Joints connect bones and link the skeletal system, allowing for movement. They can be classified structurally based on the connecting tissue - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, or facet joints. Joints are also classified functionally based on their degree of movement - synarthrosis permits little movement, amphiarthrosis permits slight movement, and synovial joints permit freely movable movement. Additionally, joints can be classified based on the number of axes of movement they allow, the degrees of freedom, the number and shapes of articular surfaces, or anatomically based on features like the bones involved or presence of discs.
Joints connect bones and link the skeletal system, allowing for movement. They can be classified structurally based on the connecting tissue - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, or facet joints. Joints are also classified functionally based on their degree of movement - synarthrosis permits little movement, amphiarthrosis permits slight movement, and synovial joints permit freely movable movement. Additionally, joints can be classified based on the number of axes of movement they allow, the degrees of freedom, the number and shapes of articular surfaces, or anatomically based on features like the bones involved or presence of discs.
Joints connect bones and link the skeletal system, allowing for movement. They can be classified structurally based on the connecting tissue - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, or facet joints. Joints are also classified functionally based on their degree of movement - synarthrosis permits little movement, amphiarthrosis permits slight movement, and synovial joints permit freely movable movement. Additionally, joints can be classified based on the number of axes of movement they allow, the degrees of freedom, the number and shapes of articular surfaces, or anatomically based on features like the bones involved or presence of discs.
Joints connect bones and link the skeletal system, allowing for movement. They can be classified structurally based on the connecting tissue - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, or facet joints. Joints are also classified functionally based on their degree of movement - synarthrosis permits little movement, amphiarthrosis permits slight movement, and synovial joints permit freely movable movement. Additionally, joints can be classified based on the number of axes of movement they allow, the degrees of freedom, the number and shapes of articular surfaces, or anatomically based on features like the bones involved or presence of discs.
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Joint
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs The connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. Joints are classified both structurally and functionally
Classification Joints are mainly classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications. Clinical, numerical classification
monoarticular – concerning one joint
oligoarticular or pauciarticular – concerning 2–4 joints polyarticular – concerning 5 or more joints Structural classification (binding tissue) Structural classification names and divides joints according to the type of binding tissue that connects the bones to each other.[1] There are four structural classifications of joints
fibrous joint – joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in
collagen fibers cartilaginous joint – joined by cartilage. There are two types: primary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage, and secondary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the involved bones with fibrocartilage connecting them. synovial joint – not directly joined – the bones have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments. facet joint – joint between two articular processes between two vertebrae. Functional classification (movement) Joints can also be classified functionally according to the type and degree of movement they allow:[1][9] Joint movements are described with reference to the basic anatomical planes.[3]
synarthrosis – permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints
are fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures). amphiarthrosis – permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous joints (e.g., intervertebral discs). synovial joint (also known as a diarthrosis) – freely movable. Synovial joints can in turn be classified into six groups according to the type of movement they allow: plane joint, ball and socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint,[10][11] condyloid joint and saddle joint. Joints can also be classified, according to the number of axes of movement they allow, into nonaxial (gliding, as between the proximal ends of the ulna and radius), monoaxial (uniaxial), biaxial and multiaxial. Another classification is according to the degrees of freedom allowed, and distinguished between joints with one, two or three degrees of freedom.] A further classification is according to the number and shapes of the articular surfaces: flat, concave and convex surfaces.] Types of articular surfaces include trochlear surfaces. Biomechanical classification Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into simple and compound, depending on the number of bones involved, and into complex and combination joints:[15]
1. Simple joint: two articulation surfaces (e.g. shoulder joint, hip
joint) 2. Compound joint: three or more articulation surfaces (e.g. radiocarpal joint) 3. Complex joint: two or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or meniscus (e.g. knee joint) Anatomical The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups:
1. Joints of hand 2. Elbow joints 3. Wrist joints 4. Axillary articulations 5. Sternoclavicular joints 6. Vertebral articulations 7. Temporomandibular joints 8. Sacroiliac joints 9. Hip joints 10. Knee joints 11. Articulations of foot
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