GOING GREEN: A MIXED METHOD RESEARCH ON

THE IMPACT OF BEYOND THE BOTTLE TOWARDS

PLASTIC WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES OF
BARANGAY AYA, SAN JOSE, BATANGAS

S12-11 SY2018-2019
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)
Strand

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the impact of Beyond The Bottle (BTB)

towards plastic waste disposal practices in Barangay Aya, San
Jose, Batangas. Accordingly, a sequential exploratory research
design was administered. Qualitative data had been gathered
using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews from six (6)
participants chosen through the purposive sampling technique
with the quantitative collection ensued afterwards by distributing
survey questionnaires to thirty (30) respondents selected through
convenience sampling. Concurrently, analysis of qualitative data
used the processes of open, axial and selective coding while
quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (SPSS) software through Pearson
Correlation Coefficient. In turn, qualitative results showed a
moderately positive perception of the residents towards the
product, common plastic waste disposal practices engaged in
before the implementation, and a positive changing impact
towards such methods where numeric data affirmed a significant
relationship between the quality of the final product and the
resources to the overall success of the project discerned to
possibly be factors which contributed to the impact perceived.
Recommendations for this are improving design of the plastic
bottle cutter, utilizing observation field notes in gathering data
instead of interviews alone, and increasing the number of plastic
bottle cutter devices to be placed in different stations within the
community.

Keywords: Level of Impact, BTB, Plastic Waste Disposal,

Plastic Wastes, Bottles, Perception, Recycle, Evaluation.
INTRODUCTION

Plastic is described as a wide scale of appearances

observed to be synthetic or semi-synthetic which has been in
existence for a growing range of applications. With an unceasing
growth at hand, the continual use in an increasing population
further multiplies the number of plastic products being consumed
and disposed of where such cycle leads to having even more
wastes apparent (Jimoh, Ajayi, & Ayilara, 2014). According to
GMA News Online (2018), the volume of plastic wastes
produced around the globe in a year is three hundred million
tons; however, other researches present more displeasing
results where retained are 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic
wastes which only sustain in polluting the world (Parker, 2018).
This scenario calls for various waste disposal practices to be
ensued. Not all of these practices, however, have been
discerned to possess positive outcomes. Such notion is evident
in one of the communities in the Philippines known as Barangay
Aya, San Jose, Batangas where addressing the issue through
the introduction of a project becomes imminent. In turn,
determining the impact of a plastic bottle cutter on methods used
for plastic waste disposal plays a significant role towards further
improving the platform at hand.

On a worldwide scale, various methods in disposing plastic

wastes have become apparent with the continuously increasing
consumption rate in the present time. Amidst having efforts on
disposal, not all allow safety and health to be evident. In this
regard, there is still a wide existence of landfills, backyard
burning and dumping which introduce several health and
environmental risks including toxins, leachate and greenhouse
gases (Environment Victoria, 2013). Moreover, plastic wastes
ending up in landfills contaminate soil and waterways, with
burning plastics contributing towards air pollution, increasing risk
of heart disease, nausea, and rashes, damages in the nervous
system and aggravating respiratory ailments such as asthma
and emphysema (Sharma, Gupta, & Ganguly, 2018; The Jakarta
Post, 2018). On the other hand, recycling describes a plastic
waste disposal method distinct from the other three mentioned
as this involves waste segregation wherein plastics are reused
and even turned into new products. Furthermore, this process
allows less energy to be utilized in producing raw materials and

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aids in impeding other concerns related with global means
(Ritchie, 2018). Despite having such medium for safely disposing
plastic wastes, this method requires a certain extent of effort
from individuals which not only includes first-hand encounter but
also collaboration with authorities as difficulties in terms of the
collection and sorting remain evident. Poor waste management
facilities often result in plastics being disposed incautiously
where recycling is left as a subject untouched. As a result, there
is a stronger need for a revitalized platform for recycling which
can aid in fastening and improving the engagement among
stakeholders with the process involved.

The demand for a revitalized platform for plastic waste

recycling has continuously dominated the world as plastic
consumption is observed as a global problem which needs to be
addressed in order to resolve resource and energy challenges.
According to Sharma (2014), plastics have played great parts in
every individual‟s life as they are inexpensive, lightweight, safer
compared to metals, and yield better packaging care for items. In
spite of these characteristics, plastics still remain as materials
which face difficulties in decomposing and have been considered
to be one of the primary contributors of toxic pollutants with
harmful effects towards the environment and health. Rustagi
(2011) said that plastics are made up of phthalates or phthalate
esters wherein improper use of phthalates during the
manufacture and disposal of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) products
prompt undesirable pervasiveness in the society.

The continuous plastic waste consumption introduces a

distinction between two differing options on disposing wastes
such as acceptable and unacceptable practices. In this regard,
the unacceptable methods of plastic waste disposal include the
processes of open burning, and river and backyard dumping
while beneficial methods have been inclined with proper
recycling and segregation of wastes (Nathanson, 2018). A study
by Zagozewski, Judd-Henrey, Nilson, and Bharadwaj (2011)
stated how open burning and backyard dumping are the
common waste disposal practices carried out in three
Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. In turn, the study also
deals with recommendations in mitigating the concerns which
mirror segregation and recycling of wastes which contribute
greatly to waste reduction.

