Chapter 6

Angle Modulation

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Lecture outcome
† After this lecture, you should be able to:
„ Describe and explain the differences between
AM and angle modulation schemes and
advantages and disadvantages of each.
„ Describe and explain the differences between
frequency and phase modulation and show the
relationship between the two.

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Introduction
† Three parameters can modulated with information
signal
„ Amplitude
„ Frequency
„ Phase
† Phase and frequency changes are related, so we group
them together in term angle modulation

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Introduction
† In FM, frequency of modulated signal varies with
amplitude of baseband signal.
† In PM, phase of modulated signal varies with amplitude
of baseband signal.
† In angle modulation, amplitude of carrier signal doesn’t
change with modulation.

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Introduction
† FM is more familiar in our daily life:
„ Radio broadcast
„ Sound signal in TV
„ Mobile radio system
„ Satellite communications
„ Cellular telephone systems.
† PM is less familiar and mostly used in data communication

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Basic Definitions
† Let the unmodulated carrier a sinusoidal waveform,
s (t ) = Ec sin ( 2π f c t + θ 0 )
= Ec sin θ (t )
θ (t ) = 2π f c t + θ 0

For simplicity, we consider θ0 = 0.

† There are two methods to vary the angle linearly with
message signal
„ Frequency modulation (FM)
„ Phase modulation (PM)

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
† In FM, frequency of modulated signal varies with
amplitude of baseband signal.
f sig (t ) = f c + k f em (t )
= f c + Δf

fsig(t) = signal frequency as a function of time

fc = unmodulated carrier frequency
kf = frequency sensitivity of modulator in hertz per volt
em(t) = modulating signal
Δf = instantaneous frequency deviation

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
† If the modulating signal is a sine wave
em (t ) = Em sin ωm t
then
f sig (t ) = f c + k f Em sin ωm t

† The peak frequency deviation (Hz) will be

δ = k f Em
† Thus, frequency deviation is
f sig (t ) = f c + δ sin ωm t

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
Modulation Index

† Modulation index mf for sine wave is

k f Em δ
mf = =
fm fm
† mf has no theoretical limits and can exceeds one.
† The frequency deviation formula can be rewritten as
f sig (t ) = f c + m f f m sin ωm t

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
Waveform
f sig (t ) = f c + k f Em sin ωm t

Maximum
- + deviation

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
Example

† An FM modulator has kf = 30 kHz/V and operates at a

carrier frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output frequency
for an instantaneous value of the modulating signal equal
to: a) 150 mV and b) –2V.

(a ) f sig = (175 × 106 Hz ) + ( 30 × 103 Hz / V )(150 × 10-3 V )

= 175.0045 × 106 Hz = 175.0045MHz
(b) f sig = (175 × 106 Hz ) + ( 30 × 103 Hz / V ) ( -2V )
= 174.94 × 106 Hz = 174.94 MHz

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
Example

† The same FM modulator as in previous example is

modulated with 3 V sine wave. Calculate the peak
frequency deviation.
Solution: ac voltages are assumed RMS unless
otherwise stated
Em = 3 2
= 4.24V
δ = k f Em
= 30kHz / V × 4.24V
= 127.2kHz

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
Example

† An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum

deviation of 75 kHz. Find the modulation index for
sinusoidal modulating signal with frequency of (a) 15
kHz and (b) 50 Hz.

δ 75kHz
mf = = = 5.00
fm 15kHz
δ 75 × 103 Hz
mf = = = 1500
fm 50 Hz

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Phase Modulation (PM)
† In PM, θ (t) is varied linearly with the message signal
m(t)
θ (t ) = 2π f c t + k p em (t )
= θ c + k p em (t )

„ θc = 2πfct is the angle of the unmodulated carrier.

„ kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator, expressed in radian
per volt.
† PM signal in the time domain is
s(t) = Ec cos ( 2π fct + kpem (t))

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Phase Modulation
† If modulation signal is a sinusoidal one, phase of the
modulated carrier is given by
θ (t ) = θ c + k p Em sin ωm t
=θ c + φ (t )
„ φ(t) is the phase deviation in radian
† The peak phase deviation is defined as phase
modulation index, given as
m p = k p Em (rad)

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Phase Modulation
Example

† A phase modulator has kp = 2 rad/V. What RMS

voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak phase
deviation of 600?
m p = k p Em
mp (π / 3) rad
Em = = = 0.524V
kp 2rad / V
V peak 0.524
VRMS = = = 0.37V
2 2

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Relationships between FM and PM
† With FM, the instantaneous frequency is
f sig (t ) = f c + k f em (t )
† Since t
θ (t ) = 2π ∫ f sig (t )dt
0

t t
θ (t ) = 2π ∫ ⎡⎣ f c + k f em (t ) ⎤⎦ dt = 2π f c t + 2π k f ∫ em (τ )dτ
0 0

† The FM signal is therefore

⎡ t
⎤
s (t ) = Ec sin ⎢ 2π f c t + 2π k f ∫ em (τ )dτ ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦

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Relationships between FM and PM
† The FM signal in time domain is given by
⎡ t
⎤
s (t ) = Ec sin ⎢ 2π f c t + 2π k f ∫ em (τ )dτ ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
= Ec sin ⎡⎣ 2π f c t + k p em (t ) ⎤⎦

† Recalling PM signal in time domain

s(t) = Ec sin ( 2π fct + kpem (t))

† Thus, FM signal may be regarded as a PM signal in

which t
e (t ) = ∫ e (τ )dτ
m m
0

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Relationships between FM and PM
† Conversely, a PM signal can be generated by first
differentiating em(t) and then using the result as the input
to a frequency modulator.
dem (t )
f sig (t ) = f c + k f
dt
t
θ (t ) = 2π ∫ f sig (t )dt = 2π f c t + 2π k f em (t )
0

= 2π f c t + k p em (t )

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Relationships between PM and FM
† We may thus deduce all the properties of PM signals
from those of FM signals and vice versa.
† Henceforth, we concentrate our attention on FM signals.

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Relationship between mf and mp
† Either FM or PM results in changes in both frequency
and phase of modulated waveform.
† For angle-modulated signal with sine wave, mp or mf
represent peak phase deviation from the phase of
unmodulated carrier.

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Relationship between mf and mp
Example
† An FM communications transmitter has maximum
frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a range of modulating
frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the
maximum phase shift that it produces?
δ
mf =
fm
δ 5000
φmax = m f = = = 16.7 rad
fm 300

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Relationship between mf and mp
Example
† A phase modulator has a sensitivity of kp= 3 rad/V.
Find the maximum frequency deviation it produces
with a sine-wave input of 2 V peak at frequency of
1 kHz?
φ (t ) = k p Em sin ωm t
m p = φmax = k p Em
= 3rad / V × 2V = 6rad
δ
φmax = m p = m f = ⇒ δ = m f f m = 6 × 1kHz = 6kHz
fm

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FM Spectrum
† FM is nonlinear modulation so its spectrum is not
related in a simple manner to that of modulating signal.
† To simplify FM spectral analysis, we proceed in the
following manner:
„ First, we consider single-tone modulation that
produces a narrow band FM signal.
„ Next, we consider single-tone modulation that
produces wideband FM signal.

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FM Spectrum
† If the modulating signal is a sine wave
em (t ) = Em sin ωm t
then
f sig (t ) = f c + k f Em sin ωm t

† The peak frequency deviation (Hz) will be

δ = k f Em
† Thus, frequency deviation is
f sig (t ) = f c + δ sin ωm t

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FM Spectrum
† With FM, the instantaneous frequency is
f sig (t ) = f c + δ sin ωm t

Since t
θ (t ) = 2π ∫ f sig (t )dt
0

t
δ
θ (t ) = 2π ∫ [ f c + δ sin(2π f m t ) ] dt = 2π f c t − cos(2π f m t )
0
fm
= 2π f c t − m f cos(2π f m t )

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FM Spectrum
† Thus, the FM signal is given by
s (t ) = Ec sin ⎡⎣ 2π f c t − m f cos(2π f m t ) ⎤⎦

† Depending on the value of mf, we may distinguish two

cases:
„ Narrowband FM, for which mf is small compared to
one ( m f << 1 ).
„ Wideband FM, for which mf is large compared to
one.

