PIPING GUIDE Made by 

A.1 CHECK LIST FOR ISOMETRICS

1) Line Nos.
2) Line Specs
3) Start Point Location
4) End Point Location
5) Branch Connection
6) Valve Accecibility
7) Support
8) Insulation (For Insulated Line Only)
9) Instrument Connection
10) Flow Arrow
11) High Point Vent, Low Point Drain
12) Hydro Test Vent And Drain
13) Nozzle Connection
14) Nozzle Nos.
15) Equipment Nos.
16) Coordinates And Elevations
17) Iso North
18) Bill Of Material
19) Valve Tag Nos.
20) Instruments Tag Nos.
21) Contination Sheets Or Iso. Nos.
22) Grid Location And Nos.

A.2 DOCUMENTS FOR ISOMETRICS CHECKING

1) Piping And Instrument Diagrames
2) Piping Layouts
3) Sectional Drawings
4) Equipment Drawings
5) Nozzle Orientations
6) Piping Specification
7) Suppotrs Standard
8) Special Items Drawings
9) Sress Analysis Report

A.3 POINTS TO REMEMBERS IN ISOMETRICS CHECKING

1) Pump Suction Is Bigger Than Discharge Line
2) Eccentric Reducer (Flat Side Top) Using For Pump Suction Line This Is Using For Avoid The Air
Block In Pump Suction.
3) Pump Suction Line And Compresser Suction Line Keep Always Downword Position, No Loops
Permitted To Pump Suction.
4) Psv Outlet Always Rising Position.
5) Check The Valve Accesibility For Maitainance Purpose. Valve Operating Height Min 250mm To
1200mm From Floor Level.
6) Lift Check Valve Always Horizontally Using. Swing Check Valve Verticaly And Horiontaly Using.
7) Control Station Operating Height 500mm To 750mm From Floor Level.
8) Shoe Not Required For Trunion. (Insulated Lines)
9) Headroom Clearance Minimum 2.2m From Ground/Floor Level.
10) Dripleg Required For Steam Line Header.
11) Shoe Required For Insulated Lines (Steam ,Chilled Water,Brine,Steam Condasate).
12) Shoe Not Required For Condansate Line When Line Will Be On Pipe Rack.
13) Nozzle Orientations Should Be Keep As Per Piping Requirement.
14) Avoid The Obstucles. Keep A Piping Routing Neat And Clearly.
15) Control Stations Locates Side Of Near The Walls Or Columns
16) Give A Trunion Supports To Control Station Both Side Of Control Valves.
17) Use A Dike Wall Around The Equipments For Avoid The Liquid To Spread In The Plant Area. The
Volume Of Dike Wall Is 1.5 Times More Than Total Capacity Of Equipments.
18) Use Weldneck Flange For Pressure Piping.
B.1 TYPES OF CONTROL VALVE
1) Pcv Pressure control Valve

2) Tcv Temperature Control Valve

3) Fcv Flow Control Valve
4) Lcv Level Control Valve
5) Xv Isolation Valve
6) Xcv High Pressure Control Valve

B.2 TYPES OF PUMPS

1) Reciprocating Pump
2) Rotary Pump
3) Centrifugal Pump
4) Vacuum Pump
5) Metering Pump

B.3 TYPES OF EXCHANGER

1) Air Cooler Exchanger
2) Plate Type Exchanger
3) Shell & Tube Exchanger
4) 2 Pipe Exchanger
5) Spiral Exchanger

B.4 TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

1) Elevated Centrifugal Compressor
2) Grade-Mounted Centrifugal Compressor
3) Reciprocating Compressor

B.5 TYPES OF TOWER

1) Tray Tower
2) Packed Tower
3) Vacuume Tower

B.6 TYPES OF VALVE

1) Gate Valve

2) Globe Valve
3) Check Valve (Non Return Valve)

4) Ball Valve

5) Butterfly Valve
6) Diaframe Valve
7) Plug Valve

B.7 TYPE OF FLANGES

1) Weldneck Flange (Flat Face,Race Face)

2) Slipon Flange Do

3) Lap Joint Flange (Flat Face)

4) Reducing Flange (Flat Face,Race Face)
5) Screwed Flange
6) Blind Flange
7) Socketweld Flange

B.7A PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATTING

150#, 300#, 400#, 600#, 900#, 1500#, 2500#.