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 Associated with the mentioned unacceptable practices are
environmental and health risks, along with pollutions in the
ocean which affect wildlife and humans alike (Ritschel, 2018).
Given the context, determined was how an estimated 270,000
tons of plastic has been floating through the world‟s seas which
contribute to species extinctions (Heinen, Loon, Hansen, &
Kissling, 2017). Burning plastic wastes greatly contributes
towards air pollution where toxic gases such as dioxins, furans,
mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls are released into the
atmosphere which acts as carcinogens and mutagens (Verma,
Vinoda, Papireddy, & Gowda, 2016). On another note, landfilling
and open dumping the material are two related but distinct ideas
where disadvantages may be frequently interchanged. The
former is connoted as a traditional approach in dealing plastic
wastes where existence of long-term threats of contamination of
groundwater and soil by few additives and breakdown by plastics
products becomes apparent (Siddiqui & Pandey, 2013).
Additionally, open dumping leads to deteriorating environmental
quality as amount of solid wastes generated are disposed of
without any precautionary measures (Yasin & Usman, 2017).
These unideal ways in disposing plastics may be observed in the
selected community which further drives the need to address the
issue at hand. In this case, the impact of the plastic bottle cutter
Beyond The Bottle, also known as BTB, towards the identified
plastic waste disposal practices is to be assessed.

In turn, the need for various platforms in recycling is

emphasized (Shoubi, Shoubi, & Shoubi, 2013). An example of
which is the EcoR machine designed to crush bottles to be
supplied to fiber manufacturing companies. This functions similar
to that of a vending machine, but in a rather inverse practice as
for every bottle inserted, 10 Thai Baht is automatically
exchanged (Pradhan, 2018). On another note, other efforts in
creating means for the 3Rs of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, include
the Cleanest Loop of TOMRA System in 2018 which, in this
case, features a plastic bottle segregation machine. This device
has been developed to avoid contamination among bottles and
so as to reduce energy in creating another plastic material due to
reusing of bottles. As the two projects highlight using alternatives
and even repurposing old materials into new products, the plastic
bottle cutter which turns the bottles into strips, was born. Ensuing
this process not only allows certain plastic waste disposal

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practices to be addressed but also instill the entrepreneurial
skills among users as the strips may be used into manufacturing
new products such as brooms, baskets and the like.

In consonance, this mixed method research on the impact of

BTB towards plastic waste disposal practices of Barangay Aya,
San Jose, Batangas has been based on the Theory of Waste
Management by Pongrácz, Phillips, and Keiski (2004) as can be
seen in Figure 1. Its surrounding concepts included defining
waste, determining the initiatives which can be used to address
methods undertaken for disposal, aiding in legislative upon
dealing with such wastes, and identifying objectives of waste
management which are points considered in establishing BTB
and assessing its impact towards the corresponding community.
This serves as a great backbone for the study as the theory
speaks to a more in-depth record of the area and calculated
investigations of waste, particularly of plastic wastes such as
plastic bottles, and reflects measures pursued in line with the
partnership coming from the officials in the locality. Concurrently,
the Waste Management Theory is perceived to relate with the
desire to prevent threats on human health and environment
posed by plastic wastes where such notion can be seen in the
community due to having presences of open burning and other
unacceptable practices deemed to negatively affect the
surrounding stakeholders in Aya as well.

Figure 1. Theory of Waste Management

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 The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of
BTB towards plastic waste disposal practices as pursued by the
residents in Barangay Aya, San Jose, Batangas. In this regard,
the research paper seeks to identify the perceptions of the
residents towards the plastic bottle cutter, BTB, to discover the
plastic waste disposal practices of the residents before the
implementation of the device, and to ascertain the perceptions of
the respondents on the impact of BTB to their waste disposal
practices.

The study aims to serve well the residents of Aya, San Jose,
Batangas as it provides information on the impact of BTB where
one of the aims is on the creation of possible means for
livelihood through marketing end products. Concurrently, this
research is also intended for the officials of the community as it
serves as basis for revising and creating programs aligned with
the waste management system of the barangay. On the other
hand, this study is beneficial to the researchers and their
corresponding strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) as it provides opportunities to gain and
spread knowledge not only on the proper plastic waste disposal
practices to be followed but also the impact of the established
innovative solution towards their plastic waste disposal practices.
Finally, this study hopes to be significant to future researchers as
this may give them ideas on the conditions examined and tested
to improve the various systems in the community, and let them
analyze and arrive at the recommendation section of the
research paper in the hopes of having continuation of the project
on their own hands.

The focus of the study is about the impact of BTB on the

plastic waste disposal practices as performed by the residents in
Barangay Aya, San Jose, Batangas. In addition, this study
includes perceptions of the residents towards the plastic bottle
cutter together with the methods on plastic waste disposal
ensued before its implementation. Furthermore, highlighted in
this study is how plastic wastes are limited to plastic bottles as
the device implemented can only deal with such. Concurrently,
this 2018-2019 study is respondent-based where six (6)
individuals have been selected through the purposive sampling
technique in accomplishing the qualitative portion of the study
while thirty (30) by the convenience sampling for quantitative

6
serving as a follow-up. Additionally, the results obtained from the
study are only conclusive and exclusive to the population of the
community and will not reflect any other areas within the
province of Batangas and other localities besides Aya.

