General Zoology

▪ a membrane-bounded unit that

contains DNA and cytoplasm
▪ the building blocks of life (present in

Cell
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms)
▪ vary widely in all organisms
▪ vary in shape, size, and function
 ▪ These are groups of cells with similar
structure and function.
▪ There are four (4) principal types of

Tissues tissues (in adults):

▪ Epithelial
▪ Connective
▪ Muscle
▪ Nervous
 1. Epithelial tissue
➢ protection and absorption
2. Connective tissue
Types of ➢ binding and support
Animal 3. Muscle tissue
Tissues ➢ contraction and locomotion
4. Nerve tissue
➢ conduction of nerve impulses
 Epithelial
Tissues
These tissues serve as the primary protection of
an organism both from its external and internal
environments.
 ➢covers the outer surface of all the
organs of the body and also lines the
cavities of all the hollow organs of the
Epithelial body

Tissue ➢there are two (2) major classification of

epithelial tissue:
▪ Simple
▪ Compound/Stratified
Simple Epithelial
Tissues
 ▪ Consist of a single layer of flattened cells
▪ Margin of squamous cells are irregular
▪ Occur as tiles on a floor, also known as
pavement epithelium
Epithelial ▪ Comprises lining of body cavity,
Tissue – Simple cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Squamous ▪ Surface of coelom, buccal cavity, nasal
Epithelium cavity, alveolar lining of lungs lung and
bowman’s capsule of kidneys (gas and
liquid exchange)
▪ Function = protection, absorption, diffusion
and filtration
 ➢Consists of a single layer of cells that are
roughly square in shape when cut in cross-
section.

Epithelial Tissue ➢Forms lining many ducts and tubules of the

body.
– Simple ➢Functions of secretion and absorption e.g.
Cuboidal kidney
Epithelium ➢Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in
secretive or absorptive tissue, i.e.:
➢ pancreas; &
➢ lining of the kidney tubules
 ➢ Cells are elongated and column-shaped. Their
nuclei are elongated and are usually located near
the base of the cells.

➢ Columnar epithelium is found in the following:

Epithelial Tissue ➢ Stomach, intestines, & part respiratory tract
– Simple ➢ Also have surface modifications such as cilia and
Columnar microvilli

Epithelium ➢ Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory

reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste
buds of the tongue.
➢ Function: secretion and absorption.
Ciliated Simple
Columnar ➢ found in the upper respiratory tract, fallopian

Epithelium tube of vertebrates

➢ the anterior free end shows presence of large
number of thin protoplasmic extension called
cilia
➢ Cilia – capable of vibratory movement; function
for the removal of foreign particles from the
surface; movement of non-motile ovum
Non-ciliated
Simple
Columnar
Epithelium ➢ There are no cilia present in the
anterior free end hence the name
➢ Presence of microvilli at the apical
region
➢ Function: absorption
Cilia is different
from microvilli.
 • These are simple columnar epithelial cells
whose nuclei appear at different heights,
giving the misleading (hence “pseudo“)
impression that the epithelium is stratified when
the cells are viewed in cross section.
• Found in lining of respiratory tract, urinary tract,
vas, airways (nose, trachea and bronchi),

Pseudo-stratified uterus and Fallopian tubes of females.

epithelium
 Compound or
Stratified Epithelial
Tissues
 ▪ These are epithelial cells where only the lowermost
layer of cells rest on the basement membrane
▪ More than one-cell layer thick
Compound ▪ types:
Stratified 1. Stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelium
2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
3. Stratified columnar epithelium
4. Transitional epithelium
 ▪ Consists of multiple layers, with squamous cells
at the apical surface
▪ The primary function of this type of epithelium is
protection
▪ Found in areas subject to abrasion, like mouth,
esophagus and skin
Stratified ▪ Stratified Squamous epithelium are of 2 types
squamous i. Keratinized stratified epithelium

epithelium ii. Non-keratinized stratified epithelium

i. Keratinized
Stratified
epithelium
• Keratin is a tough fibrous protein that offers
protection from abrasion and water loss.
• Functions - hinders excessive water loss and provide
resistance to mechanical damage.
 ii. Non-
keratinized
stratified
epithelium ▪ These are Layers of living squamous epithelium
formed by cuboidal cells
▪ Found in moist surface like, buccal cavity,
oesophagus, vagina

▪ Functions– protection from mechanical damage

 ▪ Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of
multiple layer of cell where the outermost layer
of cells is cuboidal in shape.
▪ Found in the lining of excretory ducts of sweat
glands, salivary gland, mammary glands and
urethra.
Stratified ▪ Function – protection
cuboidal
epithelium
 ▪ Stratified columnar epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells where the outermost
layer of cells are columnar in shape
▪ Found in the conjunctiva (bulbar) of the
eye

Stratified ▪ Function – secretion and protection

columnar
epithelium
 ▪ Transitional epithelium consists of layers of cells which
are similar in size and may be flattened at the top
and have the capability to modify the shape.

