CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air

transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower.

An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space

including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off

or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control

towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed-base operator

services, airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities

such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

An airport with a helipad, or several, but no runways is called a heliport. An

airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base

typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks

for tying-up.

An airport is a gateway to a city. For a city to attract and retain corporations with

national and global ties – as well as talented people to work for them – efficient,

functional airports that are easily reached will be increasingly important. A city’s airport

is a first impression and a last impression. It facilitates face-to-face communication,

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 1

strikingly important to generating innovation. The importance of airports as global

business hubs is now being recognized globally. In some parts of the world, entire cities

or at least fully functioning suburbs are being built around airports in a phenomenon

known as the aerotropolis. Airports are the building of the future for their deep

importance to the society and the advancement in technology make them to be more

modern and dynamic than any other public building. Airports are among the most

significant public building types of the modern age. Airports play an important role in

shaping the global image of their surrounding environment. They are also major

economic centers and generators of wealth. As facilitators of trade and tourism, airports

are key to economic development and to connecting people.

An international airport has additional facilities for customs and passport

control as well as incorporating all of the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank

among the most complex and largest of all built typologies with 15 of the top 50

buildings by floor area being airport terminals. An international airport is

an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel

between countries. International airports are typically larger than domestic airports and

often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft

commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often

also host domestic flights. Some, such as Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom, are

very large. Others, such as Fa'a'ā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small.

Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the

mid 20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2

international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure

safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The

physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the

most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century,

there were over 1,200 international airports and almost two billion international

passengers along with 50 million metric tonnes of cargo were passing through them

annually.

The Philippines is a country composed of over 7,000 islands, and thus the

improvement of air transport is considered to be a critical factor for the country’s

development. Assuring the efficiency of transport services to meet the needs of dynamic

market demand was one of the major objectives of in the Philippines’ transport sector, as

outlined in the Medium-Term Development Plan 1993-98. The Government undertook a

strategy of continuously upgrading transport facilities and service standards to ensure that

qualitative and quantitative improvements kept pace with traffic growth. Thus, the

upgrading of Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) was given priority through the

construction of Terminal 2. The importance of air transport in the Philippines continues

to grow. The Medium Term Development Plan 1999-2004 states that, “consistent with

the globalization of the economy, the development of more international gateways to

cater to different regional markets and the upgrading of domestic airports to international

standards will be pursued to attract domestic linkages with foreign carriers.” In this light,

the current project has maintained its relevance with the Government’s development

policy to the present.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Air transportation in the Philippines is imperative for the country’s socio-

economic development and for its interaction with the international community. Ninoy

Aquino International Airport (NAIA), located in the capital of the country, handles

almost 100% of the country’s international flights and more than 60% of its domestic

flights. The number of passengers passing through NAIA was already 5.2 million per

year for international and 3 million for domestic flights in 1992. Although the volume

was still growing rapidly, passenger traffic had already exceeded the respective capacities

of the airport’s terminals, which stood at 4.3 million for international flights and 2 million

for domestic flights. As a result, both international and domestic terminals were heavily

congested with passengers. In order to cope with the future demand for air transport and

to ensure smoothness, comfort, and security for the passengers, the construction of a new

terminal became a priority project for the national air transport sector program of the

Philippines. City Airport is not enough to accommodate more passengers and other types

of aircraft, and it is, somehow, the technology has been left out of time. The problems

that is addressed by the researchers are the following:

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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 The scope of this proposal is to design an iconic image to the Province of

Camarines Sur recognition in aviation. This airport offers an international feels to

passengers.

The principal objective of the study is to provide the best solutions to the

problems addressed by the researchers. Specifically, to provide a new international

airport that can accommodate more types of an aircraft, improve and propose a facilities

which have been omitted, and to provide aesthetically and functional airport terminal that

can please tourist and the comfort of the everyday passengers. Thus, the study will aim to

improve the overall image of the Philippines Air Transport System and also the

Camarines Sur itself to ameliorate tourism.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Scope

The scope of this study deals with evaluation, architectural, planning and concept

of the New International Airport. The factors, laws, policies, and guidelines affecting the

present condition of the site proposal and determining the physical development needed

to provide and support of the said study. This involve the connection of pertinent data

statistical information to support the Design Stage of the study.