METHODOLOGY

The research design applied in this mixed method study is

the sequential exploratory design shown in Figure 2. Its main aim
is to discover the common themes that may emerge regarding
the opinions of the residents about the implementation of the
device to their community. According to Creswell (2014), the
whole idea of this concept is to use quantitative data, in the form
of statistics, to support and analyze relationships in the
qualitative data, being a phenomenon, in order to provide a more
complete and deeper understanding of the research problem
than by using just one type of data. In turn, acquisition of both
qualitative and quantitative data have been ensued where given
priority is the former while the latter serves as a follow-up. With
this in mind, qualitative results came from undertaking the coding
process of interview transcripts where general and specific
concepts allowed the researchers to develop a research
instrument used for quantitative data gathering. This, therefore,
shows how the present study aims to discuss the main themes
emerging from the qualitative results, and show the statistical
analyses of how the factors which affected such outcome have a
significant relationship to the perceived overall success of the
project.

Figure 2. Exploratory Sequential Research Design Diagram

In order to accomplish the mentioned objectives, a specific

set of respondents has partaken in the qualitative process of
accumulating data to be followed by the quantitative data
collection. The participants for the qualitative collection are six
(6) respondents selected through the purposive sampling
technique. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling

7
method where residents are selected purposefully rather than
randomly (Lavrakas, 2011). Its main aim is to select individuals
who have a sufficient amount of knowledge regarding the project
and its main objectives that must be met during its
implementation period. In line with this, the criteria set by the
researchers for the participants are the following: a) they were
able to see and witness what the product looks like and how it
works; b) they were able to attend one of the presentations
conducted by the researchers where launching of the product
took place; and (c) they were able to use the product at least
once and assess the product outcome. Adults, especially the
barangay officials, have been considered as the most eligible
participants as they can explain their observations and
experiences about the product in a clear and in-depth manner,
compared to younger residents. Meanwhile, the quantitative
assessment includes a sample of thirty (30) adult respondents
who reside in Barangay Aya, as it would be difficult to conduct
study on the entire population due to their large size. With this
method, the respondents are selected by means of using the
convenience or accidental sampling wherein has been based on
their availability (Dudovskiy, n.d.). In order to achieve this
endeavor, the researchers seek the help of the community
captain in gathering the total number of respondents needed for
the quantitative data collection on a specified date of visit. The
quantitative instruments are then distributed conveniently to the
people present at the time of data gathering.

With the nature of the research design in mind, the most

appropriate tool utilized is in-depth interviews with purposefully
selected individuals who are able to give helpful feedback
regarding their usage of the product, Beyond The Bottle. This is
the most effective tool as it also allows the researchers to
familiarize themselves with the plastic waste disposal practices
and environmental issues in the general population of Aya. In
turn, qualitative data is obtained through administered semi-
structured, one-on-one interviews which aid in facilitating an in-
depth understanding towards the concern discussed (Nyumba,
Wilson, Derrick, & Mukherjee, 2018). This instrument permits
follow-up questions not included in the original set ensued to
develop meaningful understanding on their answers (Adams,
2015). Evaluated in this are points referring to the participants‟
perception on the device, their plastic waste disposal practices

8
before the introduction of the product, and impact of BTB on
such methods undertaken.

After analyzing the respondents‟ responses, the quantitative

data collection in the form of a standardized survey
questionnaire has been ensued. This mirrors a 4-point Likert
scale where included are ten (10) statements divided into three
(3) categories which explore concepts and factors affecting the
perception of the participants in the qualitative data gathering.
These categories comprise a set of variables such as quality of
the final product, resources and overall success of the project
where evaluation includes choices such as strongly disagree,
disagree, agree, and strongly agree. Additionally, varying
reference materials where several of them have been derived
from sites online as well as from published studies and similar
sources are used as supports in the research processes
partaken.

The gathering of data is administered in the second

semester of the Academic Year 2018-2019 within the premises
of Barangay Aya, San Jose, Batangas. Using the purposive
sampling technique, the researchers seek the guidance and
participation of the barangay officials present at the time of visit
to answer their queries. In turn, the researchers distribute
themselves to six (6) participants who are willing to be part of the
qualitative assessment. In relation to this, the researchers ask
permission from the participants whether audio or video
recording of their responses will be allowed to assure that
privacy of the participants involved in the study is maintained.
After accumulating and assessing the data which arise from the
qualitative results, the quantitative data gathering is then
proceeded with. Apparently, this community has five (5) divisions
or mostly known as Purok which are inhabited by a number of
residents. Therefore, the collection of data has been conducted
in the area where respondents are frequently gathered in which
is Aya‟s covered court. Initially, inquiry regarding the state of the
product in their community is obtained from the designated
officials. The researchers explain to the residents their reasons
for the visit which included a review and testing of BTB. The
standardized questionnaires are then distributed where the
respondents have been given the opportunity to answer the
questions.

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 The researchers have been able to come up with complete
transcriptions of the audio recordings discussing the interviews in
order to extract the accurate statements from the participants
necessary for the study. In this regard, analysis of the qualitative
data is pursued through the use of coding which includes the
process of perusing data for categories and meanings such as
themes and ideas under certain code labels. As such, the
researchers initially treated the data at hand through open
coding. This step involves processing the data into labels
commonly identified as codes (Given, 2008). Relationships
among such categories are then determined in axial coding
where the last stage in the research process includes selective
coding wherein is a procedure undertaken to connect categories
into producing a discursive set of theoretical propositions (Allen,
2017; Wiebe, Durepos, & Mills, 2010).

