Primary Source vs Secondary Source

Name: John Ray Dapa

Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Categories MemorIes of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a Gen.
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
Apoy

Gen. Santiago Alavarez is also known as General Apoy. Teodoro Agoncillo is a prominent Filipino historian.
He was a Magdiwang man and the Commander-in-Chief His book, The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Author’s Background
of the said faction. He was an eye-witnessed because he Bonifacio and the Katipunan, is one of the most
personally experienced the event. influential books in Philippine history.

In our handouts Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro

Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez was
Agoncillo was published year 2002. But in other
Date written or published published in the year 1992 at Loyola Heights, Quezon
source (internet) it was written in 1947 and was
City; Ateneo de Manila University Press.
published in 1956.

 Middle of December 1896 – Aguinaldo,

Tirona, and Evangelista meets Bonifacio
 March 25, 1897 – Failed assembly at Tajeros  January 2, 1897 – Bonifacio wrote to
 March 26, 1897 – Another meeting called by Mariano Alvarez about the Magdiwanf
Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo, but only some rebels; at 3pm, a parade took place in
Magdiwang leaders attended Noveleta
Mention of dates
 March 27, 1897 – Meeting at Tanza (Oath-taking  April 1897 – the Spaniards conquered the
ceremony) town that Bonifacio stayed in
 April 3, 1897 – The Supremo made a bid to  March 22, 1897 – A battle happened
recapture Noveleta between the Spaniards and Magdalo Soldiers
in Salitran; Aguinaldo’s birthday; and a
meeting at Tajeros oddured
  Cavite – were the Katipunan is divided into
two factions, Magdalo and Magdiwang
 Talisay, Batangas – where Magdalo
government resides
 Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – where
 A friar Estate house in Tajeros – venue for the Magdiwang government resides
meeting of Lumbreras of the Magdiwang  Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido
Council; another meeting was held here after the Tirona, and Edilberto Evangelista will meet
past tumultuous event the Supremo, Andres Bonifacio
 Catholic church in Tanza – Trias, Tirona, de  Imus, Cavite – where Supremo took his
Mention of places
Dioss, Rillo, and others were rumored thay they position for granted to capture Vicente
held a meeting here with Fr. Cenon Villafranca; Fernandez; where the leaders of the Magdalo
Meeting held on March 27 (Oath-taking and Magdiwang decided to have an
ceremony) assembly
 Cavite -  An estate house in Tajeros – where the
Magdiwang planned to call another
assembly
 Mapagtiis (San Francisco de Malabon) –
where the first election was held and where
Emilio Aguinaldo won as President
 Jacinto Lumbreras – Secretery of the Magdiwang  Andres Bonifacio – the Supremo; the
council Supreme head of the Katipunan – obeyed by
 Anres Bonifacio – the Supremo; won as the all; founder of the Katipunan; and the
Secretary of the Interior at the Election, however, initiator of the Revolution
he did not took an oat  Mariano Alvarez – president of the
 Ariston Villanueva – Secretary of War of Magdiwang council
Magdiwang  Pascual Alvarez – executive secretary of
 Mariano Alvarez Magdiwang
 Pascual Alvarez  Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister of the
Key personalities
Interior (pagpapaunlad) of Magdiwang
 Ariston Villanueva
 Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace and
 Mriano Trias
Justice of Magdiwang
 Diego Mojica
 Ariston Villanueva – Minister of War of
 Emiliano de Dios
Magdiwang
 Santiago Alvarez
 Santiago Alvarez – Commander-in-Chief of
 Artemio Recarte Magdiwang
 Santos Nocon  Diego Moxica – Minister of Finance of
 Luciano San Miguel Magdiwang
 Pablo Mojica  Artemio Rcarte & Meriano Riego de Dios –
 Severino da las Alas Military Commanders of Magdiwang
 Santiago Rillo  Baldomero Aguinaldo – President of the
 Baldomero Aguinaldo – President of the Magdalo government
Magdalo Council  Candido Tirona – Minister of War of
 Daniel Tirona Magdalo
 Cayetano Topacio  Cayetano Topacio – Minister of Finance of
 Emilio Aguinaldo – winner of the elections for Magdalo
the position President  Emilio Aguinaldo – Commander-in-Chief of
 Mariano Trias – winner of the elections for the Magdalo
position Vice-president  Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant General
 General Vibora – won over General Apoy as of Madalo
Captain General in the election  Vito Belarmino & Crispulo Aguinaldo –
 Emiliano de Dios – won the position of Secretary Military Commanders of Madalo
of War in the election  Jacinto Lumbreras, Teodoro Gonzales, &
Severino de las Alas – the acting officers of
othe Magdiwang in the assembly at Tajeros
 - The assembly was convened in Tejeros on March 25, - Katipunan of Cavite divided into two factions, the
1897. Secretary Villanueva received confidential Magdiwang and Magdalo. The Magdiwang
information. Chairman Lumbreras declared the assembly proceeded an election. They elected who'll take the
open and announce the main topic of discussion. reins of its government.

