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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to
provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called
reinforced concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedment’s, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: ( a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and ( b ) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity. Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and
strengths.
According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of elasticity E c for concrete for values of w c,
between 1500 and 2500 kg/ m 3 may be taken as.
Eq. 1-1    
Where 
is the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
on concrete in 
. For normal weight concrete,
is the unit weight
Modulus of elasticity E s


for nonprestressed reinforced may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
 
STANDARD HOOKS
2. 90-degree bed plus


Standard hooks refer to one of the following:
1. 180-degree bend plus extension but not less than 60 mm at free end of bar.
extension at free end of bar.
3. Fora)
stirrups anddiameter
tie hooks:
61 mm
free end bar, or 
bar and smaller, 90-degree bend plus
b) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus

extension at
extension at free  

end of bar, or
c) 25mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree bend d plus
free end of bar.
extension at 
MINIMUM B END DIA METERS (SECTION 407.3)

Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in
sizes 10mm through 15 mm, shall not be less than the values in Table 1.1.
Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 16 mm bar and
smaller.
Table 1.1For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with


Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
shall not be less than for deformed wire larger than D56 and
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than
for all other wires.
from nearest
 
welded intersection.
- Minimum Diameters of Bend

Table 1.1
Bar Size Minimum Diameter

10 mm to25 mm
28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm


PL A IN REINFORCEM ENT (407.6)

Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and ducts shall not be accurately placed and
adequately before concrete is placed, and shall be secured against displacement within
tolerance permitted.
Unless otherwise
prestressing ducts specified by thewithin
shall be placed Engineer, reinforcement
the following prestressing tendons, and
tolerances:
Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete over a flexural members walls and
compression members shall be as follows:
E f f ec t i v e d e p t h , d T o l e ra n c e o n d T o l e ra n c e o n m i n i m u m
d      
con crete cover
-10 mm
d -12 mm
    
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.
Tolerance
mm exceptfor longitudinal location
ends ofofmembers
bends and ends of reinforcement
shall be shall be 50
at discontinuous where tolerance mm.
 
SPACING L IMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
According for Section 5.7.6 of NSCP, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars
in a layer should be d b but not less than 25 mm. Where parallel reinforcement is placed

in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers should be placed directly above bars in
the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than 25mm. In spirally
reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
bars shall be not less than 1.5 d b nor 40mm.

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforced shall
be spaced not for farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450 mm.
BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars
larger than 32 mm shall not be bundle in beams. The individual bars within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40 d b stagger. Since
spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a
single diameter
from the d b, bundled
equivalent bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived
total area.
Bundled-bar arrangement
Figure 1.1
Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.
3-25mm Equivalent diameter, D

 
( 25) 2 x 3 D 2
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)
Cast-in –place Con crete (nonp restressed). The following minimum concrete cover
shall be provided for reinforcement:
Minimum
cover, mm
(a) Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth 75
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather: 50

20 mm through 36 mm bars 40
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller
(C) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:

slabs, walls, joists: 20
32 mm bar and smaller
Beams, columns 40
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells,
20 folded
mm barplace
and members:
larger 20
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller 15
P r e c as t c o n c r e t e (M a n u f a c t u r e d U n d e r P l an t C o n d i t i o n s ). The Following minimum

concrete shall be provided for reinforcement
Minimum
cover, mm
(a) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels: 20
32 mm bar and smaller
Other members: 40
20 mm through 32 mm bars 30
16 mm bar, W31 wire, and smaller
(b) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with
ground: 15
slabs, walls, joists: d b but not less 15, &
32 mm bar and smaller need not exceed 40
Beams, columns 10
Primary reinforcement
15
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
Minimum
cover, mm
(a) Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth 75
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels, slabs joists 25
other members 40
(C) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with

ground: 20
slabs, walls, joists:
Beams, columns: 40
Primary reinforcement,
25
Ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells, folded plate members: 10
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
d b but not less than
Other Reinforcement 20
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter
of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (2010 NSCP)
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is required at right angles to the principles

reinforcement to minimize cracking and to tie the structure together to ensure its acting
as assumed in the design. The provisions of this section are intended for structural
slabs only; they are not intended for soil-supported slabs on grade.
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement
shall be provided in structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in one
direction only.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with either of

the following:
a) Where shrinkage and temperature movements are significantly restrained,

the requirements of 408.3.4 and 408.3.3 shall be considered.
b) Deformed reinforcement conforming to 43.6.3 used for shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with the
following:
Areas of shrinkage and temperature reinforced shall be provided at least the following
rations of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but no less than 0.014:
a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars are used …….0.0020
b) Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bars or welded wire reinforcement are
used………………………………………………………………...0.0018
c) Slabs where reinforcement with stress exceeding 420 MPa measured at a
yield strain of 0.35
used…………………………………………………….....…..0.0018x415/
percent is

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.
D E A Dloads
Dead L O A Dare loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.