Delimitation

The proposed solution is the delimited on Architectural Design matters. This will

not include the areas that need an extensive specialization, such as structural and

electrical computations. The detailed budget and estimate of construction cost.

Construction time table and the likes will also not be included in the proposal.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Accident

An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the

case of a manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the

aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have

disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time

the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time as it comes

to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in

which:

(a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:

- being in the aircraft, or

- direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have

become detached from the aircraft, or

- direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural

causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are

to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers

and crew; or

(b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:

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 - adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight

characteristics of the aircraft, and

- would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected

component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is

limited to a single engine, (including its cowlings or accessories), to

propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tires, brakes, wheels,

fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as

small dents or puncture holes), or for minor damages to main rotor blades,

tail rotor blades, landing gear, and those resulting from hail or bird strike

(including holes in

the radome); or

Accuracy

A degree of conformance between the estimated or measured value and

the true value. Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any

buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in

part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome

mapping data (AMD). Data collected for the purpose of compiling aerodrome

mapping information for aeronautical uses Note: - Aerodrome mapping data are

collected for purposes that include the improvement of the user’s situational

awareness, surface navigation operations, training, charting and planning.

Aerodrome mapping database (AMDB)

A collection of aerodrome mapping data organized and arranged as a

structured data set.

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Aerodrome reference point

The designated geographical location of an aerodrome. Aircraft parking

position. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an

aircraft, also known as an aircraft stand.

Airside

The movement area of an aerodrome, adjacent terrain and buildings or

portions thereof, to which access is controlled.

Apron

A defined area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for

the purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fueling, parking,

or

maintenance.

Clearway

A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of an

appropriate authority; at the end of the take-off run available on the ground or

water under the control of the aerodrome operator, selected or prepared as a

suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a

specified height.

Critical aeroplane

The aeroplane or aeroplanes identified from among the aeroplanes the

aerodrome is intended to serve as having the most demanding operational

requirements with respect to the determination of movement area dimensions,

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 pavement bearing strength and other physical characteristics in the design of

aerodromes.

Critical obstacle

The obstacle within the take-off climb area and/or the approach area,

which subtends the greatest vertical angle when measured from the inner edge of

the take

off climb surface and/or the approach surface.

Cross-wind component

The surface wind component at right angles to the runway centerline.

Elevation

The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of

the earth, measured from the mean sea level.

Fixed light

A light having constant luminous intensity when observed from a fixed

point.

Holding bay

A defined area where aircraft can be held, or bypassed, to facilitate

efficient

surface movement of aircraft.

Hot spot

A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk

of collision or runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots/drivers

is necessary.

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Incident

An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an

aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

Note:

- The types of incidents which are of main interest to the International

Civil

Aviation Organization for accident prevention studies are listed.

Landing area

That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of

aircraft.

Landing direction indicator

A device to indicate visually the direction currently designated for landing

and for take-off.

Light failure

A light shall be deemed to be unserviceable when the main beam average

intensity is less than 50% of the value specified in the appropriate figure showing

the isocandela diagram. For light units where the designed main beam average

intensity is above the value shown in the isocandela diagram, the 50% value shall

be related to that design value. (When assessing the main beam, specified angles

of beam elevation, toe-in and beam spread shall be taken into consideration).

Lighting system reliability

The probability that the complete installation operates within the specified

tolerances and that the system is operationally usable.

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 10

Maneuvering area

That part of the aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing

of aircraft, excluding aprons.

Marker

An object displayed above ground level in order to indicate an obstacle or

delineate a boundary.

Marking

A symbol or group of symbols displayed on the surface of the movement

area in order to convey aeronautical information.

Mass

The terms mass and weight used in aerodrome standards have the same

meaning.