B.7B FLANGES FACING

1) Ff Flat Face
2) Rf Raise Face
3) T/G Tongue And Groove Face
4) M/F Male And Female Faces
5) Rtj Ring Type Joint Faces

B.8 TYPES OF FITTINGS

1) 90 Elbow, 45 Elbow (Butt Welded, Socket Welded, Threded)
2) Equal Tee, Reducing Tee Do
3) Cap,Union,Plug, Half Coupling, Full Coupling, Lateral.

B.9 TYPES OF OLETS

1) Laterolet
2) Elbowlet
3) Weldolet
4) Sockolet
5) Threadolet
6) Sweepolet
7) Nippolet

B.10 TYPES OF REDUCER

1) Eccentric Reducer (Butt Welded)
2) Concentric Reducer (Butt Welded)
3) Swages (Socket Weld, Threded)

B.11 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS

1) Psv Pressure Safety Valve
2) Lg Level Guage
3) Li Level Indicator
3) Pg Pressure Guage
4) Pi Pressure Indicator
4) Cv Control Valve
5) Ti Temperature Indicator
6) Tw Thermowell
7) Fe Flow Elements
8) Fi Flow Indicators
9) Fo Flow Orifice Flanges

A GENERAL PURPOSE
1) Control Valves (Globe, Ball, Butterfly)
2) On/Off Valves (Ball, Butterfly)
3) Relief Valves (Pressure, Thermal)
4) Rapture Disc
5) Restriction Orifice

B FLOW MESSURING INSTRUMENTS

1) Orifice Plate
2) Variable Aria Flow Meter
3) Magnetic Flow Meter
4) Turbine Flow Meter
5) Positive Displacement Meter

C TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1) Thermocouples
2) Resistance Temperature Detactors
3) Filled System
4) Bimetallic Thermometres
5) Thermowells

D PRESSURE MESSURING INSTRUMENTS

1) Manometer
2) Bourden Type
3) Bellow Type
4) Diaphragm Type

E LEVEL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1) Level Guage (Direct Type)
2) Hydrostatic Head (Inferential)
3) Buoyancy
4) Conductance
5) Capacitance
6) Radiation
7) Float

B.12 SPECIAL ITEMS

1) Steam Trap (Float Type, Thermodynamic,Bucket)
2) Orifice Flange
3) Flow Elements
4) Strainner (Y Type Srainner, Bucket Type Strainner)

B.13 TYPES OF PIPE ENDS

1) Pbe Plain Both End
2) Ple Plain Large End
3) Pse Plain Small End
4) Ble Bevelled Large End
5) Tse Threaded Small End

B.14 TYPES OF GASKETS

1) Full Face
2) Inside Bolt Circle
3) Spiral Wound Mettalic
4) Ring Type
5) Metal Jacketed

C.1 SERVICE CODE FOR UTILITY LINES

1) Lps Low Pressure Steam
2) Hps High Pressure Steam
3) Mps Medium Pressure Steam
4) Cws Cooling Water Supply
5) Cwr Cooling Water Return
6) Chws Chilled Water Supply
7) Chwr Chilled Water Return
8) Bs Brine Supply
9) Br Brine Return
10) Ia Instrument Air
11) Ca Compress Air
12) Dmw Potable Water35
13) Ps Process Water

C.2 SERVICE CODE FOR PROCESS LINE

1) Fg = Fuel Gas
2) Pa = General Hydrocarbon
3) Pb = Hydrocarbon With Sulfer
4) Pc = Hydrocarbon With Hydrogen
5) Pd = Hydrocarbon With Hydrogen & H2s
6) Pe = Hydrocarbon With Sour Water
7) Cb = High Strenght Caustic
8) Va = Sulphuric Acid
9) Ha = Hydrocloric Acid
10) Cc = Low Strenght Caustic
11) Ct = Catalyst
12) Hy = Hydrogen
13) Ch = Chemicals
14) Ni = Nitrogen
15) Ca = Amines
16) Su = Molten Sulphur
17) Ga = Gaseus Extinguishant
18) Dl = Diesel
19) Fg = Fuel Gas
20) Fs = Fuel Gas (Sour)
21) Fo = Fuel Oil
22) Rt = Refrigerant
23) Lg = Flue Gas
24) Lo = Lube Oil
25) Ba = General Hydrocarbon
26) Bb = Hydrocarbon With Sulphur
27) Bc = Hydrocarbon With Hydrogen
28) Bd = Hydrocarbon With Hydrogen & H2s
29) Be = Hydrocarbon With Sour Water

