1.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1.1 AIRPORT
An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial
air transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and
a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially
accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as
a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility
buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may
have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities
such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In some countries, the
US in particular, they also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving
general aviation.
An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use
by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base
typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane
docks for tying-up. Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in USA is the
busiest and biggest airport in the world.
The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane
could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight
improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass.
However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces
would allow landings, rain or shine, day or night.
1.2 DOMESTIC AIRPORT
A domestic airport is an airport that handles only domestic flights—flights
within the same country. Domestic airports do not have customs and immigration
facilities and so cannot handle flights to or from a foreign airport.
These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle short or
medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check / metal detectors are
used in most countries, but such checks were for domestic flights installed in many
cases decades after checks for international flights. Additionally, some airports that
are named "international" are essentially domestic airports that handles
international traffic on an irregular basis.
1.3 REGIONAL AIRPORT
A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or
lightly populated geographical area. A regional airport usually does not
have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic between countries.
 Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets, private aircraft
and regional airliners of both turboprop propelled or regional jetliner varieties.
These flights usually go a shorter distance to a larger regional hub. These airports
usually have shorter runways, which exclude heavy planes with much fuel.
1.4 INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
An international airport is an airport with customs and border
control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries. International
airports are usually larger than domestic airports and often feature
longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used
for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also
host domestic flights.
In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first
airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and
supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas
Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas
in 1928. airports and almost two billion international passengers along with 50
million metric tonnes of cargo were passing through them annually.
The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the
early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, "although if
engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could
land". Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations
to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far
end of the longest international route (which became the Kangaroo Route), on-
water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea
off Kupang. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the flying
boat landing area.

2. SPACE REQUIREMENTS
2.1 FACILITIES OF AIRPORTS
A terminal is a building with passenger facilities. Small airports have one terminal.
Large ones often have multiple terminals, though some large airports still have one
terminal. The terminal has a series of gates, which provide passengers with access
to the plane.
The following facilities are essential for departing passengers:
 Check-in facilities, including a baggage drop-off
 Security clearance gates
 Passport control (for some international flights)
 Gates
 Waiting areas
The following facilities are essential for arriving passengers:
 Passport control (international arrivals only)
 Baggage reclaim facilities, often in the form of a carousel
 Customs (international arrivals only)
 A landside meeting place
For both sets of passengers, there must be a link between the passenger
facilities and the aircraft, such as jet bridges or airstairs. There also needs to be
a baggage handling system, to transport baggage from the baggage drop-off to
departing planes, and from arriving planes to the baggage reclaim.
The area where the aircraft park to load passengers and baggage is known as
an apron or ramp.
Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities.
However, as some countries have agreements that allow travel between them
without customs and immigrations, such facilities are not a definitive need for an
international airport. International flights often require a higher level of physical
security, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of
security for international and domestic travel.
The following facilities are essential for overall airport passengers:
 Airport security
Airport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of
individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon.
 Products and services
Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services,
these include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Many of them are internationally
known brands, which are located within the departure areas.
 Premium and VIP services
The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and
dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved
for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members
of the airline's clubs.
 Cargo and freight service
Cargo Terminal Facilities are areas where international airports export
cargo has to be stored after customs clearance and prior to loading on the aircraft.
 Every cargo terminal has a landside and an airside. The landside is where the
exporters and importers through either their agents or by themselves deliver or
collect shipments while the airside is where loads are moved to or from the aircraft.
In addition, cargo terminals are divided into distinct areas – export, import and
interline or transshipment.
 Access and onward travel
Airports require parking lots, for passengers who may leave the cars at the
airport for a long period of time.
 Internal transport
The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be
substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways, buses, and rail
transport systems.
2.2 AIRPORT OPERATIONS
There are three types of surface that aircraft operate on:
 Runways, for takeoff and landing
 Taxiways, where planes "taxi" (transfer to and from a runway)
 Apron or ramp: a surface where planes are parked, loaded, unloaded or
refuelled.

a. Air traffic control

Air traffic control (ATC) is the task of managing aircraft movements and making
sure they are safe, orderly and expeditious.
A "towered" or "controlled" airport has a control tower where the air traffic
controllers are based. Pilots are required to maintain two-way radio communication
with the controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. A "non-
towered" airport has no operating control tower and therefore two-way radio
communications are not required.
b. Ground control
Ground control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated
"movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage
trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks,
conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles.
c. Tower control
Tower control is responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the controlled
airspace immediately surrounding the airport.
 d. Traffic pattern
At all airports the use of a traffic pattern is possible. They may help to assure
smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical
need within modern commercial aviation for performing this pattern, provided there
is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend
to assure landing queues are avoided.

e. Navigational aids
There are a number of aids, both visual and electronic, though not at all airports.
A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for
landing. Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual
landing.
f. Taxiway signs
Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and
airport vehicles. Smaller aerodromes may have few or no signs, relying instead on
diagrams and charts.
g. Lighting
Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and
taxiways at night or in rain or fog.
h. Weather observations
Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance.
Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a windsock can
also be kept in view of the runway.
a. Airport ground crew (ground handling)
 Most airports have groundcrew handling the loading and unloading of
passengers, crew, baggage and other services.
b. Maintenance management
Like industrial equipment or facility management, airports require tailor-made
maintenance management due to their complexity.
c. Safety management
Aviation safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and
almost every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency
situations. Airport crash tender crews are equipped for dealing with
airfield accidents, crew and passenger extractions, and the hazards of highly
flammable aviation fuel.

2.3 AIRPORT ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE FLOW

3. RELATED RESEARCH LITERATURES AND STUDIES
3.1 SHUCHI, S. (2016, APRIL 29). AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN
3.2 LAMICHHANE R. (2015, NOVEMBER). INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
TERMINAL IN NEPAL
3.6 A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT FOR OZAMIS CITY
3.7 THE NEW CLARK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
 4. DESIGN GUIDELINES
CONSTRAINTS

REFERENCES:
 Airport. (2002, February 4). Retrieved from
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 Domestic airport. (2005, December 26). Retrieved from
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 International airport. (2005, February 18). Retrieved from
[Link]
 Airport. (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
 Shuchi, S. (2016, April 29). Airport terminal design (lecture note). Retrieved from
[Link]
note
 Thesis Airport Terminal 2015- Nepal. (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
 2014 National Architectural Thesis Competition - Entry No.12. (2014, March 20).
Retrieved from [Link]
architectural-thesis_7492.html?m
 AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGN BY NIRANJAN. (2015, 30). Retrieved from
[Link]
niranjan?next_slideshow=1
 Proposed International Airport Baby Thesis. (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
sis?show_app_store_popup=true