available water, ECiw 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15
dS/m (with two irrigations of 3 em depth and two irrigations of 6 em depth),
variety G.Cot DL.9 recorded higher yield at all salinity levels (mean yield of
394 g/5 plots) followed by DDH 2 (373 g), Survottam (306 g) and DHB 105
(264 g).
Nineteen genotypes of blackgram were screened during rabi 1992-93

in sandy loam soil, against 5 levels of salinity, viz., BA W, ECiw 2,4,6 and
8 dS/m for the second season with one irrigation of 3 em and two irrigations
of 6 em depth. The yields were on par upto ECiw 8 dS/m (81.5 g to 84.2
g/row of 3.8 m length). Among the varieties tested, LBG 22 gave the highest
mean seed yield (109 g), followed by LBG 402 (92 g).
Among the eight groundnut varieties, which gave higher yields during
1991-92 and screened against five salinity levels (BA W, EC iw 2,4,6 and 8
dS/m) during 1992-93, ICGV 86309 recorded higher pod yield at all salinity
levels (mean yield of 174 g/1.26 sq.m.), followed by TMV2 (173 g).
Another set of 25 groundnut genotypes were screened against 5 salinity

levels during 1992-93 and ICGV 86590, ICGV 86699 and ICGV 86031 were
found promising upto ECiw 2 dS/m, while K 134 and ICGV 86522 were
promising upto ECiw 4 dS/m.
Among the 29 genotypes of mustard evaluated in sandy loam soil with

six salinity levels (BAW, ECiw 3,6,9,12 and 15 dS/m), RH 30 recorded higher
yields at all salinity levels, with less than 50% reduction in seed yield even
at ECiw 5 dS/m followed by CS 383, Sarma, Kranthi, Vardhana and Pusa
Basanth.
8.2.4 Soil Physical Conditions
The All India Coordinated Research Project on improvement of soil

physical conditions for increasing agricultural production in problematic areas
is in operation at Agril.Research Institute, Rajendranagar.
Soil samples from 15 soil profiles were collected from Srikakulam

district to study the basic soil physical propeliies and to identify soil physical
289
constraints limiting crop production. The soils of Baruva and Madapam were
sandy and highly permeable with low phosphorus. The infiltration rate was
low in the soils of Palasa, Ragolu, Kagitapalle, Nowtalu and Meliaputti. High
bulk density in surface layers and poor permeability were the problems noticed
in Kalingapatnam soils. In Naira soils sand content was high and clay was
low in surface layer with compacted (high bulk density) lower layers.
Amadalavalasa soils were moderately acidic and non-saline. The soils of
Kosta village are light textured at surface, with very high bulk density below
35 cm. Kanchili soils had high bulk denisty sub-soil with imperfect drainage.
In Medikuru and Seethampet soils, poor drainage and low workability are the
problems. Available water storage and low workability are the problems.
Available water storage capacity of the profile (cm/m depth of soil) was very
low (less than 5) in one, low (5-10) in four, medium (10-15) in four, high
(15-20) in three and very high (more than 20) in one soil samples. Soils in
general were low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, low to high in
available phosphorus and medium to high in available potassium. The
micronutrient content was above the critical limits in all the soils.
Studies on the effect of pre and post sowing irrigation, method of

sowing (with gorru and behind country plough) and seed density (4.5, 5.0
and 5.5 lakh plants/ha) on rabi groundnut conducted at Rajendranagar on
loamy soil showed that sowing groundnut after one pre- sowing irrigation
with gorru adopting a seed denisty of 5.0 lakh plants/ha in rice fallows gave
higher yield and higher cost benefit ratio.
In the studies on the effect of tillage and method of sowing on rabi

groundnut conducted at Garikapadu, higher yields and better active root
distribution were obtained with country plough + rotavator (28.4 q/ha) compared
to ploughing with country plough only (20.5 q/ha) and mould board plough
+ cultivator (tractor drawn) (23.3 q/ha). In general sowing behind country
plough gave higher yield (27.4 q/ha) as against (21.7 q/ha) sowing with gorru
(21.7 q/ha) and sowing by hand dibbling (21.1 q/ha). However, when tillage
was done only with country plough sowing by hand dibbling gave higher
yield (25.7 q/ha).
Studies on the effect of vegetative barrier (khus) alongwith soil

conversation tillage practices, indicated that sowing along the contour with
ridges and furrows and khus barrier gave the highest yield of 8.26 q/ha of
castor. The moisture content above the khus barrier and yield of castor were
about 12% and 17% higher respectively to that below the khus barrier. The
290
average yield of castor above the khus line was 9.16 qlha as compared to 7.83
qlha below the khus line.
8.2.5 Long term fertilizer experiment
The AICRP on Long term fertilizer experiment IS in operation at

Hyderabad since 1971.
As in previous years, significant increase in grain and straw yields of

kharif rice was obtained when recommended level of N P K (100%) was
applied along with 15 tlha of FYM, which was on par with the yields obtained
by 150% N P K application.
Significant increase in grain yield was obtained due to application of

N over control (129%) and N P over N (28%), while there was no increase
in grain yield due to N P K application over N P. Application of N P K at
150% level to Tellahamsa recorded an increase of 13.28 qlha of grain yield
over 100% N P K level, indicating that Tellaharnsa can respond upto 150%
N P K level under favourable conditions.
The response of rice to applied N, P and K was found to be 15.0,42.6

and 1.7 kg grain respectively per kg nutrient applied. Application of zinc had
no significant effect on both grain and straw yields of rice. However, significant
reduction in both grain (7.47 q/ha) and straw (17.41 q/ha) yields was observed
in the treatment which had not received any S fertilizer so far, as compared
with S received treatment.
Significant differences in grain and straw yields between hand weeding

and chemical weed control were not noticed.
Highest uptake of all nutreints was observed in the treatment which

received both inorganic + organic fertilizer combination i.e., 100% NPK +
FYM. The nutrient use efficiency by rice was also substantially increased
due to combination of inorganic fertilizer (100% NPK) and organic manure
(FYM).
Soil studies after the harvest of crop showed no noticeable change in

pH and salinity. There was a consistent build up of organic content of soil
in the treatment receiving FYM.
291
All the soil available nutrients (N,P and K) were higher in the treatment
which received FYM alongwith 100% NPK. A decline in the available P and
K was observed in treatments that received only N or NP.
Significant reduction in soil available sulphur content was noticed in

the treatment which had not received sulphur sofar, the value reaching below
the critical limit.
The available micronutrient status of soil did not show any change and
the values were above the critical level.
8.2.6 Soil Test - Crop Response Correlation
Studies to find out the relationship between soil test values and fertilizer
doses of N, P and K for kharif rice in rice-sunflower cropping system in the
inceptisols of Jagtial area, indicated that paddy responded well to higher levels
of 150 kg N, 80 kg P20S and 80 kg K20per ha even at higher native fertility.
However, for getting optimum yield, 100 kg N, 40 kg P20S and 80 kg K20
per ha are sufficient in Sri Rama Sagar Project area.
In rice-sunflower cropping system in inceptisols of Jagtial area, sunflower

in rabi gave response to higher level of N (120 kg N/ha) and K20 (60 kg
K20/ha), while application of phosphorus did not influence the yields.
In the studies on the relationship between soil test values and fertilizer
doses in rice-rice cropping system in alluvial soils of Nellore area, during
kharif, highest yield of paddy was obtained at 50 kg N/ha irrespective of
native soil fertility and the grain yield decreased at N levels above 50 Kglha.
This might be due to RTV attack of the crop during kharif 1992 season. For
phosphorus and potassium application, grain yield increased upt040 kgP20S
and 80 kg K20/ha in all fertility gradients. The results indicated that optimum
yield of paddy can be obtained with 50 kg N, 40 kg P20S and 40 kg K20/ha
application under RTV attack. The rabi rice crop in this trial was affected
by terminal stress due to non-availability of water. However, under terminal
stress conditions, higher yield was obtained in plots where the native fertility
is high and with higher dose of Nand P application.
In rice-rice cropping system in alluvial soils of West Godavari district,

higher response to application of K was observed compared to N application.
292
For getting optimum yield in alluvial soils, during kharif, application of 60
kg N, 40 kg P20S and 40 K20lha appears to be sufficient.
8.2.7 Radio Tracer Studies, Rajendranagar
Studies on the effect of tillage with different implements on active root

distribution and yield of rainfed groundnut in alfisol, indicated that the highest
pod yield was obtained where the field was worked with Chekkalaguntaka
and blade harrow (16.88 qlha), followed by ploughing with country plough
alongwith application of pearlmillet straw @ 4 tlha (16.41 qlha). The root
activity was more at 10 cm lateral distance and upto 10 cm vertical depth in
ploughing with country plough, while it was more at 5 cm distance with
Chekkalaguntaka and blade harrow.
Application of gypsum as a source of sulphur to sesamum (var.

Rajeswari) on red sandy loam soil was superior to K2S04 and SSP. Seed
yield, dry matter and S-uptake parameters were highest when gypsum was
used as a source of S. Though seed yield was highest at 60 kg Slha (2.46
qlha) compared to 30 kg Slha (2.21 q/ha), application of S at 30 kg/ha is
economical as the increase in yield and other parameters at higher level were
not significant.
Effect of phosphorus application on yield, uptake and utilization of P

by pigeonpea under intercropping conditions with greengram, groundnut and
maize crops grown on alfisol was studied during kharif, at Rajendranagar.
Drastic reduction in the yields of greengram, groundnut and maize

were observed due to intercropping with pigeonpea. Greengram and groundnut
as intercrops did not show marked influence on the yield of base crop pigeonpea.
However, when pigeonpea was grown with m':lize as an intercrop, the yields
of both the crops were very much reduced. Response to applied P was only
marginal in pigeonpea, greengram, and gr01.mdnut, while it was higher with
maize. The P uptake and fertilizer P uptake.' showed . increase with increase
in level of P application while P utilization decreased. However, P utilization
by the base crop increased due to intercropping.
Pot culture studies on the effect of SulPhur application on yield and

S utilization by bhendi were conducted,during 'rabi, using red sandy loam
soil, low in available S. Application or
S in· th~ form of SSP (94.1 gipot)
and gypsum (97.0 qipot) gave high.er green fruit yield at 15 kg Slha, while
.
..
K2S04 as a source of S gave the maximum yield (105.2 g/pot) at 30 kg Slha.
Fertilizer S uptake and S utilization were better with gypsum as a source of
S than the other two sources.
In pot culture studies conducted during rabi, use of distillery effluent

water to irrigate paddy and maize crops resulted in accumulation of salts in
soil to harmful level even after dilution, deteriorating soil health on longterm
basis, besides adversely affecting the yeilds of the crops.
Response of rice to applied K20 was studied on farmers' fields (alfisols)

analysing low, medium and high in available K20, in Ranga reddy district
during kharif season. Grain yield showed increase only upto 30 kg K20/ha,
while increase in straw yields was observed upto 60 kg K201ha. Mean
response to K20 (kg grain to kg K20) ranged from -0.9 to 10.7, with 7 kg
grain! 1 kg K20 at 30 kg K20/ha level. The magnitude of response decreased
with increase in available K status of soils.
8.3 Entomology
8.3.1 Regional Research Unit
Lam
Pheromone trap studies indicated that the prevalence of Spodoptera

filum was low in June and July months and reached peak level from November
to January and declined from February onwards. Among the test crops, chillies
followed by cotton, pulses, soybean and coriander were the most preferred
crops in the descending order. Chillies recorded the highest moth population
(3 96/trap/month).
Spodotera exigua was found to be essentially a rabi pest on fenugreek,

chillies and soybean. Three peak brood emergencies of the pest were recorded
during fourth week of November, December and January months. Chi or-
pyriphos was found most effective in reducing the incidence of S.exigua on
fenugreek and realising maximum yield, followed by flufenoxuran, quinalphos
and endosulfan.
Under laboratory conditions, fenugreek was found to be the most

preferred host for S. exigua with maximum growth, followed by chillies, castor,
chickpea, safflower, bhendi and brinjal in the descending order of preference.
294
Evaluation of different plant products against keypests of bhendi
indicated that foliar application of nicotine sulphate 0.5% alone and in
combination with carbaryl, carbaryl 0.15% alone and neem oil 0.5% with
carbaryl significantly reduced the jassid population on bhendi. Fruit borer
damage due to Heliothis was significantly less in repelin + carbaryl, nicotine
sulphate along and with carbaryl.
Among the mustard germplasm lines, Kranti (1.6), Krishna (1.7) and
LBM 51 (1.8) recorded less mean aphid infestation index.
Leafminer, a polyphagous pest was identified as an agromyzed dipteran

fly, Liriomyza trirolii. Its occurrence was stray on castor, cowpea and mustard
dur~l1g the year. The pest completed its life cycle in about 12 days.
8.3.2 Scheme on Heliothis Management
Lam
The activity of Helicoverpa (Heliothis) started declining on summer

crops and further increase was noticed on early kharifcrops like mungbean,maize
etc. The severity was felt on cotton crop by 43rd and 44th standard weeks.
Variation in the insecticidal resistance was observed among different

populations of Heliothis collected from different regions and hosts. The L.c.
50 value of all the test chemicals on Heliothis larvae collected from insecticidal
treated plot were high compared to larvae from untreated plot. The mortality
of third instar larvae collected from cotton fields ranged from 49 - 74% in
October, 33 - 54% in November and 46 - 68% in December, clearly showing
increase in the resistance level due to selection pressure.
Early sowing of cotton (July) recorded significantly higher number of

eggs (13.8/ 5 plants), larvae (11.1/5 plants) and square damage (38.5%).
However, the yield was highest in July sowing (6.78 q/ha) due to better
recouping ability of cotton plant.
The relationship between larval levels and square damage, boll damage
and yields were assessed as 0.8645, 0.8366 and 0.7146 "r" values respectively.
The ETL was found to be three larvae per 10 plants, where the 'cost of
insecticidal control and seed c.9tton were supposed to be Rs.700/ha and
Rs.I000/ha respectively.
295
Botanical insecticides like sesame oil, neem oil, repelin and biolitters
and insect growth regulators like flufenoxuron were found promising in
checking Heliothis populations. Increase in yield was observed to the tune
of 318, 221, 146, and 145 kg/ha due to the use of flufenoxuron, repelin,
nicotine sulphate and sesame oil respectively.
Integrated management of Heliothis recorded less square and boll

damage and increased natural enemies as compared to chemical control.
The IPM plot recorded maximum yield of cotton (18.8 q/ha) besides
an additional produce of groundnut (6.7 q/ha) as against 5.1 and 6.5 q/ha in
control plot. The results clearly stressed the need for bio-intensive management
of insecticide resistant Heliothis.
8.3.3 Biological Control of Crop Pests
Spray application ofNPV @ 250 LE/ha was found superior in reducing

the pod borer damage due to Helicovelpa armigera and increasing the yield
of pigeonpea (8.55 q/ha) and was on par with endosulfan 0.07% (8.56 q/ha).
None of the B.T. formulations (Bactospeine, Albit, DipeJ, Delfin, Biobit,
BARe strain and Agree) tested at 0.5 kg/ha was effective in reducing pod
damage in pigeonpea due to pod borer. However, maximum larval mortality
of 23.53% due to disease was observed in Biobit treatment.
In chickpea, application of NPV @ 125 LElha + endosulfan 0.035%

was effective in reducing pod damage (3.55%) and recovering maximum yield
(22.1 qlha) , followed by NPV @ 250 LElha (3.73% and 21.3 q/ha) and
endosulfan 0.07% (3.62% and 20.8 qlha).
Integrated pest management measures in cotton (i.e., release of Chrysopa

@ 50,000/ha once, release of egg parasitoids, T.chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha at
weekly intervals for eight times after noticing eggs of Harmigera and spray
application of NPV @ 250 LElha) with no insecticidal application recorded
less square (9.05%) and boll damage (12.96%) and gave more yield (15.76
q/ha) as against 20.89% and 20.28% square and boll damage and 9.84 q/ha
of yield in control. However, maximum yield (19.25 q/ha) and least square
(8.72%) and boll damage (6.81%) were obtained in insecticidal treatment.
Mealybug of grapevine was effectively checked by the release of

predatory beetle, Oyptolaemus montrouzieri @ 25 0O/ha.
296
Extensive surveys in North Coastal zone, Scarce rainfall zone, Southern
Telangana zone and Nargarjunasagar area were carried out and a complex of
seven natural enemies (Stenomesills japoniclls, Sympiesis dolichocaster,
TetrastichliS sp., Arga choaspes, Chelonus sp., Brachymeria sp. and Ewytoma
sp.) against groundnut leafminer, were collected. The natural enemies were
predominent in Southern Telangana zone.
Feeding potentiality of Chlysopa carnea, an important predator of

different species of aphids, was worked out and the groundnut aphid (Aphis
craccivora) was found as the preferred host for Chlysopa carnea, without any
deleterious effects on its multiplication.
Exposing 125 eggs of Corcyra per day to five parasitoids of Chelollus

blackburnii was found to be good for maximum parasitisation (8.26%). Mass
mUltiplication of Chlysopa sp. in the laboratory using glass jars and glass·
vials was standardised.
8.3.4 Apiculture
All India Co-ordinated project on Honeybees Research and Training

is functioning at Agricultural Research Station,Vijayarai. There are 28 colonies
of European honey bee and 25 colonies of Indian bees in Vijayarai at Present.
During this year 20 queens were developed by artificial queen grafting technique,
out of which 10 queens were supplied to newly divided colonies. Two new
queens along with colonies were supplied to the Agricultural Polytechnic
College, Palem.
The yield of gingelly in bee pollination (7.8 qlha) was significantly

more than in self pollination (5.22 qlha). Bee pollination also gave maximum
percentage of filled seeds (81.8%) and higher 1000 seed weight (4.l5g).Drum-
stick (Moringa oleifera) was evaluated for nectar and pollen. Each flower
secreted on an average 4.29 ul with a sugar concentration of 14%.
8.3.5 Rodentology
In scarce rainfall zone, the irrigated rice crop was found attacked by
two rodent pests viz., Bandicota bengalensis and Mus booduga, the farmer
being more predominent.
297
At Maruteru, removal of tillers (shoots) after 40 days of transplanting
(simulated rodent damage) was observed to be more detrimental resulting in
35 to 38% loss in grain yield, as compared to shoot removal at 10, 20 and
30 days after transplanting.
In rice fallow pulses (blackgram), B.bengalensis was the only rodent

pest observed around Tenali causing serious damage to the pods. The grain
yield losses estimated based on live burrow counts and damaged pods were
0.38 kg/burrow and 22.43 kg/ha.
In East and West Godavari districts, only one rodent species viz., Rattus
rattlls was observed causing nut damage in coconut plantations, while coconut
nurseries were attacked by four rodent species viz., B.bengalensis, B.indica,
Ta/era indica and j\;f booduga.
8.3.6 Agricultural Ornithology
In the surveys conducted during 1992-93, parakeet was observed to

cause 1.2% and 2.0% damage to safflower in Rangareddy and Medak districts
respectively.
Neem based product, repelin @ 10 m1l1 of water as a bird repellent,

gave higher grain yield of Jowar both in kharif (32.2 q/ha) and rabi (56.5
qlha) seasons compared to control (29.0 q/ha and 27.5 q/ha) respectively.
However, using net recorded the highest yields of 65.0 q/ha and 68.2 q/ha in
kharif and rabi seasons respectively.
Survey of fruit gardens for bird damage due to parakeets, mynas, crows,
sunbirds, golden areole revelaed 1.02% in guava, 3.0% to 12.0% in grape and
4.5% in pomegranate.
Reflective ribbon used for scaring birds gave highest yields of maize.
8.3.7 Pesticide Residues
The ICAR coordinated Research Project on pesticide residues is located

at College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
Initial deposit of chlorpyriphos 0.5% and 0.1 % on tobacco dissipated

to below tolerance limit 2 mg/kg in 3 and 4 days and above 95% from 10th
298
day onwards after second application. Metalaxyl rnZ 0.1 % and 0.2% applied
in plant hole of tobacco recorded nil residue in leaves 15 days after treatment.
There were no residues of chlorpyriphos and metalaxyl mZ in cured tobacco
leaves.
Metalaxyl rnZ applied @ 2.5 and 5 gil of water as a soil drenching

around betelvine recorded nil residue of metalaxyl and mancozeb 10 days and
50 days after application respectively.
Endosulfan applied @ 0.07% and 0.14% dissipated above 95% at 15

days after second application and to below tolerance limits in 3 and 5 days,
whereas lindane 0.05% and 0.1 % dissipated to below tolerance limits in 2 and
5 days and 100% at 15 days after second application. Washing and cooking
of cowpea green pods removed endosulfan by 43 to 49% and lindane by 51
to 59%. At harvest time, the residues of the chemicals were below MRL
(maximum residue limit).
Farm gate vegetable samples collected around Hyderabad recorded