Consequently, the quantitative instrument is discerned to be

related with the probable factors affecting the perceived success
of the project including independent variables such as resources
and quality of the final product. In turn, such results are
processed through the use of Pearson‟s Correlation Correlation
in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) which
determines whether a significant relationship exists among
highlighted variables. According to Laerd Statistics (2018), this
method aims to find a significant association between two
variables through the correlation coefficient r, which serves as
the determinant of the strength and direction of the relationship
found. In other words, the factors that are deemed as necessary
contributors to the perceived impact of the project are put against
each other to arbitrate how the respondents of the quantitative
collection view how these factors can affect the product‟s overall
success. This allows the researchers to examine the perceptions
and outlook of the people while maintaining logical and
mathematical information that is quantifiable and
understandable.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Perception of the residents towards the plastic bottle

cutter, BTB

The first highlighted point refers to the perceptions of the

residents of the community towards the plastic bottle cutter. In
this regard, several respondents share their insights which
mostly covered the product‟s purpose, ease of usage, durability,
maintenance, plastic strip quality, advantages over other
devices, capacity to serve as a source of income, and possible
improvements.

Most of the participants agree on the concept that the

purpose of the product had been successfully achieved
throughout the duration of using the device. Included in some of
the responses are “okay naman [ang gampanin]” and
“pinakagamit ay itong isa, itong [dalawang pinakamalaki]” which
refer to how the product has served its function well. Despite
this, other aspects regarding the product, including the ease of
use of BTB, are seen to have contradicting responses from the
participants involved. A number of the respondents confirm that
the product is comfortable and easy to use since it does not
require a complicated series of processes for operation. In spite
of this, there have been individuals determined to be dissatisfied
with the product due to the difficulties encountered upon
inserting the initial plastic strip into the holes, plastic strips being
cut off immediately, and the operation being too uncomfortable.
The differences between the responses are brought by certain
factors such as their personal familiarity and expertise in
handling and utilizing the product, and their knowledge on
appropriate techniques that must be applied for a smooth
performance of the product. This idea, in turn, deduces the
product into being moderately easy to use where highlighted as
well is the importance of the project still recognized with a room
of improvement evident. Meaning, the distinctions are apparent
due to various perspectives held by users wherein are imposed
to be of great significance towards project development as they
give insights towards how the individuals see the program, its
meaning and content, essential into improving it (Cornell
University, 2009).

11
 Similar with the second premise, this also generates varying
responses where fifty percent (50%) of the respondents affirm
with the notion that the product is durable, with the other half
suggesting otherwise because of the sharp blades and hard to
manipulate or loose chain. In line with this, they advise for the
replacement of the materials with new and original ones to
further enhance the product‟s quality as there were assertions
that the product already acquired some damages. Given the
situation, one of the common reasons for the acquisition of
damages in terms of BTB includes corrosion which may be
rooted from the environment and even human activities if the
product is not maintained well (Garvey & Henning, 2012).

In spite of this, all of the respondents are affirmative with the

idea that the product is easily repairable and has parts easily
replaceable due to its structure and wide availability of the
needed materials. Moreover, included as well within their
statements is how the presence of manuals contributed in
ensuring the proper maintenance of the product for the years to
come.

Concurrently, the respondents give each of their opinions on

the quality of the plastic strips generated within the use of the
product. It is discerned that the plastic strips have smooth edges
but do not exhibit constant sizes just as one of the respondents
has stated “Oo. Kaso ang mahirap lang naman dito ay hindi
napapantay „yung [strip].” Interestingly, most of the respondents
agree that good quality of the plastic strips cannot be assured
since they either are cut off before the completion of the whole
bottle, or they do not come in particular sizes where the cutting
of the device allows them to get smaller throughout the process.
Additionally, explored within the responses is the difference of
the plastic bottle cutter BTB to other products and programs set
in the community, in which the device provides another platform
of recycling plastic bottles through repurposing them as new
materials in creating merchandise fit for selling in the market,
household use, and more. Furthermore, the respondents
propose the idea that the product can still be improved through
several methods such as placing a cover on sharp areas of the
device to achieve safety among users. In this regard, the users
seem to exude interest on the product introduced by the
researchers wherein included in their responses is the idea on

12
how it can still be further improved in order for functionality to
become more achievable. According to the U.S. Department of
Energy (n.d.), such evaluations aid in determining how the
project is faring and what factors can be associated towards
such result wherein are linked with being able to further the
program established at hand.

For this particular question, listed in Table 1 are the open

codes generated from the actual statements in relation to the
summarized responses from the participants as presented in the
text earlier.

Table 1. Open code of responses regarding perception on

product

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Plastic waste disposal practices of the residents before the
implementation of the device

The succeeding table presents open codes addressing the

second mentioned point referring to the plastic waste disposal
practices residents have undertaken before the implementation
of the device at hand. One method for such purpose has been
deemed to include open burning which can be discerned from
statements such as “nagtatapon kami ng basura, palibhasa yung
amin ay mismong hindi tabi ng kalsada, meron kasi doong
parang silaban, doon na lang”. This implies that the residents are
conducting such method based mostly on the convenience of
performing it, without much consideration to how it can procure
negative effects to both the environment and human health. In
this regard, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016)
highlights that most people in different countries are accustomed
to open or backyard burning of their wastes because it provides
more ease than delivering them to local disposal areas.
Statements from such reaffirm that despite government efforts to
restrict the identified method, majority of the people are still
pursuant to their chosen waste disposal routine of open burning.
In turn, this pushes an even more need to address the pressing
concern through the project as established in this study.

