UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY 0470/04
Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework
October/November 2006

1 hour
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer the questions on one Depth Study.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

SPA (SJF3963) T03717/5
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DEPTH STUDY A: GERMANY, 1918–1945

1 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

We were very stupid men. We arrived in Paris determined that a peace of justice and wisdom
should be negotiated: we left the conference aware that the treaties imposed on our enemies were
neither just nor wise.

Comments by a British diplomat who attended the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

Source B

The overall reaction of Germans was horror and outrage. They certainly did not feel they had
started the war. They did not feel they had lost the war. In 1919 many Germans did not really
understand how bad Germany’s military situation had been at the end of the war. They believed
that the German government had simply agreed to a ceasefire and that therefore Germany should
have been at the Peace Conference to negotiate peace. It should not have been treated as a
defeated state. They were angry that their government was not represented at the talks and that
they were being forced to accept a harsh treaty without any choice or comment.

From a British history textbook, published in 1996.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What can you tell from this source about the Paris Peace Conference? Support your
answer with reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that the German anger about the Treaty of Versailles was
justified? Explain your answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one of these sources more useful than the other as evidence about the Treaty of
Versailles? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Give two powers of the German President in the Weimar Constitution. [2]
(ii) Describe the Spartacist revolt of 1919. [4]
(iii) Why was there hyperinflation in 1923? [6]
(iv) How effective was Stresemann in solving Germany’s problems by 1929? Explain your
answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY B: RUSSIA, 1905 –1941

2 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

The reason Trotsky did not attack Stalin was because he did not fear him. Nobody, and him least
of all, saw in 1923 Stalin as the menacing and towering figure he was to become. It seemed to
Trotsky almost a joke that Stalin, the obstinate and sly but shabby and inarticulate man in the
background, should be his rival.

A Marxist historian, writing in 1959.

Source B

Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, has unlimited authority in his hands and I am
not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution.

Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, is distinguished not only by his outstanding ability. He is
probably the most capable man in the present Central Committee, but he has displayed excessive
self-assurance and has concentrated too much on the purely administrative side of the work.

An extract from Lenin’s Political Will, 1922, which was not published in Russia at the time.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What can you tell from this source about Trotsky? Support your answer with reference to
the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that Lenin preferred Trotsky as his successor? Explain
your answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one of these sources more useful than the other in explaining Stalin’s victory in the
leadership contest after Lenin’s death? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) What was the gulag? [2]

(ii) Explain the meaning of ‘socialism in one country’. [4]
(iii) Why did Stalin introduce the purges of the 1930s? [6]
(iv) How far did the peoples of the USSR benefit from Stalin’s rule in the period 1928 to
1941? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY C: THE USA, 1919–1941

3 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

HAUNTING HIM

An American newspaper cartoon of 1937.

Source B

The critics of Senator ‘Kingfish’ Long said that he had made himself virtual dictator of Louisiana
but he did give its people good roads, good schools, a fine State university and a balanced
budget. He campaigned across America for a ‘Share our Wealth Scheme’ to guarantee every
American family an income of $5 000 a year and pension schemes. To pay for this he would shrink
the fortunes of the rich. By 1935 Long had over 7 million supporters and may have been able to
bring about Roosevelt’s defeat.

From an American history textbook.

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(a) (i) Study Source A

What can you tell from this source about the relationship between President Roosevelt
and the Supreme Court? Support your answer with reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that Huey Long was a popular politician? Explain your
answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one of these sources more useful than the other as evidence about Roosevelt’s
opponents? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Give two examples of New Deal policies which the Supreme Court declared
unconstitutional. [2]
(ii) What were the aims and outcomes of Roosevelt’s ‘Packing Plan’ for the Supreme Court?
[4]
(iii) Why did Roosevelt cut government expenditure in 1937? [6]
(iv) How far was the New Deal an attack on freedom? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY D: CHINA, 1945–c.1990

4 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

First soldier: The peasants help us in many ways. During battles they often disarm small
groups of the enemy, cut telephone and telegraph wires, and send us news
about the movements of the KMT troops. But they never cut our telephone
wires; they help us put them up.
Second soldier: When an enemy aircraft crashed against a mountain recently, nobody saw it but
a few peasants. They were armed only with spears and spades, but they
attacked the aircraft, disarmed the two man crew, and brought them to us.
An American writer interviewing two Red Army soldiers during the Chinese Civil War.