Movement

Either a take-off or a landing by an aircraft.

Movement area

That part of the aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing

of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).

Near parallel runways

Non-intersecting runways whose extended centerlines have an angle of

convergence/divergence of 15° or less.

Obstacle

All fixed (whether temporary or permanent) and mobile objects, or parts

thereof, that:

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 11

 (a) are located on an area intended for the surface movement of aircraft; or

(b) extend above a defined surface intended to protect aircraft in flight; or

(c) stand outside those defined surfaces and have been assessed as being a

hazard to air navigation.

Road

An established surface route on the movement area meant for the

exclusive use of vehicles.

Runway

A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing

and take-off of aircraft.

Runway end safety area (RESA)

An area symmetrical about the extended runway centerline and adjacent to

the end of the runway strip primarily intended to reduce the risk of damage to an

aeroplane undershooting or overrunning the runway.

Runway guard light

A light system intended to caution pilots or vehicle drivers that they are

about to enter an active runway. Runway strip. A defined area including the

runway, and stopway if provided, intended:

(a) to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway; and

(b) to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations.

Runway Turn Pad

A defined area on a land aerodrome adjacent to a runway intended for the

purpose of completing a 180-degree turn on a runway.

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 12

Runway visual range (RVR)

The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of the

runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway

or identifying its centerline.

Safety programme

An integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety.

Safety management system (SMS)

A systematic approach to managing safety including the necessary

organizational structure, accountabilities, policies and procedures.

Signal area

An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals.

Station declination

An alignment variation between the zero degree radial of a VOR and

true north, determined at the time the VOR station is calibrated.

Stopway

A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of the take-off run

available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the

case of an abandoned take-off.

Switch-over time (light)

The time required for the actual intensity of a light measured in a given

direction to fall from 50% and recover to 50% during a power supply changeover,

when the light is being operated at intensities of 25% or above.

Take-off runway

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 A runway intended for take-off only.

Taxiway

A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft

and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome from another,

including:

(a) Aircraft stand (parking position) taxilane. A portion of an apron

designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft parking

positions only.

(b) Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and

intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron.

(c) Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle

and designed to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than

are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway

occupancy times.

Taxiway intersection

A junction of two or more taxiways.

Taxiway strip

An area including a taxiway intended to protect an aircraft operating on

the taxiway and to reduce the risk of damage to an aircraft accidentally running

off the taxiway.

Threshold

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 The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing.

Touchdown zone. The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is

intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway.

Visibility

The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in

units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlit objects by day and prominent

lit objects by night.

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)

Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from

cloud, and ceiling, equal or better than specified minima.

Weight

The terms weight and mass used in aerodrome standards have the same meaning.

CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE

Ninoy Aquino International Airport

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Filipino: Paliparang

Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino) or NAIA (/ˈnaɪə/), formerly known and still

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 commonly referred to as Manila International

Airport (IATA: MNL, ICAO: RPLL) as well as its codename Nichols

Field(Nichols), is the airport serving Manila and its surrounding metropolitan

area. Located along the border between the cities of Pasayand Parañaque, about 7

kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati, NAIA is the

main international gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub

for AirAsia Philippines, Cebgo, Cebu Pacific, PAL Express, and Philippine

Airlines. It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), a

branch of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).

Officially, NAIA is the only airport serving the Manila area. However, in

practice, both NAIA and Clark International Airport, located in the Clark Freeport

Zone in Pampanga serve the Manila area, with Clark catering mostly to low-cost

carriers because of its lower landing fees compared to those charged at NAIA. In

the recent past there have been calls for Clark to replace NAIA eventually as the

primary airport of the Philippines.[4] The airport is named after the late

Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr., who was assassinated at the airport in

1983. In 2017, all terminals at NAIA handled a record-breaking annual passenger

traffic of 42,022,484, an increase of 5.96% from the previous year.