▪ Cells are living, large and stretch to change its

thickness.
▪ Found in areas that are subjected to stress condition
such as - urinary bladder, ureter, & urethra

Transitional ▪ Function - allows the urinary organs to expand and

epithelium stretch; these also prevents the escape of urine

back into the neighboring cells
 Connective
Tissues
Connective tissues are the major supporting
tissue of the body. It is composed of variety of
cells, fiber (non-living products of cell) and
semi-solid matrix between cells.
Connective ▪ Characteristics of connective tissues
Tissues ▪ These have abundant extracellular material (matrix)
because the cells are widely apart.
▪ Function for separation, connection and support for all
other tissues
▪ Location: It is present in between different tissue and
organs. It can be found in and around the body organs.
skeletal tissue present in the form of bone and cartilage,
and fluid connective tissue as blood and lymph are
connective tissue.
 1. Loose connective tissue:
▪ Areolar connective tissue
▪ Acts as a binding tissue.
▪ Bind the skin with muscles.
▪ Bind the blood vessels and nerves with other structures of
body.
▪ Helps in healing of wounds.

Connective
Tissue Proper
 1. Loose connective tissue:
▪ Adipose connective tissue
▪ helps to store energy in the form of fat,
cushion internal organs, and insulate the body
▪ White adipose tissue are found in adults
▪ Yellow adipose tissue are seen in fetus and
infants

Connective
Tissue Proper
 2. Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
▪ Contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it
stronger than loose connective tissues
▪ 2 types:
▪ dense regular connective tissue (ligaments and tendons)
▪ dense irregular connective tissue (capsule of kidneys and
adrenal glands)

Connective
Tissue Proper
 ▪ These are connective tissues with unique cells and
extracellular matrices that allow them to perform
specialized functions.

Special 1. Bone – hardest tissue in the body; as hard, solid,

connective calcified matrix a.k.a. ossein; the hardness is due to
the deposition of mineral salts called hydroxyl-
tissues apatite; the cells can either be osteoblast (forming)
or osteoclast (degrading)
▪ Spongy bone
▪ Compact bone
 1. Bone
▪ Spongy bone
- Found in the expanded ends
(epiphyseal region) of the long
bones
- Provides considerable strength with
minimum of weight

Supporting ▪ Compact bone

connective - Found in the shaft (diaphysis) of

tissue
long bones
- Stores fat and produces blood
corpuscles
 2. Cartilage
▪ found in the spinal discs, knees, ears, & nose;
▪ Provide flexible support, shock absorptions, and
reduction of friction on load-bearing surfaces
▪ Composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

Special
connective
tissues
 2. Blood
▪ this is found in the circulatory system
▪ function for the delivery of nutrients, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, hormones throughout the
body
▪ Cell types: erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes
Special (WBC)

connective
tissues
 Muscular
Tissue
These are the tissues in animals which are
specialized for contraction and movement.
 ▪ Muscles are made up of highly specialized thin and
elongated cells called muscle fibers. The muscle
fibers contains specialized cytoplasm called
sarcoplasm. The muscle fibers may be bounded by
the cell membrane called sarcolemma. Each

Muscular muscle fiber may contain numerous longitudinal

fibrils called myofibrils.

Tissue ▪ Property:
▪ Contractability
▪ Excitability
▪ Extensibility
▪ Elasticity
 ▪ Types of Muscle
1. Skeletal muscle
▪ It acquires its name because most of the muscles
involved are attached to skeleton, and make it
move.
▪ Also known as Striated muscle because it cell
(fiber) are composed of alternating light and dark
band (stripe).

Muscular ▪ Also known as voluntary muscle

▪ Function for walking, lifting, talking, etc.

Tissue
 ▪ Types of Muscle
2. Smooth muscle
▪ It get its name because it is not striated, and
appear smooth under microscope
▪ Found in the walls of blood vessel, stomach, and

Muscular
intestines
▪ Function for involuntary contraction under the
command of ANS

Tissue
 ▪ Types of Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
▪ Present in the heart

Muscular
Tissue
 Nervous Tissue
This tissue contains densely packed nerve cell
(neuron), which are specialized for nerve
impulse conduction.
 ▪ Made up of neurons (nerve cells) & neuroglia (glia
cells)
▪ Provides the quickest means of communication
within the body and help the body to give response
to the external stimulus

Nervous ▪ Considered as the impulse generating and impulse

Tissue conducting unit

▪ Properties:
▪ Excitability – excitation by external stimulus by
changing the action potential of their membrane
▪ Conductivity – carry wave of electric impulse from the
dendron to axon
Neurons
▪ Are specialized type of cell which vary in shape and
size
▪ Principle parts: cell body, dendrites, and axon
 Thank you very
much!
Quiz on Monday.
The module will be uploaded by Wednesday.
Comment the no. of this slide so I would know that
you watched this video.
Neurons ▪ Neurons differ based on the structure, function, and medullary
sheath
▪ Structure:
▪ Depending in the structure and arrangement of cytoplasmic extensions,
the neurons are classified as:
▪ Unipolar neuron or Monopolar neuron – has single process
▪ Bipolar neuron – two processes originating from opposite poles of the
cyton
▪ Multipolar neurons – have more than two processes
Neurons ▪ Function:
- Sensory neuron: receive information about the body’s
condition & external environment; send signals from sensory
receptors to CNS
- Motor neurons: stimulate muscles & glands; conduct
impulses out of the CNS towards the muscle & glands
- Interneurons: Integrate information; conduct impulse
between neurons within CNS
Neurons ▪ Medullary sheath
▪ Medullated or Myelinated – Schwann cells secrete an
insulating fatty layer (myeline sheath) around the
nerve fiber; Useful in conducting impulse at a faster
rate
▪ Non-medullated – lacks myeline sheath but Schwann
cells are present; help in the conduction of impulses
but at much slower rate compare to its counterpart.