HCH residues of 0.5876, l.5730 and 0.2464 mg/kg in brinjal, chillies and
palak respectively, which are above MRL (0.25 mg/kg). Vegetable samples
viz., chillies, bhendi, bittergourd, creeping beans and cucumber collected
around Guntur recorded HCH above MRL, whereas residues of mancozeb
were above MRL only in bittergourd samples. Vegetables collected from
Srikakulam had residues of all groups of chemicals (HCH, DDT, aldrin
including dieldrin, endosulfan, parathion, mancozeb) below MRL.
The residues of HCH, aldrin and endosulfan were below MRL and
those of monocrotophos and quinalphos were nil in fish samples collected
during September and November, 1992 in Hyderabad. HCH, DDT and aldrin
residues were below MRL in all the eight fish species collected at Maruteru
around paddy field while endosulfan residues were found above MRL (0.02
mg/kg) in two species of prawns.
Animal feed samples collected around Hyderabad had HCH residues

of 0.3470 mg/kg in feed mixture (Jowar kulti+urea) which is above MRL of
0.25 mg/kg. Aldrin including dieldrin residues were above MRL (0.01 mg/kg)
in feed mixture, complete feed, animal feed, sorghum grain and deoiled rice
bran, while endosulfan residues were above MRL in complete feed samples.
Normal feed samples collected from Guntur had HCH residues above MRL
in sorghum grain, paddy grain, sunhemp, fallow Kancha grass, napier grass
299
and para grass, whereas aldrin residues were above MRL in sorghum grain,
fallow grass and paragrass. Napier grass samples collected from Srikakulam
recorded HCH residues above MRL.
HCH and aldrin dissipated in aU the four types of soils viz., sandy
soil, chalka soil, black cotton soil and saline-alkaline soil above 95% from
180 days onwards, whereas DDT dissipated from 1 1/2 years onwards. Maximum
residues of HCH and aldrin were obtained at a depth of 20-40 cm, while those
of DDT at 10-20 cm.
Butachlor applied as a pre-emergence herbicide in soil @ 1 and 2 kg

a.ilha at the time of paddy transplantation recorded residues below MRL (0.25
mg/kg) in all the four paddy fractions viz., paddy grain, rice, bran and straw
(ranging form 0.0 to 0.024 mg/kg).
Monocrotophos and quinalphos applied @ 0.05% and 0.1 % on ber

recorded nil residues at harvest i.e., 18 days after second spray.
Root feeding of coconut with metalaxyl @ 3.5 and 7 g/tree recorded

maximum residues in coconut water (0.0032 and 0.0069 mg/kg) and in copra
(0.0141 and 0.0238 mg/kg) on 15th day of application and 100 percent
dissipation was observed by 30th day after root feeding, indicating that a safe
period of 30 days is required.
8.4 Plant Pathology
8.4.1 Regional Research Unit
Lam
Application of chlorothalonil 0.2%, mancozeb 0.15% neem oil 1.0%,

ncem cake extract 1.0%, waste lubricant oil 1.0%, carbendazim 0.15% and
removal of infected leaves were effective in reducing the intensity of black
leaf streak disease in banana. However, removal of infected leaves was more
economical out of all the above treatments.
Bunchy top disease was found prevailing in aU the popularly grown

banana varieties in the Krishna-Godavari zone. Dwarf cavendish recorded the
highest incidence of 27.53% followed by Robusta (8.10%) and Karpura
chakkarakeli (5.44%). The culinary variety did not show any viral disease.
300
Banana varieties Dwarf cavendish, Robusta, Karpura chakkarakeli and
Tella chakkarakeli were found resistant to panama wilt disease, while
Amrutapani was highly susceptible. Among six culinary varieties, Yenugu
bontha, Nukala bontha, Patcha bontha and Godavari bontha were resistant to
wilt disese, while Bontha and Boodida Bakkisa were highly susceptible.
Leaf blotch disease in turmeric was significantly reduced by spraying

Bordeaux mixture 1% three times (one spray immediately after the appearance
of disease and two more sprays at 10 days interval).
Out of 120 lines of coriander screened, 101 and 9 lines showed resistant
reaction to wilt and powdery mildew diseases respectively under field conditions.
Varieties/lines ATP 45, UD 204, JCO 1, No.481, Co 1, Kekari, P 5, 14/18-4
and 49/81-3 were resistant to powdery mildew.
8.4.2 Mushrooms
Under the mushroom cultivatin scheme, beds laid out with 75 g spawm
recorded maximum yield of 1500 gibed of oyster mushroom followed by 100
g spawn (137.5 gibed). The beds laid out with straw bits sterilised in an .
autoclave were found to give maximum yield of mushroom (1600 gibed) while
chemically sterilized straw bits and straw bits sterilized by immersion in boiling
water for half-an-hour gave mushroom yields of 1550 and 1390 gibed
respectively.
Among the different substrates studied, paddy straw was found to be

the best substrate for growing oyster mushroom with an yield of 1500 gibed
followed by maize straw and dried leaves with yields of 1000 and 800 g
respectively, whereas sorghum + CaC03 was found to be the best substrate
for growing spawn which gave complete coverage of mycelium after ten days
of incubation .
Among the different combinations tried for laying oyster mushroom

bed, redgram powder + oatmeal + rice bran gave maximum yield of mushroom
(1500 gibed) followcdby redgram powder + rice bran (1475 gibed).
301
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8.5 Plant Physiology
Regional Research Unit, Lam
The yields of blackgram, greengram, bengalgram, soybean and pigeonpea

were significantly increased due to cobalt nutrition through seed treatment and
foliar application.
Application of DAP 4% or Urea 2% at 25 days after sowing followed

by NAA @ 20 ppm, cobalt nitrate @ 50 ppm at 50 DAS and 60 DAS
significantly increased the seed yields by 3.10 qlha and 3.28 qlha respectively
over control.
Pre-harvest sprouting in greengram was reduced when spraying was

given immediately after rains with 2% sodium chloride (29% sprouted pods)
and 2% potassium chloride (33.3% sprouted pods), as against 67% in the
unsprayed.
Medium duration soybean varieties, PK 1038, IS (SH) 8723 and IS

(SH) 8727 performed well when intercropped with pigeonpea, while PK 1038,
NRC 7 and IS(SH) 8727 gave higher yields with cotton.
Among 22 varieties of rice tested under rainfed condition, MTU 9993

(17.3 qlha), Prabhavati (16.8 qlha) and N22 (15.1 qlha) performed better when
they were exposed to severe moisture stress during tillering and panicle
initiation stages.
Relative water
Variety Grain yield Biomass Sterility (%) content
(q/ha) (g/sq.m) RWC.(%)
MTU 9993 17.3 120.3 25.2 29.5
Prabhavati 16.8 154.3 19.3 32.7
N22 15.1 130.0 27.0 33.9
Rasi 11.2 119.5 18.9 54.4
\Icttasannalu 8.1 116.8 30.9 44.3
C.O.0.05 1.6
Pigeonpea vanetIes BDM1, Cll ami ICPL 84071 showed better

adaptation to drought than local check LBG 30 and recorded more number
of branches, dry matter, pods per plant and highest 100 seed weight.
302
Bengalgram variety Annegiri recorded only 8.3% decrease in yield
under rainfed conditions when compared with that under irrigated conditions,
followed by ICCV2 (19%), while highest reduction was noticed in Phule 05
(43.3%).
Soybean variety JS 87-60 gave the highest seed yield (6q/ha) followed
by PK 1038 (5.2q/ha) and MACS 410 (4.8 q/ha) under rainfed conditions.
High seed yield is associated with high RWC and more number of pods per
plant under drought conditions.
Among the chilli varieties studied for drought adaptation, LCA 235
gave maximum dry pod yield (33.5 q/ha) , followed by LCA (31.6q/ha) and
Sindhur (30.1 q/ha).
Studies on the effect of harvesting time on quality of chilli pods showed

that the pod weight increased up to 38th day and thereafter declined till maturity.
The pods attained maximum length by 35th day. Pods collected during 32
to 41 days after anthesis possessed high percentage of seed viability (92%)
upto 6 months after storage and later decreased to 49% by 12th month.
8.6 Agricultural Economics
8.6.1 Lam
Techno-economic survey was conducted in West Godavari district.

The compound growth rates in area, production and productivity for principal
crops during the periods 1956-57 to 1965-66, 1966- 67 to 1975-76 and 1977-78
to 1984-85 were estimated. Economic analysis of cropping systems in 12
agro-ecological situations in Krishna-Godavari zone was carried out.
8.6.2 Anakapallc
Techno-economic survey of Vizianagaram district was carried out. The

district is predominently dependent on agriculture with sandy and red loamy
soils constituting about 78% of the total area. The main crops are rice, ragi.
bajra, sugarcane, pulses, mesta and groundnut. The minor forest produces
available in the district are tamarind, adda leaf and bidi leaf etc. The estimated
marine fish catch is about 416 m.t. per year.
303
Economic study of micro watershed area of Asakapalle village was
conducted. The village has got 40 ha of cultivated area and rice is the main
crop grown in the village. The average total cost of production of rice is
Rs.2700/ha, yielding 40 q/ha and giving a cost benefit ratio of 3.58.
Economics of cropping systems in five agro-ecological situations was

studied. Rice-pulses gave the highest cost benefit ratio in four situations,
while in fifth situation (AL-RF), sesamum - rice gave the highest cost benefit
ratio. In two situations viz., AL- Wand RSL-W, crop production with rice
- pulses alone gave the highest cost benefit ratio of 2.32, whereas in AL-RF
situation crop production with dairy gave the highest cost benefit ratio (1.35).
In the remaining two situations viz., RLC-C and RLC-W crop production +
coconut gave higher cost benefit ratios of 3.28 and 3.39 respectively.
8.6.3 Tirupati
Techno-economic survey of Nell ore district was carried out. The results
indicated that there is vast scope for development of brackish water fish and
prawn culture in Nellore district. The fisheries development activity in the
district needs research and extension support for better results. There is scope
for the development of sericulture activity also in selected mandals, whi~h
needs to be encouraged by the Department of sericulture.
Studies on the run off collection for growing remunerative crops for
small and marginal farmers showed that brinjal, bottle gourd and watermelon
performed well with cost benefit ratios of 0.58, 0.45 and 1.33 respectively.
In adaptive trials conducted on farmer's field, rice hybrids MTU 2001

and MTU 2003 were found superior to other hybrids with higher gross returns,
net returns and cost benefit ratios.
8.6.4 Jagtial
Techno-economic survey of Karirnnagar district was conducted.
Economics of 12 agriculture based farming systems in the Northern

Telangana zone was worked out. Highest additional net income was obtained
in the farming system agriculture + dairy followed by agriculture + horticulture.
The major constraints indentified in the zone were lack of sufficient
304
fodder/feed/seed, technical know-how, latest technology on management
practices and plant protection, technical support and marketing facilities.
Studies on socio-economic conditions in Kodimial watershed village

in Karimnagar district and economic analysis of onfarm trials were carried
out and technology and extension gaps were identified.
8.S.5 Nandyal
Techno-economic survey of Kumool district was carried out and the

results indicated that technological changes are needed for rational socio-eco-
nomic development of the district. The area under forests is decreasing and
formed about 18.1 % of geographical area. There is need to increase the area
under forests. Area under millets and food crops is decreasing remarkably and
there is need to arrest this crop imbalance by providing incentives to millets,
besides finding alternate uses of millets.
Exploitation of groundnut for higher productivity and production, timely

supply of inputs especially quality seed, creation of marketing facilities for
the new crops like mustard, soybean, etc., increasing crop intensity above the
existing level of 108%, improvement of arid horticultural fruits and their
marketing, increasing agro-service centrese etc., are needed.
Studies on the adoption pattern of technology for rainfed groundnut in

black soils indicated that adoption of low seed rate without any seed treatment.
not using the required quantities of FYM and imbalance in the use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides are the main reasons for low yields of groundnut in
Kurnool district.
8.7 Farm implements and machinery
8.7.1 Rajendranagar
A hydro-tiller operated by 5 HP diesel engine was developed and

tested. It puddles effectively in paddy fields after ploughing the land once
with mould board plough and covers an area of 0.18 ha per hour. The cost
of the machine, excluding engine is Rs.l 0,0001- and the cost of puddling once
is Rs.96=60/ha and for twice is Rs.193/ha as compared to puddling with
country plough (Rs.500/ha). The work is in progress to modify the machine
for use in heavy soils.
305
A power operated groundnut pod stripper for stripping pods from
groundnut plants immediately after harvesting was designed and tested. It is
operated by a 2 HP electric motor. There is no damage to the plant or breakage
of pods at a cylinder speed of 330 rpm. The stripped plants can be used as
fodder. The stripping efficiency is 100% with a capacity of 120 Kg pods per
hour with five labourers working on the machine. Cost of the machine
(excluding motor) is Rs.6,5001-. The cleaning efficiency of the machine is
being improved.
A self propelled paddy harvester for harvesting paddy in high soil

moisture conditions operated by 5 HP diesel engine was developed and tested
in heavy alluvial soils of Maruteru in West Godavari district. It's performance
was satisfactory. It can harvest 0.12 ha/hour. The cost of harvesting is
Rs.222=85 Iha as against manual harvesting of Rs.500/ha.
Testing different sets of tillage implements in sandy clay loam soil for
seedbed preparation for sowing groundnut in rice fallows indicated that the
genr.ination of groundnut was good in the plot wherein ploughing was done
with country plough twice followed by power tiller operated rotavator twice
(87%) compared to ploughing by cattle pair (73%).
The Farm implements and Machinery unit manufactured the following

implements during the year.
Tractor operated ferti-seed drill .. 2 Nos.
Power operated groundnut pod stripper ..2 Nos.
Tractor drawn intercultivator .. 2 Nos.
Sunflower threshing bench .. 5 Nos.
8.7.2 Bapatla
Bullockdrawn groundnut ferti-planter was fabricated. It has 4 tynes,

4 seed boxes with cell type metering mechanism, one fertilizer box common
to all tynes with a driving mechanism.
Sunflower threshing bench having an iron stand of 94 cm X 84 cm

with 20 mm X 20 mm iron mesh on it, was fabricated. Four persons can
306
easily work at a time and 100 percent seed separation was observed. It covers
one acre of produce in about 1 - 2 days and its cost is Rs.600 to 700.
One side supported straight blade and one centrally supported blade
as attachments to the frame of groundnut digger were fabricated.
307
B. LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES RESEARCH
1 LIVESTOCK RESEARCH STATION, LAM, GUNTUR
Network programme Oil gelletic improvemellt through associate herd testillg alld
data recordillg -Ollgole breed.
The ongole cattle germ plasm unit comprises of one main unit at Lam
and four associate herds at Lam,Mahanandi,Chintaladevi and Ramatheertham.
Total herd strength in all the units at the close of the year was 871, of which
153 were males and 718 were females. Breedable females were473. Semen
freezing facilities were established at Lam. From 13 bulls under progeny
testing,39815 doses of semen were produced and 4405 doses were used during
the year 1992-93.Average body weight of males at birth and at 24 months of
age were 27.18 ± 0.35 kg and 346.67 ±_9.75 kg respectively, while those of
females were 24.00 + 0.32 kg and 253.12 ±"'7.14 kg respectively. The productive
and reproductive parameters of Ongole cows for germplasm unit at Lam and
over all performance of associated herds are furnished in table 37.
Table 37: Productive and reproductive parameters of Ongole cow
Parameter Lam Overall

I. Age at first heat(days) 731.3 ±13.4 1109.8 ±49.3
2. Age at first calving (days) 1015.5 ±24.7 1349.3 ± 62.0
3. Calving period (days) 411.6 ±7.5 499.7 ± 9.1
4. Lactation milk yield (kg) 524.4 ±20.5 621.2 ± 32.2
5. Lactation length (days) 185.1 + 6.1 216.2 ± 6.2
Studies 011 tlte ilifluellce of differellt plalles of Ilutritioll durillg pre alld post calvillg
period 011 productive alld reproductive performallce of cross-bred COIVS. (Adlwc
leAR scheme).
The influence of normal level of feeding as per NRC requirements

and adlibitulJl feeding on productive and reproductive performance were studied
on 32 cross-bred cows. The results revealed that liberal feeding during late
gestation (last 2 month of pregnancy) and early lactation (first 3 months of
lactation ) and normal feeding thereafter resulted in higher lactation milk
308
yield (3348 kg ),higher peak milk yield(l6 kg/day) and better efficiency of
utilisation of nutrients. Continued liberal feeding during mid and late lactation
had no further beneficial effect on productive and reproductive performance
(Table 38).
Table 38 : Milk yields as influenced by plane of nutrition during pre

and post calving period in cross-bred cows at Lam
Milk Peak milk

Feeding regimen yield/lactation yield/day(Kg)
(Kg)
Nonnal feeding during both stages of 2736 14.0
lactation
Nonnal feeding during first stage and liberal 2823 14.5
feeding during second stage
Liberal feeding during first stage and nonnal 3348 16.0
feeding during second stage
Liberal feeding during both stages 3180 15.2
Studies 011 slIper-ovlllatioll,micro-mallipuJatioll, cryo-preservatioll alldnoll-surgical

transfer of Ongole cattle embryos. (AdllOc leAR scheme).
Super ovulation technique was standardised in Ongole cows by using

super OV 75 units in 3 equal doses at 24 hourly interval between 9-13 days
of the oestrous cycle with active C.L prostaglandin preparation (Luta-
lyse/dinofertin 5 ml) administered along with the third dose of super-OV and
animals were inseminated and embryos recovered and scanned on 7th day of
postoestrous cycle.
During this year four out of seven cows responded to the super ovulatory
treatment.Among the responded animals,the number of corpora lutea and
unovulated follicles were 7.64 ± 1.07 and 1.00 ± 0.27 respectively per
treatment.A total of 13 embroys were collected and 4 were of transferable
quality.The superovulatory response was satisfactory.Further improvements
are being attempted in embryo recovery rate and quality.
2 LIVESTOCK RESEARCH STATION, PALAMANER
Punganur breed of cattle represents the vast genetic diversity in body

Slze and stature that exists among Indian cattle breeds. Research work is
309
intiated at Palamaner to conserve one of the smallest body sized cattle breed
in the world.
Network programme on sheep improvement
The main objective of the scheme is genetic improvement of Nellore

breed of sheep in the farmers flocks. During the year under report, survey of
the Nellore breed of sheep and genetic evaluation was carried out in 25 villages
of the Nellore breeding tract. Average body weight of the Jodipi ram lambs
ranged from 16.45 kg to 19 kg and that of female lambs 14.31 to 17.78 kg.
The body. weight of adult rams ranged from 45.13 to 56.21 kg and that of
ewes from 35.24to 38.39 kg. The body weights of the young male and female
animals of the Palla strain were 15.40 to 18.40 kg and 13.49 to14.45 kg
respectively, while that of adult rams and ewes ranged from 50.31 to 54.31 kg
and 33.48 to 36.39 kg respectively. In general males weighed heavier. Jodipi
strain was slightly heavier than Palla strain at all ages in both the sexes. Jodipi
and Palla strains recorded a height of 89.1 and 90.14 em respectively.
3. LIVESTOCK RESEARCH STATION, GARIVIDI
Nellore breed of sheep (Jodipi) and local goats were procured for the
first time to initiate research work. Lambing percentage of 56.3, mean birth
weights of 2.95 and 2.87 kg were observed in male and female respectively.
The livestock position at the end of the year under report was 11 cattle, 146
sheep and 50 goats. During the year under report 5625 litres of milk and
1032.6 quintals of green fodder were produced.
4. LIVESTOCK RESEARCH STATION, CHINTALADEVI
Studies conducted on rcaring of sheep under intensive (ad libitum

leguminous hay apart from concentrates), semi-intensive (free grazing with
150 g concentrates per day per animal) and extensive (8 hours free grazing)
conditions from weaning to one year age indicated that average daily gain
was 130% higher in intensive group over extensive group and 100% higher
over semi-intensive group. Average daily gains were 84.78,40.55 and 40.07
g in ram lambs and 59.48,35.04 and 26.44 g in ewe lambs of intensive,semi-
intensive and extensive systems of rearing respectively. Male lambs recorded
higher growth rates than females in all the three groups. Cost of economics of
intensive system indicated a profit of Rs.ll.80 per kg live weight which was
51 % over the feed cost.The livestock at this station by the end of the year
310
under report, consists of 59 cattle, 552 sheep, 50 goats and 11876 litres of
milk and 3397.5 quintals of green fodder were produced.
5. AICRP ON PIGS, TIRUPATI
The project envisages genetic studies on large white Yorkshire crosses

with indigenous pigs at 50% and 75% exotic inheritance. Performance particulrs
are presented in table 39.
Table 39: Performance Particulars of Indigenous, Crossbred (50% and 75%)

