Animal Tissues Lecture 1 Epithelial Tissue

Levels of Biological Organization ➢Sheets of cells that covers a body surface or lines a

body cavity; also form most of the body’s glands

Functions:
➢Protection ➢Absorption ➢Filtration ➢Excretion
➢Secretion
Anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism Two types of Epithelial Tissue
Physiology: study of the functions an organism • Membranous epithelium covers and lines the external
performs surface of our body as well as lining all internal cavities,
❖ Structure and function are interrelated organs, tubes and passageways.
• Glandular epithelium however is specialized epithelial
Significance of cell specialization?
tissue that produces and secretes substances such as
- Specialization is the adaptation of a cell to perform
sweat, stomach acid, mucus and hormones.
specific functions that help maintain homeostasis and
benefit the body as a whole.
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
• Cellularity- close-packed cells
• Polarity
- Basal Surface
- Apical Surface (free surface) (microvilli-brush
Specialized Cells in the Human Body border); cilia
What is Tissue? • Attachment
- Basement Membrane
• Vascularity (avascular)
• Repair and Regeneration

Tissues: groups of closely associated cells that are

similar in structure and perform a common or related
functions

∎ Four basic types of tissue Trachea

□Epithelium
□Connective tissue
∎Connective tissue proper (examples: loose connective
tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular and dense connective
tissue: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
∎Cartilage ∎Bone ∎Blood
□Muscle tissue
□Nervous tissue

Categories of Tissues
• Epithelial- covering
• Connective - support
• Muscle- movement
• Nervous- control

Histology - study of tissues

STRUCTURE OF SMALL INTESTINE ➢in tissues diffusion is important
➢tissues are involved in secretion and absorption:
because larger cells are the machinery of production,
packaging, and energy requirements

Cell layers determine the thickness and function of

the tissue:
• One layer of cells - simple
• Two or more layers of cells - stratified
• One uneven layer that looks like more -
pseudostratified
• Changing with lumen content - transitional (Contract
and expand)
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May be arranged as a single layer or multiple layers
• Squamous epithelium cells
Flattened, scalelike shape
• Cuboidal epithelium cells
Short cylinders that look cubical in cross- section
• Columnar epithelium cells

Classification of Epithelia
• cell layering simple stratified
• cell shape
“squamous”
“cuboidal”
“columnar”
Squamous Epithelium
• Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Air sacs of respiratory
• Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Skin
• Vagina
• Esophagus
• Mouth

Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium • Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract,
gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. Has
microvilli at surface for absorption.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of
Stratified Epithelial tissue comes in two varieties: the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells by
ciliary action.
Keratinized- keratin and lipids (epidermis)

Nonkeratinized

“ciliated” literally = eyelashes

Simple Columnar epithelium

 and proteoglycans » holds fluids and acts as molecular
sieve or medium

• Fibers
- Collagen fibers (white fibers- resist tensile forces) -
Elastic fibers (yellow fibers- stretch and recoil) - Reticular
fibers (fine collagenous fibers- anchors)
• Connective tissue cells named according to their
function

• Cells
- blast: produce matrix
- cyte: maintain matrix; mature cells
- clast: destroy matrix
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Examples:
- fibroblast, fibrocyte, fibroclast
- osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
- chondroblast, chondrocyte, chondroclast

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

• Special cells found in Connective tissues
1. Mast cells: secrete histamine, part of
inflamatory response
2. Macrophages: engulfs foreign substances
part of immune system
Accessory cells:
- Fat cells
- white blood cells
- plasma cells

Connective Tissue
• Most abundant
• Functions:
- connects tissues - encloses and separates - bind and
support other tissues
- protection - insulation and cushion - transportation -
forms structures
Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell types and
Common Charateristics of Connective great variety of subclasses
Tissue
• Connective tissue ranges from avascular to highly
vascular: Degrees of vascularity
- Cartilage - avascular
- Dense connective tissue - poorly vascularized
- other types - rich blood supply
•Composition: Nonliving extracellular matrix
•Location: Common Origin – Mesenchyme

3 Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

• Ground Substance
»unstructured material that fills the space and
contains fibers » interstitial fluid,cell adhesion proteins
Bone Tissue
- Bone is a rigid type of connective tissue
- Extracellular martrix:
1. collagen - Tensile strength
2. hydroxyapetite crystals (calcium and phospahtes)
- Compressive strength
Types of bone cells:
1. Osteoblast- responsible for building bones
- secrete collagen and create
extracellular matrix
2. Osteocytes- most common type of cell formed
and responsible for obtaining nutrients from the blood
- contains extensions called processess
3. Osteoclast - responsible for resorbing bone
 Nervous Tissue
Muscle Tissue
-senses stimuli and transmits signals from one
•Tissue with cells having fibers specialized for
part of the animal to another
contraction.
– Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)
-nerve cells, or neurons, are specialized to
•Parallel elongated cells (fibers)
•Multinucleated and each cell is the length of the transmit signals
muscle.
•Light meat, Dark meat—Slow twitch, fast twitch •Neurons and the cells that support them
muscle
– Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary) •Neurons: signaling cells
•Cells are spindle-shaped. – Send and receive electrochemical signals
•Organized into sheets of muscle. – Signals travel along plasma membrane to the
– Cardiac Muscle (Striated, Involuntary) end of cytoplasmic extensions
•Intercalated disc •Release chemical signaling molecules
•Myogenic that diffuse across a small gap to an
•branched adjacent neuron
•Types of neurons
– Sensory, interneurons, motor neurons
•Neuroglial cells
– Keep neurons positioned where they
should be
– Provide neurons with nutrients
– Wrap around the cytoplasmic
extensions
•Speed the rate of electrical
signal travel
Structure of vertebrate neuron