Francisco Bangoy International Airport

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 Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Cebuano: Tugpahanang

Pangkalibutan sa Francisco Bangoy, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng

Francisco Bangoy), also known and still commonly referred to as Davao

International Airport (IATA: DVO, ICAO: RPMD), is the main airport

serving Davao City and Davao Region in the Philippines. It is the busiest airport

on the island of Mindanaoand the third busiest in the Philippines. The airport has

a single 3,000-meter precision runway.

A new terminal replaces the previous airport terminals, which lie just

across it, in handling both domestic and international flights operating to and from

Davao. The modern facility is designed to handle approximately 2 million

passengers annually and 84,600 metric tons of cargo annually. The added capacity

is also complemented by the latest navigational, security, and baggage handling

equipment.

The modernization and upgrading of the airport facilities aims to cement

Davao as a hub for tourism and foreign investment in the region. Development

was funded by a forty million-dollar loan from the Asian Development Bank, co-

financed by the European Investment Bank for twenty-five million ECUs, and

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 17

 through budgetary allocations from the government. The total cost of the project

amounted to $128 million.

After almost a decade, the new terminal was finally inaugurated on

December 2, 2003. Initial construction began in 2000 while plans for construction

were announced in 1992.

On November 12, 2007, Cebu Pacific announced this airport as its

third hub. Philippine Airlines, the country's flag carrier, announced this airport as

its third hub on March 26, 2018.

Puerto Princesa International Airport

Puerto Princesa International Airport (Filipino: Paliparang

Pandaigdig ng Puerto Princesa; Hiligaynon: Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan sang

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 Puerto Princesa) (IATA: PPS, ICAO: RPVP) is an airport serving the general

area of Puerto Princesa, located in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It is

classified as an international airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the

Philippines.

The airport is the main gateway to the Puerto Princesa Underground River,

a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature.

Subic Bay International Airport

Subic Bay International Airport (Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng

Look ng Subic) or SBIA (IATA: SFS, ICAO: RPLB) serves as a secondary

airport and a main diversion airport of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It

is also the airport serving the immediate area of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, the

municipality of Morong, Bataan and the general area of Olongapo in

the Philippines. This airport was previously Naval Air Station Cubi Point of

the United States Navy.

General Santos International Airport

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 General Santos International Airport, (stylized as General Santos City

Airport)(Cebuano: Tugpahanang Pangkalibutanon sa Heneral

Santos, Hiligaynon: Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan sang Heneral Santos),

(IATA: GES, ICAO: RPMR) is an alternate international airport located in the

city of General Santos, Philippines serving the greater area

of SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII). Situated in Prk New Hondagua, Uhaw,

Barangay Fatima, the airport is the largest airport in the island of Mindanao[2] and

is officially classified an International Airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of

the Philippines (CAAP), a government bureau which is responsible in the

management and operations of General Santos International Airport and all other

airports in the country except regular international airports.

Inaugurated on July 6, 1996 in time to serve the influx of visitors, athletes

and participants coming in from different parts of the country who were taking

part in the 42nd annual Palarong Pambansa (National Games) that was held

in South Cotabato, Sarangani and General Santos (SOCSARGEN) area at that

time. Since then, the new airport immediately replaced the old and smaller

Buayan Airport in Barangay Buayan, which is now converted into an air station

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 for the use of The Philippine Air Force and renamed it "Rajah Buayan Air Base".

Though new, wider and much modern, General Santos International Airport

nevertheless retained its old IATA airport code(GES) from the old Buayan

Airport.

Iloilo International Airport

Iloilo International Airport (Hiligaynon: Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan

sang Iloilo, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Iloilo)

(IATA: ILO, ICAO: RPVI), also known as Iloilo Airport, and as Cabatuan

Airport, after the municipality of Cabatuan, Iloilo where this airport is

located, and sometimes erroneously as Santa Barbara Airport for the nearby

municipality of Santa Barbara, Iloilo, is the airport serving the province

of Iloilo in the Philippines, including its capital city, Iloilo City, the regional

center of the Western Visayasregion. It opened its doors to commercial traffic on

June 14, 2007 after a decade of planning and construction, replacing Mandurriao

Airport in Mandurriao, Iloilo City which had been in service for over seventy

years. As a result, the new airport inherited its IATA and ICAO airport codes, as

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 21

 well as its position as the fourth-busiest airport in the Philippines, from its

predecessor. It is the first airport in both Western Visayas and the island

of Panay to be built to international standards, and it is also considered to be the

primary gateway into the region. It is classified as an international airport by

the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.