Large White Yorkshire Pigs.
Particulars Indigenou Crossbred L WY Pigs

s 50% 75%
Litter size at brith 2.89 2.1 3.08
Litter size at weaning 2.39 1.7 2.54
Litter weight at birth(kg) 3.8 ! 4.3 6.2
Litter weight at weaning (kg) 33.3 32.8 50.3
Pre weaning daily gain (g) 113 156 158
Overall mortality 17 22 12
Average litter size and weight at birth and weaning were highest in
the crosses with 75% exotic inheritance. They also recorded the highest carcass
length and loin eye area and lowest back fat thickness followed by crosses
with 50% exotic inheritance and desi.
Nutritional experiments involving use of tamarind seed replacing entire

baira in starter pig rations (50% ration) did not adversely affect growth of
three genetic groups of pigs. Addition of fish meal to tamarind diets improved
feed/gain ratio.
Average daily gain and feed/gain ratios of 304,349,370 g and 4.5, 4.2
and 3.5 were recorded in desi, 50% and 75% exotic inheritance crosses
respectively during grower stage. During finisher stage, tamarind plus tapioca
replaced bajra without fish meal gave better gain (361 g) than bajra (342 g)
among the genetic groups. Higher daily gain (373 g) was observed in 75%
followed by 50% (359 g) crosses and desi (328 g) pigs. Nitrogen retention
was highest in 75% and 50% LWY pigs (24.3 and 23.5%) than in indigenous
311
Flock of Ne'liore Jodipi sheep best suited for Commercial sheep farming in Andhra Pradesh.
(17.9%). Slaughter weights were comparable when pigs were fed on either
conventional (54.7 kg) or non-conventional feed (55.9 and 53.9 Kg).
6. AICRP ON POULTRY BREEDING, RAJENDRA NAGAR
This project is maintaining three strains of egg laying poultry IWD,

IWF and IWK. The strain IWD was under test in its 18th generation, while
the strains IWD and IWK were in 17th generation. Comparative performance
evaluation of the three strains and control popUlation during theyear (Table)
indicated that the strain IWD recorded the highest body weight (1254 g), while
strain IWFthe lowest body weight (1136 g) at 20 weeks age. Strain IWD
continued to be heavier at 40 weeks, while IWK was the lightest strain IWD
matured 9-10 days earlier than the other strains. While IWF strain produced
more number of eggs (230) compared to IWK (214) and IWD (212), the strain
IWK produced large sized eggs until the end of laying, with lowest body size
at different ages.
Table 40: Performance particulars of WLH pure strains
Particulars IWD IWF IWK Control

Body weight at 20 weeks (g) 124±3.5 1 I36±2.6 1153±3.6 I061±9
Age at first egg (days) 137 138 141 146
Egg production (HH) to 98±0.47 97±0.47 92±0.5 90± I.I
40 week age
Egg production (HH) to 212±0.5 230±1.7 214±1.9 197±5.3
72 week age
Egg weight at 40 week 51±0.09 50±0.08 52±1.2 49±0.3
age (g)
Mortality (%)
0.20 week 13.5 16.4 19.4 4.6
21 - 72 week 11.5 16.6 20.0 24.5
DxF strain cross recorded a H.H. egg production of 225 eggs at random
sample laying test at Bangalore.
The new crops FxK performed better than DxF (HH.production 222
Vs 205 and egg weight 56 Vs 55 g) and proved to be a promising strian
cross. During the period under report, a total number of 741 0 chicks of ILR-90
312
JUBILEE, a commercial strain cross released by this centre were distributed
to farmers and Government organisations.
7. AICRP ON FORAGE CROPS, RAJENDRANAGAR
Varietal evaluatioll
In varietal evaluation studies on maize.. African tall recorded the highest

~
green fodder yield (427 qlha) followed by RFM 92 (369 q/ha). In fodder bajra,
HP 8602 gave the highest green fodder yield (312 qlha) followed by giant
bajra (304 (!illa) «lld PCB 145 (304 q/ha). In another trial bajra variety APFB
4 gave maximum green fodder (452.5 q/ha) followed by PBS 1 (414 q/ha) in
two cuts. In the multi cut forage sorghum hybrid trial,the highest green fodder
yield (1218 q/ha) was obtained in APFSH 21 (RS6AxIS3266-I),followed by
STGE (1187 qlha) over three cuts. In multi cut advanced yield trial of forage
sorghum 855 F and SPH 504 gave maximum yield of 647.2 q/ha, whereas in
multicut forage sorghum varietal evaluation trial APFS,3 gave maximum yield
of 1253.5 q/ha followed by APFS 2 (1093.5 q/ha). In the imported sorghum
hybrid trial, highest yield (722.7 q/ha) was obtained by ICSA 39 x IS 7002
followed by IT 6 (609.7 q/ha) over two cuts. In the state level multilocational
trial, CSH 13R sorghum gave 721.8 qlha followed by GSSV 148 (716.8 q/ha)
as compared to the controls Chittajonna (626 q/ha) and MP chary (517 q/ha).
Guinea grass PGG 316 gave the highest green fodder yield (786 q/ha)
over 3 cuts followed by PGG 327 (736 q/ha) as against controls PGG 9 (553
qlha) and PGG 14 (639 qlha). Berseem varieties BL 105 in initial varietal
trial and JHB 158-86 in advanced varietal trial gave higher green fodder (677.5
and 745.8 q/ha) and dry fodder (94.2 and 104.3 q/ha) yields respectively over
5 cuts.
Agrollomy
Sorghum followed by maize grown for grain resulted in highest monetary

returns (Rs.19, 117). Higher dose of fertilizer (100% N P K) had a significant
influence on the monetary returns in all the treatments. Sorghum sown at 30
em and intcrcropped with cowpea for fodder resulted in significantly higher
monetary returns at all levels of N P K (100%, 75% and 50%) over other
methods of intercropping (skip row and paired row). Green fodder yield of
oats was significantly more with 80 kg Nlha (514 q/ha) over its untreated
313
control (350 q/ha) and 40 kg N/ha (414 q/ha). Application of inoculant along
\~ith N increased the yield over N alone at different levels of N.
Perennial legume lucrene LH 84 yielded 1730 q/ha green fodder in 14

cuts as compared to Anand 2 (1563 q/ha). LH 84 responded well to P20 5
at 50 kglha level yielding 1712 q/ha as against corresponding control (1574
q/ha)., In State level varietal trial with seven lucerne varieties, SS 627 gave
higher seed yield (2.8 q/ha), while LH 84 recorded higher green fodder (415
q/ha) in 4 cuts over other varieties.
R. AICRP ON AGRICULTURAL BYPRO DUCTS,

RAJENDRANAGAR
This project conducts survey for the availability of both conventional

and non-conventional feed resources and conducts research for improvements
in their utilisation and to formulate balanced and economic rations for various
categories of livestock and poultry.
Khus khus (Vetiveria zizanoides ) grass was identifed as a new feed

resource. Analysis of the grass sample indicated that it contained 5.34% crude
protein, and 38.58% crude fibre. Studies on utilisation of mulberry fodder as
animal feedshowed that mulberry fodder was more palatable and more
economical to sheep (pregnant ewes) than sorghum straw, with no undesirable
effects on digestibility. Body weights of ewes and birth weights of lambs were
comparable on all the rations.
Gliricidia maculata leaf meal was not relished by sheep and goats as
sole feed and hence fed with chopped sorghum straw at 1: 1 ratio to estimate
nutritive value. Gliricidia leaf meal contained 11.59% and 16.99% DCP and
48.30 and 56.91 % TDN in sheeps and goats respectively. Goats were superior
to sheep in utilising Gliricidia leaf meal. ~
314
FISHERIES
9. DEPT. OF FISHERY SCIENCE AND BRACKISH WATER
PRAWN CULTURE UNIT, KAKINADA
Department Of Fishery Science, Kakinada
In the fanning systems research carried out at Maruteru for the

development of integrated paddy-cum-fish culture, paddy-fish (cada)-banana
system yielded net income of Rs.17675 per ha as compared to Rs.6637 per
ha with paddy cultivation alone. In another experiment, paddy-fish (Rohu
)-banana system gave an income of Rs.13572Iha as compared to Rs.92061ha
in paddy cultivation alone. Better cost benefit ratios were observed compared
to padddy production alone (1:3.6 and 1:3.3 Vs 1:0.7 and 1:1.4). Calla catla
gave more yield (50.5 kg) than Rohu (35.8 kg).
The environmental impact of use of antibiotic,s in fish culture ponds

in the districts of Krishna and West Godavari was studied by collecting water
samples from fish ponds (Akivid, Pothumarru and Kaikaluru),canal( Pothu-
marru) and drain and analysing them for bacterial load and antibiotic r~sistance
in the isolated bacteria. None of the samples showed any unusual bacterial
load. Most of the organisms observed were natural flora of the aquatic
environment. Total coliform count ranged between 1200-2400 in different
samples. Faecal coli forms were found in all samples, but E.coli were present
to an extent of 40%. Aeromonas,hydrophila, A.sobria, A caviae, Salmonella
typhi, Vibrio cholaera etc were isolates in different samples. Several isolated
of E. coli and Aeromonas revealed resistance to antibiotics commonly used
in fish cultures.
Technology for large scale seed production of giant fresh water prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergi was standerdised. Water temperature below 25°c
had a distinct negative effect on the larval survival, growth and metamorphosis.
A bacterial shell disease was diagnised in larval prawns during winter. Vigorous
water exchange with fresh sea water controlled the infection.
Training programmes for rural youth and officers of State Fisheries

department were conducted.
315
Brackish Water Fish Farm, Kakillada .
In the study on the relative efficiency of moist and pelleted artificial

feeds on the production of tiger prawns, Penaeus monodon under mono culture
pellet feeding recorded an average increase in size/weight of 56.50 mm/IO.62
g as compared to 41.90 mm17.87g with moist feeding in a period of 45 days
in cement cisterns. Similar studyin earthern ponds showed that pellet
feedingresulted in higher average size/weight of 200 mm/2I.5 g as compared
to moist feeding with values of 170mml18 g in a period of 90 days. Regarding
water quality parameters, higher levels of dissolved oxygen and lower levels
of free carbondioxide were recorded in pellet feeding than in moist feeding.
Short term training programmes in brackish water prawn culture to

rural youth and inspectors and Assistant Directors of the State Fisheries
department were conducted.
10. FRESH WATER PRAWN CULTURE, KOWAll
In the studies on mono culture and mixed culture of fresh water prawn,
M malcolm sonii, both total production and market size production of prawn
were higher in mixed culture. The prawn yield was 625 kg/ha/ 5 months in
mixed culture with a male female ratio of 74:26, while the -corresponding
figures for mono culture were 450 kg/ha/5 months, and 79:21. Males contributed
for higher production in both the types of culture systems. The ranges of
market size males and females were 25-92 g 25-53 g in mixed cultures and
25-80 g and 25-46 g in mono cultures respectively. Presence of fish in mixed
culture contributed for the better growth of prawn. In mixed culture, out of
total production of 3750 kg/ha/5 months, Calla calla contributed 1650 kg and
Labeo rohila 2100 kg with average weights of 1.1 kg and 0.6kg respectively.
In another study, mono cultures of Mmalcolmsonii and j\1. rosenbergii

were compared with mixed culture involving Calla calla and Labeo rohita
in the ratio of 3:7. The prawn and fish stocking densities were 50,000 and
2500/ha respectively. Production of Mmalcolmsonii ranged from 720-820 kg
and 750-930 kg/ha/year, while Mrosenbergii yielded 750-830 Kg and 780-830
kg/ha/yearin mono and mixed cultures respectively. Fish production ranged
from 3200 to 3800 kg/ha/year.
316
11 FISHERIES RESEARCH STATION, BAPATLA
Mixed culture of Indian major carps (Catla,Rohu and Mrigal) was

tested at a stocking ratio of 25:50:25 in newly constructed experimental ponds
with a stocking density of 5000/ha. Production of about 1750 Kglh/year was
obtained, which was poor due to paucity of plankton. Addition of blue green
algae once in 15 days into each pond did not help in higher production, as
the green algae dominated and curtailed regular plankton production. Technical
guidance on fish and prawn farmings and control of fish diseases was provided
to the needy farmers.
12 FISHERIES RESEARCH STATION, PALAIR
Breeders of Indian major carps (Catla, Rohu, and Mrigal) were

~ntained separately to conduct induced breeding experiments. A total of
20000 seed of carp was supplied to farmers. Attempts were made to breed
1y1urrels naturally in ponds and seed of 26000 was produced.
Seed of cat fish Clarius batrachus were collected from reservoirs and
stocked and fed with trash fish with ricebran or dry fish meal with rice bran
and oil cake. Trash fish with rice bran feed yielded more (620 kg/ ha/6
months) than dry fish meal with rice bran and oil cake (535 kg/hal 6 months)
with better survival (90% Vs 85%). Breeding experiments involving Clarills
batrachus were also conducted.
Technical guidance in construction of fish ponds, culture of air breathing

fishes and carps and control of diseases was given to needy farmers of
Telangana zone. Training programmes were also conducted to officers of
State Fisheries department.
317
C. HOME SCIENCE RESEARCH
Research in Home Science faculty is carried out mainly through All

India Co-ordinate§ Research projects in different departments.The post-graduate
students and several adhoc research schemes financed by ICAR, UNDP, u.S.
Wheat Associates and Government of India also contribute to research on
various aspects of Home Science. Summary of research work carried out
during the year 1992-93 is presented below.
All Illdia Co-ordinated Research project ill Foods alld Nutrition.
Data base on food and nutrient intake, nutritional status of population

and nutrition knowledge, attitude of women in rural areas of seven agro-climatic
zones of Andhra Pradesh was devoloped. In general, the consumption of
vegetables and fruits was well below the recommended dietary allowances,
resulting in clinical manifestations of anemia and riboflavin deficiency in
women, adolescent girls and school children in all the zones. However,the
diets of Northern Telangana and High altitude and tribal area zones were very
poor depicting the poor nutritional status of population. Scabies was rampant
in the tribal area.
All Illdia Co-ordillated Research project ill Child Development
The All India Co-ordinated Research project (AICRP) conducted one

week training programme for rural adolescent girls and women in three villages
of Ranga Reddy district on better child care practices, infant stimulation
activities and their importance and preparation of low cost play materials.
All India Co-ordillated Research Project 011 Resource Managemellt of Farm Familes
The evaluation of domestic latrines, which were constructed in 40

households ofKandi and Muthangi villages was completed under rural sanitation
improvement programme.
Trials on standardisation of recipes in steam cooker revealed that items

like phirni, rice flour pudding and steamed samosa are not suitable for steam
cooking.
318
A schedule was prepared to elicit information on work, worker and
work place interactions of rural home makers in relation to kitchen work and
the study is in progress.
A schedule was prepared to evaluate AICRP - Resource Management

of Farm Families (RMFF) intervention programmes during the decade. The
impact evalution was carried out by collecting general information, maintenance
of technologies pertaining to their existence, type of use, frequency of use,
problems faced and promotion of the programmes introduced. This impact
evaluation was completed in two villages.
"Sukhad" smokeless chulhas were constructed in lanwada village,

Sankarpally mandai with technical support and subsidy given by Non
Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh. (NED CAP).
Each chulha was constructed at a cost of Rs.32. The survey conducted in the
village indicated that around 292 familes were keen on possessing chulha.
319
CHAPTER V
EXTENSION EDUCATION
The extension activities of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University

(APAU) are focussed on first line extension programmes like testing and
verification of technologies on the farmers fields through onfarm trials and
early demonstrations. The University extension system has developed several
first line programmes like adaptive trials, early demonstrations, training
programmes, Kisan Melas, Publications, dissemination of information through
press, television and All India Radio. It also imparts training to extension
personnel of State developmental departments for updating their knowledge
and skills in the subject matter areas.
The organization of extension services of Directorate of Extension of

APAU include the following extension centres financed by the State
Government, AP AU, ICAR, Government of India and other agencies.
1. Extension Education Units at six Regional Agricultural Research

Stations
2. Krishi vigyan Kendras
3. Agricultural Information and Communication Centre
4. Extension Education Institute
5. Regional Biogas Training and Development Centre
The various activities of the above extension centres are indicated

below.
1. EXTENSION EDUCATION UNITS
The six Extension Education Units operating at the Regional Agricultural

Research Stations, Lam, Anakapalle, Tirupati, Jagtial, Palem and Nandyal are
serving the needs of transfer of technology through all the research stations
of the different agro climatic zones. The important extension activities of these
units include organisation of field trials for testing new technologies for their
320
feasibility, including mini kit trials of pre-released varieties to get feed back
to the scientists, introduction of new cropping patterns, demonstration of latest
technologies, educational activities like organisation of Kisan Melas, training
programmes for the developmental personnel and the farmers and supervision
of Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme for the students of final
year B.Sc(Ag).
The details of important adaptive trials and demonstrations conducted

during 1992-93 are presented in Table 41.
Table 41: Crop demonstrations and adaptive trials organised by

E.E.Us during 1992 - 93
First line On farm
S.No Crop Mini kits demonstrations trials Total
Oilseeds/pulses
1. Paddy 76 5 81
2. Maize 2 2
3. Bajra 10 10
4. Jawar 20 21
5. Ragi 13 13
6. Karra 10 10
7. Redgram 12 13 25
8. Greengram 18 11 29
9. Blackgram 18 18
10. Groundnut 16 39 2 57
11. Sunflower 19 5 24
12. Soybean 9 9
13. Sesamum 8 5 2 15
14. Castor 4 5 9
15. Sugarcane 3 3
16. Cotton 15 22 37
17. Chillies 13 14 27
18. Vegetables 12 5 17
19. Turmeric I 2 3
Total 206 99 115 420
321
Out of 420 demonstrations and trials organised during 1992-93 in the
adapted villages of the Extension Centres, 206 were minikit trials on various
crops, 99 were first line demonstrations on oil seeds and pulses and 115 were
onfarm trials relating to different crop production aspects. The important results
of these trials and demonstrations are presented below zonewise.
RARS, LAM (Krishna Godavari Zone)
* Rice variety, MTU 9993 performed better with an yield of 3.26 t/ha
against local variety 3.13 t/ha.
* In minikit trials with hybrid rice cultures, check variety MTU 2067
(6.39 t/ha) performed better than MTU HR 2000(4.5 t/ha), MTU HR
2001(4.8 t/ha), MTU HR 2002 (5.2 t/ha) and MTU HR 2003(6.2
t/ha). However, these rice varieties being of short duration are prone
to suffer from rains in kharif season and were found to be susceptible
for pests and diseases.
* Groundnut variety ,TPT 1 (12.50 q/ha) and ICGS 76 (12.8 q/ha)

performed better than the check, TMV 2 (9.75 q/ha).
* In redgram check variety, Palnadu proved superior (7.90 q/ha)

compared to Abhaya (7.20 q/ha). However, both the varieties suffered
from pod borer (Heliothis). Palnadu variety gave higher yeild in rabi
also as compared to Abhaya.
* Greengram varieties, LGG 461 (7.75 q/ha), LGG 450 (7.42 q/ha) and
LGG 410 (7.50 q/ha) were found superior to the check, PDM 54
(7.20 q/ha). In another trial LGG 407 (10.1 0 q/ha) gave higher yield
than the check variety ML 267 (8.0 q/ha).
* Blackgram varieties, LBG 629 (8.87 q/ha) and LBG 623 (7.86 q/ha)
were found superior over check LBG 20 (7.81 q/ha). In minikit trials,
LBG 648 (8.62 q/ha) performed better than the check variety LBG
402 (7.4 q/ha).
* In minikit trials with early maturing cotton varieties, Lam 603 (17.21
q. kapas/ha) and Lam 604 (15.61 q. kapas/ha) performed better than
MCU 5 (14.9 q. kapas/ha).
322
* Chilli variety, LCA 305 gave higher yield (11.75 qlha) than the check,
LCA 235 (10.62 q/ha). However, both were found susceptible to
virus diseases. In minikit trials, LCA 324 (10.10 qlha) and LCA 304
(9.30 qlha) proved their superiority over the check, LCA 235 (8.70
q/ha).
* Turmeric varieties, peT 13 (25.5 tlha) and PCT 14 (25.0 tlha) gave
less yield than local variety Mydukur (26.5 tlha).
* Sesamum culture, JS 96 performed better (200 kg/ha) than local

variety Rajeswari (194 kg/ha).
* The results of trials on single crop Banana and mixed crop banana
+ yam revealed the profitability of mixed cropping (2287 bunches +
13.25 t/ha yam) than single crop of banana (2400 bunches).
RARS, ANAKAPALLE (North Coastal Zone)
* Sugarcane variety, 85 A 261 gave higher cane yield (107.1 tlha) than
84 A 125(101.0 t/ha) and Co 6907 (95.90 t/ha) and is preferred by
the farmers because of its higher sucrose content.
* Paddy variety, RGL 9608 gave higher yield (5.29 t/ha) in kharif
than AKP 70-73 (4.58 tlha).
* Bajra variety, ICTP 8203 is found popular because of its tolerance

to downy mildew and higher yield (19.95 qlha) than local variety
Pittaganti (11.08 q/ha).
* Ragi varieties, Goutharni (9.29 qlha) and Ratnagiri (8.29 q/ha)

performed better than the local and are popular with the farmers
because of less incidence of neck blast.
RARS, TIRUPATI (Sollthem ZOlle)
* Rice variety, WGL 20471 (5.5 tlha) enjoyed superiority over MTU
HR 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and local check IET 1444, which recorded
lower yields ranging from 9 to 31 percent as compared to WGL
20471.
323
* Short duration NLR rice cultures, NLR 33359 and NLR 33357 were
preferred by farmers by virtue of their higher yield coupled with
grain quality over local check lET 1444. Long duration NLR 33235
performed better (5.91 tlha) than the local check Simhapuri (5.45
tlha). Medium duration blast resistant cultures of paddy NLR 3"3636,
NLR 33637 and NLR 33638 proved superior recording higher yields
over IR 20.
* Groundnut veriety, K 134 gave higher yield (36.00 q/ha) than the
check, JL 24 (30.25 qlha). K 134 was also found better in coastal
sandy soils and under rabi irrigated conditions as compared to TPT
1 which recorded an yield of 28.50 qlha.
* Local variety of turmeric (Mydukur) performed better (296 q/ha) than