ARRENGMENTS OF LIVE LOA D
Live loads may

of columns builtbe applied with
integrally only the
to the floor ormay
structure roofbe
under consideration,
considered fixed. Itand the far ends
is permitted by
the code to assume the following arrangement of live loads:
(a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans, and
(b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternative
spans.
REQUIRED STRENGHT (FACTIRED LOA D), U

Required strength U to resist dead load (D) and live load (L) shall be at least equal to:
Eq. 1-2 U=1.4D + 1.7L
If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Eq. 1-3 U=0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and
Eq. 1-4 U=0.9D + 1.3W
But for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq.1-
2
If resistance to specified earthquake loads of forces E is included in design, the
following combinations
required strength U: of D, L and E shall be investigated to determine the greatest
Eq. 1-5 U=1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E
Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and
Eq. 1-6 U=0.9D + 1.1E
But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-
2
If resistance to earth pressure H is included in design, required strength U shall be at

least equal to:
Eq. 1-7 U=1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 H
Except where
value of D orbe
L shall L reduces
used tothe effect of H,
determine 0.9D
the shall be
greatest substituted
required for 1.4D
strength U. and
For zero
any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.
If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of

shrinkage-compensating concrete or temperature change may be significant in design,
required strength U shall be equal to
Eq. 1-8 U=1.75(1.4D +1.4T + 1.7L)

But required strength U shall not be less than
Eq. 1-9 U=1.4(D + T)
Estimations of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of shrinkage

compensating concrete or temperature change shall be based on a realistic assessment
of such effects occurring in service.
STRENGTH REDUCTIONS FACTORS, φ (PHI)
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken
as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor φ having following
values.
(a) Flexure without axial load………………………………… 0.90

(b) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure…………… 0.90
(c)Axial tension and axial tension with flexure:
1. Spiral reinforcement…………………………………….. 0.75
2. The reinforcement & other reinforced members……... 0.75
(d) Shear and torsion…………………………………………….. 0.85

(e) Bearing on concrete………………………………………….. 0.70
( f) Post-tensioned anchorage zones…………………………… 0.85
ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10-210)
Notations
gross of concrete sections . For a hollow section, is the area of the
   
concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s)
area of shear reinforcement spacing, 


  web width, or diameter of circular section, mm
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

reinforcement, mm
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces
  specified yield strength  of transverse reinforcement, MPa
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
h = overall thickness or height of member, mm
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil water in soil, or other materials, or related
internal moments and forces.
L = live loads or related internal moments and forces.
  roof live loads or related internal moments and forces.
  factored moment at section, N-mm
  factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with

to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N
 
or ;
R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.

T = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage , differential settlement, and

shrinkage-compensating concrete.
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,
 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N
= nominal shear strength.
 = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement N
 = factored shear force at section, N
W = wind load, related internal moments and forces
= net strains
tensile strain
due toineffective
extremeprestress,
layer of longitudinal tension and
steeltemperature
at nominal strength,

excluding
= strength reduction factor

creep, shrinkage,
 = ratio of  

to
CHAPTER 9 – STRENGTH AND SERVVICEAB ILITY REQUIREMENTS
9.1- GENERAL
9.1.1 Structures
strengths and structural
at all sections members
at least equal to the shall be strengths
required designed calculated
to have design
for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure
adequate performance at service load levels.
9.1.3 Design of structures and structural members using the load factor
combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted.
Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength
reduction factors of appendix C shall be permitted.
9.2 Requ ired strength

9.2.1 Required strength U shall be at least to the effects of factored loads in Eq.
(9-1) through (9-7). The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously
shall be investigated.
U = 1.4 (D+F)