Source B

24 April 1949: The Chinese Communist armies are advancing almost unopposed on the city
of Shanghai today in pursuit of the fleeing Nationalist forces. Thousands are
fleeing Shanghai by sea and British residents are being advised to prepare for
evacuation. The city is closed to streams of refugees from the north, although
the atmosphere in Shanghai is reported ‘calm – but expectant’. The city is
preparing for a siege, with lengthy queues for rice and tinned food.
The Prime Minister, Ho Ying-chin, has repeated his intention of making a stand
at Shanghai, although he himself has left for Canton with other members of the
government. Leading residents are appealing to the garrison commander not to
carry out his intention of ‘fighting to the last man’.
A report in a British newspaper of 1949.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What does this source tell you about the peasants in China? Support your answer with
reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that the Nationalists were determined to defend
Shanghai? Explain your answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one of these sources more useful than the other in explaining the Red Army’s victory
in the Chinese Civil War? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Give two ways in which the USA gave support to the Nationalists after 1945. [2]
(ii) What was the importance of Formosa (Taiwan) to the Nationalists at the end of the
Chinese Civil War? [4]
(iii) Why did the Nationalists lose the support of the Chinese people after the Second World
War? [6]
(iv) How far was the land issue the most important problem facing the new Chinese
Communist government in 1949? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY E: SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

5 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

Only after 1911 was compensation given for injuries or death in the mines. In 1914 the rates were
a maximum of £20 for losing a leg and a maximum of £50 for losing a life. In 1921 there were 637
deaths in accidents in the mines and 3453 deaths from disease among black miners. In 1921 the
average pay for a black miner was £30 a year. For a white miner it was £450.

From a recent British history textbook.

Source B

At the end of 1921 the Chamber of Mines announced that two thousand whites were to lose their
jobs and would be replaced by Africans. The Mine Workers’ Union went on strike, seized the
mines and stopped production in the entire Rand mining region for over two months. In March
1922 the government sent 7 000 troops with weapons, tanks and aircraft to end the strike. Almost
250 workers were killed in the fighting and several leaders of the strike were hanged. The job
losses went ahead and wages were cut.

From a South African’s memories of the Rand rebellion, published in 1982.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What can you tell from this source about work in the South African mines in the early
twentieth century? Support your answer with reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that the Mine Workers’ Union was powerful? Explain your
answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one of these sources more useful than the other as evidence about the mining
industry in the early twentieth century? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Name two of the major political parties in South Africa in the 1920s. [2]
(ii) What was the Broederbond? [4]
(iii) Why were black political and labour movements ineffective in the 1920s and 1930s? [6]
(iv) How far do you agree that all workers in South Africa had benefited from its economic
development between 1930 and 1948? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY F: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS, 1945–c.1994

6 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

Sadat’s agreement at Camp David in September 1978 was regarded by Arafat and the PLO as a
betrayal of the Arabs. Nationalist anger in Beirut unified the Syrians, Palestinians and Lebanese
Muslims. They believed Sadat had committed an act of treason by visiting Jerusalem in 1977.
Sadat’s decision to go to Jerusalem led to his assassination by one of his own army officers four
years later. The Palestinian guerrillas in Beirut celebrated his death with gunfire and flares lighting
up the night sky.

A British journalist, writing in 1990.