Open dumping is also practiced in the community; however,

such method has rather been used for biodegradable materials,
or simply, those which can decay as seen in statements such as
“nagdudumping din kami” and “yung nabubulok hinahayaan,
basta sama-sama na sila diyan. Oo, diga kunwari nagwalis ka.
Nandyan na lang siya. Oo ipon na lang siya.” These responses
suggest that some of the residents can segregate biodegradable
from nonbiodegradable in which the process that follows allows
the organic wastes of the residents to rot and decompose on
their own after only a short amount of time (Science Learning
Hub, 2019). Fortunately, this process is not encouraged in the
community to be conducted for plastic wastes as this type of
waste would take several years before it becomes decomposed.
Despite this, such practice of waste disposal cannot be deemed
entirely preferable since it can still result to the deterioration of
environmental quality since no precautionary or safety measures
are undertaken before it is conducted (Yasin & Usman, 2017).

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 Moreover, scattering of wastes along the streets is apparent
as responses also included “ay marami [mga kalat na plastik na
bote]. Kalat nga lang. Lahat ay kalat nga rito eh. Aba ay „pag
sa… Kung maghahanap ka lamang ng plastic ay pumunta ka
lamang dun sa may boundary, hanggang dito ay magkakaroon
ka agad ng malilimot eh. Ano kasi, marami nang mga tao rito,
tapon lamang nang tapon sa kalye, walang basurahan at hindi
mailagay sa mga basurahan” and “hindi naman maiiwasan iyon”
which present the status quo of the community. The current
situation described by the respondents upon which an abundant
amount of plastic wastes can be observed scattered around the
community poses an alarming risk for the environment. Plastics
are known to be one of the most widely used materials in the
world since they serve as inexpensive, lightweight, safer and
convenient items that can be suitable to people in their personal
and economical needs while also serving as better packaging
materials unlike paper (Sharma, 2014). This is why the presence
of plastic waste materials in every household in the community
cannot be prevented. This type of waste, whenever not disposed
properly or subjected to recycling, can become litters on the
streets and eventually, become dispatched into bodies of water.
Ritshel (2018) and Heinen et al. (2017) both affirm the
dangerous effects of plastic wastes floating on seas, contributing
to species extinction and affecting wildlife and humans alike.

In line with this, several of the respondents highlight in their

narrations how such situation should be addressed by the 4Ps,
known as Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, especially on
ensuring how streets are clean from plastic wastes. Having no
garbage truck collectors is also one of the issues which was
linked towards the reason why such scenarios occur. On another
note, other processes involved in disposing plastic wastes mirror
segregation and programs like Basura, Reseta, Pangkalusugan
or BRP. Waste segregation is pursued as this allows
respondents to later sell plastics upon accumulating and storing
them in sacks.

Generally, after obtaining such views, the researchers

confirm that most of the residents in the community are
conducting harmful methods of waste disposal in which
convenience and situational dilemmas can be perceived as the
main reasons for resorting to such methods. Nathanson (2018)

15
categorized two types of waste disposal practices such as
unacceptable and acceptable methods where the former
includes open burning and river or backyard dumping while the
latter considers recycling and segregation of wastes.
Unfortunately, these two types of unacceptable methods of
waste disposal are deemed widely apparent in the community
although they can bring harmful results such as introducing
toxins, leachate and greenhouse gases, contaminating soil and
waterways, increasing risk of heart disease, causing nausea and
rashes, damaging the nervous system, and aggravating
respiratory ailments such as asthma and emphysema
(Environment Victoria, 2013; Siddiqui & Pandey, 2013; Sharma,
Gupta, & Ganguly, 2018; The Jakarta Post, 2018).

Table 2. Open code of responses regarding plastic waste

disposal practices before the implementation of the product

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Perceptions of the residents on the impact of BTB towards
their plastic waste disposal practices

Meanwhile, the respondents acknowledge their view towards

the impact of the product, BTB, on the plastic waste disposal
practices of the residents in the community. This evaluates the
overall assessment of the respondents regarding the product,
and how it contributes to modifying their harmful waste disposal
practices to combat environmental dangers in the barangay.
Furthermore, the responses are focused on the factors that
affected the success or failure of the project in general.

On the first note, the respondents show positive responses

that the product will be of significant help in terms of reducing the
observable plastic wastes evident in the community. This notion
supports the idea of the project as a whole, and the barangay
captain‟s mandate and programs against the dangers imposed
by improper waste disposal practices. In addition, the
respondents have shown consistent support and positive
feedback on the product‟s influence in recycling practices of the
community. This also supports Republic Act 9003 which exhibits
the need to establish recycling programs, to spread information
and to act on corresponding violations in terms of managing
wastes where, in turn, has been considered to be a significant
task of every barangay (Malajito, 2018). A respondent has
disclosed as well how plastic bottles are already being recycled
in some areas of the locale, including the schools. It was said
that these colored plastic bottles provide a lively surrounding for
the students and teachers, using them as flower vases or fences.
This is evident in most elementary public schools in the
Philippines where the promotion of a green environment
encourages the students and teachers to innovate the use of
recyclable waste materials such as plastic bottles to be
converted into useful and creative decorations such as using
them as flower pots (Pineda, 2018).