D.1 SHORT CODE

1) Ibr Indian Boiler Regulation Act
2) Astm American Society Of Testing Material
3) Ansi American National Standard Institute
4) Smls Seamless
5) Thd Threded
6) Bw Butt Welded
8) Sw Socket Welded
9) Ecc. Red. Eccentric Reducer
10) Conc.Red. Concentric Reducer
11) Eq.Tee Equal Tee
12) Red. Tee Reducing Tee
13) Clpg Coupling
14) Vlv Valve
15) Str Strainner
16) T Trap
17) Elb Elbow
18) Fof.El. Finish Floor Elevation
19) Ptfl.El. Platform Elevation
20) Gr.El Ground Elevation
21) Sch Schedule
22) Thk Thickness
23) Eqpt Equipment
24) Sorf Slipon Rase Face
25) Soff Slipon Flat Face
26) Wnrf Weldneck Rase Face
27) Wnff Weldneck Flat Face
28) Bop.El. Bottom Of Elevation
29) Cl.El. Center Line Elevation
30) Pcd Pitch Circle Dia.
31) Nb Nominal Bore
32) Ns Nominal Size
33) Be Beveled End
34) Isi Indian Standard Institute
35) Fst Flat Side Top
36) Fsd Flat Side Down
37) Suc. Suction
38) Disch. Discharge
39) Wp.El. Work Point Elevation
40) Ga General Arrangement
41) P&Id Piping And Instrument Diagrames

D.2 AMERICAN STANDARD

42) Astm The American Society Of Testing Materials
43) Api The Americal Petroleum Institute
44) Aisi The American Iron And Steel Institute
45) Ansi The American National Standard Institute
46) Aws The American Welding Society
47) Awwa The American Water Works Association
48) Asme The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers

D.3 API STANDARDS

1) Api5l Specification For Pipe Line
2) Api6d Pipe Line Valves, End Closers, Connectors, And Swivels
3) Api600 Steel Gate Valve
4) Api 605 Large Diametre Carbon Steel Flanges

D.4 ANSI STANDARDS

1) Ansi/Asme 31.1 Power Piping-1995
2) Ansi/Asme 31.2 Fuel Gas Piping-1968
3) Ansi/Asme-31.3 Chemical Petroleum Refinery Piping-1993

D.5 BRITISH STANDARD

1) BS10 FLANGES
2) BS806 PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR BOILER
3) BS916 BLACK BOLTS,NUTS AND SCREWS
4) BS1560 STEEL PIPE FLANGES
5) BS1414 GATE VALVES FOR PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES
6) BS1600 DIMENSIONS OF STEEL PIPES
7) BS1965 BUTT WELDING PIPE FITTINGS
8) BS2080 FACE TO FACE /END TO END DIMENSIONS OF VALVES
9) BS2598 GLASS PIPE LINES AND FITTINGS.
10) BS3351 PIPING SYSTEM FOR PETROLEUM REFINERIES

E.1 DRAWINGS
1) Study Layout
2) General Arrangement Drawings
3) Piping And Instrument Diagrames
4) Sectional Layouts
5) Civil Layouts
6) Equipment Layouts
7) Fabrication Details Drawing
8) Foudation Details Drawings
9) Structural Layout
10) Isometrics
11) Piping Details Layout
12) Nozzle Orientations
13) Plot Plan
14) Flow Diagrame

F1 PROCESS DESIGN CODE FOR SERVICE

1) Sulfer Asme B31.3
2)