PCT 13 (186 qlha) and CLI 317(265 q/ha).
* Sunflower hybrid, APSH 11 yielded 14.50 qlha and found less

susceptible to pests and diseases.
* Improved management of Sigatoka leaf spot disease in banana gave

more yield (10 tlha) against the local practice of farmers.
RARS, JAGTlAL (Northern Telallgmza Zone)
* Among all the Maruteru hybrid rice cultures, MTU HR 2000 (7.95
tlha) outyielded all other hybrids i.e., 2001 (6.46 tlha), 2002 (7.9
tlha) and 2003 (7.0 tlha). Hybrid cultures yielded 12 to 41 percent
more than their respective local check varieties. However, all the
hybrid cultures were found susceptible to gallmidge.
* Rice varieties, RDR 8702 (7.0 tlha) and RDR 536 (6.4 tlha) yielded
40 and 28 percent more respectively over the check, Surekha (5.0
tlha). RDR 8702 and RDR 536 cultures are prefered by the farmers
because of their resistance to BPH and neck blast.
* Rice varieties, WGL 3943 (6.2 t/ha) and WGL 3962(6.15 tlha)
performed better than Surekha (5.65 tlha) and Kavya (5.60 tlha).
* Among the rice varieties tried in minikits, RDR 355 gave higher
yield of 5.5 tlha than the check, Tellahamsa (4.0 tlha). RDR 763
324
also gave higher yield of 5.6 t/ha, as against the check Sambamashuri
(4.4 tlha).
* Redgram cultures, ICPL 84031 gave 19% more yield (6.35 qlba)
than ICPL 88034 (5.25 qlha).
* During kharif, 1992, groundnut varieties JL 24 (11.60 qlha) and leGS

44 (10.00 qlha) were found superior over the check, TMV 2 (8.00
qlha). Farmers preferred JL 24, because of its higher yield.
* Sunflower hybrid, APSH 11 in kharifperformed better (15.30 qlba)

than MFSH 8 (14.00 qlha). During rabi, hybrids APSH 11 (19.2
qlha) and LDMRSH 3(18.0 qlha) gave higher yields than MSFH
8(15.0 q/ha).
* Greengram varieties, WGG 2(13.75 qlha) and MGG 295 (11.50 qlba)
proved superior over local check, ML 267 (7.47 qlha) recording 83.3
and 53.3 percent increase in yield.
* Castor variety, pes 4(17.55 qlha) performed better than local check
(13.62 qlha) during kharif, 1992.
* Maize varieties, EH 40127 (41.0 q/ha), EH 40146 (43.0 qlha) and

Varun (42.09 qlha) gave higher yields of 7 to 13 percent than local
variety (36.0 q/ha) during rabi.
* Chilli varieties, LeA 206 (32.5 q/ha), LeA 235 (25.40 qlha), LeA
304 (30.0 q/ha), LeA 305 (40.75 qlha), LCA 308(37.5 q/ha) performed
better over check variety, Tejaswi (31.75 qlha) during raM season.
LCA 304 and LeA 308 were preferred by farmers due to colour and
size of the pods.
RARS, PALEM (Sollthem Telallgalla ZOlle)
* Groundnut variety, TPT 1 gave higher yields than the loal check
during kharif as well as in rabi seasons.
* Sunflower hybrids, APSH 11 (15.5 q/ha) and LSH 3 (14.7 qlha) out
yielded the local check variety (13.2 q/ha).
325
* Paddy varietles, WGL 20741 (5.24 t/ha) and Divya (5.06 t/ha)
performed better than local check (4.55 t/ha).
* Hybrid varieties of paddy MTU HR 2002 (5.95 t/ha) and MTU HR

2001 (5.40 t/ha) yielded higher than MTU HR 2003 (3.6 t/ha) and
MTU HR 2000 (3.85 t/ha).
* Maize varieties, Harsha (32.5 q/ha), DHM 105 (36.75 q/ha) , DHM
107(35.50 q/ha) , Trishulata (35.25 q/ha) , Ashwini (31.60 q/ha) and
Varun (25.80 q/ha) performed better than the local check varieties.
* Redgram variety, ICPL 332 gave 2.8 q/ha more yield than the check
variety (1.6 q/ha) and PRG 30 (under late sown conditions).
* Brinjal (Bhagyamati) and tomato (PED) gave 40.6 and 3.17 percent
higher yields over the check varieties. Farmers accepted Bhagyamathi
for cluster bearing and higher yield and PED tomato for its earliness.
RARS, NAND YAL (Scarce Rail1fall Zone)
* Cotton varieties, 2708 and 2463 yielded 16.8 and 26.6 percent extra
yield ofkapas/ha over the check variety Pandari purmungari. American
cotton NA 1325 gave an increased yield (15.4 q/ha) of 9.7 percent
over the check variety, Priya (14.02 q/ha)
* In special demonstrations on the management of bacterial diseases

of cotton, the treated plots yielded 12.8 q/ha, while the control plot
recorded 10.61 q/ha.
* In minikits, rice variety ,BPT 5204 performed better (6.35 t/ha), as

compared to hybrid rice varieties MTU 2000 (5.5 t/ha), MTU HR
2002 (5.81 t/ha), MTU-HR 2003 (4.97 t/ha) and the check hybrid
MTU 2001 (6.1 t/ha).
* Whitejowar variety, NTJ 2 (check) outyielded (13.95 q/ha), NJ 2169

(12.62 q/ha). Yellow jowar variety NJ 2313 performed better (20.87
q/ha) than check, N 14 (19.12 q/ha).
326
* Chilli variety, LCA 305 yielded 34.5 qlha, as compared to local
variety (31.5 qlha). However, due to dwarf nature, LCA 305 is prone
to fruit rot.
* Coriander variety, CS 4 performed better than all the local varieties.
* Redgram variety, ICPL 84052 with an yield of 8.20 qlha proved

better than ICPL 84031 (6.66 qlha).
* Groundnut variety, K 134 gave higher yield of 22. 75 qlha as compared

to local variety (20.25 q/ha).
2 KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRAS (KVKs)
Krishi Vigyan Kendras are the grass-root level vocational institutions

sponsored by ICAR through its transfer of technology division. The most
important function of these institutions is to organise I skill and production
oriented short- term and long-term training programmes based on local needs
both on campus and off campus for practicing farmers, farmwomen, school
dropouts and young farmers. In addition to these activities, they carry out
adaptive trials, Kisan Melas, Radio talks, Charcha mandals, Functional literacy
programmes etc. There are five KVKs under the University located at
Reddypally (Anantapur district), Malyal(Warangal district) Amadalavalasa
(Srikakulam district), Rastakuntabai (Vizianagaram district) and Mahanandi
(Kumool district). In addition to the above programmes, the KVKs also
implemented the Lab-to-Land programme on a small scale.
The salient features and highlights of the programmes organised by

these institutions are presented below.
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, ANANTAPUR
Demollstratiolls
Groundnut varieties TPT 1, K 134 and ICGS 44 were introduced into

KVK adapted villages. TPT 1 outyielded its local check under rainfed and
irrigated conditions. Similarly K 134 and ICGS 44 performed better than
local check in raM under irrigated conditions. K 134 is preferred over leGS
44 by the farmers.
327
Sunflower hybrids, LDMRSH 3 and APSH 11 were introduced.
However, they yielded less than the local. Sunflower variety ,MSFH 8 gave
higher yield and was preferred by the farmers.
Trainillg programmes
The Centre organised 46 off campus training programmes to 1016

farmers in groundnut cultivation, orchard management, importance of nutrition,
tailoring and kitchen gadening. Twenty eight farmers' group discussions were
organised in which 420 farmers participated. Eleven field visits were conducted
involving 162 farmers.
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, AMADALAVALASA
Demonstratiolls
Paddy varieties, Surekha, MTU 9992, RGL 2537 were direct sown
with gomer in lines under rainfed conditions. However, the crop yields
recordedO.9, 2.03 and 2.93 tlha respectively, while MTU 9992 which was
transplanted under rainfed conditions gave an yield of 4.1 tlha. Maize variety,
Ganga 5 gave an yield of 28.0 tlha, whereas Sunitha variety was havested as
green cobs under rainfed conditions. Mesta variety AS-73-CP-304 gave seed
yield of 491 kg/ha. Fodder crops were grown in small plots on the KVK
farm for seed propagation and distribution among farmers. Groundnut varieties
leGS 44 and JL 24 performed better than local check under rainfed condtions.
Training programmes
A total of 82 trammg programmes were organised involving 1788

farmers. A six month training progamme for 23 rural youth and 3 months
taining programme for rural women under TRYSEM financed by DRDA,
Srikakulam were organised. Two mesta handicrafts production centres were
started by the trained rural women. The KVK took up monitoring of 10
production-cum-training centres of DRDA in handicrafts and textile printing.
The KVK organised 68 group discussions, 12 field visits and three conventions.
328
KRlSHI VIGYAN KENDRA, RASTAKUNTABAI
Demol1stratiolls
Groundnut (TPT 1) sesamum (Gouri) and niger(GA 10) were introduced

in the farmers fields during kharif season. The increase in the yields was of
" the order of 62% in groundnut, 116% in sesamum and 112% in niger over
the local varieties. rabi season groundnut (TPT 1) was introduced in the
farmers' fields, which recorded 56 percent higher yield (8.35 q/ha) over local.
Sunflower variety, Morden, APSH 11, LSH 2 and EPRO hybrids were
introduced in farmers' fields and they performed well with yield levels of the
order of 10.5 qlha (Morden), 10.0 qlha (APSH 11), 13.5 qlha (LSH 2) and
13.0 qlha (EPRO)
TrailliJlg programmes
Around 3420 farmers, women and young farmers were trained in crop
production, horticulture, animal husbandry, home science and rural crafts. As
a result of vocational training, 8 tribal farmers have taken up pomogranate
plantation and 15 tribal farmers have taken up rearing of improved Nellore
breed of sheep and goat for mutton purpose. Sixty eight method demonstrations
were conducted to about 800 farm women and men to impart skills in crop
roduction, animal husbandry and home science. Around 300 banana suckers
and teak plants were distributed to the farmers. Five groundnut decorticators
were introduced in the adapted villages.
KRlSHl VIGYAN KENDRA, MALYAL
Demollstratiolls
Greengram varieties, MGG 295 and LGG 407 were introduced in the
KVK adapted villages and they performed well to the satisfaction of farmers.
Rajeshwari and Gouri varieties of gingelly performed well during kharif.
Farmers preferred Rajeshwari on account of its attractive white colour seeds.
Sunflower hybrid, APSH 11 gave higher yield (12.0 qlha) than local check
(10.0 qlha) in rabi season. However, farmers expressed that its head size is
small and the yields are not as high as in other hybrid varieties.
Groundnut varieties, TPT 1 and leGS 44 performed better (11.25 and

11.0 q/ha respectively) during rabi than the check (10.0 qlha).
329
Trailtillg programmes
Around 1649 farmers and farm women participated in 63 trammg

programmes and 50 group discussions on agriculture and Home Science.
About 400 villagers participated in the celebration of" 12th World Food Day"
in which the main theme was food and nutrition. "Women in Agriculture
Day" was celebrated by organising group meetings on non-conventional devices
of energy. On this occasion a guest lecture on "prenatal and postnatal care
and care during infancy" along with an exhibition were arranged in which 47
farm women participated. Farmers' day was organised in March, 1993 with
the collaboration of Syndicate Bank and Department of Animal Husbandry.
An exhibition on agricultural implements was also arranged in which 250
farmers participated.
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDP.A, MAHANANDI
A new Krishi Vigyan Kendra sanctioned by the ICAR was established

at Agricultural college campus, Mahanandi, Kurnool district in May, 1993.
Efforts are in progress to provide necessary infrastructure for effective
implementation of the programmes.
3 AGRICULTURAL lNFORiV1ATION AND COMMUNICATION

CENTRE, RAJE:'·!DRANAGAR, HYDERABAD.
The Agricultural Information and Communication Centre (AI & CC)

was started in 1969 with the financial assistance ofICAR and State Government
and it is located at the Head quarters of the University, Rajendranagar. The
Centre processes the latest research information generated by the university
and other related agencies and disseminates it to the farming community and
developmental personnel through its publications, Radio, T.V Press etc., In
addition, the centre organises exhibitions, seminars, answers to farmers' querries,
prepares model-audio- visual aids and publishes package of practices on crops,
animal husbandry and Home Science and also manages the university press.
The following are some of the publications and other mass media programmes
undertaken by the centre during 1992-93 (Table 42).
330
Table 42: PUBLICATIONS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
Particulars Englishffelugu Number of Issues

1. Books
Vyavasaya panchangam Telugu
Mushrooms Telugu
APAU-Bird's Eye View English
2. Folders/Bulletins Telugu 46
..,
J. Journal of Research,APAU English 4
4. APAU News letter Telugu 12
S. APAU News letter English 12
OTHER ACTIVITIES
6. Radio scripts
Agriculture 505
Animal Husbandry 159
7. Radio talks
Agriculture 67
Animal Husbandry 29
8. Farm telecast programmes/
Interviews
Video programmes recorded 12
Agriculture and allied subjects 97
Farmers' letters replied 375
Press notes released 20
Exhibitions organised 2
4_ INFORMATION CENTRE AT ADMINISTRATIVE OFICE,

APAU
During the year, 1992-93, 820 students, 675 farmers, 76 Scientists, 74

Administrators of Extension programmes and 28 Extension Education Trainees
visited the centre. The VIP's and teams who visited the centre are as follows.
331
Important members visited Date
Dr.R.S.Paroda, Deputy Director General (Crops), lCAR 25-6-1992
Sri tv1.Balaraj, Minister for Horticulture, Government of 04-8-1992
Andhra Pradesh.
A team of four research officers of Institute of Agricultural 18-8-1992

Research,Ethiopia
Mr.Michel Scaillel,Director, FAO and Mr. Kumar, Pro- 09-11-1992

gramme Officer, F AO.
Mr.Moo SangLim,IRII,Korean Visiting Scientist 30-11-1992

Mr.K.C.Lenka, Minister of State, Department ofAgriculture 03-12-1992
Research and Education,Animal Husbandry, and Dairy-
ing,Government of India
Dr.I.C.Mahapatra, Vice-Chancellor,Orissa University of 05-04-1993

Agriculture and Technology
Prof.V.L.Chopra, Director General, ICAR and Secre- 06-04-1993

tary(DARE), New Delhi.
Shri Bhanu Pratap Singh, Former Governor of Karnataka 30-04-1993

State and Chief Guest for the 26th Annual Convocation
il!r.Wahitoong, Canadian, UNICEF Committee. 27-05-1993
5. EXTENSION EDUCATION INSTITUTE, RAJENDRANAGAR
The Extension Education Institute is one of the four premier Regional

Extention Training Institutes sponsored and fully financed by the Government
of India and operating under the administrative control of the University. It
was established in the year, 1962, primarily as a Trainers' Training Institute
to upgrade the competence of instructional staff of village level extension
workers' Training centres and farmers Training centres in the States of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, West Bengal, Tamilnadu, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and Pondichery. It also undertakes Training of personnel
from other developmental organisations and promotional organisations involved
in agricultural development. Recently, extension personnel of developing
countries like Ceylon, Mauritious, Nepal and African countries are also being
trained.
332
The Institute also operates M.Sc(Ag) and Ph.D. programmes in
agricultural extension, apart from undertaking extension research and village
adaption programmes.
The important activities of the Institute during 1992-93 are presented

in Table 43.
Table 43: Training Programmes organised at Extension Education

Institute during 1992-93
-~~-----
No; of participants
Utilizati
Programmes/ No. of Scientists/ Extension on
SI.No.
Activities programmes Teachers Officers percent
age
1 2 3 4 5 6
-----_-
1. Training programmes 14 168 60.70
at Institute.
2. Peripatetic Training 5 99 99.00
programmes
3. Follow-up visit
4. Training Programmes 3 36
for Master Trainers on
communication techniques
and extension methodology
5. International Training 2 100.00
Programmes
6. Special programmes for
Marketing representatives of
EID Parry Company 3 62 100.00
ITDA Officers of Andhra 2 40 100.00
Pradesh
The following are the details of the 14 training courses organised for
the client States.
1. Extension Strategy and Communication Techniques I Course
2. Information and Communication Management in Transfer I Course

of Technology(TOT)
3. Journalism and Publications 1 Course
333
4. Handling and operation of A.V. equipment 1 Course
5. Workshop on mass media support 1 Course
6. Training methodology and communication techniques 3 Courses
7. Extension management and personal development 1 Course
8. Monitoring and evaluation 1 Course
9. Techniques of photography and slide making 1 Course
10. Extension methodology and communication techniques 1 Course
II. Supervision and extension management 1 Course
12. Video production technology 1 Course
The Institute organised the following five peripatetic training pro-

grammes and follow up visits to the client states.
1. Follow up visit to Andhra Pradesh
2. Mass media support to broad based extension (Tamil nadu and 2

Karnataka)
3. Information and Communication in TOT (Andaman and
Nicobar Islands)
4. Extension methodology and communication techniques
5. Handling and operation of A.V. equipment (Orissa)
6 REGIONAL BIO-GAS TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

CENTRE
The centre was established in December, 1988 at Rajendranagar under

the National Project on Bio-gas Development with 100 per cent assistance
from Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, Government of India.
Recently ,the objectives of the centre have been revised giving more emphasis
on research to use bio-gas technology as a tool to improve the environmental
quality. The centre apart from training the master masons and the users of
bio-gas plants, also undertakes overall technical maintenance and repair and
provides Socio-economic evaluation in the State for effective implementation
of bio-gas programmes. The centre brought out a technical booklet titled
"Supervisory tips for quality construction of Deena Bandhu Bio-gas plant" for
334
the use of field staff of Bio-gas implementing agencies. The centre brought
out two special pamphlets - one for fish farmers about the multiple benefits
of bio-gas system and another for poultry farmers on the importance of bio-gas
system in the control of fly menace with poultry litter. The centre undertook
the programme of designing and development of suitable lamps, burners,
evaluation of new models of bio-gas plants, promotional programes like
construction, operation and use of latest models of biD-gas plants etc. The
high lights of achievements of this centre for the year 1992-93 are summarised
in table 44.
Table 44 : TRAINING PROGRAMMESIDEMONSTRATIONS