The airport is located in Cabatuan, Iloilo, 24 kilometers (15 mi) northwest

of Iloilo City on a 188-hectare (460-acre) site spread across Barangays Tabucan,

Tiring, Gaub, Duyan-Duyan and Manguna. The airport complex consists of a

single runway, various administrative and maintenance buildings, waste-sorting

and water-treatment facilities, a power-generating station, a cargo terminal, and a

main passenger terminal. Its location on the Tomas Confesor Highway, a major

highway transversing the island, makes the airport accessible from all parts of

Iloilo and Panay by road, while its proximity to the currently defunct Panay

Railways network could potentially link the airport to the rest of Panay by rail.

Built in slightly over 30 months, Iloilo International Airport is one of the

largest airports to be constructed in the Philippines. At its inauguration,

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo remarked that the airport was the most

beautiful and modern in the country and called it a symbol of both political will

and economic maturity.

Kalibo International Airport

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 Kalibo International Airport (Aklanon: Pangkalibutan nga Paeoparan

it Kalibo, Hiligaynon: Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan sang

Kalibo, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Kalibo)

(IATA: KLO, ICAO: RPVK) is an international airport that serves the general

area of Kalibo, the capital of the province of Aklan in the Philippines, and is one

of two airports serving Boracay, the other being Godofredo P. Ramos Airport also

known as Caticlan Airport in the town of Malay. It is the fastest growing airport

in the Philippines in terms of passenger traffic with more than 50% growth in

2010, and 2nd fastest for seats offered for June 2014 over the corresponding

month of the

previous year (20%). The airport is classified as an international airport by

the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the Department of

Transportation and Communications responsible for the operations of all airports

in the Philippines except major international airports.

The airport is situated 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the main area of

Kalibo and 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Caticlan port in Malay. Kalibo

International Airport services international destinations such as Taipei, Seoul–

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 23

 Incheon, Busan, Shanghai, Chengdu, Hong Kong and Singapore. It offers more

international destinations than domestic destinations.

Laoag International Airport 

Laoag International Airport (Ilokano: Sangalubongan a Pagpatayaban

ti Laoag, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Laoag)

(IATA: LAO, ICAO: RPLI) is the main airport serving the general area

of Laoag, the capital city of the province of Ilocos Norte in the Philippines. It is

the only airport in Ilocos Norte and is the northernmost international airport in the

Philippines by geographical location. The airport is a popular charter destination

for tourists from China.

It has one 2,420-meter runway and is designated as a secondary/alternate

international airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of

the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only

this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except the major

international airports.

Zamboanga International Airport

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 Zamboanga International Airport (Spanish, Chavacano: Aeropuerto

Internacional de Zamboanga; Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Zamboanga;

(IATA: ZAM, ICAO: RPMZ) is the main airport serving Zamboanga City in

the Philippines. The airport is Mindanao's third-busiest airport after Francisco

Bangoy International Airport in Davao City and Laguindingan Airport in Cagayan

de Oro City. The airport covers a total land area of 270 hectares.

The airport is officially classified as an international airport by the Civil

Aviation Authority of the Philippines, despite only offering scheduled domestic

passenger services. This is the same agency that runs not only Zamboanga

International Airport, but all other airports in the Philippines except the major

international airports.

Mactan–Cebu International Airport

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 Mactan–Cebu International Airport (Cebuano: Tugpahanang

Pangkalibutan sa Mactan–Sugbo, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Mactan–

Cebu) (IATA: CEB, ICAO: RPVM) located in Central Visayas region, is the

second busiest international airport in the Philippines. It is located in Lapu-Lapu

City on Mactan Island, a part of Metro Cebu. The airport is managed by the

Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority. It covers an area of 797 hectares

(1,970 acres).