U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5( or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6( or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
 (9-1)
(9-2)
(9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5( or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E+ 1.0L
 (9-4)
(9-5)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W+ 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E+ 1.6H  (9-6)
(9-8)
Except as follows:
a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/ . 

reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.
9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.
Estimations of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of

9.2.3
shrinkage-compensating concrete. or temperature change shall be based on a
realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service.
9.2.4 If structure is in a flood zone, or is subjected to forces from atmospheric ice
loads, the shall

SEI/ASCE7 floodbeorused.
ice loads and the appropriate load combinations of
9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be
applied to the maximum prestressing steel jacking force.
9.3 Design st rength

Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members,
9.3.1
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear and torsion, shall be
taken as the nominal strength calculated

by inthe
accordance
strength with requirements
factors and
assumptions of this code,
9.3.2,9.3.4, and 9.3.5.
multiplied reduction in

9.3.2 
Strength reduction factor shall be as given in 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.7:
9.3.2.1 Tension-controlled sections as defined in 10.3.4………….0.90
(See also 9.3.2.7)
9.3.2.2 Compression-controlled sections, as defined 10.3.3:

a) Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3…..0.70
b) Other reinforced members……………………………………..0.65
strength 
For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal
is between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled
sections, shall be permitted to be linearly increase from that for compression-limit to
0.005.
Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which does not exceed 415  

MPa, with symmetric reinforcement, and with (d-d’)/h not less than 0.70, shall be
permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as decreases from 0.10
other reinforced members, shall be permitted to be increased from 0.10
to zero. For
or ,
 
whichever is smaller, to zero.

9.3.2.3 –Shear and torsion…………………………………………0.75
.3.2.4 – Bearing on concrete (except for post-tensioned and anchorage
9
  
zones and struct-and-tie models)…………………….……………0.65
CHAPTER 1
Analysis and Design of Beam
 
NOTAIONS AND SYMBOLS USED

= depth of equivalent stress block, mm


= area of tension reinforcement, mm2
= area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, mm 2
/ m


= width of compression face of member, mm
= distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm
= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,

mm
= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression
reinforcement, mm

barthickness
= of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of


or wire, mm
= modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa

= modulus of elasticity of steel 200,000 MPa
= specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa
= calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, MPa


= specified yield strength of steel, MPa
= overall thickness of member, mm
=moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement
= moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross-
section

 = nominal moment, N-mm


= factored moment at section, N-mm
= factor defined in Section 410.4 in Page 16
= strain in concrete (maximum = 0.003)
= strain in steel below yield point =

= strain in steel at yield point


= ration of tension reinforcement
= balance steel ratio
= strength reduction factor
 

ASSUMP TION IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE

)
(CODE SECTION 5.10.2
1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be based assumed directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis. Expect for deep flexural members with overall depth
to clear span to ratio, h/L> 2/5 for continuous spans and h/L >4/5 for simple spans, a
nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered (See Sec. 5.10.7).
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber,

equal to 0.003
 shall be assumed
3. For  below shall  

, be taken as      
x for >
, = .
4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations.
5. Relationships between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be

assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other from that result in prediction
of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
6. For rectangular distribution of stress:
 
a) Concrete stress of 0.85  shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the maximum compressive strain.
b) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis hall is measured in
the direction perpendicular to N.A.
c) Factor 
shall be taken as 0.85 for  ≤ 30 MPa and  
shall be reduced 

continuously at rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but
shall not be taken less than 0.65. i.e
i. For  ≤ 30 MPa, = 0.85

ii. For  > 30 MPa,
     
=0.85-0.008(  -30) but not shall be less than 0.65
RECTANGULAR BEA M REINFORCED FOR TENSION ONLY

(SINGLY REINFORCED)
b 
0.85 0.003
c a c
d
NA 
d-a/2
As T=  
Stress Diagram

Strain Diagram
Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam
Figu re 2.1:
Eq. 2-1
 
For
For
    
      (

but shall not be less than 0.65
    

C=T
0.85
Eq. 2-2    
     
Multiplying Eq. 2-2 by d/d:

     
The term
 is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted as . 
Eq. 2-3
and  
Eq. 2-4  
Let   
Eq. 2-5
 
Nominal Moment Capacity:
 
From the stress diagram in Figure 2.1:


   
Eq.2-6  
Ultimate Momen t Capacity (Design Stren gth ):

     
    
Eq.2-7 
Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8
Eq.2-9
  
  

Solving for an  in Eq. 2-8 and replacing it with,

 , yields the following formula the
steel ratio :
Eq.2-10
    [     ]

BA LA NCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of ) are reached simultaneously once he
ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously. 
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required
for balance condition . If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although
the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible crack in the tensile
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.

OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage (P max =0.75 pb ) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before occurs.
BA LA NCED STEEL RATIO : 

In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously, In this condition, the strain
in concrete reached is maximum usable value of and the strain in steel is
  where
=200,000 MPa.
 
By ratio and proportion in the triangle shown in Figure2.2:
    
  Note:
   
Eq.2-11

But a = 
  
   


 
c=c
  
  
Eq. 2-12   
Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable
to nay shape.
MA XIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Sectio n 410.4.3: For flexural and for subject to combined flexure and compressive axial
load when the design axial load strength
 
is less than the smaller of or
the ratio of reinforcement that would produce balance strain condition for the section
,
  

under flexure without axial; load. For members with compression reinforcement, the
portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the0.75
factor.
Eq. 2-13  
and
Eq. 2-14
 
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURA L MEMB ERS
analysis, the area 

410.61 At very section of flexural members where tensile reinforcement is required by
provided shall not be less than that given by:
Eq. 2-15     



Eq.2-16 and not less than


410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area shall
be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by: 
Eq. 2-17     


or Eq. 2-15 with  set equal to the width of the flange.
410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need to be applied if at every
section the area of the tensile reinforcement is at least one-third greater than that
required by analysis.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 ( S h r i n k i n g a n d T e m p e r a t u r e R ei n f o r c e m e n t ).
Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed
moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its modulus of
rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.
STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEA M FOR FLEXURE:
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V,and VIII are the author’s recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored moment:
IV.
Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L

Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,
  
V.

Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5 but must not be less than . This
value will provided enough alloance in the actual value of due to
rounding-off of the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the

maximum of 0.05ρb.
    
 
  

     
 (   )  
  


    

 

VI.
VII.
Compute the value of
Solve for :
  



VIII. Try ratio   

 
( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of beam
required by the Code a given in Table 2.1 in page 36.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made
in Step II.
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.

Number of bars(diameter = D)
 
  x number of bars = 
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA

WITH KNOWN MOMENT NT AND OTHER PROPERTIES:
 OF A BEM
I. Solve for
      

     


      
(1-0.59
   
if design as singly reinforced (Step II)

if design as doubly reinforced (Step III)
   
II. Solve for :
 
 

          




 

III. Compression reinforcement is necessary. (See Chapter 3)

STEPS IN COPUTING 
OF A B EAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AND OTHER B EAM PROPERTIES:
I.
II.
Solve for :   
Check if steel yields by computing 
  



III. `
 
 
   
   



if
if

 
,steel yields, proceed to III
,steel does not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if ,the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
IV. 
  
Solve for from the strain diagram: [Note:  =200,000MPa]
 
Eq. 2-18
  
    

[ T=C
but a=  

   

Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for and a:

 
      
      

or
    
MINIMUM THICKNES S OF FLEXURA L MEMB ERS

According to Section 5.9.5 of NACP, minimum thickness stipulated in Table 2.1 shall
apply for one-way construction not supporting are attached to portions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation of deflection
indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects.
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY

Table 2.1
SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED *
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
Member likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

slabs
Beams or L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
ribbed one-way
slabs
Span length L is in millimeters
(   
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete
) and grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall
be modified as follows:
(a)
 
For structural lightweight concrete having weights in the range 1500-2000
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005 ) but not less than 1.09, where
  
is
(b) 
the unit mass in .
For other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + 
BEA M DEFL ECTION (SECTION 5.9.5
Sect. 5.9.5.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur

immediately on application of load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for
elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member
stiffness.