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 FM Spectrum
sin( x − y ) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
Narrowband FM
† The FM signal is given by
s (t ) = Ec sin ⎡⎣ 2π f c t − m f cos(2π f mt ) ⎤⎦
By expanding this relation, we get
s (t ) = Ec sin ( 2π f c t ) cos ⎡⎣ m f sin(2π f mt ⎤⎦ + Ec cos ( 2π f c t ) sin ⎡⎣ m f sin(2π f mt ) ⎤⎦

† Assuming mf is small compared to one radian,

cos ⎡⎣ m f sin ( 2π f mt ) ⎤⎦ ≅ 1

sin ⎡⎣ m f sin ( 2π f m t ) ⎤⎦ ≅ m f sin(2π f m t )

s (t ) ≅ Ec sin ( 2π f c t ) + m f Ec cos ( 2π f c t ) sin(2π f mt )

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 FM Spectrum
s (t ) = Ec sin ( 2π f c t ) + m f Ec cos ( 2π f ct ) sin(2π f mt )
Narrowband FM
† Because 1
cos x sin y = ⎡⎣sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) ⎤⎦
2

s ( t ) ≅ E c sin(2π f c t ) + 1 m f E c {sin [ 2π ( f c − f m ) t ] + sin [ 2π ( f c + f m ) t ]}

2

† This expression is similar to AM signal.

† Thus for m f << 1 a narrowband FM signal requires the
same transmission bandwidth as the AM signal (2fm)

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM

† For mf >> 1, FM produces infinite sidebands even for

single tone.
† Sideband are separated from carrier by multiple of fm.
† Amplitude of side bands tends to decrease with their
distance from carrier.
† Sidebands with amplitudes less than 1% of total signal
voltage can be ignored.

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM

† FM Spectrum in this case can be expressed as a series of

sinusoids using Bessel function of first kind.

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM
† Based on Bessel functions s(t) can be rewritten as
s (t ) = A sin (ωc t + m sin ωm t )
= A{J 0 (m) sin ωc t
- J1 (m) ⎡⎣sin (ωc - ωm ) t - sin (ωc + ωm ) t ⎤⎦
+ J 2 (m) ⎡⎣sin (ωc - 2ωm ) t - sin (ωc + 2ωm ) t ⎤⎦
- J 3 (m) ⎡⎣sin (ωc - 3ωm ) t - sin (ωc + 3ωm ) t ⎤⎦
+L}

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM
† Let unmodulated carrier have a voltage of A volts RMS
across a resistance of RL Ω.
† Power at carrier frequency is
J 02 A2
Pc =
RL
J12 A2
† Similarly, power in each of sidebands are PSB1 =
RL
† Power in whole signal will be
A2 2
PT =
RL
( J 0 + 2 J12 + 2 J 22 L)

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM
† An FM signal has deviation of 3 kHz and modulating
frequency of 1 kHz. Its total power PT is 5 W, developed
across a 50 Ω load. Carrier frequency is 160 MHz.
„ Calculate the RMS signal voltage VT
„ Calculate RMS voltage at carrier and first three sets
of sidebands
„ Calculate power at carrier and each of first three
sidebands

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM
† Signal power is constant with modulation, thus
VT2
PT = ⇒ VT = PT RL = 15.8V ( RMS )
RL

† Modulation index δ
mf = =3
fm

† From Bessel table, we have

J o = -0.26, J1 = 0.34, J 2 = 0.49, J 3 = 0.31

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FM Spectrum
Wideband FM
Vc2
Vc = J 0 VT = 4.11V , ⇒ Pc = = 0.338W = 25.3dBm
RL
V12
V1 = J1 VT = 5.37V , ⇒ P1 = = 0.576W = 27.3dBm
RL
V22
V2 = J 2 VT = 7.74V , ⇒ P2 = = 1.2W = 30.8dBm
RL
V32
V3 = J 3 VT = 4.9V , ⇒ P3 = = 0.48W = 26.8dBm
RL
PT = Pc + 2( P1 + P2 + P3 ) = 4.85W

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FM Spectrum
Bandwidth
† For FM, bandwidth varies directly with fm as well as with mf.
† For FM, situation is complicated by the fact
δ
mf =
fm
„ Increase in fm will reduce mf and thus number of
sidebands.
„ Increase in fm means further apart sidebands in
frequency.
† The above two effects work in opposite directions making
FM bandwidth to some extend constant.