CONDUCTED DURING 1992-93.
No. of Total No. of
S.No Programme programmes participants
conducted
1. Construction-Cum-Maintenance Training 8 12
Programmes for Masons
2. Users' Training course for rural women 44 2415
3. Staff training course for NEDCAP 7 45
Technical Staff
4. Bank Staff Training Course 7 55
5. Field Demonstrations on Bio-gas manure (in 11 11
the fields of farmers)
The RBTDC through its publication of literature helped in the quality

of biD-gas plant construction and its utilisation. During field programmes
emphasis was given to various benefits of bio-gas, such as clean and safe
cooking fuel, manurial value of bio-gas slurry and water farming system (fish
ponds), besides sanitary advantage.
7. OTHER EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
Following are some of the important programmes, which are monitored

from the headquarters and organised at several centres of the University all
over the State.
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR EXTENSION PERSONNEL
An annual plan of training programmes based on the needs of extension

personnel working in development departments of Agriculture, Horticulture,
335
Animal Husbandry and Home Science was finalised in the State level Training
planning workshop held at Extension Education Institute in November, 1992.
A total of 62 training programmes were organised covering subject

matter areas of agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and home science for
the extension personnel of State Development Departments including the
functionaries of sugar factories. Thrity training programmes in agriculture
(participated by 350 trainees), 15 in Veterinary, 8 in Home Science (participated
by 230 candidates) and 8 in Fisheries (96 participants) were organised. One
capsule training programme was organised at College of Agricultre, Rajen-
dranagar from 7-10-1992 to 6-4-1993 for seven non-agricultural graduates
working in Crop Directorates of Government of India.
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR FARMERS AND FARM WOMEN
The training programmes for farmers are limited only to specialised

subject matter areas which cannot be generally covered in the extension training
programmes of the developmental departments. These areas are identified by
the Associate Directors of Research, Principals and Station Heads of the
respective centres all over the State depending upon the local specific needs
of the farmers. A total of 92 such training programmes were organised and
attended by 2700 farmers, farm women and youth.
KISAN MELAS
Introduction of Kisan Melas is one of the major extension programmes

forS last two years. The pupose of Kisan Melas is to inform the farmers the
latest agricultural technology and also to show them the on-going research in
different research stations. The important features of Kisan Melas are
organisation of educational exhibitions, sale of seeds and seedlings and
publications, laying out live demonstrations on crop and cropping systems and
Rytu Sadassu. Forty five Kisan Melas were organised on a large scale during
1992-93 and about 31,197 farmers apart from scientists, extension workers
and VIPs participated. These Kisan Melas attracted the attention of many
farmers and general public towards latest technology and on going research
in APAU providing a lot of satisfaction to the participants.
336
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION LINKAGES
With the introduction of T & V system of Agricultural Extension, the

coordination and linkage mechnaisms between the developmental departments
and the university have increased enormously in terms of coordination committee
meetings at several functional levels, the most important of them being the
monthly workshops, Zonal Research and Extension Advisory Councils
(ZREACs), joint field visits, diagnostic teams. in~service training programmes
etc. The extension education wing of the University is coordinating and
organising regularly T V monthly workshops at 20 locations. About 40 training
programmes were organised for subject matter specialists and extension
personnel of the developmental departments. The Director of Extension
coordinates with Director of Research in the ZREACs meetings and review
and monitoring of the monthly workshops at the State level with the
Commissioner and Dire::;tor of Agriculture.
Apart from this. the exlcnsiol1 'Ning oiH-,c University is also coordinating
onfarm field trials finalised at ZREACs, to be carried out by the State
Development Departments as "vell as University Extension Education Units.
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITTSS
ExhibitiollS
Agricultural Exhibition . .vas organised on the occasion of foundation

stone laying ceremony of Ag,'icultural College complex at Mahanandi on
21 ~2~ 1993 by the Hon'ble Prime Minister.
Womell III Agriculture Day
The day was celebrated on 4-12~ 1992 at all the Regional Research
Stations, lead centres and Home Science Colleges by organising Sadassus,
training programmes and exhibitions.
Group Jl.feetillg 011 J(rislIi VigyaJl J(e/l(!ras
A two day State level Group meeting of krishi Vigyan Kendras was
jointly organised by leAR and APAU at E:dension Education Institute.
Rajendranagar on 21 ~9~ 1992. The group has made recc>mmendations for
effective implementation of the KVK programmes.
337
Ja11na Reddy Vellkat Reddy Memorial Lecture
The lecture was organised in the memory of Sri Janna Reddy Venkat
Reddy an outstanding farmer on March 29, 1993. Dr.N.G.P.Rao delivered
the lecture on "Changing Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh, Analysis of present
status and strategies for Research and Development".
~~l'a)Jasaya Pane/lm1gam For The Year 1993-94
Vyavasaya Panchangam for the year 1993-94 was released on April

16, 1993 by Dr.M.V.Rao, Vice-Chancellor.
338
CHAPTER VI
FINANCE
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University is mainly financed by the

State Government through Non-Plan Schemes, block grants and State Plan
Schemes. Besides, the University receives grants from the ICA. for undertaking
the research projects and for educational development schemes. Grants from
the Government of India as well as from other agencies are also received by
the University for specific research projects. The Non-plan assistance from
State Government is mostly by way of block-grant for the maintenance of
permanent institutions.
The other source of income for the University is through the State Plan
Schemes which are sanctioned for a specific period in areas of immediate
importance.
The ICAR funds the University by sponsoring a number of Coordinated

Research Projects, of which 75 per cent of the expenditure is borne by ICAR
and the remaining 25 percent ois born by the State· Government through the
State Plan provision. The ICAR also finances adhoc schemes and other projects
viz., Krishi Vigyan Kendras etc. on 100 percent basis.
The Government of India mainly finances the extension activities of

the University along with a few schemes. In addition, a number of schemes
are financed by several National and International Agencies like ICMR, IFFCO,
DRDA, FAO, UNDP, USWA, Ford Foundation, UNICEF etc.
As per the Annual Accounts for the year 1992-93, the receipts are of
the order of Rs. 5,646.92 lakhs, which consists of the block grant (Non-Plan)
of Rs. 3,502.57 lakhs, State Plan grant of Rs. 400.00 lakhs, ICAR research
grant of Rs.749.71 lakhs, Government of india grants of Rs.97.85 lakhs and
grants from other agencies of Rs.68.80 lakhs in addition to Rs.235.83 lakhs
from internal receipts of the University and RS.592.15 lakhs from other accounts
(advances, deposits, loans etc).
339·
CHAPTER VII
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMMES
1. The following works under the building programme were taken up

and completed during the year 1992-93
Name of the building Amount (Rs. in

lakhs)
lCAR Plan Works
Construction of first and second floor of Girls hostel at 24.00
S. V .Agril.College Tirupati
11 Construction of second floor over Home Science College, 11.00
hostel building at Bapatla
III Construction of farmers hostel (under KVK programme) 8.00
at Janna Reddy Venkat Reddy Horticultural Research
Station,Malyal
IV Construction offarmers' hostel, dining-cum-kitchen block 5.80
at Reddipalli
NARP Sub Centres (phase II)
Krishna Godavari zone
Ghantasala 16.96
11 Maruteru 7.39
North Coastal Zone
Yalamanchili 8.64
Southern Zone
1 Utukur 16.09
Northern Telangana Zon~
Adilabad 10.22
11 Warangal 3.88
111 Jagtial 6.02
Southern Telangana Zone

Tandur 5.50
11 Sanga Reddy 29.70
340
III Mallepalli 20.01
Scarce Rainfall Zone
I Reddipalli 6.93
Other Works
Construction of Food Processing Unit under TRYSEM 3.00
Infrastructure Scheme at P.G.Home Science APAU
Campus at Rajendranagar
11 Construction of Bacterial culture lab at RST, ARI, 14.00
Rajendranagar
State Plan Worl{s
Campus development roads viz., roads water supply 5.00
sanitary and play fields
11 Construction of Agril.Engg. Workshop shed for 5.24

Agril.College, Naira
111 Construction of Implement shed for Agril.College, Naira 3.60
lV Construction of Farm office Building, Naira 3.60
V Construction of Kitchen and dinning hall for 2.30

Agril.College, Naira
VI Construction of lab-cum-office building at LRS,Garividi 5.10
VB Construction of hostel building at Palem 22.00
VIlI Construction of hostel building at Agril.College, 15.00

Aswaraopet
341
CYCLONE DAMAGE BUILDINGS WITH THE WORLD BANK AID COM-
PLETED DURING 1992-93
Name of the building Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

---------
1. Agril. College & AgriL Engg. CoHege, Bapada
1. Recoi1struction of Girls Hostel Bapatla 28.80
2. Reconstruction of class rooms & examination hall 33.05

Bapatla
...
_). Reconstruction of internal roads,AgriI.College, 2.00
Bappatla
4. Reconstruction of workshop sheds,Bapatla 17.75
5. Reconstruction of Auditorium ceiling 6.68
6. Reconstruction of internal roads, 2.00

AgriI.Engg.College, Bapatla
7. Reconstruction of Mess for Agril. Students, Bapatla 9.04
II .Agril.College Farm, Bapatla

1. Reconstruction of Meterological office 2.53
III L.R.S.,Lam, Guutur

1. Reconstruction of internal roads both Farm 4.00
and Research Station
2. Reconstruction of Feed stores 4.93
IV RARS, Lam, Guutur
1. Reconstruction of Lab-cum-office building 10.30
2. Reconstruction of store shed 4.93
3. Reconstruction of cattle shed 1.81
Reconstruction of Gravel road 2.00

4.
Reconstruction of B.T.Road 4.00
5.
V A.R.S., Machilipatnam
Reconstruction of lab-cum-office building 6.74
1.
Reconstruction of store shed 1.96
2.
Reconstruction of internal and approach road 0.50
3.
342
VI A.R.S., Maruteru
1. Reconstruction of cattle and implement shed 1.50
2. Reconstruction of roads and fencing 3.00
VII A. R.S., Ambajipet

1. Reconstruction of cattle and implement shed 1.50
2. Reconstruction of internal roads and fencing 1.00

.., Reconstruction of seed store 4.93
.).
VIII RARS, Anakapalle

1. Reconstruction of Green House 2.07
2. Reconsturction of internal roads and fencing 3.50

.., Reconstruction of vehicle and Implement shed 3.45
.).
4. Reconstruction of jaggery making & crushing shed 2.38
NON-PLAN
1. APAU Campus Rajendranagar (Admn.office, 37.75
Library, Health centre roads and quarters)
2. College of Agril.R'nagar 2.00
3. College of Vety Science,R'nagar 2.00
4. Collcge of Home Science.Hyderabad 1.00
5. College of Home Scicncc,Bapatla 0.75
6 . S.V.AgriI.Collcge,Tirupati 3.00
7. Agril.College,Bapatla including Agril. Engg. 4.50
8. Collcge of Vety Science,Tirupati 3.00
9. Research Stations and Schemes 20.00
10. All Hostels 5.00
11. Miscellaneous repair works 5.00
84.00
343
ANNEXURE-I
AWARDS AND HONOURS RECEIVED BY APAU STAFF
Dr.M.V.Rao, Vice-Chancellor, APAU was awarded the prestigious

Borlaug award for his outstanding contribution to the cause of
improving national food security and his leadership in the transfer
of new technologies to farmers' fields.
Dr.~.V.Rao, Vice-Chancellor, APAU was honoured on 24th

November 1992 by the Peddireddy Thimma Reddy Farm Founda-
tion, Hyderabad with a citation and a gold medal for the outstanding
contributions made by him in the field of Agriculture and allied
sectors.
Dr.H.N.Byra Reddy, Director of Extension, APAU was selected

, as one of the 10 International Expert Consultants by the Food and
Agriculture Organisation to conduct a case study and also
participation in the experts meeting at Rome on 'Integration of
Environment and Sustainable Development into Agricultural Ex-
tension Programmes.
Dr.P.V.Rao, Additional Director of Research (Vety.), APAU was

honoured with 'CLFMA' award at Trivendrurn on 30th September,
1992.
Dr.(Mrs.) M. Meenakshibai, Associate Professor & Head, Depart-

ment of Statistics & Mathematics, S.V.Agricultural College,
Tirupati has been conferred with a distinguished honour of being
elected as fellow of Royal Statistical Society, London during
November, 1992.
Dr.K.Ravindranath, Cotton Specialist, Regional Agricultural Re-

search Station, Nandyal and Dr.N.VenugopaJa Rao, Cotton Spe-
cialist, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam were awarded
'HEXAMAR' awards by the Indian Society for Cotton Improvement,
Coimbatore for the year 1991 on 19th September, 1992.
Dr.M.Narasimha Reddy, Associate Professor. Extension Education
Institute, Rajendranagar was awarded a silver medal and cash of
Rs.2500as prize money by the National Institute of Agricultural
Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad in July, 1992 for
his outstanding performance and achieving proficiency in coducting
Extension management development programmes under COVER-
DALE.
Dr.P. Rama Rao, Professor of Pathology, College of Veterinary

Science, Tirupati was awarded Dr. Swamynathan Memorial gold
medal for best article published in LV.J. during 1991.
Dr.O.Ramakrishna, Professor of Surgery and Radiology, College

of Veterinary Science, Tirupati was awarded Dr.Anjelo Memorial
gold medal for best article published in LV.J. during 1991.
Prof. Mohd. Hafeez, Professor of Parasitology, college' of Veterinary

Science, Tirupati was a\varded with the Fellowship of National
Environmental Science Academy.
Dr.Ch.Sambasiva Rao, Assistant Research Officer, Soil Science,

Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial was awarded with
gold medal for the best paper presented during the 24th Annual
Convention of Indian Society of Agricultural Chemists.
Dr.M.V.Rao, Vice-Chancellor, APAU was elected as the Fellow

of the Indian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Andhra Pradesh State Best Teacher Awards
Dr. (Mrs.) R.Vatsala, Principal, College ofl-Iome Science, Hyderabad

and Dr.G.Veera Raghavan, Professor, Department of Animal
Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar were
awarded the Best Teacher Awards on 5-9-1992 by the government
of Andhra Pradesh.
The APAU Annual Best Teacher, Research Worker and Extension

Worker awards for the year 1992-93 have been earned by.
11
Best Teacher Award
Dr.P.Gopala Rao, Associate Professor in Agronomy, S.V.Agricul-

tural College, Tirupati.
Dr.V.Satyanarayana, Associate Professor in Agronomy, College of

Agriculture, Rajendranagar.
Dr.K.C.Punnaiah, Asociate Professor in Entomology, Agricultural

College, Bapatla.
Dr.R.Ramachandra Reddy, Associate Professor in Feed & Fodder

Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati.
Dr.C.Ramakota Reddy, Associate Professor in Dairy Science,Col-

lege of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar.
Smt. N. Vani Reddy, Associate Professor in Human Development

& Family Studies, College of Home Science, Hyderabad.
Metitorious Research Worker Award
Dr.M.Devender Reddy, Agronomist, Regional Agricultural Re-

search Station, Jagtial.
Sri P.Pratap Reddy, Research Assistant, Agricultural Research

Station, Warangal.
Dr.K.Ravindranath, Cotton Breeder, Regional Agricultural Research

Station, Nandyal.
Dr.S.RamakrishnaRao, Senior Research Officer, All India Coordi-

nated Research Project on Jaggery, Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle.
Dr.D.K.Bidarkar, Research Officer, Livestock Research Station,

Garividi.
III
Meritorious Extension Worker Award
Sri P.Dayanand, Training Associate (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan

Kendra, Anantapur.
Sri K.Loka Reddy, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection),

Extension Education Unit, Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Palem.
Sri K.S.Krishna Prasad, Training Assistant (Fisheries) & Incharge

Training Organiser, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amadalavalasa.
Endowment Prizes
Alapati Venkata Krishnaiah Seethamma Trust, Govada, Nidubrolu,

Guntur district, an endowment prize was awarded to'Dr.A. Srinivasa
Raju, Radio Tracer Agricultural Chemist, Agricultural Research
Station, Rajendranagar.
The Sugarcane Growers' Association of Mis KCP Ltd., Vuyyuru,

an endowment prize was awarded to Dr.J.V.R.Bhupal Rao,
Geneticist, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle.
lV
lir- 0 \0 - 0 or)
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o
ANNEXURE- IV
LIST OF RESEARCH STATIONS UNDER APAU WITH FUNCTIONS
No. Zone!District! Functions

Research Station Main Verification
L Krishna-Godavari Zone
Guntur District
I. Regional Agricultural Pulses, Cotton, Chillies, Mustard, Castor, Gingelly,
Research Station, Lam Coriander, Soybean and minor Mushroom spawn production,
522034 millets, Regl.,Res.,Units Soil Farming systems research,
Science, Physiology, Helicoverpa Forage sorghum
Management, Hybrid Cotton
2. Livestock Research Cattle breeding
Station, Lam 522 034
3. Agricultural Research Betelvine Management of betelvine malady
Station, Chintalapudi
522 124
4. Agricultural College
Campus, Bapatla
522 101
Rice Research Unit Rice (Krishna western delta and Rice based cropping systems
NSP Black soils)
Post Harvest PHT of Rice, pulses and
Technology groundnut, farm implements and
machinary
Weed Control Integrated weed management Control of weeds in rice fallow
pulses
Saline water research Research on use of saline water
5. Bacterial inoculants Rhizobium culture production Hybrid Cotton
Units, Amaravati
522020
6. Seed Production Seed production in rice, soybean, Soybean, cotton
Farm, cotton
Jangamaheswarapuram
522415
7. Cashew Research Cashewnut Cashew based cropping systems
Station, Bapatla - inter cropping
522101
8. Fisheries Research Fish culture
Station, Bapatla
522101
Krishna District
9. Agricultural Research Sugarcane Sugarcane based cropping
Station, Vuyyuru systems (rice and pulses)
522 165
~"1,
10. Agricultural Research Rice for saline soils
Station,
Machilipatnam 521
001
II. Agricultural Research Agricultural Drainage for low
Station, Endakuduru land rice and other irrigated crops
521 DOl in delta lands
12. Agricultural Research Crops and cropping systcms, Rice pulses, soybean
Station, Garikapadu water management for NSP Left
521 175 canal
13. Agricultural Research Rice fallow pulses (rabi and Rice in kharij
Station, Ghantasala summer)
521 133
AgriculturalResearch Mango
Station, Nuzvid
521201
West Godavari District
14. Agricultural Research Rice, Rice-based farming system,
Station, Maruteru Soil & Water management for
534 122 delta soils, Post-harvest
technology (Rice), Rice-cum-fish
farming, Summer pulses
15. Agricultural Research Rice for deep water and flood
Station, Pulla 534 40 I situations
16. Agricultural Research Banana, tuber crops other than
Station, Kovvur potato
534350
17. Seed Production Seed production (upland and
Farm,Venkatara- light irrigated crops)
mannagudem 534 108
18. Agricultural Research Oilpalm, Water management for Pepper, clove
Station, Vijayarai horticultural crops, melons,
534475 cropping systems and cropping
models in fruit crops & research
on vegetables including off-
season vegetables
19. Fisheries Research Fresh water prawn culture
Station, Kovvali
534442
East Godavari District (part)
20. Agricultural Rcsearch Coconut, arecanut, coconut based Parasite breeding
Station, Ambajipet multitier cropping system
533214
21. Fisheries Research Brackish water fish and prawn
Station, Kakinada culture
533077
XIll
Prakasam District (part)
22. Agricultural Research Crops and cropping systems for Pulses
Station, Darsi 523 247 NSP right canal, oilseeds, millets,
agroforestry, soil and water
management
II. North Coastal Zone

Visakhapatnam District (part)
23. Regional Agricultural Sugarcane and sugarcane based Oilseeds and millets
Research Station, cropping systems
AnakapaUe 531 001
24. Agricultural Sesamum Groundnut, sunflower
Research Station,
Yelamanchili
531 005
Srikakulam District (part)
25. Agricultural Research Mesta and mesta based cropping Oilseeds and pulses
Staion, Amadala- systems
valasa 532 185
26. Agricultural Research Rice and rice based cropping Oilseeds
Station, Ragolu systems, technology for tankfed
532484 areas
Vizianagaram District (part)
27. Agricultural Research Finger-millet, pearl-millet Oilseeds and pulses
Station, Vizianagaram
531202
28. Livestock Research Composite livestock research Sheep, goats, pigs and livestock
Station, Garividi based cropping system
532 101
East Godavari (part)
29. Agricultural Research Ragi and tapioca Pulses, oilseeds, millets
Station, Peddapuram
533437
III. SOlltllern Zone

Chittoor District
30. Regional Agricultural Groundnut and groundnut based Vegetables and floriculture
Research Station, cropping systems, water manage- (Dept. ofHort., SVAC), Pulses,
Tirupati 517 502 ment Watershed management, Fodders
31. Agricultural Research Sugarcane, millets Rice and rice based cropping
Station, systems, fodders
Perumallapalle 517
502
32. Livestock Research Sheep, goat and Punganur cattle, Agro-forestry, Sericulture,
Station, Palamaner fodders watershed management, millets,
517 408 rice for cold tolerance, sub-
tropical fruits
XIV
Nellore District
33. Agricultural Research Rice and rice based cropping Rice fallows cotton, groundnut,
Station, Nellore systems, Tankfed cropping pulses, sugarcane
524004 systems
34. Agricultural Research Agro-forestry, Progeny orchard- Pulses and oilseeds
Station, Kavali cum-nursery for citrus, mango,
524202 sapota, guava
35. Agricultural Research Citrus Citrus based cropping systems
Station, Petlur
36. Agricultural Research Sorghum based cropping Chillies, oilseeds (castor,
Station, Podalakur systems, Pulses, fodder jowar sunflower, soybean), soil
524345 management
37. Livestock Research Sheep
Station, Chintala-
devi 522 124
Cuddapah District (part)
38. Agricultural Research Horticultural crops-mango, Leguminous vegetables
Station, Anantarajupet papaya, guava and sapota, water
5,16 105 melon, onion and garlic, banana,
PHT of fruits and vegetables,
betelvine
39. Agricultural Research Rice based cropping systems, Oilseeds and Pulses
Station, Utukur water management, melons,
516003 gourds & cucumbers
Anantapur District (part)
40. Agricultural Research Groundnut and groundnut based Sunflower
Station, Kadiri 515 59 J cropping systems
IV. Northern Teiallgalla ZOlle