F2.PIPING MATERIAL CODE

1) Buttwelded Fittings A234-Wp5, Sch.40, B16.9
Buttweld, 5crom ½ Molydenum Alloysteel Per Astm Grade
Wp5,Schedule 40, Per Ansi B16.9
2) Spectacle Blind A240-304h 600lb Rf Smth
Stainless Steel, Per Astm A240 Grade 321, Class 600, Per Api
590
3) Piping Cs. A106 Gr. B
4) Valve Cs A216 Wcb
5) Flange Asme B16.5, Class 150 Ratting
6) Small Fittings As A182 F5
7) Gasket Spiral Wound

G.1 PIPE ENDS

1) Bevelled Ends
2) Plain Ends
3) Screwed Ends
4) Flanged Ends
5) Spigot/Socket Ends
6) Buttress End
H.1 PIPE MATERIALS
1) Astm A53 Welded And Seamless Pipe
2) Astm A106 Seamless Cs Pipe For High Temp. Services
3) Api 5l Line Pipe
4) Is 1239 Steel Pipes For General Pupose
5) Is 3589 Steel Pipes For General Services

H.2 DIMENSIONAL STANDARD

1) Ansi B16.1 Cast Iron Flanged End Fittings
2) Ansi B16.3 Malleable Iron Threded Fittings
3) Ansi B16.4 Cast Iron Threded Fittings
4) Ansi B16.5 Steel Flanged End Fittings
5) Ansi B16.9 Buttwelding End Fittings
6) Ansi B16.11 Socketweld And Screwed End Fittings

H.3 SW/SCRD FITTING MATERIALS

1) Astm 105 Forged Carbon Steel
2) Astm A181 Forged Carbon Steel For General Purposes
3) Astm A182 Forged Alloy Steel And Stainless Steel
4) Astm A234 Wrought Carbon Steel And Elevated Alloy Steel Pipe
Fitting For Moderate And Elevated Temperatures
5) Astm A350 Forged Alloy Steel For Low Temperature Services

H.3 BUTTWELDED END FITTINGS

1) Astm A234 Carbon Steel Fittings
2) Astm A403 Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings
3) Astm A420 Alloy Steel For Low Temperature Services.

H.4 FLANGED END FITTINGS

1) Astm 216 Carbon Steel Castings
2) Astm 351 Stainless Steel Castings
3) Astm A352 Alloy Steel Castings
4) Astm F 1545 Plasting Lined Fittings
5) Is 1538 Ci Fittings

H.5 PIPING PACKAGES

1) Exchanger Piping
2) Reactor Piping
3) Tower Piping
4) Column Piping
5) Pump Suction Discharge Piping
6) Pipe Rack Piping
7) Boiler Piping
8) Cooling Tower Piping
9) Chiller Piping
10) Steam Trap Assembly
11) Control Valve Assembly
12) Steam Manifold Assembly
13) Utility Manifold Assembly
14) Offsite Area Piping
15) Tank Farm Area Piping
16) Trench Piping
17) Under Ground Piping
18) Domestic Piping
19) Diesel Engine Piping
20) Compressor Piping
 Piping Concepts
Site Plan
Considerations
All aspects of safety, operability, maintenance, constructability and economics.
Layout and spacing of the roads, process plants, tanks and piperacks.
Equipment location & spacing, associated piping, controls & maintenance & constructability
Good accessibility to valves and instruments, avoiding hazardous obstructions like misplaced manifolds,
valve stems & support columns.

Constructability to ensure no obstruction to transportation, lifting & erection of equipment due to adjacent
plant, structures or equipment and compliance to sequenced construction plan.
Potential late delivery of large equipment items to avoid serious impact on construction schedule.
One overall site plan for the entire complex, interconnecting piperacks and their relative locations to be
made.
Process units and offplot facilities, to be constructed to common schedule to be grouped and located to
ensure minimum impact from and to the operating plant during construction for later phases.
Prevailing wind direction to be considered for special cases.

For e.g., Flares for the refinery to be located upwind of the process units.
Layout of the tankage area to suit the flow of products and feed stocks with the pumps stations located
outside of the bunded area.

Roads to be provided around the tanks for access to all areas for maintenance & fire fighting.
Unit Plot Plan
One unit plot plan for each process unit.

Equipment layout & spacing to allow for maintenance & constructability

Air coolers to be on top of a pipe rack. No equipment is to be located above or below
coolers to facilitate access to place the air coolers and remove the tube bundle for
maintenance.