Since the project has successfully brought about its unique

potential to create a more inclusive environment for all, the
respondents have shared how the locality is getting more
enthusiastic about this specific practice of recycling. According to
the respondents, the people are not only limited to seeing the

17
usual outputs in recycling plastics; instead, they are also
introduced to other ways in making use of their wastes. Not only
are they helping the environment, but they can also gain their
own source of income from such activity. As it was observed that
a number of people in the community opt to stay at their homes,
this product can be a useful, productive and eco-friendly action
for them that will create by-products useful for their own
residences and for selling to other people that will hopefully be in
supervision of the 4Ps. The 4Ps, otherwise known as the
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, is a program introduced
by the Department of Social Welfare and Development that aims
to address the issue of poverty in different areas in the
Philippines by creating jobs and other livelihood opportunities for
the poor (The World Bank, 2017). They are also considered to
be the main organization handling environmental concerns of
Barangay Aya. Several factors have also been discerned as to
why a positive impact is seen from BTB towards the plastic
waste disposal practices. The overall success of the project may
have stemmed out from quality of the final product and resources
where such perception may have been relevant in. Such notion
can be observed in Table 8.

For this particular question on the perceptions of the

residents on the impact of BTB towards their plastic waste
disposal practices, listed in Table 3 are the open codes
generated from the actual statements in relation to the
summarized responses from the participants as presented in the
text earlier.

18
Table 3. Open code of responses regarding impact of BTB
towards plastic waste disposal practices

19
 As the preceding tables have shown various open coding for
the first three research questions of this paper, results have been
subjected towards axial and selective coding. Each set of open
codes exhibit a particular relationship with one another in a way
that they exhibit a common theme. The first set of open codes
implies that the product is of good quality but still has room for
improvement. The product itself has its own strengths that make
it competitive in comparison to other plastic bottle cutter designs,
and effective in serving its purpose. However, it still has some
weak points, which the researchers must address. The product
can be deemed as durable as it is made of metallic parts that
make it sturdy as compared to plastic and rubber designs.
Thomas (2019) listed down various advantages that metal
fabrication has over plastic including but not limited to resistance
to wear and tear, structural strength, heat resistance and
versatility. The aluminum component of the plastic bottle cutter
makes it resilient to simple hits or drops in case the user makes
a mistake; however, it is still prone to damage. One of the most
prevalent opponents of metals is the occurence of rust,
particularly when exposed to oxygen or water for a long period of
time (Richards, 2017). The residents may have said this because
the metal design does make the product vulnerable to rusting
which is an issue the researchers must focus on in order to
improve the quality of the product. In addition, the responses
from the residents imply that the product itself is user-friendly.
The user-friendliness of a hardware device means that it will not
include complex mechanisms, have easy to locate tools, and
have reliable features (TechTerms, 2014). Since the product is
designed with replaceable parts, the materials are easy to
change and maintain in case a part gets broken. In spite of this,
the responses do imply that the product is moderately easy to
use which means that the use of the product still brings small
hardships and inconvenience to the residents whenever they use
it. This may be accounted to the fact that although the product is
manually operated which makes it less complicated, it still
requires the residents to exert effort by cutting the bottom of the
plastic bottle and inserting it into the horizontal cuts and into the
lock which gets chopped off at some point while spinning the
hand wheel. Nonetheless, the responses of the residents imply
that the product is of good quality but still has room for
improvement which the researchers must focus on harnessing.

20
 On the other note, the second set of open codes implies that
the residents have different methods of plastic waste disposal.
The absence of garbage truck collectors has pushed residents to
find ways to dispose of their plastic wastes. According to a
research article by Jerie (2016), it is reported that waste related
problems were attributed to non-collection or erratic collection of
waste and the lack of adequate temporary storage facilities for
wastes. Some people conduct segregation as they have
sufficient knowledge about such which opens opportunities for
recycling, and had been, in turn, subjected to selling. On the
other hand, there are also cases wherein the residents have no
more choice but to conduct open burning which has harmful
effects on the environment such as the release of harmful toxins
including dioxins and furans that are detrimental for individuals
when inhaled (The Jakarta Post, 2018). However, there is also a
program called “Basura Reseta Pangkalusugan Program” which
encourages the residents to gather garbage and exchange them
for medicine which is a good way to reduce the amount of
wastes such as plastic wastes scattered around the community.
In general, the community has various ways of disposing their
plastic wastes wherein some are helpful while some are not,
specifically with regards to open burning. As such, it is important
that the researchers provide a new and revitalized platform for
recycling in the form of BTB, a plastic bottle cutter, which will
encourage the residents to engage in a convenient and easy
way of recycling.

Meanwhile, the third set of open codes focus on a theme on

how the BTB plastic bottle cutter has a positive impact on the
community in a way that it provides a new platform for recycling,
and helps to establish organizations. All in all, the set of axial
codes further center on one theme which is the impact of the
project “Beyond the Bottle” towards the waste disposal practices
of the residents. It is important that the product is of good quality
in order to effectively serve its purpose of cutting plastic bottles
into strips. This would have a positive impact on the plastic
waste disposal practices of the residents through the provision of
an avenue for recycling wherein residents would no longer have
to resort to harmful plastic waste disposal practices; rather, they
would engage in recycling in order to make new use of plastic
wastes especially plastic bottles. Shoubi et al. (2013) emphasize

21
that the best solution is reusing plastic bottles for which no
additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution.