Karimnagar District
4 I. Regional Agricultural Rice, groundnut, sesamum, Pulses, cotton, mustard,
Research Station, turmeric, water management, sunflower, maize, rajma
Jagtial 505 327 cropping systems and watershed
management, on-farm research
on sweet oranges, research for
tankfed and irrigated areas
42. Agricultural Research Maize, on-farm research on water Oilseeds and pulses
Station, Karimnagar management
505002
Nizamabad District
43. Regional Sugarcane Sugarcane, rice, crops and Oilseeds, pulses, onfarm research
and Rice Research cropping systems for Nizamsagar on turmeric
Station, Rudrur area
503 188
xv
Adiiabad District, +
44. Agricultural Research Arid Horticulture
Station, Mandamarri
(Bellampalli)
504231
45. Agricultural Research Cotton,jawar, rainfed rice Pulscs, v;atershed management
Station, Adilabad
504002
46. Agricultural Research Rainfed cotton Jawar, chillies, sesame
Station, Mudhol
504 102
Warangal District
47. Agricultural Rescarch Rice, Pulses, watcr management Cotton (irrigated), oil seeds
Station, Warangal
506002
48. JVR Horticultural Mango, chillies (irrigated), onion, Groundnut
Rescarch Station, garlic
Malyal 506 101
Khammam District (part)
49. Agricultural Research Rice based cropping systems, Oilseeds and pulses in rice
Station, Wyra 507 165 seed production fallows
50. Agricultural Rcsearch Pulses, lvlaghi jowar Jawar, cotton, chillies
Station, Madhira
507203
51. Agricultural Research Vegetables (tubers and beans) for Oilpalm, oilseeds, pulses
Station, Aswaraopct tribals, minor forest produce,
507306 banana
52. Fisheries Research Air breathing fish culture
Station, Palair
507 159
V. Southern Teiangalla Zone

Mahbubnagar District
53. Regional Agricultural Sorghum, bajra, castor, Ragi, groundnut, green gram,
Research Station, horsegram, fodder crops blackgram, rain fed cotton, rice
Palcm 509216 based cropping systems, research
for tankfed and well irrigated
areas
54. Livestock Research Livestock research
Station, Mahbub-
nagar 509 00 I
Rangareddy District
55. ARI, Rajendranagar Tissue culture, floriculture, PHT of fruits and vegetables,
500030 grapes, vegetables, agro-forestry rice and rice based cropping
systems, Soil Science & Agril.
Chemistry
XVI
56. Poultry Research Improvement of poultry for eggs,
Institute, Rajendra- forage crops
nagar 500 030
57. Agricultural Research Safflower, rabi sorghum and Oilseeds and pulses
Station, Tandur redgram
SOl 141
Hyderabad District
58. Agricultural Research Maize, maize based cropping Fodder sorghum
station, Amberpet systems, fodder maize
500013
Medak District (part), +
59. Agricultural Research Mango, guava, sapota, Anona,
Station, Sangareddy PHT of fruits
504001
Nalgonda District
60. Agricultural Research Dryland horticulture, cucumbers Castor,joll'ar, oil seeds, pulses,
Station, MalJepalli sweet orange (on-farm research)
508243
VI. Scarce Raillfall Zone

\
Kurnool District
61. Regional Agricultural Rice and rice based cropping Vegetables, onions, coriander,
Research Station, systems, setaria, groundnut, sun- chillies. mustard, soybean,
Nandyal 518 501 flower, bengalgram, tobacco, redgram, safflower, farming
jowar, cotton, water manage- systems research (with sheep.
ment, fodders, watershed goat and dairy) sericulture
management, seed production
technology
Anantapur District
62. Agricultural Research Dry farming, groundnut based Jowa,., bajra, Setaria, horsegram.
Station, Anantapur cropping systems, arid fruits, groundnut, field beans, pulses
515001 pulses, fodders, implements,
watershed management on red
soils, farming systems research
63. Agricultural Research Water management, pulses, Cropping systems for HLC of
Station, ReddipalJi groundnut Tungabhadra, sunflower
SIS 001
VII. High Altitude and Tribal Area Zone

Visakhapatnam (part)
64. Regional Agricultural Rice, cereals, millets, pulses, Oilseeds, sericulture, white
Research Station, fruits, lead centre for niger for the burley tobacco, farming systems.
ChintapalJe 531 III entire state, vegetables on-farm research on citrus, other
particularly rajma, lima bean, fruit crops, turmeric, ginger, pine
spices and condiments, apple, cereals, millets, pulses,
floriculture, agroforestry, oilseeds for tribal areas
watershed management, podu-cul-
tivation
XVll
Vizianagaram District (part)
65. Agricultural Research Tribal area research
Station, Rastakuntabai
532523
Srikakulam District (part)

66. Agricultural Research Rice, rice based cropping Millets, pulses and oilseeds
Station, Seethampet systems, agro-forestry, fodders
532443
East Godavari District (part)
67. Agricultural Research Horticultural crops, particularly
Station, tamarind, cashew, custard apple,
Pandirimamidi 533 minor forest produce
288
XVlll
ANNEXURE-V
LIST OF ICAR COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECTS AND

ADHOC SCHEMES (1992-93)
Agriculture
I. AICRP on Rice at Rajendranagar, Maruteru
2. AICRP on Sorghum at Pal em, Tandur.
3. A'ICRP on Maize, Amberpet.
4. AlCRP on Millet improvement, Anantapur.
5. AICRP on small millets, Vizianagaram, Nandyal.
6. AICRP on pulses at Lam, Warangal, Madhira, Adilabad.
7. AICRP on Soybean, Lam.
S. AIGRP on oilseeds, Palem (Castor, Groundnut), Jagtial (Groundnut, Sesa-
mum), Kadiri (Groundnut), Yelamanchili (Sesamum), Tandur (Safflower).
9. AICRP on Cotton, Lam, Nandyal.
10. AICRP on Jute and allied fibres, Amadalavalasa.
II. AICRP on Tobacco, Nandyal.
12. AICRP on Sugarcane, Anakapalle.
13. Adoptive Research Project on Sugarcane, Anakapalle, Rudrur.
i4. AICRP on Spices, Lam, Chintapalle (Pepper), Jagtial (Turmeric).
15. AICRP on vegetable improvement (chillies), Lam.
16. AICRP on vegetables, Rajendranagar.
17. AICRP on tuber crops (other than Potato), Rajendranagar.
IS. AICRP on floriculture, Rajendranagar.
19. AICRP on sub-tropical fruits, Rajendranagar (Grapes), Sangareddy (Mango,
Guava).
20. AICRP on tropical fruits, Tirupati (Citrus), Kovvur (Banana).
21. AICRP on aridzone fruits, Anantapur.
22. AICRP on Cashew, Bapatla.
23. AICRP on Palms, Ambajipeta (Coconut), Vijayarai (Oil palm).
xix
24. AICRP on cropping systems research (Agronomic Research Project), Rajen-
dranagar, Rudrur, Maruteru.
25. E.C.F. Scheme, Sangareddy, Utukur, Darsi.
26. AICRP on dryland agriculture, Anantapur.
27. AICRP on agro-meteorology research, Anantapur.
28. AICRP on agro-forestry, Rajendranagar.
29. Coordinated scheme for breeding rice varieties for resistance to gallmidge,
Warangal.
30. Breeder seed project, Rajendranagar.
31. Project for production breeder seed of annual oil seed crops- super elite
and alite sunflower seed, Rajendranagar.
32. AICRP on breeder seed of annual oilseed crops (Groundnut seed produc-
tion), Malyal
33. AICRP on vegetable breeder seed production (Chillies), Lam.
34. Project in promotion of research and development efforts on hybrids in se-
lected crops, Maruteru (Rice), Rajendranagar (Sunflower), Amberpet (Maize).
Pal em (Castor) and Lam (Cotton).
35. Project in promotion of research and development efforts and hybrids in se-
lected crops "Seed Technology" at Seed Technology Research Project; Rajen-
dranagar.
36. AICRP on seed technology research under NSP, Rajendranagar.
37. AICRP on management of salt affected soils and use of saline water in agri-
culture, Bapatla.
38. AICRP on investigation on correlation of soil test with crop response, Rajen-
dranagar.
39. Coordinated project on improvment of soil physical conditions to increase ag-
ricultural production of problematic areas, Rajendranagar.
40. AICRP on long term fertilizer experiments, Rajendranagar..
41. AICRP on micro and secondary nutrients and pollutant elements in soils
and plants, Rajendranagar.
42. AICRP on biological control of crop pests, Rajendranagar.
43. AICRP on honeybee research and training, Vijayarai.
xx
~-+. AICRP on pesticide residues, Rajendranagar.
~5. AICRP on rodent control, Maruteru.
~6. AICRP on economic ornithology, Rajendranagar.
47. Operational Research Project in integrated control of rice-pests, Warangal.
~8. AICRP on Betelvine diseases, Chintalapudi.
~9. AICRP on seed borne diseases, Rajendranagar.
50. AICRP on weed control, Rajendranagar.
51. Coordinated scheme for research and development of farm implements and
machinery, Rajendranagar.
52. AICRP on agricultural drainage under actual farming conditions on water-
shed basis, Machilipatnam.
53. AICRP on post-harvest technology of horticultural crops, Rajendranagar.
54. AICRP on post-harvest technology, feasibility testing and evaluation, Bapatla.
55. AICRP on processing, handling and storage of jaggery and brown sugar,
Anakapalle.
56. Scheme for upliftment of tribal areas of Vizianagaram district (shifted to

Chintapalli).
57. Scheme for socio-economic upliftment of tribals, Operational Research Pro-
ject, Seethampeta.
58. AICRP on tribal areas, agriculture research and training for women and chil-
dren, Bhadragiri (R.K. Bai).
59. New Operational Research under CIDA, Anantapur.
! 60. AICRP on forage crops, Rajendranagar.
! 61. Studies on cultivation and collection of germplasm of sunhump for fodder
purpose in dairy cattle feeding, Rajendranagar.
12. AICRP on rapid improvment of agricultural technology, Palem.
13. Project Coordinated cell at Rajendranagar.
il NARP Sub project, Vijayarai
i5. NARP Sub project, Darsi
i6. NARP Sub project, Maruteru
17. NARP Sub project, Garikapadu,
xxi
68. NARP Sub project, Challapalle
69. NARP Sub project, Yellamanchili
70. NARP Sub project, Ragolu
71. NARP Sub project, Tirupati
72. NARP Sub project, Utukur
73. NARP Sub project, Kavali
74. NARP Sub project, Anantarajupeta
75. NARP Sub project, Jagtial
76. NARP Sub project, Karimnagar
77. NARP Sub project, Rudrur
78. NARP Sub project, Warangal
79. NARP Sub Project, Adilabad
80. NARP Sub project, Mudhole
81. NARP Sub project, Sangareddy
82. NARP Sub project, Palem
83. NARP Sub project, Tandur
84. NARP Sub project, Mallepalli
85. NARP Sub project, Anantapur
86. NARP Sub project, Nandyal
87. NARP Sub project, Reddipalli
Animal Husbandry
1. AICRP on cattle - Genetic improvement through associate herd testing ( On-
go Ie cattle), Lam
2. AICRP on cattle - Genetic improvement through associate herd testing -
data recording at cattle project, Lam.
3. AICRP on pigs, Tirupati
4. AICRP on sheep for mutton, Palamaner.
5. AICRP on sheep for breeding - field demonstration Unit, Palamaner.
6. AICRP on determination of the availability of animal feed resources and eco-
nomic rations in livestock and poultry, Rajendranagar.
7. AICRP on poultry for eggs, Rajendranagar.
xxii
Fisheries
1. NARP Sub Project, Kakinada.
Home Science
1. AICRP in Home Science, Food & Nutrition, Hyderabad
2. AICRP in Home Science, Child development, Hyderabad
3. AICRP in Home Science, Home and farm management, Hyderabad
4. AICRP in Home Science, on Energy requirements in intesive agricultural pro-
gramme in Home Science activities, Hyderabad.
State Plan Schemes
Agriculture
1. Citrus Research Station, Petlur
2. Re-organisation and development of research stations and provision of work-
ing facilities at all research stations.
Animal Husbandry
1. Livestock Research Station, Garividi
XXllI
Government of India schemes
Agriculture
1. Cost of cultivation scheme, Rajendranagar
2. National Project on development and use of bio-fertilizers Strenthening of
Rhizobium production unit, Amaravathi.
3. D.S.T. - Research Project entitiled "Simulation of soil moil moisture for
rainfed cultivation", Lam.
Other agencies
1. IDRC Project on rural food enterprises for production of low cost supple-
mentary foods, using sorghum, millets, legumes etc., at College of Home
Science, Hyderabad.
2. Respond Project in soil and land degradation studies in South coastal And-
bra Pradesh using satellite data at College of Agric~llture, Rajendranagar.
3. Research Project on maximisation of yield in rice, groundnut sequence in
Andhra Pradesh, PPIC India programme.
4. Adoptive research at Horticultural Research Station, Pandirimamidi (financed
by ITDA, Ramapachodavaram).
5. Research on production and preservation of seed financed by APSSDC, Ra-
jendranagar.
6. IDRC Adhoc research project on goat and sheep feeding (India) Phase-II at
College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar/Tirupati.
7. Adhoc research scheme on Development of straw based practical diet for
buffaloes at College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati (Financed by IFS, Swe-
den).
8. United States wheat assoicate project - Wheat popUlarisation programme in
Andhra Pradesh based on consumer preference at College of Home Science,
Hyderabad.
9. Production of Rhizobium culture at Amaravati, Lam (Financed by Director
of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh).
10. ICDS Scheme "Supply of story and songs books for children", College of
Home Science, Rajendranagar (Financed by Director, Women's Development
and Child Welfare, Hyderabad.)
11. Pilot Project on watershed development in rainfed areas, Maheswararn.
xxiv
ANNEXURE VI
PAPERS PUBLISHED
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAJENDRANAGAR
Department of Agronomy
Yakadri, M., Mirmustafa Hussain and Satyanarayana,V. 1992. Response of

rainfed groundnut to potassium with varying levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus. Indian lAgro. 37(1):202.
Pratibha, G., Ramaiah, N.V. and Satyanarayana,V. 1992. Response of wheat

varieties to irrigation schedules. Indian lAgro.37(3):527-576.
Praveen Rao, V. 1992. Oil production function and economic optima for
sesame from irrigation, nitrogen and phosphorus. Ann.
Agric.Res.14: 136.142.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Nerkar, Y.S. and Rao, T.N. 1993. Use of seed protein and enzyme polymorphism
in the identification of cultivars of cotton. Seed Research:375-394.
Srinivas, Raghunatham and Ranganath, A.R.G. 1992. Evaluation of bulk and

single capsule descent breeding procedure in sesamum (Sesamllm
indicllm L.). Oleugineux. 47 (11).
Department of Entomology
Nwanze, K.F., Sree, P.S., Butler, D.R.,Reddy, D.D.R., Reddy, Y.V.R and
Soman, P. 1992. The dynamics of leaf surface wetness of sorghum
seedings in relation to resistance to the shootfly,Atherigona soccata.
Entomol. Exp. Appl. 64:151-160.
Ganeswara Rao, A., Krishnaiah, K., Hall, D.R., Cork, A., and Reddy, D.D.R.
1993. Evaluation of six pheromone components of rice leaf folder
Cnaphaiocrosis medinalis. Guence.CuIT. Sci. 65:355.
xxv
Mohan, V.K., Reddy, D.D.R. and Mc.Donald, D. 1993. Resistance in groundnut
genotypes to kalahasti malady caused by the stunt nematode, Ty-
lenchorhynchus brevilineatus. International J.Pest Management.
39:201-203.
Chandrasekar, B.M., Dharma Reddy, K., Singh, B.D. and Reddy, D.D.R. 1993.
Potential sources of resistance to com plant hopper Peregrinus maidis
(Ashmeed.) in sorghum. Annual Plant resistance to insects, News
letter. 19:75.
Venkataiah, M. and Subbaratnam, G.V. 1992. Influence of weather factors

on the abundance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Indian J.Ecol.
19(1): 55-60.
Singh, T.V.K. and Singh, K.M. 1992. Effect of different intercrops and oriental
army ant to groundnut. Indian J. Plant Protection.~ 20: 129-132.
Singh, T.V.K., Goud, T.R. and Reddy, D.D.R. 1993. Control of diamond
black moth with insecticides on cabbage. Pestology. 17(5): 12-13.
Department of Agricultural Economics
Mahi, S. and Hemachandrudu, K.1992. Resource use efficiency in paddy

cultivation in A.P. lJAE. 47 (3).
Janaiah, A. Subbarama Raju, K. and Krishnaiah, J. 1992. Area response of

major commercial crops in A.P. - An economic analysis. Agricultural
situation in India. 47(4) :257-260.
Krishnaiah, J.1992. Regional analysis of area, production and yield response

of rice in A.P. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics.
15(1):69-82.
Chennarayudu, K., Raghuram, P. and Parthasarathy, P.B. 1993. Factors

influencing pOUltry farming-An Economic Study. Indian Poultry Review
Vol. No.7.
xxvi
Department of Plan~ Physiology
Singh, B.G. 1993. Effect of seed size on seedling vigour in castor. Annals of
Agric.Res.14(1):111-112.
Singh, B.G.1993. Effect of magnesium and radiation on growth and yield in

sunflower. Annals of Agric.Res.14(2):218-220.
Singh, B.G.1993. Effect of chemical soaking of sunflower on seed vigour

index. Indian J.Agric.Sci.63(4):232-233.
Sarma, P.s. 1992. Growth and yield as affected by different plant densities
in bush type Dolichos bean. J. of Res.APAU XIX (2):
Sarma, P.S. 1993. Response of sorghum to applied potassium in medium and

high exchangeable K soils during rainy season. I.Potassium Res. (1 0).
Del?artment of Plant Pathology
Rao, K.C.S., Tayyabad Wahab and Sarwar, H.A.K. 1993. Effect of different
quantities of spawn on the yield of oyster mushroom. Indian I.Mycology
and Plant Pathology. 23 (1).
Raoof, M.A. and Sarwar, H.A.K. 1993. Effectiveness of aliette in controlling

downy mildew of pearlmillet. Indian 1.Mycology and Plant Pathology
23 (1).
Department of Horticulture
Reddy, Y.N. and Chadha, K.L. 1993. Pruning of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana
L.) and phalsa (Orenia asiatica L.). In Advances in Horticulture (Eds.
Chadha, K.L. and Pareek, B.P.).
Reddy, D.Y. and Rao, P.V. 1993. Character association in French Bean.
I.Maharashtra Agric.Univ. 18(1):154-155.
Venkateswarlu, K., Reddy, S.E. and Reddy, Y.N. 1993. Yield performance of
certain coriander cultivars sown in different dates. 1.Maharashtra
Agric.Univ.18(2):308-309.
XXVII
Department of Extension Education
Pochaiah, M., Subbarao, T.V. and Sudharshan Reddy, M. 1993. The

entrepreneural characteristics of vegetable growers of A:P ..
1.Extn.Edn.Vo1.4(3).
Tharnmiraju, D., Pochaiah, M. and Krishna Reddy, G.V. 1993. Constraints

in the adoption of cross bred cows. Indian 1. dairy Sci. 46(9).
Department of Statistics and Mathematics
Kulakami, B.S., Krishna Kanth, G. and Damodar Reddy, D. 1993. The

principal components approach for measuring the index of crop
variability. The Andhra Agric. 10urnal (38).
S.V.AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,TIRUPATI
Department of Plant Physiology
Reddy, K.B., Ashalatha, M. and Venkaiah, M. 1993. Differential response of

groudnut genotypes to iron defficiency stress. 1. Plant Nutrition.
16:523-531.
Department of Entomology
Kameswara Rao, P. and Srinivasa Rao, C.G. 1991. Efficiency of synthetic

pyrethroids in the control of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzavil under
different humidity conditions. Andhra AgriU. 38(1):113-119.
Anuradha, K., Padmavathamma, K. and Kameswara Rao, P. 1992. Influence

of selected host plants and organic acids on the activities of Spodoptera
litura (Fab).N.PV. 1.Agril.Zool.Res.3(2):142-145.
Kameswara Rao, P. Sudhakar Reddy, K. V. and Chitra, K.C. 1992. Comparative

efficiency of chitin synthesis inhibitors diflubenzuron and penfluron
on Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.). Insec. Sc.5(2):159-160.
lanardhan Rao, S.,Chitra, K.C., Kameswara Rao, P. and Subramanyam

Reddy,K.1992. Antifeedent and insecticidal properties of certain plant
XXVlll
extracts against brinjal spotted leaf beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioc-
topunctata (Fab.). Insect Sci.5(2):163-164.
Rajeswara Reddy, G., Chitra, K.C. and Kameswara Rao, P. 1991. Development
of resistance to insecticides in different populations of He lio th is armigera
in Andhra Pradesh. Indian 1. Ent. 53(3):393-395.
Kameswara Rao, P., Kasi, V.,Padmavathamma, P. and Raghava Rao, D V.