Sec t. 5.9.5.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity for concrete
and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than .
Eq.2-19  * +    * + 3 ]

  
Where
  =
= modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight
Concrete 
    

= maximum moment in member at stage deflections is computed.
= moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting

reinforcement.
= moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
= distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme
fiber in tension.
When Lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:
(a) When is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec. 5.5.2,
 
shall be modified by substituting 1.8
exceed    
 .
 for
  
 but the value of 1.8
 shall not
(b) When  

is not specified, shall not be multiplied by 0.75 for “all lightweight”
concrete, and 0.85 for “ sand -lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation is permitted if
partial sand replacement is used.
Sec t. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.
Sect.5.9.5.2.5: Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,

additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor.
Eq. 2-10  

Where  shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained loads
to be equal to:

5 years or more……………………2.0
12 months…………………………...1.4
6 months……………………………..1.2
3 months………………………………1.0
Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Maximum Permissible Computed Deflections
Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or Immediate deflection due to L/180*

attached to nonstructural live load LL
elements likely to be damage by
large deflections
Floors not supporting or Immediate deflection due to L/360*
attached to nonstructural live load LL
elements likely to be damaged
by large deflections
Roof or floor construction That part of the total L/480**
supporting, or attached to deflection occurring after
nonstructural elements not likely attachment of non structural
to be damaged by large elements (sum of the long-
deflections time deflection due to all
Roof or floor construction sustained loads and the L/20****
supporting, or attached to immediate deflection due to
nonstructural elements not likely any additional live load)****
to be damaged by large
deflections
 Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be cheated by

suitable calculations of deflections, including added deflections due to ponded
water and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads, camber,
construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for damage.
 Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to
supported or attached elements.
 Long=time deflections shall be determined in accordance with Sec.5.9.5.2.5 or
Sec. Attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be determined on
basis of accepted engineering, data relating to time-deflection characteristics of
members similar to those being considered.
 But not greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be
exceeded if camber is provided so that deflection minus camber does not
exceeded limit.
NSCP COEFFICICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEA MS AND SL ASB S
Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
a) There are two or more spans,

b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not greater
than uniformly than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
c)
d) Loads are
Unit live uniformly
does distributed,
not exceeded three times unit dead load, and
e) Members are prismatic.
Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained…………………… 

Discontinuous end integral with support…………..
Interior spans………………………………… 

Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

Two spans ………………………………………………………….....

More than two spans………………………………………………..... 
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports………….…… 
Negative moment at face of all supports for:

Slabs
Wherewith
ratiospans notofexceeding 3 m; and beams
of sum column stiffness to beams
Stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span…………………… 
Negative moment at interior face of exterior

Support members built integrally with
Where support is a spand rel beam……………………………
When support is a column…………………………….……..….


Shear in end members at face of

First interior support…………………………….....................................
Shear at face of all other supports……………………………………….. 

When =clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans for
negative moment.
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support
Figu re 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained
A CI-318-05 (NSCP C 101-10-2010)
10.2 Design ass um ption s (410.3)

10.2.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on
assumptions given in 10.2.2 through 10.2.7, and on satisfaction of applicable conditions
of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.
10.2.2Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly

proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except that, for deep beams as
defined in 10.7.1, an analysis that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be
used alternatively,
Appendix A. it shall be permitted to use a struct-and tie model. See 10.7,118, and
10.2.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be

assumed equal to 0.003.
Stress in reinforcement below

10.2.4  
shall be taken as times steel strain. 

For strains greater than that corresponding to , stress in reinforcement shall be
considered independent of strain and equal to .
10.2.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural

calculations of reinforced concrete, except when meeting requirements of 18.4.
10.2.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and
concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensive tests.
10.2.7 Requirements of 10.2.6 are satisfied by an equivalent rectangular

concrete stress distribution defined by the following:
10.2.7.1 Concrete stress of 0.85 shall be assumed uniformly distributed
over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a
 
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at distance a=

maximum compressive strain.
 form the fiber of
10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
  10.2.7.3 For
 above 28 MPa,

   between 17 and 18 MPa,
shall not be taken less than 0.65
 shall be taken as 0.85. For
General princip les and requ irements (410.4)

10.3
10.3.1 Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined

flexure and axial loads, shall be based on stress and strain compatibility using
assumptions in10.2.
reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to

reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.