- They argued about the revolutionary government. - Capital was moved to San Francisco de Malabon
Captain General Apoy ordered an arrest for Maj. and later to Naik.
Damaso Fojas and Mr. Lumbreras let Supremo preside
the assembly. - Both factions made an attempt to make their
respective armies wear the same uniform.
- The chair proceeded to prepare for an election.
Supremo appointed the people who got the different - Bonifacio acceded to the request of Mariano
positions and also he won as the secretary of war. But Alvarez. He left for Cavite in December 1896 with
Mr. Daniel Tirona requested for restoration of order and his wife and two brothers.
elect Mr. Jose del Rosario.
- Bonifacio was brought by the rebel at Imus to
- Magdalo Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo request for a meet Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona and
meeting to reconvene it but they did not even came. Edilberto Evangelista and upon seeing Fernandez,
They held their own meeting in March 27, 1897 at Tanza as he remembered what Fernandez did, he ordered
Sequencing of events parish house. an arrest.

- Spaniards captured and occupied the town of Imus in - In January 2, 1897, Bonifacio wrote from San
March 25, 1897. A pitched battle ensued. After the Francisco de Malabon to his uncle-in-law, Mariano
battle, Spaniards rested in Bakaw but harrased with Alvarez.
potshots by small Katipunan bands.
- Bonifacio was invited to the demonstration of the
- In April 3, the Supremo made a bid to recapture Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta. He arrived at
Noveleta. Noveleta and a parade took place. Spaniards
captured the town in April 1897.
- General Apoy visited Tarike fort to boost the morale of
the troops. - Polaviejas's counter-offensives led to the fall of
several towns. Magdiwang and Magdalo convened
- Gen. Pio del Pilar and his troops, made a withdrawal an assembly at Imus.
before the enemy could attack.
- The assembly opened with Bonifacio and occupy
- Spanish reinforcements arrived to the west of Bakaw, the presidency. Magdiwang argued that there's no
Noveleta and Salinas. Artillery fire began battering San necessity for establishing new government. The
Francisco de Malabon, Tejeros to Tarike. The bloody assembly was adjourned with unaccomplished
and miserable battle lost many gallant troops. discussion and result.
- Petty quarrels continued to come up. In Janunary
1897, when a town fiesta was held, the rebels
disturbed by a series of rifle shots.

- In March 22, 1897, Magdiwang held another

convention at Tejeros which not all Magdalo leaders
were able to attend because the battle ranged.

- Jacinto Lumbreras opened the convention. De las

Alas and Bonifacio argued about the "K" in the
Katipunan flag and the government they had.

- Antonio Montenegro stood up and shouted

agreeing to the suggestion of De las Alas that made
Santiago Alvarez pricked to anger.

- The assembly discontinued. Bonifacio acceded for

the petition.

- The election of officers was then prepared. Emilio

Aguinaldo won for the presidency and others were
appointed to their respective positions. Bonifacio
won as the Director of Interior.

- Bonifacio felt insulted by Daniel Tirona whom

elected Jose del Rosario for Bonifacio's position.
Ricarte stopped Bonifacio before a tragic affair
might happen. Bonifacio adjourned the assembly
and annuled what has been approved in election.

- Bonifacio wrote a letter to Mariano Lavarez.

Emilio Jacinto explained Bonifacio's side and gave
background of the event.
  The assembly at Tejeros was finally conveyed on
March 25 1897.
 It was March 22, 1897 when simultaneously
 Alvarez's bodyguards stay outside the meeting the battle raged and the assembly conveyed
place. in Tejeros, at the same time it is Aguinaldo's
 General Apoy's last angry sentence was "I am birthday.
now ordering your arrest!"
 Alvarez's bodyguards stayed near the stairs.
 Trining (Dr. Jose Rizal's sister) and his widow,  Santiago Alvarez towards Mr.Montenegro: "
Josephine pleaded with General Apoy not to We of Cavite do not need and will never
Difference between the two arrest Mr. Montenegro, but to let him stay at the need any adviser of your own standing only"
estate house where they themselves were staying.
accounts  Nothing is stated about Trining (Dr. Jose
They volunteered to be held personally
Rizal's sister) and his widow, Josephine
responsible for Mr. Montenegro while in their
pleading to General Apoy not to arrest Mr.
custody.
Montenegro
 The account of Alvarez seems to be a
 The account of Agoncillo is widely narrated
straightforward narration where the event that
by him. It is supported by various documents
occurred was illustrated as just as it coulee be
that also narrate the text. In this effect, the
and there are some information that aren't
narration of Agoncillo is well-narrated.
clarified for the readers to understand the
context.

Upon searching, Santiago Alvarez was a revolutionary

general. The responsibility of being revolutionary
Teodore Agoncillo was a prominent in 20th century
general was to keep the records of the events or
historians. Based on his text "Revolt of a masses", it
important activities in certain places. From the definition
was all mentioned the events happened before the
itself "revolutionary", he was able to write or focus in
election occurred. Even the description of the
the events that will be revolutionary. One of the example
places, reasons why there is two faction and the
Probable reason why the is, “Memoirs of the General".Memoirs means a
difference of the two and others. Revolt means rise
difference historical account or biography from personal
of rebellion. He introduced at the very beggining the
knowledge or special source. (Oxford dictionary). That's
two factions until the end of the election. As a
the reason why it was been titled Memoirs of the
historian, it is very important to know the
general. It is all about the general like what does general
highlightened events that shouldn't be forget. It was
do in that meeting, where the general had been and
written, reviewed and been studied.
others. He only mentioned what happen in the day of the
election.