Source B

An Arab view of the Camp David Agreement: from the newspaper ‘Free Palestine’, 1978.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What can you tell from this source about President Sadat? Support your answer with
reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source show that the Camp David Agreement was a success? Explain
your answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one source more useful than the other as evidence of Arab attitudes to the Camp
David Agreement? Explain your answer. [7]

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(b) (i) What is Camp David? [2]

(ii) What were the terms of the Camp David Agreement? [4]
(iii) Why did Sadat make peace with Israel? [6]
(iv) How far did the USA’s involvement in the Middle East during the 1970s and 1980s
reduce the prospects of peace? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY G: THE CREATION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

7 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A

One important effect of the railways is the opportunity given to the humbler classes for recreation.
The workers in their overcrowded homes are constantly breathing bad air. But now they have the
opportunity of making excursions into the country. A railway train takes masses of people of all
ranks and conditions. The rich are brought into contact and talk with the poor. The greater the
number of travellers then, the greater the social improvement.

From an article in a British magazine, published in 1844.

Source B

Pictures from the Illustrated London News in May 1847, entitled ‘On Their Way To Epsom Races By
Train. First and Third Class Carriages’.
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(a) (i) Study Source A.

What can you tell from this source about early railway travel? Support your answer with
reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Source B.
How far does this source support Source A? Explain your answer. [7]
(iii) Study both sources.
Is one source more useful than the other as evidence about early rail travel? Explain
your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Name the engineers who built (a) the Stockton-Darlington Railway and (b) the Great
Western Railway. [2]
(ii) What was the purpose of the Parliamentary Trains Act of 1844? [4]
(iii) Why did companies issue a ‘Prospectus’ before building a railway? [6]
(iv) How far was the rapid growth of railways caused by the failure of roads and canals to
meet the needs of industry? Explain your answer. [8]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 Source B © Ben Walsh, GCSE Modern World History; John Murray; 2001.
Question 2 Source A © Isaac Deutscher; The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929; Verso Books; 2003.
Question 3 Source A © Reprinted, with permission, from the Columbus Dispatch.
Question 4 Source A © Edgar Snow; Red Star Over China; Victor Gollancz, an imprint of the Orion Publishing Group Ltd.; 1972.
Question 5 Source A © Neil Parsons; A New History of Southern Africa; Macmillan Education Ltd; 1993.
Question 6 Source A © Robert Fisk; Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War; Andre Deutsch; 1991.
Question 6 Source B © Arab-Israeli Conflict; Collins Educational; 1977.
Question 7 Source B © Illustrated London News Picture Library.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

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DEPTH STUDY H: THE IMPACT OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

8 Study the sources, and then answer the questions which follow.

Source A
The fact that nowadays powerful neighbours and ruthless enemies look down on us from all sides
is actually a blessing for China and not a misfortune. This is just the thing we need to stimulate our
determination to make progress, for if we become ashamed at not being as good as the Western
nations it may yet be possible for us to do something about it.
A Chinese journalist, writing in 1880.

Source B

Chinese schoolboys on their way to the USA in 1872.

Source C
The Russians are spying on us in the North and the English are peeping at us in the West. The
French are staring at us in the South and the Japanese are watching us in the East. Living in the
midst of four strong neighbours puts China in imminent peril.
A leading Chinese reformer, writing in 1898.

(a) (i) Study Source A.

What does this source tell you about China in the latter part of the nineteenth century?
Support your answer with reference to the source. [6]
(ii) Study Sources B and C.
How far do these sources show that China was threatened by contact with the West?
Explain your answer. [7]
(iii) Study all the sources.
Is one source more useful than the others as evidence about China in the second half of
the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [7]

(b) (i) Name two countries which held trading rights in China at the end of the nineteenth
century. [2]
(ii) What were the results for China of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5? [4]
(iii) Why did foreign powers attempt to establish themselves in China during the nineteenth
century? [6]
(iv) How far was foreign involvement in China in the nineteenth century good for China?
Explain your answer. [8]

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