1991. Relative susceptibilities of different mango varieties to leaf gallfly
Procontarinia mattepiana Kieffer and Cecconi.Indian lEnt.53(3):449.
Anuradha, R and Padmavathamma, K. 1992 Field efficacy of nuclear

polyhedrosis virus (NPV) with other insecticides on the control of
Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in castor. I.Appl.Zool.Res.3(2):139- 141.
Anuradha, R., Padmavathamma, K. and Kameswara Rao, P. 1992. Influence

of host plants on the activity ofNPV on third instar larvae of Spodoptera
litura (Fab.). I.Appl.Zool.Res.3(1):56-59.
Kameswara Rao, P., Chitra, K.C. and Venkata Reddy, K. 1993. Control of
early pests and diseases of groundnu, Arachis hypogaea with insecticides
and fungicides. I.Appl.Zool.Res. 4(1):109-110.
Kameswara Rao, P., Chitra, K.C. and Ganapathi, K. Effect of diflubenzuron

on the developement of cabbage leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis
Zellal (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera). Proc. National Conference on Bioecol.
and Control of Insect Pests. 1992. p:219-224.
Department of Agril.Economics
Vijay Bharathi, Subba Reddy and Raghuram, 1993. Economics of poultry egg
production in Chitto or district, Andhra Pradesh. wpian Poultry Review
24(8):23-25.
Vijaya Bharathi, Subba Reddy and Raghuram, 1993. Marketing of poultry

eggs in Chitto or district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Poultry Review.
Vo1.24(8): 19-23.
xxix
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASWARAOPET
Department of Plant Physiology
Madhulety, T.Y. and Ved Prakash, 1992. Growth and yield performance of
gigas wheat crosses under single staggered nitrogen application. Indian
1.Plant Physiology. p 95-100.
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE,RAJENDRANAGAR
Department of Medicine
Venugopal, Ramarao, K. and Gaffar, A.A., 1992. Therapy of stephanafilasial

ear sore in buffaloes - comparative efficiency of ivesmectin and amitraz.
Indian 1.Vet.Med.12:57-58.
Sreeramulu, V.,Ram Rao, K. and Gaffar, A.A. 1992. Prevalence of mycotic

mastitis in bovines in Andhra Pradesh. Indian 1.Vet. Med. 12:68-39.
Sreeramulu, V., Rama Rao, K. and Gaffar, A.A. 1992. Betadine therapy in
bovine fungal mastitis. Indian 1.Vet.Med.l2:94.
Krishna Murthy, V., Rama Rao, K. and Gaffar, A A. 1993. Diagnostic

significance of serum guanase in liver diseases of canines. Indian
1.Vet.Med. 13:21-22.
Ramesh Babu, Y., Rama Rao, K. and Gaffar. A.A. 1993. Therapeutic trial of
coliform mastitis in bovines. Indian 1. Vety. Med. 13:13.
Rama Rao, K., Ramesh Babu, Y., Gaffar, A.A. and Rao, D.S.1. 1992. Colifonn
mastitis - an emerging disease in dairy cattle. Dairy guide. 14: 16-17.
Department of Parasitology
Dinanath Kulkarni, Gangadhar Rao, Y.V.B., Padmavati, P. and Ramesh, A.I.

Controlled laboratory trials on the efficacy of morantel citrate (Banminth
II) against A. galli in experimentally infected chicken. Indian Vet.
J. 70: 705-707.
xxx
Dinanath Kulkarni, Gangadhar Rao, Y.V.B., Padmavathi, P. and Ramesh, A
J. 1992. Sharing of antigens between hydatid and cystisercus tenuicollis.
Indian J. Anim.Sci.62:942-43.
Dinanath Kulkarni, Gangadhar Rao, Y.V.B., Padmavati, P. and Ramesh, A.1.

1993. Development of coagglutination test for the detection of antibodies
in secondary hydatidosis. Indian J.Anim. Sci. 63: 153-154.
Department of Meat Science and Technology
Satyanarayana Reddy,A. Sreenivas Reddy, M. and Siddiqui, S.M. 1992. Effect

of preservation methods on the quality of chicken and duck eggs during
the storage. Indian Poultry Science 27(4):214-216.
Department of Pathology
Mohiuddin, S.M. and Vikram Reddy, M. 1993. Immosuppressive effects of

aflatoxin in bursectomised chicks against ranikhet disease vaccines.
Indian I. Anim.Sci.63(3):279-280.
Mohiuddin, S.M. and Vikram Reddy, M. 1993. Experimental studies on hoxa

chlorecyclohexane toxicity in poultry. Indian I.Anim. Sci. 63(6):653-
654.
Mohiuddin, S.M., Warisi, S.M.A. and Vikram Reddy, M. 1993. Haematological,

biochemical changes in experimental ochratoxicosis in broiler chicks.
Indian Vet. I. 70:613-617.
Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
Rao, V.P., Taneja, V.K. and Avtar Singh. 1992. Genotype x environmental
interactions, for some economic traits in Holstein x Sahiwal crosses.
Indian I.Anim. Sci. 62(12):1189-92.
Reddy, c.R., Praveen Kumar, K. RamaRao, M., Ianardhan Reddy, T.,Prabhakar

Rao, V. and Sastry, V.R.B. 1993. Neem seed cake-a promising feed
for dairy cattle. Livestock Adviser, Vol.XVIII(l).
XXXI
Ram Reddy, G., Mudaliar, A.S.R., Muniraju Naidu, M and Prabhakar Rao,
V. 1992. A study on goat husbandry in Mahabubnagar tract of Andhra
Pradesh. J. Res.APAU.xX(3).
Department of Dairy Science
Raghunandan, T., Krishna Reddy, G.V. and Rama Rao, M. 1993. Utilization
of dried poultry manure (DPM) in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Indian
lDairy Sci. (October)
Tammiraju, D., Pochaiah, M. and Krislma Reddy, G.V~, 1993. Adoption of

recommended practices by farmers rearing cross-bred cows. Journal of
Rural Development.Vol.12(1): 109-114.
Venkateswara Rao, N., Krishna Reddy, G.y' and Rama Rao, M. 1992.
Utilisation of dried poultry dropping (DPD) in lactating Murrah buffaloes.
Indian J.Dairy Sci. 45(7):385-387.
Muralidhar, N. and Prasad, M.R. 1993. Modification of richmond formula of

lSI lactometer for calculation of SNF of milk containing adulterants
and neutralizers. Indian J.Diary Sc.Vol.XIVI No.3
Joseph, M J. and Prasad, M.R. 1993. Studies on the challenge feeding practices
in lactating cross-bred cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. Vol.XIVI(2).
Prasad, M.R. 1992. Employees' morale - a consequential variable. Indian

Management Vol.XX, (November).
Department of Feed and Fodder Technology
Reddy, M.R. and Reddy, G.V.N. 1992. Effect of processing on the nutritive
value of eight crop residues and two forest grasses in goats and sheep.
Asian J.Anim.Sci.5:295-301.
Prasad, P.E. and Reddy, M.R. 1991. Nutritive value of mulberry leaves in
goats and sheep. Indian J. Anim.Nutri.8(4):295-296.
Reddy, M.R., Chandrasekharaiah, M., Govindaiah, T. and Reddy, G.V.N.

1993. Effect of physical processing on the nutritive value of sugarcane
bagasse in goats and sheep. Small Ruminant Research 10:25-31.
xxxii
Subhaschandra Reddy, M.R. and Reddy, G.V.N. 1993.Biodegradation of paddy
straw with certain bacterial and fungal treatments on chemical
composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Indian J.Anim.
Sci.63 :94-97.
Department of Poultry Science
Qudratullah, S., Rao, P.V., Satyanarayana,A., Reddy, V.R. and Eshwaraiah,

1993. Formulation of least cost layer rations during linear programming
technique and their biological evaluation. Indian J.Poult. Sci. 28(2):97-
105.
Qudratullah, S., Rao, P.V., Satyanarayana, A., Reddy, V.R. and Eshwaraiah.
1993. Formulation ofleast cost broiler rations using linear programming
teclmique and their biological evaluation. Indian J. Poult. Sci.
28(2):86-96.
Rajasekhar Reddy, A., Rao, P.V. and Reddy, V.R. 1993. Utilisation of ambadi
(Hibiscus cannabin us) meal by growing chickens. British Poult. Sci.
34:339-349.
Raju, M.V.L.N., Rao, P.V., Rajasekhara Reddy, V. and Reddy, V.R. 1992.
Effect of dietary calcium and inorganic phosphorus on the performance
of laying coturnix quail. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 72: 1072-1 076.
Department of Animal Nutrition
Naidu, M.M. 1992. Sex ratio in Nell ore and Deccani breeds of sheep.
Cheiron:21-22.
Reddy, C.R., Kumar, K.P., Rama Rao, M., Rao, V.P. and Reddy, TJ. 1992.
Neem seed cake - a promising feed for dairy cattle. Livestock Advisor
XVIII:3
Mallikarjuna, G., Sivaiah, K., Raghavan, G.V. and Purushotham, N.P. 1992.
Studies on the pattern of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of sheep and
goats with respect to time after feeding. Indian 1. Anim. Nutri.
9(1):17-20.
xxxiii
KRISHNA-GODAVARI ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam
Pulses Project
Naidu, N.V. and Satyanarayana,A. 1993. Heterosis for seed yield and 'its
components in greengram (Vigna radiata L.). Indian I.Pulses Res.
6(1).
Naidu, N.V. and Satyanarayana,A. 1993. Heterosis and combining ability in

mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Indian 1.Pulses Research 6(1).
Naidu, N.V., Satyanarayana, A and Rajeswari, V. 1993. Stability analysis of

seed yield and shoot in mung bean (Vigna radiata L). Indian 1.
Agric.Sci. 63(2): 100-1 02.
Naidu, N.V., Satyanarayana, A and Seenaiah,P. 1992. Combining ability for

yield and yield components in mung bean (Vigna raidata L). Indian
J. Pulses Research. 5(2).
Seenaiah,P., Satyanarayana,A., Naidu, N.V., Murthy, S.S., Rohini A. and

Kodandaramaiah, D. 1993. Combining ability studies in blackgram
(Vigna mungo L). Indian J. Pulses Research 6(1).
Naidu, N.V. and Rosaiah, G. 1993. Association analysis in segregating and

non-segregating populations in mung bean (Vigna radiata L). Annals
of Agric. Res. 14(1):25-29.
Naidu, N.V. and Satyanarayana, A. 1993. Heterosis and inbreeding depression

for yield and yield components of mung bean (Vigna radiata L).
Annals of Agric. Res. 14(1):30-34.
Abbaiah,K. and Prameela Devi,T. 1992. Evaluation of fungicides against

powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot of blackgram. Indian lPlant
Protection. 20:133-137.
Tirumala Rao, K and Venugopala Rao, N. 1992. Efficiency of new insecticides

on Heliothis armigera Hub in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Indian 1.
of pulses Research 5( 1).
xxxiv
Tirumala Rao, K and Venugopala Rao, N. 1992. Integrated management of
insect pests on blackgram Vigna mungo Hepper in Andhra Pradesh.
Indian J. of Pulses Research. 5(1).
Srinivasa Rao, G., Pramila Devi, T. and Prasada Rao, M.P. 1993. Effect of
fungicides for the control of leaf spot of turmeric. Indian J. Mycol.&
PI. Pathology, 23(1):110-111.
Srinivasa Rao, G and Pramila Devi, T. 1993. Efficiency of fungicides on

purple blotch disease and yield of onion. Indian J.Mycol.& PI.
Pathology. 23(1): 108.
Srinivasa Rao, G and Hari Prasada Rao, N. 1993. Sources of resistance in

coriander to powdery midlew. Indian J. Mycol.& PI. Pathology.
23(1):114.
Weed Science Scheme, Bapatla.

\
Narayana Rao, K. and Rao, R.S.N., 1993. Important parasitic weeds and their
control measures. Farmer and Parliament XXVII(a): 11-12 & 25-27.
Saline Water Scheme, Bapatla
Subbaiah, G.V., Jai K Gupta., Rao, K.V.G.K. and Subba rao, LV. 1991.
Development of Doruvu technology for skimming fresh water floating
over saline groundwater in coastal sands of A.P. 1. Indian Soc. Coastal
Agric. Res. 9(1): 405-406.
Srinivasa Rao, Ch., Subbaiah, G.V. and Pillai, R.N. 1990. Water retention
characteristics ofTCP black soil. The Andhra Agric.J. 37 (4):426-427.
Leelavathi, G.S.N., Subbaiah,G.V. and Pillai, R.N.1991. Effect of different

levels of nitrogen on the yield of greengram. The Andhra. Agric. J.
38(1):93-94.
SrinivasaRao, Ch., Subbaiah, G.V. and Pillai, R.N. 1990. Chemical composition
of black soils of Telugu Ganga Project in Nellore district of A.P. The
Andhra Agric.J. 37(3):318-32.0.
x:xxv
Prasuna Rani, P., Pillai, R.N., Bhanu Prasad, V. and Subbaiah G.V. 1992.
Clay mineralogy of alfisol sand associated soils of Kavali canal area
and Somasila project of A.P. 1. Indian Soc.Soil Sci. 40: 893-896.
Agricultural Research Station, Ambajipet
Sujatha, A. and Zaheeruddin, S.M. 1992. Biology of Dasychira mendosa. J.

of appi. Zooi. Res.3(1):81-83.
Sujatha, A., Zaheeruddin, S.M. and Prasadji, J.K. 1992. Occurence of

baculovirus in natural population of Oryctes rhinoceros (L) in Andhra
Pradesh. J. BioI. Control, 6(2): 77- 79.
Sujatha, A., Zaheeruddin, S.M. and Reddy, R.V.S.K. 1992. Turmeric leaf
roller Udasper Jolus Cram., and its parasitoids in Godavari delta.
Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal XV(4): 118-119.
Sujatha, A. and Zaheeruddin, S.M. 1992. A successful inoculation of pupal

parasitiod Brachymeria nosatoi Habu on coconut back headed catterpillar
in Andhra Pradesh. 1. Appl. Zoo. Res. 4(1) June 1993.
Prasadji, 1.K., Rajamannar, M and Gautam, B. Symptomatology and corrective

measures of boron dificiency in oil palm. Indian Oil palm Journal.
Agricultural research station, Chintalapudi
Sitaramaiah, K. and Parvathi Devi. Influence of root knot nematode

Meloidogyne incognita on Selerotium wilt of betelvine. Indian J.
Nematology 29 (2): 230-231.
NORTH COASTAL ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, AnakapaUe
Raju, 1.S.N., Rao, K.L., Chitkala Devi,T., Raju, D.V.N. and Sananadachari,A.
The effect of row spacings and seed rate on growth, yield and Quality
of sugarcane varieties. Indian J. Sugarcane Technology, 6:8-13.
xxxvi
Ramalingaswarny, K., Ramakrishna Rao,S., Veera bhadra Rao, K. and
Padmanabharn,M. 1992. Effect of time and method of N. application
on yield and quality of sugarcane. Bharatiya Sugar, 53:56.
Ramalingaswarny.K., Venkatesware Rao, T., Ramakrishna Rao, S. and

I amuna,P. 1993. Effect of nitrogen levels on uptake and yield of pearl
Millet (Pennisitwn Glaucum) in North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Indian
I. AgriL Sci., 63 (a): 41-42.
Prasada Rao, V.L. V. and Venugopala Rao, N. 1992. Efficacy of Soil application
of Some insecticides in controlling scale insect (Melanaspis glomerata
G.) on sugarcane. Indian I. of plant protection. 20:125-128.
Prasada Rao, V.L. V. and Venugopala Rao, N. Influence of rainfall on dynamics

of scale insect (Melanaspis glomerata G) on Sugar Cane. Bharatiya
sugar 18(May): 31-35.
Rarnana murthy, D and Naidu, M.R., 1992. Resource productivity and resource
use efficiency of milk production in East Godavari district of Ai1dhra
Pradesh. Indian I. of Dairy Science.
Naidu, M.R. and Satyanarayana,Y. 1992. Productivity Variation in Sugarcane

Production at irrigated Versus rainfed situations of north coastal Zone
(A.P.) - An Economic analysis. Cooperative Sugar, 23. (Nov): 751.
Naidu, M.R. 1992. Socio-Agro-Economic Analysis of a tribal tract - Watershed

approach - An apt answer for balanced eco system. Indian I. of Agril.
Economics, XLVII (3):416.
Naidu,M.R. and Tirupathiah, G. 1992. Resource use efficiency and resource

allocation in groundnut forms of Vizianagaram district of Andhra
Pradesh. Indian I. of Agril. Economics XLVII (3): 488.
Naidu, M.R. and Sukanya, K. 1993. Marketing of fertilizers in Anakapalle

mandaI of Visakhapatnam district - Analysis. Indian I. of AgriL
marketing, (2): 47.
Naidu, M.R. 1993. Temporal variation in marketing of minor forest products

in tribal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. of Agril. Marketing, VI
(2):105.
xxxvii
SOUTHERN ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati.
Selvam, V.S. and Soundara Rajan, M.S. 1991. lntercropping groundnut with
short and long duration redgram in drylands". Indian J. of Agronomy:
36(4):541-544.
Sankara Reddy, K., Selvam,V.S., Sreedhar, V and Soundara Rajan,M.S. 1991.

Effect of land treatments on the productivity of rainfed Spanish
groundnut. The journal of Res. APAU,XIX (1): 1-4 .
. Rami Reddy, P .S. and Reddy, P .S., 1991. Reaction of celiain Hirsutum Cotton
culturesNarieties to white fly, Bemisia Tobacco (GEM) under rice
fallow conditions. The Andhra Agric. J. 38: 91-92.
Citrus Improvement Project, Tirupati
Venkateswarlu, Ch. and Rama Pandu,S. 1992. Relationship between incidence

of canker and leaf minor in acid lime and sathgudi sweet Orang~.
Indian Phytopath. 45:227-228.
Chakraborty.N .K., Ahlawat, Y .S., Valma,A. Jagadish chandra, K., Rama Pandu,
S. and Kapur, S.P. 1992. Serological reactivity in citrus tristeza virus
strains in India. Twelth TOCV conference: New Delhi, PP 108-112.
Rama Pandu,S., Harinath Naidu, P., Rama Subba Reddy, M., Murthy V.D.
1992. Cross protection Studies against tristeza in acid lime Abst.
Twelth conf. IOCV., New Delhi.P.32.
Agricultural Research Station, NeIIore
Lakshmaiah,K., Penchala Reddy, V and Babu, A.M. 1992. Production

technology for minted Sorghum during rabi in Nellore district. Andhra
Agric. J. 399
x..XXVIll
Agricultural Research Station, Kadiri
Lavakumar Reddy, M., Rathore, R.P.S. and Narasimha Reddy,P. 1991. Impact
of controlled pollination on seed yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annus
L.). Andhra Agric. J. 38(1):122-123.
SOUTHERN TELANGANA ZONE
AICRP on improvement of Soil Physical Conditions to Increase Agri-

cultural Production of problematic Areas,Rajendra nagar.
Uma devi, M., Santhaiah, V., Singa Rao, M., Prasada Rao,A. and Rama Rao,
S. 1991. Effect of conservation fillage practices and nitrogen levels on
nutrient ,uptake of rainfed castor (Ricenus Communis,L.) in alfisol.
JoUrnal of Res.'APAU; XIX: 123-131.
Rathna Prasad, L., Singa Rao, M., Padma Raju, A. and Venkata Reddy. P.
:1991. Spatial Variability of Soil Moisture Characteristics ofMaheswaram
watershed area. Journal of Res.APAU. XIX: 132-137.
Prabhu Prasadini, P., Nagender Rao, C., Rama Rao, S. and Singa Rao, M.
·1993 ... Effect of tillage on physical properties of soil and yield of
Peanut in rice based cropping system. International Rice Research
Notes, 18:44.
Narasimha Rao, P.V., Venkataratnam,L., Krishna Rao, P.V., Ramana,K.V. and

Singa Rao, M. 1991. Relation between root zone Soil Moisture and
normalized difference vegetation index of Vegetated fields. Int. J.
Remote sensing 14:44k449 ..
Prabhu Prasadani, P., Nagender Rao, C., Singa Rao, M. and Rama Rao,S.
1993~ Effect of tillage on clod size distribution, penetration resistance
and yield of groundnut in rice based cropping system after puddled
nee. J. oilseeds. Res. 10: 62- 65.
AI C R P On Weed Control, Rajendranagar

,
Reddy,N.V., Reddy, C.N., Rao, P.C. and Kondap, S.M. 1992.' Integrated
Weed Management in some oilseed crops. Indian J. Agric. Res. Dev.
7(1): 45-49.
xxxix
Sujatha, Ch., Reddy, N.V., Reddy, C.N. and Devi, M.P. 1992. Influence of
pre and post emergence herbicides in controlling weeds and increasing
castor yields. Indian J. Agril. Res. & Dev. 7(2): 73-78.
Rao, P.C., Devi,M.P., Reddy C.N. Reddy, N.V. and Kondap, S.M. 1992.
Relative efficacy of Cassia Spp. and their extracts in allelopathic control
of Parthenium Hysterophorus. Indian 1. Agril. Res. & Dev. 7(2):
64-69.
AI C R P on pesticide Residues, Rajendranagar
Rajya laxmi,A., Uma Maheswara Reddy, P., Narasimha Rao, B. and Gopala
Krishna Reddy, T. The disposition of carbaryl in the hepato pancreas
haemolymph and embryos of the Viviparus scorpion Hetaromatrus
Julvipas (kosh) during gestation. Anobiotics 21(4): 429-432.
Narasimha Rao, B., Narasimha Reddy, K., Mir Azam Sultan., Prabhakar Rao,
K. and Rosaiah,B. 1991. Residue of pyrethroids in cotton. Envi. PoIlu
and Resource. of land and Water: 107- 110.
Narasimha Rao, B., Mir Azam Sultan and Narasimha Reddy,K. 1991. Residues
of monocrotophos and carbendazim on black gram. Envi. PoUu. and
Resource of land and Water: 215-218.
SCARCE RAIN FALL ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal
Sivasankar, A., Madhavaswamy, G. and Brahmananda Reddy, P. 1991. Time

series analysis of rainfall at Nandyal. The Andhra Agril., 38(1 ):55-60.
Rayapa Reddy, T. 1993. Impact of Training Programmes. Land Bank Journal.