In turn, these sets of open codes have generated how BTB

is an effective plastic stripper with good quality, that harmful
waste disposal practices are conducted in the community, and
that the product has a positive and significant impact towards the
plastic waste disposal practices. Such ideas have then been
processed into a unified notion on how BTB is an effective and
quality-wise plastic stripper which delivered positive, changing
impact towards the harmful plastic waste disposal practices of
the residents. Meaning, the plastic bottle cutter has achieved its
purpose in its corresponding community.

Table 4. Axial and Selective Coding

The qualitative results of the study have arrived at the

conclusion that the project brought a significantly positive impact
towards the plastic waste disposal practices of the residents in
Barangay Aya. This is supported by the responses of the
residents regarding the quality of the product in terms of certain
premises such as its ease of use, maintenance, durability and
other relevant features. Moreover, accounts on the effectiveness
of resources taken in terms of project staffing and
communication have become apparent as well wherein may
have also contributed towards the overall success of the project.
In turn, this portion of the study shows the possible factors which

22
facilitated the perceived impact of BTB. This includes the quality
of the final product, the resources and the overall success of the
project wherein these three variables have been considered to
be the most relevant factors which allowed for the residents‟
positive responses regarding the project.

Relationship between the quality of the final product and

the resources to the overall success of the project

For the quantitative data, the survey question initially aims to

determine whether the respondents show relative agreement on
the overall quality of the final product deemed to be very good.
Since it exhibited a mean of 3.43, it would consequently match
with a corresponding strongly agree response. The means
displayed only range around 3.37 to 3.43 which ensued a
composite mean of 3.408, perceived to be under the “strongly
agree” category. These are considered favorable responses
although they fall under the mean of 3.5, and are also relatively
far from the 4.0 mean goal. This signifies that although most
respondents (20) are completely encouraged and convinced
about the overall quality of the final product (66.67%), there are
still (9) respondents who can only categorize the product under
the satisfactory field (30.00%) and a single respondent (1)
showing moderate disagreement with the abovementioned
survey questions in line with the quality of the product (3.33%).

This implies that the product can be considered as a device

with good quality manufacturing, evident from the responses of
the residents. It is already close to being one and may only need
a couple more adjustments, modifications and exchange of
materials, as mentioned by one of the participants in the
qualitative responses. Most of the respondents “strongly agree”
that the product has a possibility and can already be considered
a device with good quality but it is still subject to improvement,
wherein the suggestions of the participants may be
acknowledged. This is evident in a similar study by Al-Hajj (2018)
which clarifies that although success of the project can be
conveniently attained through time, cost and quality constraints,
the product success cannot still be assured and may still require
certain modifications to deliver utmost project success.

23
Table 5. Verbal Interpretation of Quality of the Final Product

Table 6 presents the verbal interpretation of information on

resources based on the results of data collection. This includes
statements about project staffing, team collaboration,
stakeholder engagement and role clarity wherein have been
deemed to be contributors towards the success of Beyond The
Bottle, more commonly known as BTB. Evident in this category
has been a composite mean of 3.627 wherein existence of such
result implies how the team has been able to communicate
efficiently not only among themselves but also with the other
parties involved in the implementation of the project. Generally, a
strongly agree response emerged from these results wherein it
can be inferred that the project was considered to be equipped
with suitable and skillful people who have managed to explain
comprehensively the roles of each stakeholder in ensuring the
successful implementation of Beyond the Bottle. Nawaz,
Ghafoor, and Munir (2016) conducted a study in Pakistan to test
whether the leadership displayed by the project managers and
the whole group‟s teamwork have relevant results to the success
of a project. Consequently, both of the mentioned variables (i.e.
leadership and teamwork) showed positive correlation towards
project success. The appropriateness and quality of such
resources are considered valid and significant factors to obtain
the overall success of the project‟s implementation.

24
Table 6. Verbal Interpretation of Resources

In Table 7, evident is an evaluation on the overall success of

the project “Beyond the Bottle” as have been assessed by
several residents belonging to Barangay Aya, San Jose,
Batangas and students from De La Salle Lipa being beneficiaries
and implementers respectively. As can be seen, the computed
mean of the quantitative data is 3.57 reflects the respondents‟
strong agreement that an efficient and working tool has been
installed in the community, and that its implementation is a
success. This is supported by a study by Al-Hajj and Zraunig
(2018) which conclude that properly and timely applied project
management tools and techniques may lead to project success.
In this regard, the outcome of the project may have been rooted
from its proper and timely execution which deals with relevant
issues in the community where provided is a platform for
recycling plastic bottles as a move to help reduce cases where
they are rather disposed improperly. Additionally, the
respondents may have been pleased with the quality and
presentation of the project and its details to which
comprehension is achieved while also satisfied with the
communication between the proponents themselves besides
them with the other members of the community. Although the
findings show how respondents strongly agree with having an
overall success of the project “Beyond the Bottle”, there are still
areas for enhancement in reaching the target mean of 4.