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FM Spectrum
Bandwidth

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FM Spectrum
Bandwidth
† Carson’s Rule: The bandwidth of FM signal is given
by
(
B = 2 δ + f m( max ) )
† Example: An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and
a modulating frequency of 1 kHz. Using Carson’s rule
calculate the bandwidth.
B = 2 (δ + f m )
= 2 ( 3kHz + 1kHz ) = 8kHz

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FM
Specifications
† No theoretical limits to modulation index or frequency
deviation of an FM signal.
† In general larger values for deviation result in increased
S/N.
† BW of an FM signal is generally limited by government
regulations that specify:
„ Maximum frequency deviation
„ Maximum modulating frequency

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FM and Noise
† Reduced noise is still one of the main advantages of FM
over AM.
† We may think of noise voltage as phasor having random
amplitude and phase angle.
† Noise will add to signal, causing random variations in
amplitude and phase.

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FM and Noise
† Since FM doesn’t depend on amplitude, receiver can
use limiter to remove amplitude variations from FM
signal.

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FM and Noise
† As long as signal amplitude is considerably larger than
noise, amplitude of noise is not a problem.
† It is not possible for receiver to ignore phase shift.
† Figure below shows situations at input of receiver.

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FM and Noise
† Peak phase shift due to noise occurs when noise phasor
is perpendicular to resultant ER.
φN peak
= sin −1 ( EN / Es )
≈ E N / ES

† PM receiver will interprets noise as PM signal with

modulation index mpN=φNpeak.
† FM receiver will interpret noise as FM signal with
mfN = φNpeak, thus δN = mfN fm..

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FM Noise
Example
† An FM signal has frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a
modulating frequency of 1 kHz. The signal-to-noise
ratio at the input to a receiver (output of limiter) is
20 dB. Calculate the approximate signal-to-noise
ration at detector output.
⎛ S / N (dB) ⎞
Es / EN = anti log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠
= 10 ⇒ EN / Es = 1/10 = 0.1
Since Es >> EN then φN peak ≈ EN / ES = 0.1 rad

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FM Noise
Example
† Receiver will interpret noise as an FM signal with
modulation index equals to
m fN = φN peak = 0.1
† Frequency deviation due to noise is
δ N = m fN f m = 0.1× 1 kHz = 100 Hz
† Receiver output voltage is proportional to deviation
⎛ δ S ⎞ ⎛ k f Es ⎞ ⎛ Es ⎞ 5kHz
⎜ =
⎟ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = = 50
⎟
⎝ δ N ⎠o ⎝ k f EN ⎠o ⎝ EN ⎠o 100 Hz
( ES / EN )o (dB) = 20 log(50) = 34dB
† There is an improvement by 14 dB over input.
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Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
† With FM, noise at higher-modulating frequencies is
greater in amplitude than at lower frequencies.
† With FM, S/N at higher frequencies is lower than S/N at
lower frequencies

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Preemphasis and Deemphasis
† To compensate for that, high-frequency modulating
signals are emphasized or boosted in amplitude prior to
modulation.
† To compensate for this boost, the high frequency
signals are deemphasized or attenuated after
demodulation.
† This produces uniform S/N at the output of FM
demodulator.

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Preemphasis and Deemphasis
† This produces uniform S/N at the output of FM
demodulator.

† Preemphasis network is high-pass filter

† Deemphasis network is low-pass filter
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FM Stereo
† Until 1961, all commercial FM broadcast-band
transmission were monophonic.
† Single 50 Hz to 15 kHz audio signal made up the entire
voice and music spectrum.
† Single audio signal modulated carrier and was transmitted
through 200 kHz FM channel.
† With mono transmission, it is possible to separate
information frequencies with special speakers.
„ Woofers for low frequencies and tweeters for high frequencies.

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FM Stereo
† With mono, it is impossible to separate sound spatially.
† Information signal sound is received as though it is
coming from the same direction (no directivity to the
sound).
† With stereophonic transmission, information signal is
spatially divided into two 50 Hz to 15 kHz audio
channels (left and right).
† Music originated on the left side is reproduced only on
the left speaker and the same for the right one.
† With stereo, its possible to produce music with spatial
effect, in similar way to life entertainment.
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FM Stereo

Bmono = 2 (δ max + f m (max) ) = 2 ( 75kHz + 15kHz ) = 180kHz

Bstereo = 2 (δ max + f m (max) ) = 2 ( 75kHz + 53kHz ) = 256kHz

*****
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