Furnaces and boilers to be located at plot boundaries for ease of access. Adequate dropout
and swinging space for tube pulling by mobile crane.

Fired heaters to be located upwind of process units. In congested process areas, heater
locations to provide the lowest risk of fire or explosion.

Exchangers to be with channel end away from piperacks to facilitate tube bundle removal

Pumps handling flammable materials not to be located below piperacks but to be placed
with centreline of discharge at min. 1.5 m from the centre line of pipework column.

Compressors to be located adjacent to roadway and downwind from heaters & to be in

shelters to provide protection for equipment & personnel. Bridge or gantry crane for
removal of compressor components.
Vertical vessels to be placed on a common centreline parallel to the main piperack USO.

Horizontal vessels to be located to minimise piping runs & to be lined up with their
tangents on a common locating line.

Reactors to be located for ease of access during catalyst unloading and loading
operations. Space to be provided for cranes and storage of spent and new catalyst.
Pipe Stress Analysis
Purpose
To ensure that piping is routed and supported so that no damage occurs to either the pipe or
associated equipment due to the effects of thermal expansion or contraction, or loads resulting from
weight, pressure, wind earthquake, pulsation, shock, foundation settlement, etc.
Procedure
Ensuring compliance to all Code, Client and Inspection Authority requirements pertaining to Piping
Stress Analysis.

Establishing all operating functions including start-up,

shutdown, steam-out, various combinations of equipment working and idle, bypasses in and out of
use, de-coking, etc., for lines to be analyzed.

Stress Critical Line List Review.

Nozzle loads calculations.

Check for flange leakage where bending moments are large, including flanged connections at
equipment.

Anchor loads on structures and/or foundations.

Finalising the location of spring supports with required loads and movements on the Stress sketch.

Analysing requirement of reinforcement at branch connections, (other than for internal/external

pressure considerations covered by the Piping Material Specification), or at concentrated loading
points.

Considering expansion joints in stress analysis

Checking position of fixed and sliding supports of heat exchangers, horizontal drums, etc.

Review of vendor drawings for equipment nozzle loadings.

Piping Layout (GA)
Purpose
For piping installation within a construction area.
Information for construction planning.
Information for testing and pre-commissioning.
Information for Plant Operators .
Methodology
Piping arrangement drawings produced in two stages:
– Planning drawing (study sketches / 2D CAD )
To solve major design problems, transmit information & co-ordinate activities of the
different design departments.
Preliminary piping arrangement for inter-discipline review & comment.
– Final drawings (3D CAD model or Non-CAD manual drawing)
For 2" and larger lines with dimensions and labelling
GA Using 3D CAD Model
– G.A. drawings to be extracted from 3D CAD model.
– All verification, geometric & clash checks to be completed (including equipment checks to
vendor data) before IFC GA extraction.
Non-CAD GAs
– Additional Pipe support GA’s issued for construction to reflect pipe support requirements
only.
Design Data
High point of grade.
Column and vessel orientation design sketches including:
 – nozzles and manways
– column and vessel piping
– platform and ladder size
– instrument orientation and location
– height of tower and vessel skirts
Orientation of major equipment nozzles, i.e. pumps, exchangers, compressors, etc.

Top of grout for all equipment foundations & pads.

Pipe rack widths, bent spacing and top of support elevation of main pipe racks.

Allocation of space for electrical, instrument racks, analyser houses, switchgear, and utility hose
stations.

Location of all main structural columns.

Elevations of structural levels and extent of platforms, ladders and stairs required.
Contents of Piping Layout
Equipment co-ordinates.
Elevations (Piping, Equipment, Platforms, etc.).
Line No. Identification and Flow Arrow.
Instrument Identification
Match lines.
Drawing Continuation References.
Key Plan Identification.
Complete "Holds" List.
Reference Drawings.

Structural Column Identification .