25
Table 7. Verbal Interpretation of Overall Success of the Project

Presented in Table 8 is a significant relationship between the

quality of the final product and the resources to the overall
success of the project, which mirrors a moderate positive
correlation; meaning, there is a direct relationship between the
variables wherein in this regard, may be synonymous to having
them increase at the same time when one of them does so.
These factors are initially deemed to be influential to the overall
success of the project as can be discerned from the qualitative
results where the perceived characteristics of the product,
Beyond the Bottle, are evaluated by the participants. Since there
are multiple factors which were mentioned by the respondents
regarding their usage of the product, the researchers deemed
this variable, quality of the product, as one of the significant
variables that must have affected the perception of the residents
regarding the project. Given this instance, the quality of the final
product and resources have been two of the significant factors
which contributed towards the success of the project. This can
be seen in a study by Davis (2014) where cooperation and
communication, stakeholder satisfaction, acceptance and use of
final products, competencies of the project manager,
management support, and strategic benefits had been points
considered for such aspect. Additionally, having been able to
achieve the mentioned factors essential in the success of the
project, the impact of BTB has been centered on how the device
is perceived by the residents and how it affected them in terms of
their plastic waste disposal practices. In particular, it has
changed the dynamics between the communication of the
barangay citizens where cooperation and teamwork among the
researchers, barangay officials and users had become evident,
which also paved way into further improving the project.

26
 Table 8. Relationship between Quality of the Final Product and
Resources to the Overall Success of the Project

CONCLUSION

The analysis of the instruments gathered during data

collection has depicted decent outcomes in terms of the
residents‟ responses on the three highlights investigated in this
paper such as the perceptions of the residents towards the
plastic bottle cutter, BTB, the plastic waste disposal practices of
the residents before the implementation of the device, and the
perceptions of the respondents on the impact of BTB to such
practices. In turn, open, axial and selective coding have shown
how residents are satisfied with the device. Second, the results
imply that the residents resort to different plastic waste disposal
practices such as open burning and segregation with open
dumping performed on biodegradable matter prior to the
implementation of project “Beyond the Bottle”. As a result, the
respondents perceived that the plastic bottle cutter, BTB, can
deliver a positive impact to their plastic waste disposal practices
by ensuring community cleanliness and by paving the way for
converting them into strips which can be used to make materials
such as baskets essential in earning additional income. Finally,
upon engaging in the Pearson‟s Correlation Coefficient, the
researchers have been able to derive a moderate positive
correlation exuding significant relationship between the quality of
the final product and resources with the overall success of the
final project in a way that improving the first two mentioned
variables would likely lead to improving the overall success of
the project.

In line with this, the study aims to suggest possible

improvement processes and techniques that the future
researchers can harness in order to attain more successful

27
results. First, there may be certain upgrades that can be
incorporated into the device to satisfy the needs and struggles
that the residents have been facing in using the product. For
instance, the design of the blade cutter which initially cuts the
plastic strip may be improved in such a way that the plastic strips
will not be easily cut off. Other than that, additional features in
the product which include a mechanism that would allow the
bottom part of the bottle to be cut off immediately, reducing the
hassle for the residents during the process, can be undertaken
as well. The researchers also suggest including other features
into the device such as a plastic strip straightener which will
immediately straighten out the plastic strips generated by the
product. Concurrently, also recommended is having
more number of such device manufactured to be stationed in
strategic areas around the place so that a greater number of
residents will be able to witness and make use of BTB, and for
them to recognize as well the positive impacts of the product in
their plastic waste disposal practices. Meanwhile, aside from
directly asking the qualitative participants regarding the different
types of waste disposal practices that they employ in their
barangay, the researchers recommend to consider observation
field notes where better immersion in the assigned community
may be achieved. Gathering evidences for such methods and
seeking opinions from individuals who are first-hand users of
unacceptable practices of plastic waste disposal about the
reasons for doing them may also be accomplished. On the other
hand, factors identified in the quantitative assessment can be
expanded into other more variables since not only the resources
and the quality of the product may have affected the overall
success of the project. Thus, the overall findings in this study
reflect the achievement of its purpose remaining relevant and
timely towards the residents of Barangay Aya, San Jose,
Batangas.

28
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PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

ATIENZA, Minnie

CABRERA, Kayla Shanerose

CASTILLO, Kennedy Carl

DALANGIN, Martin Ivan

LEYESA, Gabriele Angela

NAVARRO, Sandra Melodie

VILLEGAS, Raphaela Janina

MONITORING

FULE, Janssen Gil

GONZALES, Maria Kristina Bernadeth

ILAGAN, Giancarlo Allyson

LLAVORE, Sarah Isabel

ROSALES, Althea Cerene

DELA ROSA, Jalen Royce

MARZAN, Marc Dominic

EVALUATION

CATADA, Ma. Jenina

LUMBANG, Rene Emmanuel

PILLADO, Maria Paula

35
RILLERA, Roy Anne

RODRIGUEZ, Fitz Dominic

SUAREZ, Jorge Marie

VILLA, Rosette Jillian Marie

RESEARCH

DE LA VEGA, Jenilie

GONZALES, Carl Ivan

SAJNANI, Sanjay

SILVA, Jessel Rose

TAYAG, Luis Joaquin

GAMBOA, Gieo Stephen

SANGALANG, Sheena Nicole

BUDGET

DE TORRES, Joshua

ESTOLE, Nick Freidrich

MENDOZA, Johann Carlou David

RED, Martin Jaster

SANDOVAL, Joseph Renz

VIÑAS, Taryll Keith

CARAAN, Kyle Eduard

36
MAULEON, Carlos Gabriel

LOGISTICS

ALVAREZ, Rogielie

COLOBONG, Inra Chrisanta

LUMBAYAN, Katherine Anne

RAMIREZ, James Andrew

RODRIGUEZ, Raven Cirsten

CONCEPCION, Erick Mikhaelle

TORALDE, Luisse Julienne

37
38