10.3.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension
just as concrete in compression

10.3.3 Sections are compression-controlled if the next tensile strain in the
extreme tension steel, , is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit
when the concrete in reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-
controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain
conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall
be permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002.
tension steel 
Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
10.3.4
is equal to greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with between the compression- 
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections.
Derivation: for E = 200 GPa

The beam is tension-controlled
When = 0.005 (or =1000MPa)
 
  
Eq. 2-21   

 
    
For rectangular beam:
      

      
Eq. 2-22       
factored axial compressive load less than 0.10

shall not be less than 0.004.
 
10.3.5 For nonprestressed flexural members and nonprestressed members with
steel strain  at nominal strength
10.3.5.1 Use of compression reinforcement shall be permitted in conjunction with

additional tension reinforcement to increase the strength of flexural members.
Derivation: for E =200 GPa

Maximum steel area and  when beam is singly reinforced:
    
     
Eq. 2-23    
For rectangular section:
T=       

    ) b
Eq. 2-14   
      
    
        

      
Eq. 2-25        )
Eq. 2-26

 
10.3.6 Design axial strength of compression members shall not be taken greater
than computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2).
  
10.3.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to
7.10.4 or composite members conforming to 10.16:
    

(10-1)
10.3.6.2 For non nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming
to 7.10.5:
     
(10-2)
10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial

 
shall not be taken greater
than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members with tie
reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero capacity .
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force at given 

eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10
10.4 Distance between lateral sup po rts of flexural memb ers
10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the
least width of compression flange or face.
10.4.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in
determining spacing of lateral supports.
1 0 .5 .1 M i n i m u m r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f f l ex u r a l m e m b e r s
10.5.1 At every section of flexural members where tensile reinforcement is
required by analysis, except as provided in 10.5.2, 10.5.3, and 10.5.4, as provided shall
not be less than that given by
         (10-3)
and not less than
       (10-3)
10.5.2 For statically determinate members with a flange in tension,

–
less than the value given by eq. (10-3), except that 

shall not be
is replaced by either or the
 
width of the flange, whichever is smaller.
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEA M FOR FLEXURE
Note: The assumption made in steps II, V, and VIII are the authors recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Determine the values of loads, Dl, LL and other loads
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows:
Small beams: 2kN/m
Medium-sized beams: 3.5kN/m
III.
Large-sixed beams: 7kN/m
or Weight of beam in kN/m=24kN/ x beam area in
Compute the factored load on different load combinations
 
Example: Factored Load =1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

IV.
V. Try a value of steel ratio from 0.7
than
 to 0.8   
Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,


but must not be less
. This value of will provided enough allowance in the actual
value of due to rounding-off the numbers bars to be used so that it will
not exceed the maximum .


  (    )

   (  )

 
 
  

 

               
VI.
VII.
Compute the value of  
Solve for the reduction factor

Solve for c:
Note: For to singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly

proportional c:
      
c=(assumed factor) x

The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in
step V.
if
  

   
if         



VIII. Solve for :
    

IX. Try a ratio d/b dimension)

(from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value
to reasonable
 
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.
X.
 
Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
 

Number of bars (diameter=D)
x number of bars = 
STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL A REA OF A B EAM WITH
KNOW REQ UIRE MOMENT AND OTHER B EAM PROPERTIES
   
   
Given b, d ,
I.
 
Solve for 

and :
   
and .
    
       

 
    

   

if
if
    design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
design as Doubly Reinforced (Step V)
II. Determine if the section in tension-controlled or transition

From Eq. 2-11:
if
if  
 
     
 ,proceed to step III
region, proceed to step IV
III.  



  
       

 

 
         
IV.
          

 
Solve for c and 

   

 

  

 *
 
   

    +    

    

  
        

  if
V. Compression reinforcement is necessary.(See chapter 2)

STEPS IN FINDING  
OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
Given: b, d, , , :
I.     
Solve for
 
II. Check if steel yields by computing
 
  ()

if
if

   
steel yields, proceed to step III
steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.

        
III.  
Solve for
 
:
;c=
     
=_________
  
 
if
   
 
 
 
 

       

if
IV. 

  
Compression-controlled
b  0.85
 a c=
  
. d
d-a/2   
    
T=C

 
     
but a=

T=
c=__________ ;
a=
  

=__________


 
   
or
 
     
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBL EMS

DESIGN PROB LEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
the balance steel area in sq.mm.

and     
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460 mm
and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming , determine
SOLUTION
       

 
 


PROBLEM 2.2
  and steel yield strength

steel area if the factored moment    
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
. Calculate the required tension
is (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and
(d)620 kN-m.
   