31(4),93:55-58.
Agricultural Research Station, Anantapur
Katama Reddy, B.C., Padmalatha, Y. and Virupakasha Goud, D. 1992. A

review of Soil and moisture conversation on alfisols of scarce rain fall
areas. Indian 1. of Dryland Agric. Res. & Dev., 7(2): 79-84.
xl
Munaswamy, V., Sriramamurthy, V.M.M. and Narasimha Reddy, C., 1990.
Uptake of nitrogen by some high Yielding maize (Zea mays.D.)
germplasms in relation to levels of fertilizer nitrogen. The Andhra
Agric. J., 37(3):262-265.
Yellamanda Reddy, Y., Srinivas, B. and Venkat Raju, K. 1992. Moisture

conservation practices for stable yields of Pearlmillet in dry land miller
region. Indian 1. of Dryland Agric. Res. Dev., 7(2): 70-72.
Yell amanda Reddy, Y. and Kulandaivelu, B. 1992. Rootgrowth of rice (Oryza

Sativa) as influenced by Soil Moisture regime and nutrition level.
Indian 1. of Agronomy. 37 (4): 694-700.
Yellamanda Reddy, T. and Salu Reddy, M. 1991. Influence of improved

dryland Practices on growth and yield of dry land Pigeonpea. Journal
of APAU, 19(4):188-193.
Meena Kumari, K.V.S. 1992. Spraying Schedule for the effective control of
the late leaf spot disease in Groundnut. Groundnut News, 4: No.1.
NORTHERN TELANGANA ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial
Eswara Pradad, Y. 1992. A study on price spread, marketing costs and

marketing constraints of fish production. Agricultural Marketing,
Vol.XXXV,No 2: 24-26
Eswara Prasad, Y. 1992. Supply response of turmeric in Guntur district of

Andhra Pradesh. Agricultural Marketing, Vol. XXXV, No.1: 16 - 18.
Eswara Prasad, Y. 1992. Curry leaf cultivation - A lucrative proposition.

Agricultural situation in India, June.
Eswara Prasad, Y. 1992. An Econometric analysis of technical efficiency of

farm resources in sericulture industry. Indian 1. Agri. Eco. Vol.XLVII,
No.3 : 531-532.
Eswara Prasad, Y. A study on identification of constraints to input use in Fish

production and Marketing. Indian Journal of Agri. Marketing.
xli
Agricultural Research Station, Warangal
Cheralu, C. 1993. Inheritance of determinate growth habit in pigeonpea. Indian

1. of Pulses Research 6(1).
TEXT BOOKS PUBLISHED.
Yellamanda Reddy, T. and Sankara Reddy. G.H., Principles of Agronomy.
PAPERS PRESENTED AT SYMPOSIA,NATIONAL

SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS
College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar
Bhaskhar Reddy, B. Water Management in problem soils' of Andhra Pradesh.

Paper presented at "Workshop on Water Management in problem soils"
held at WTC, IARI, New Delhi from 15th to 19th September, 1992.
Padmaja, D., Satyanarayana, V. and Chandrasekhara Rao, P. Increased

Productivity of Sesame through integrated weed management system.
Paper presented at "National Seminar on Oilseeds Research and
Development in India - Status and Strategies", held from 2nd to 5th
August 1993 at Hyderabad.
Pratibha, G., Pillai, K.G., Satyanarayana, V. and Mir Mustafa Hussain.

Productivity of certain oilseed crops as influenced by different tillage
systems in rice based cropping systems. Paper presented at the "Seminar
on Oilseeds Research and Development in India - Status and Strategies",
held from 2nd to 5th August, 1993 at Hyderabad.
College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla
Satyanarayana, T.V. Boundary layer development in rectangular modified

broad crested weirs. Paper presented at "National Convention of
Agricultural Engineers" held at Bhubaneswar in November, 1992.
xlii
KRISHNA - GODAVARI ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station,Lam
Entomology
Venkateswara Rao, S. and Rosaiah, B. Effect of certain botanicals against

insect pest complex of Okra. Paperpresented at "World neem conference"
held from 24th to 28th February, 1993, Bangalore.
Rosaiah, B and Reddy, A.S. Utility of botanicals and bio-cides as additive to

insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera Hubber, management in cotton.
Paper presented at "World neem conference" held from 24th to 28th
February, 1993, Bangalore.
Rosaiah, B., Reddy, A.S. and Mukundan, S. Futuristic approach in the chemical
management of Helicoverpa armigera on cotton. Presented at the
"National Symposium on Pesticides Future scenario" held from 15th
to 17th, April, 1993, IARI, New Delhi.
Md.Khalid Ahmed and Venkateswara Rao, S. Relative performance of few

insecticides on yellow mite Polyphage tarsonemus latus of chillies,
Capsium annum. Paper presented at the "National Symposium on
Pesticides - Future scenario" held from 15th to 17th April 1993 IARI,
New Delhi.
Plant pathology
Srinivasa Rao, G. and Madhava Rao, D. Varietal reaction of banana cultivars

to Panama wilt and bunchy top in Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented at
the "Golden Jubilee Symposium on banana" held at. Puna, from 22nd
to 23rd, Sept., 1992.
Srinivasa Rao, G and pramila Devi, T.Occurrence of fungal and viral diseases
on banana in Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented at the "Golden Jubille
symposium on banana" held at Pune, from 22nd to 23rd, Sept., 1992.
Srinivasa Rao, G., Abbaiah, K.and Madhava Rao, D.Fungicidal management

of sigatoka leaf spot in Banana. Paper presented at the "Golden Jubilee
symposium on banana" held at Pune from 22nd to 23rd. Sept., 1992.
xliii
Agricultural Research Station, Ambajipet
Sujatha, A. and Zaheeruddeen, S.M. Integrated management of coconut pests

in Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented at the "Golden Jubilee symposium
of Horticultural Research - Changing Scenario" held at Bangalore from
24th to 28th May, 1993.
Rajamannar, M. Integrated Management of coconut diseases in Andhra Pradesh.

Paper presented at the "Golden Jubilee symposium of Horticultural
Research - Changing Scenario" held at Bangalore, from 24th to 28th
May, 1993.
Saline Water Scheme, Bapatla
Subbaiah, G.V., Raj, K., Gupta Rao, K.V.G.K. and Subba Rao, K.V.
Environmental management of preventable human problems. Paper
presented at the "VIII Snnual Conference of NESA and symposium"
held at Bhubaneswar from 16th to 19th Feb., 1993.
SOUTHERN ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati
Sivanarayana Rao, K. Jaggery production prospects in Rayalaseema. Paper

presented at the "AICRP Workshop" held at the Anakapalle,12th to
13th February, 1993.
SOUTHERN TELANGANA ZONE
AICRP on Biological Control of Crop pests, Rajendranagar
Babu, K.S., Murthy, M.S.N. and Ramesh Babu, T. Effect of Botanical

insecticides against certain parasitoids. Paper presented at the "World
neem Conference" held at Bangalore, 24th to 28th Feb.1993
Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Scheme, Rajendranagar
Pasha, S.N. and Arun Sathe. Influence of Nand P fertilization on uptake of

N & P, herbage and oil yields of davana (Artemesia pallens wall).
Paper presented at the "Golden Jubilee symposium on Horticultural
xliv
Research - Changing Scenario" held at Bangalore, from 24th to 28th
May, 1993.
All India Coordinated Agronomic Research Project, Rajendranagar
Nageswara Reddy, M., Sitaramayya, M., Vijay Kumar, B. and Sairam, A.

Productivity of Rice-Rice Cropping in Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented
at "Group meetings held at OUAT",Bhubaneswar, from 19th to 20th
Jan.,1993.
Weed Control Scheme, Rajendranagar
Suresh, G., Reddy, N.V., Rao, P.C., Rao, C.N., Devi M.P. and Kondap, S.M.
1992. Weed management systems in sunflower.Paper presented at
"National seminar on changing scenario in pests and management in
India" held at Hyderabad 31st January to February 1st, 1992.
Gitanjali, A., Rao, P.C., Reddy, C.N., Reddy, N.V. and Devi M.D. Nutrient
categorisation of weed and nutrient recycling in crop weed ecosystems.
"Annual Conference", ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
Suresh, G., Reddy, N.V., Rao, P.C., Kondap S.M. and Reddy, C.N. Studies
on integrated' weed management in sunflower. "Annual Conference",
ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
Rapolu, M.K., Kondap, S.M., Reddy, N.V., Rao P.C. and Reddy, C.N. Efficiency
of herbicides with Rhizobium inoculation in groundnut. "Annual
Conference", ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
Reddy, C.N., Reddy, N.V., Rao, P.e., Devi M.P and Kondap, C.M. Increased
oilseed production through weed management in groundnut + sunflower
inter-cropping system." Annual Conference", ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
Reddy, C.N., Reddy, N.V., Rao, P.C., Devi M.P. and Kondap, S.M. Weed
management systems in turmeric + maizeintercropping system. "Annual
Conference", ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
Reddy, N.V., Madhavi, M., Reddy, C.N., Rao, P.C. and Kondap, S.M. Studies
on the effect of glyphosates alongwith ammonium sulphate on the
control ofCyperus rotundus. "Annual Conference", ISWS, Hissar, 1992.
xlv
Madhavi, M., Kondap, S.M., Rao, P.C., Reddy, N.V. and Reddy, C.N. Studies
on the residual effect of glyphosate on groundnut crop. "Annual
Conference", ISWS; Hissar, 1992.
SCARCE RAINFALL ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal
Ravindranath, K., Timma Reddy, D., Balikondappa, D., Bahashamohiddin, S.,

Rama Reddy, Y., Rangaswamy Reddy, P and Ranganadha charyulu,
N. Development of medium staple cotton in Rayalaseema regio!! of
Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented at "AICCIP Silver Jubilee Celebrations"
held at Coimbatore from 17th to 19th, September, 1992.
Meena Kumari, K.V.S. and Setty, B.V.K. Variation in grOlmdnut genotypes

for resistance to late leaf spot. Paper presented' at the "National
Symposium on biD-diversity in India" Abstract, p 33 ...
NORTHERN TELENGANA ZONE
Regional Agricultural Research Station, JagtiaI
Eswaraprasad, Y. An economic evaluation of adoption of Technology in

watershed area - A case study in Andhra Pradesh. Paper presented at
"College of Agriculture, P.K.N.", Akola at Nagpur on 23-1-1993
organised by Maharastra Society of Extension Education.
xlvi
Annexure-VII .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAO Admn.cum Accounts Officer

AC Asst 'Comptroller
Addl.Dir.(V) cV
Additional Dit-ector o'f Research ety).
AET Advanced Evaluation Trial
, .
AHT Advanced Hybrid Trial'
Active Ingredient'
AICAHT All India Coordinated Advanced Hybrid Trial
AICAVT All India Coordinated Advanced Varietal Trial
AICORP All India <:oordinated Oilseeds Research Project
AICRP Ail India Coordi~ated Research Project
AICVT All India Coordinated Varietal Trial
AIHT All India Hybrid Trial
AL Asst. Librarian .
APDDC Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Corpora-
tion
APP Ammonium Polyphosphate
APPT Advance Pearlmillet Population Trial
AR Asst. Registrar
ARS Agricultural Research Station
ASMD Available Soil Moisture Depletion
Asst.Dir. Asst. Director of Research
AYT Advanced Yield Trial
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
BLB Bacterial Leaf Blight
BPH Brown Plant Hopper
BT Basumati types
CCS Commercial Cane Sugar
CFB Corrugated Fibre Board box •
CIAE Central I~stitute of Agricultural Engineering
xlvii
CIMMYT Centro International demejoramientode Maizy
Trigo(Mexico)
CL Culture
CMS Cytoplasmic Male Sterile
Com.VT Comparative Varietal Trial
CPPTI Central Plant Protection Training Institute
CRR! Central Rice Research Institute
CSVT Coordinated Sorghum Varietal Trial
CTRI Central Tobacco Research Institute
CVT Coordinated Varietal Trial
DAG Days After Germination
DAP Days After Planting
DAP Diammonium Phosphate
DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Edu-
cation
DAS Days After Sowing
DBPB Diversified Bulk Population Breeding
DCH Double Cross Hybrid
DEE Dy. Executive Engineer
DFO District Forest Officer
DRDA District Rural Development Agency
DRR Directorate of Rice Research
Dy.Compt Deputy Comptroller
Dy.Reg. Deputy Registrar
EC Electrical Conductivity
EC Emulsion Concentrate
ECC Electrical Conductivity of Extract
ECF Experiments on Cultivators' Fields
EE Executive Engineer
EM Early Maturity
ETIEO Evapotranspiration/Evaporation
ETL Economic Threshold Level
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation
xlviii
FDRS Foliar Disease Resistance Screening
FLOW CHART
FN Fortnight
FRO Forest Range Officer
FVET Final Varietal Evaluation Trial
FYM Farm Yard Manure
g gram
G Granules
GLH Green leaf hopper
GMR Gallmidge resistance
GMRVT Gall Midge Resistance Varietal Trial
GVT General Varietal Trial
H Hybrids
ha Hectare
HCH Hexachloro Cydo Hexane
HVT Hybrid Varietal Trial
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICDS Integrated Child Development Service
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for Semi-
Arid Tropics
ID/CPE: Irrigation Depth/Cumulative Pan Evaporation
IDRC International Development Research Council
lET Initial Evaluation Trial
IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertilizers Cooperative Corpo-
ration
IGSI Indian Grain Storage Institute
IHT Initial Hybrid Trial
IMDVT International Medium Duration Varietal Trial
IPHT Initial Pearlmillet Hybrid Trial
IRBN International Rice' Blast Nursery
IRLYNM International Rainfed low land Rice Yield
Nursery (Medium)
iI
IRTN International Rice Tungro Nursery .
ITDA Integrated Trial Development Agency
IVET Initial Varietal Evaluation Trial
IVT Initial Varietal Trial
IYET Initial Yield Evaluation Trial
JR Joint Registrar
Kg Kilogram
I litre
LGU Large granular urea
LLS Late leaf spot
MANAGE National Institute of Agricultural Extension
Management
mg milligram
MIET Moong Initial Evaluation Trial
ml millilitre
MLT Multilocation Trial
MLTG Multilocation Trial on groundnut .
mm Millimetre
MNT Multi National Coordinated Trial
MRL Maximum Residue Limit
MVT Medium duration Varietal Trial
MVT Multilocation Variety Trial
MYT Medium Duration Yield Trial
NARP National Agricultural Research Project
NCC National Cadet Corps
NIRD National Institute of Rural Development
NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
NSP Nagarjuna Sagar Project
NSS National Service Scheme
NTE Non-teaching Establishment
OC Organic Carbon
OP Office Procedures
OVT Observational Varietal Trial
OYT Observational Yield Trial
PDI Percent Disease Index
PEPT Pearlmillet Early Population Trial
PG Post Graduate
PI Panicle Initiation
PNHT ,Pearlmillet New Hybrids Trial
ppm Parts per -million
PPT Pearlmillet Population Trial
PRHNT Pearlmillet Released HybridsNarietal Trial
PRN Pearlmillet. Resource Nursery
PVT Preliminary Varietal Trial
PYT Preliminary Yield Trial
q Quintal
RARS Regional- Agricultural Research Station
RAWEP '. Rural Agricultural Work Experience Pro-
gramme
REAC Research and Extension Advisory Council
RO '. Research Officer
RRYT Replicated row yield trial
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
RTV Rice Tungro Virus
SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio
- SARP- Sugarcane -Adaptive Research Project
-- SAVT " Setaria Advanced Varietal Trial
SB Spanish bunch
SC Scheduled Caste
SCH Single Cross Hybrid
SIRD State Institute of Rural Development
SIVT Setaria Initial Varietal Trial
Sq.m Square metre
SS Sanctioned Strength
SSP Single Super Phosphate
Ii
ST Scheduled Tribe
T&V Training and Visit
t Tonnes
TCH Three way Cross Hybrid
TE Teaching Establishment
TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
TO Technical Officer
TRYSEM Training Rural Youth for Self Employment
TSS Total Soluble Solids
UAS University of Agricultural Sciences
UG Under-graduate
UGC University Grants Commission
UH University Professoar and Head
UNDP United Nations Development Project
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Edu-
cation Fund
URT Uniform Regional Trial
USWA United States Wheat Associates
VB Virginia bunch
VDO Village Development Officer
VEO Village Extension Officer
WALAMTARI Water and Land Management Training and
Research WBPH: White beaked plant hopper
ZREAC Zonal Research and Extension Advisory Coun-
cil
Iii
Planning and Monitoring Cell
Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030.
Coordinator Dr. S. RamaPandu.
Technical Officer (Ag.) Dr. A. Latchanna
Technical Officer (H.Sc.) Dr. K. K. Krishna Kumari
Agricultural Economist Dr. Shiv Karan Singh
Asst. Statistian Sri G. Sanyasi Naidu
Statistical Assistant Sri M Krishna Rao
Research Officer, Sri A. Satyanarayana

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What are the different teaching institutes mentioned in the document?

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Twenty Ninth

Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University

Compiled and Edited by

Planning and Monitoring Cell

II Details of Students Admissions and out-tum V-Vl

Sri P. Bhaskara Prasad, I.A.S. took over as Registrar of the University on

* Provision of facility for reimbursement of expenses to the extent of

* Facility to conduct re-examination to final year students who had only

The new Fishery Science College sanctioned at Muthukur, Nellore district,

A total of 527 students comprising of 328 in the Agriculture faculty, 123

Much emphaSiS in research has been given towards crop improvement to

Greengram and bJackgram gave higher yields at 30 x 10 cm spacing than

Sowing of groundnut by 15th july (normal kharif) and a population of 3.33

Mulching with groundnut shells @ 5 t/ha helped in mitigating the effect of

Under watershed management studies at Maheswaram, in situ soil moisture

Measures for the management of weeds, Echinochloa, Cuscuta in rice fallows

For July planted, rainfed sugarcane application of biofertiJizer (Azotobacter)

The subsoil water harvesting system (Doruvu technology) installed in the

Under post-harvest technology, an agricultural waste fired chillies-drier was

Studies on synchronisation of flowering in male and female parents of hybrids

Screening of germplasm/varieties of different crops, identifying sources of

Seed treatment with Trichoderma product improved germination, reduced

Socieo-economic analysis of some districts, economic analysis of cropping

Live Stock and Fishery Science

In livestock research, emphasis is mainly on improvement of native breeds

Integrated farming system of paddy-cum-ftsh and banana production gave

In Home Science research. studies on technology for popping and flaking of

As a measure to enhance the consumption of wheat among rice eating

Consumption of Malayali recipe puttu. whole jowar recipes and recipes

Studies on consumer preferences and problems with handloom textiles.

The extension units have organised a number of extension programmes like

A number of radio-talks and TV programmes by the scientists are broadcast

During the year, a number of seminars, conferences and workshops were

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University was established on June

In academic administration of the University, the Vice-Chancellor is

The University offers educational programmes at the under-graduate and

Research in the fields of Agriculture, Horticulture, Veterinary and Fisheries

The extension education actIVItIes of the University for transfer of

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (AP AU) was established in

The Board of Management is the supreme policy decision making body

Chancellor of the University

Sri Krishan Kant from February 7, 1990.

A. Authorities of the University

Ex-Officio Members Secretary to Goverpment

ICAR Nominee Dr.M.Velayutham

3. Members oftlte Academic COllncil

Chairman M.V. Rao

4. University Heads Of Departmellts

Agronomy Dr.M.Ranga Reddy

FACULTY OF VETERLTVARY SCIENCE

FACULTY OF HOlvfE SCIENCE

Foods and Nutrition DL(Mrs.) P.Geervani

B. MEETING OF THE AUTHORITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY

20-03-1993 College of Home Science, Hyderabad.

1. 112 4529 Sri P .Bhaskara Prasad, lAS, was appointed on

2. 112 4608 Transfer of Sheep Breeding Farm Mah-