Piping Layout - Checkpoints
Conformance with P&ID's for
Line number, size, classification, direction of flow.
Instrument connections and numbers (long form).
Piping material classification changes.
Drawing "Holds" list.
Drawing title block & Drawing key plan.
Compliance with standard drawings and plot plan.
Adjacent drawings & key plans for correct co-ordinates & drawing references.
Fire & Safety requirements & location of fire fighting equipment.
Location of Drain hubs, Utility stations, safety showers, eyewashes, drinking fountains & ladders.
No fouling of piping with structures, equipment and other lines.
Requirements for operating aisles, headway and roadway clearances and other mandatory
dimensional clearances .
Piping Isometrics
Purpose
Adequate information to fabricate shop pipework.

Adequate information to field run small bore piping.

Adequate information to erect the pre-fabricated pipe spools.

Adequate means of identifying materials for above mentioned isometrics.

Adequate information for locating & identifying pipe supports welded to shop fabricated pipework.
Methodology
Shop and field isometrics to be extracted/drawn & self-contained within a model base, plant or unit as
defined at start of job.

Shop isometrics to be adequately dimensioned to enable spooling and/or shop fabrication.

 Field isometrics to be extracted/drawn with overall dimensions only for material purposes & to
assist field erection.
Isometrics using 3D CAD Model
– Isometrics to be extracted from 3D CAD model.
– Isometrics need not be fully checked dimensionally.
– P & ID check of the isometric and yellow off to be done.
– Material to be downloaded from model.
– Isometric to be downloaded for piping spool drawings.

Non-CAD Isometrics
– Manually prepared on Isometric Sheet.
– Both dimensional and P&ID checks to be done.
– Material to be manually entered.
Contents of Piping Isometrics
Line Number & Size

Pipe Classification

Direction of Flow

Equipment Reference & Nozzle Identification

Structural Number Identification

Isometric Drawing Continuation References

All Valving (except vent and drain valves)

Strainers, Traps & Flexible Hoses

Break with Shop and Field

Field Welds (but not shop welds)

Vents (as V) & Drains (as D)

Orifice Assemblies

Spectacle Blinds and Spacers

Instrument Numbers, such as PI, TIs, TWs, etc.

Instrument Connections

Out of Specification Items

Sample Points

Special Shop Attachment of Pipe Support

Dummy Legs

Cold Pull

Special Line Features, such as Fall, Reinforcing Pads, Weep Holes, Welded Lugs, etc.

Spool Identification (suffix letter only)

Insulation (include limit)

Piping Material
Scope
Material take-off
Updating & control of material quantities with design
Monitoring of material requisitions.
Method
Automated Material Control
– MTO download from 3D CAD Model
– Manual Material Entry (for non-modelled items).
Link to Procurement Tracking System
Piping Stock Code
Project Stock Code Index generated by Piping Material Classes to be issued as a project
specification.

Responsibility
Lead Piping Engineer to schedule and co-ordinate all piping material take-off activities and material
requisitioning.
Civil Group to give take-off of underground carbon steel non-pressure piping using the appropriate
piping class.
Instrument Group to give take-off of all instrument piping beyond the primary (root) block valve
(except at level instruments).
Electrical Group to give take-off of all electrical cable duct piping.
Piping Materials Engineer to transmit a summary of all tubing and tubing fittings requirements to
Instrument Group for requisitioning.
Material Control
Initial material take off from :
– Completed preliminary line routings in the CAD model
– Manual take off from P&IDs
Total forecast material requirements including working surplus and contingency form the basis of
the Bulk Material Requisitions.
Frequency & timing of material extractions from CAD model & manual MTO ensure that bulk
material status is concurrent with design.
Field material control is possible as the data within the piping material control programme is
downloaded to Procurement Tracking System.
Material requisitions issued to procurement for enquiry/ purchase.
MR quantities issued for purchase (initial & at each revision) are downloaded to Procurement
Tracking System.
Statutory Requirements
Applicable Codes
International piping codes and standards accepted in India
– ASME/ANSI B31.1, “Power Piping”
– ASME/ANSI B31.3, “Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping”
Oil Industry Safety Directorate,Standard 118.
– Layout & spacing of roads,buildings,storage tanks and all equipment
Authority Approval
Indian Boiler Regulations (IBR)
– Materials and fabrication associated with steam and boiler feed systems.
Chief Controller of Explosives. (CCOE)
– All Plot Plans for approval together with safety radii from various sources. (Hazardous Area
Drawings).
Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC)
– Fire protection system & material selection .
.