SOLUTION
Solve for
  
   

 
      

 
  

 



 
    


      

 

    








 
a)
          
  
 
20 x


       
     
   
    

         

    
    


 
    
b)
140 x 1

(singly reinforced)

 
     
 
    
    


    
   

c)
 

   
485 x
(singly reinforced)
  

         


   

      



d)   
The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.
PROB LEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm.
   

The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength
concrete
MPa and
. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit
 
weight concrete is 23.5kN/ .Other than the weight of the beam , the beam carries a
superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design
method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN-m,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsoan, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Given: b=300m   
d=480-70=410 mm

     
Bar diameter ,         

Weight of beam,

a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.

Factored load,
Factored load,
 

 
Maximum factored moment:
 
   
 



b)
Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed

 



    
     

   


         

  
Required   < 

      
(singly reinforced)

 
  [  ]

     

  
 
   

      

N=6.9 say 7 b a r s

3.  
 

(weight of beam)
       

  
     
 
       
      
 
     

      
2498 =

N
PROBL EM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to
     

tension bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a
depth of 60 mm below the top. If and , determine the
tension steel area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
SOLUTION
 
Solve for and :
  
 
 
   

   
   

   

 

[1-0.59(0.309)
 
Since
 

       
 
    
  
, the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.
    

650 x 1


Solve for :
      
 
        
    

 
PROB LEM 2.5 (CE Novem ber 2000)
  

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm.
The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead load
 
of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume and
. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm
    
from the outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.

c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.

SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
  
          


  9
  
    

    

b) Required tension steel area:
   


   
Factored load:
  

Required strength:

    =463.5kN-m
Solve for  
     


 

  
   

     
        



   
       
      


   


c) Number of 25 mm bars:
Number of 25-mm bars=  
Number of 25-mm bars=    
PROBL EM 2.6 (CE MAY 2009)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and total depth of 600 mm.
strength   

The beam will be design to carry a factored moment of 540kN-m. Concrete
strength design method.

and steel yield strength   
. Solve using the
a) Determine the balanced steel ratio in percent.

b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel ratio
equal to 0.5 of balanced steel ratio.

c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the maximum
allowable steel ratio.
SOLUTION
Given:
b=300 mm
h=600 mm

 

   

a) Balanced steel ratio:
)
  (   

        
b) Effective depth using 

  
  
     

  
     

540 x 1
 
PROBLEM 2.7
with 12-mm-diameter bars with   

A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
.Concrete strength
Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on
.   
1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.
. 12mm bars d h=120

. mm
s s cover=20 mm
b = 1000 mm
Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12)=94 mm

Width, b = 1000 mm
  
23 x   

       
               

   
 
    
   



  
Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):
   
   Eq. 2-17

   
  
  
 
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume and
     
. Clear
concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength,   

Maximum and minimum requirements:
    
   (Procedure is not shown anymore see Problem 2.2)

     
   
Singly reinforced:
   

             
   
      

 


Number of 20 mm bars:
   
    
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
    

60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
and
 
SOLUTION
Required strength:
      

 

(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)
              
    


   
Try   Note: this is the author’s suggestion

    


      

   
     
 165.6 x  

   
  

Try d = 1.75 b b=228 mm say 230 mm

d=399 say 30 mm

 
S u m m a r y : b = 23 0 m m  
 
  
d = 400 mm

PROB LEM 2.10

Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
oncrete with
 . Use
SOLUTION
         
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm,    
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)

        

   

.7(44)
.       

