SQL-4 2 PDF

Database Programming with
PL/SQL
3-4
Using Transaction Control Statements
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Objectives
This lesson covers the following objectives:

• Define a transaction and provide an example
• Construct and execute a transaction control statement in
PL/SQL
• Since Oracle Application Express automatically commits
changes, the following information will be presented as if you
were issuing the commands in an installed/local environment
with the ability to use COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
PLSQL S3L4 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Purpose
• In this lesson, you learn how to include transaction control

statements such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and
SAVEPOINT in PL/SQL.
• Transactions often have multiple parts or steps.
• If something happens to prevent, say, the third step from
completing, database integrity is maintained because
steps one and two didn't actually change the database
because a COMMIT statement was never issued.
• ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT statements give you
additional control in processing transactions.
Database Transaction
• A transaction is an inseparable list

of database operations that must
be executed either in its entirety
or not at all.
• Transactions maintain data
integrity and guarantee that the
database is always in a consistent
state.
Example of a Transaction
• To illustrate the concept of a transaction, consider a

banking database.
• When a bank customer transfers money from a savings
account to a checking account, the transaction can consist
of three separate operations:
Record the
Decrease savings Increase checking
transaction in the
account account
transaction
balance. balance.
journal.
Transaction
• What would happen if there were insufficient funds in the

savings account?
• Would the funds still be added to the checking account?
• Would an entry be logged in the transaction journal?
• What do you think should happen?
Decrease savings account UPDATE savings_accounts
SET balance = balance - 500
balance. WHERE account = 3209;
Increase checking account UPDATE checking_accounts

SET balance = balance + 500
balance. WHERE account = 3208;
Record the transaction in INSERT INTO journal VALUES

(journal_seq.NEXTVAL, '1B'
the transaction journal. 3209, 3208, 500);
If all three SQL statements can be performed to maintain the

accounts in proper balance, the effects of the transaction
can be committed, or applied to the database tables.
If OK, then
Decrease savings
account.
Increase checking If OK, then

account.
Record the
transaction in the
If OK, then
transaction journal.
COMMIT!
However, if a problem, such as insufficient funds, invalid

account number, or a hardware failure prevents one or two
of the statements in the transaction from completing, the
entire transaction must be rolled back (reversed out) so that
the balance of all accounts is correct.
If OK, then
Decrease savings
account.
Increase checking If not OK then

ROLLBACK!
account.
Record the
transaction in the
transaction journal.
Transaction Control Statements
• You use transaction control statements to make the

changes to the database permanent or to discard them.
• The three main transaction control statements are:
– COMMIT
– ROLLBACK
– SAVEPOINT
• The transaction control commands are valid in PL/SQL and
therefore can be used directly in the executable or
exception section of a PL/SQL block.
COMMIT
• COMMIT is used to make the database changes

permanent.
• If a transaction ends with a COMMIT statement, all the
changes made to the database during that transaction are
made permanent.
BEGIN
INSERT INTO pairtable VALUES (1, 2);
COMMIT;
END;
• The keyword END signals the end of a PL/SQL block, not
the end of a transaction.
• A transaction may include multiple PL/SQL blocks and
nested PL/SQL blocks.
ROLLBACK
• ROLLBACK is for discarding any changes that were made

to the database after the last COMMIT.
• If the transaction fails, or ends with a ROLLBACK, then
none of the statements take effect.
• In the example, only the second INSERT statement adds
a row of data.
BEGIN
ROLLBACK;
COMMIT;
END;
SAVEPOINT
• SAVEPOINT is used to mark an intermediate point in

transaction processing.
• ROLLBACK is used to return the data values to the point
of a SAVEPOINT.
BEGIN
SAVEPOINT my_sp_1;
SAVEPOINT my_sp_2;
ROLLBACK to my_sp_1;
COMMIT;
END;
Terminology
Key terms used in this lesson included:

• COMMIT
• END
• ROLLBACK
• SAVEPOINT
• Transaction
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Define a transaction and provide an example
• Construct and execute a transaction control statement in
PL/SQL

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Database Programming with

Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

This lesson covers the following objectives:

• In this lesson, you learn how to include transaction control

• A transaction is an inseparable list

• To illustrate the concept of a transaction, consider a

• What would happen if there were insufficient funds in the

Increase checking account UPDATE checking_accounts

Record the transaction in INSERT INTO journal VALUES

If all three SQL statements can be performed to maintain the

Increase checking If OK, then

However, if a problem, such as insufficient funds, invalid

Increase checking If not OK then

• You use transaction control statements to make the

• COMMIT is used to make the database changes

• ROLLBACK is for discarding any changes that were made

• SAVEPOINT is used to mark an intermediate point in

Key terms used in this lesson included:

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

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