It has a single 3,300-meter (10,800 ft) runway that was built by the United

States in 1956 as an emergency airport for Strategic Air Command bombers and

was known as the Mactan Air Base. The runway is complemented by a full-length

taxiway that it shares with the current Mactan Air Base of the Philippine Air

Force.

Mactan–Cebu International Airport was chosen as the most viable location

for the world's largest aircraft, the Antonov An-225 Mriya, to safely land when

considering the combination of onward land transportation, sea freight, and

airport capacity. The arrival of the aircraft in the airport marked the very first time

that the aircraft landed in the Philippines.

Clark International Airport

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 Clark International Airport (IATA: CRK, ICAO: RPLC)

(Kapampangan: Pangyatung Sulapawan ning Clark, Filipino: Paliparang

Pandaigdig ng Clark), is an airport that is an international gateway to

the Philippines within Clark Freeport Zone in Mabalacat City, located

43.2 NM (80.0 km; 49.7 mi) northwest of Manila. The airport is located in the

province of Pampanga and is accessible through the Subic–Clark–Tarlac

Expressway, which is connected to the North Luzon Expressway.

Clark serves the general vicinity of central and northern Luzon. The name

is derived from the former American Clark Air Force Basewhich was the largest

overseas base of the United States Air Force until it was closed in 1991 and

handed over to the Government of the Philippines.

The airport is managed and operated by Clark International Airport

Corporation (CIAC), a government-owned enterprise; and the southern part of the

facility is utilized by the Philippine Air Force as Clark Air Base.

Clark serves both international and domestic flights. A new passenger

terminal building is under construction and is expected to be finished in 2020.

Bicol International Airport

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 Bicol International Airport (Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng

Bikol, Bikol: Pankinàban na Palayogan kan Bikol, Cebuano:Tugpahanang

Pangkalibutan ng Bikol) is an under-construction international airport that will

serve Legazpi, the capital city of Albay and the regional center of Bicol Region,

in the Philippines.

The airport is located in Daraga, an adjacent municipality of Legazpi. The

₱3.5 billion project is on a 200-hectare plateau 15 kilometers from Mayon

Volcano. Some sources name the airport Southern Luzon International

Airport (Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Katimogang Luzon,

Cebuano:Tugpahanang Pangkalibutan ng Katimogang Luzon). It will replace the

old Legazpi Airport, which is only 2 to 3 kilometers from the volcano.

CHAPTER III

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 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the procedure in acquiring data, instruments, materials,

research design methods that the proponents used in order to obtain sufficient data and

information for the Proposed International Airport and materials used to gather all the

necessary for the study in which are used as a reference for the data analysis.

Research Design

The research design used for the study were descriptive and analysis, during this

process some problems and factors were considered. Site inspection and survey, data

gathered were reviewed and analyzed in the succeeding chapter. Also, related literature

and studies were also used as a re basis in this study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering served as the foundation for the proposing solution for the

problems. Data were collected through the following:

1. Library Works

The researcher collected data through sources coming from related

published materials such as books, maps and existing plans of the public spaces

that will help for the development of the proposed project. Also, incudes

supplementary information related to the study through magazines, books and

other related studies in connection with the study.

A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 29

 2. Ocular visit/ Site Inspection

Data from actual site inspection and documentation of the study area

which includes the present existing conditions of the public spaces, surrounding

buildings and actual road conditions were considers. It also includes the

investigation of the physical features, aspects of the site that determines the plans,

details and external factors.

3. Interview/Research

Gathering data and eliciting information, or consulting straight from a

person having a greater knowledge in regards with the study. With the use of

question and answer format and open-ended conversation where questions are

given spontaneously relative to the flow of the answer given by the responded.

Data Gathering Instrument

1. Questionnaires

The questionnaires given by the proponents to the respondents during oral

investigation process.

2. Checklist for Site Inventory

Examining the existing the site features and conditions, road accessibility

through documentation and picture taking were considers as a part of the actual

site inspection

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