      
   
  
   

 
  
 
       

  
 
    

Assume d = 1.75 b (this is the author’s assumption)
     
   
546.516 x
 


Use b = 280 mm, d = 490 mm
Minimum beam the thickness (Section 409.6.2.1)
           

      
 
  
 

Using 32 mm bars (#100):
   

   
280 mm
.
. h
6- 10
  
   
  
Beam weight = 24 (0.28)(0.5545)

Beam weight = 3.73 kN/m < 4.32(OK)
PROB LEM 2.11

A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
  Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
    

EI=constant.
290mm
490 mm
A 6m B 2m C
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:

 

 


  
 

   D


O A

B
x
2m C

      


  
   

 Moment Diagram 
Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:
    
      ̅   ̅  

Mo Lo +
     

 
     
    -489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)

R=676.875 kN

   
Maximum positive moment:  

  
   
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
           
Solve for   :

  
  
   

 

      


 
     
  

     
   

  

 
 

At a point of maximum positive moment:
   
       
   
(Singly reinforced)

   253.828 x

       
      

      
  


 
A NA LY S IS OF RE CTA NG ULA R B E A MS W HE RE
STEEL YIELDS (
PROB LEM 2.12(CE MAY 1999)      
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b = 400 mm and d= 720 mm is reinforced
  
      
for tension only with 6-25 mm diameter bars. If

a) The coefficient of resistance of the beam.
and
b) The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION

    

 
      
      
  

 
      
   Answer
     
Answer
  
PROB LEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
beam in kN-m. Assume ,
     

SOLUTION
   
  
 
 



    

       
     
  
 

PROB LEM 2.14
grade 60 reinforcement (   

A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm,
Calculate the design moment
     

SOLUTION
    

   
 

      
  

   

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

    
   

    

    



PROB LEM 2.15
  

110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength
yield strength


. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ .

 
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced at
 MPa and steel
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?

b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live
load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm

  
 
  
 
       
 
   

   


Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexures:
   


 
 


       

     

     
 

  
 


b)    



Dead load pressure, x thickness of concrete.

Dead load pressure,
 
   
        

  

PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
beam can carry. Assume and .
     
      
SOLUTION

  
 
  

 
  
    
 )
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:
     
  
 

      
   

     
     



    
  
      

    

PROB LEM 2.17 (CE JA NUARY 2008)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
of 55 mm. The beam is reinforced with six 25-mm-diameter tension bars. Steel yield
is 415 MPa and concrete strength is 28 MPa.
a) What is the balanced steel ratio? 
b) What is the maximum steel area for singly reinforced?

c) What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
  
 
  

 
b) Maximum steel area
 


         


   

c) Nominal moment capacity

Using 6-25 mm bars:
      


  
   
     

     
     

     

  
  
PROBL EM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm
bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform
dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3 kN/m,
     

and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in Figure 2.7. Assume
. Calculate the following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.
2P P
2m 2m 2m
Figu re 2.7
SOLUTION
   
  
 
  
 
      

  
   
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:
  
   


    

  
 



1.4(2P) 1.4P
  
 B C D
2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.8 – Beam with factored loads
For the given loads, the maximum moment can occur at B or C:
  
At point C:    
Set
 
440.18 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)

At point B: (First solve for 
∑   


   
∑    

   
  
 


Set
 

Thus the maximum value of P such that  will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is 149 kN.
A NA LY S IS O F RE CTA NG ULA R B E A MS
STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS ( )   W HE RE
PROB LEM 2.19
grade 60 reinforcement (   

A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm,     
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the

beam.
SOLUTION
  
 
  
 
      
  
 

     
From Eq. 2-18
     


∑ 

        
  


   

     



 

 

    
   

  
PROB LEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with .

Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
    
SOLUTION
  
   

 
    
  
 
     
From Eq.2-18:
     
 
∑

        
  
 
 
    

  
  
   

 
        
  

  
A NA L YSIS & DESIGN OF SINGL Y REINFORCED

NON-RECTA NGULAR BEA MS
PROB LEM 2.21
     

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9. Assume
and .
SOLUTION
as  
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such
, ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.
    
  
Solve for the balanced  to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
From Eq. 2-11  

     

 

 
  
  

    


 
  
Since    < , tension steel yields.
     
 
  

       
   
  
 
   

PROB LEM 2.22
    

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
and .
    

SOLUTION

   
Solve for
    

  
 
  


 

     

           

  
  
 
  
   

Since    

solve for c:
 
, tension steel does not yield (
0.85
     

         
 
    


     

           
     *  +

      
PROB LEM 2.23

  
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when


and .
 .
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?

c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
 
-Hallow beam
Figu re 2.11
SOLUTION
To guide us whether “a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a=150 mm.

d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm
    

  



         

a)
Since the required

Assuming tension steel yields:
   
    
     
 
Check is steel yields:
       
   

     
 
     
 
  
b) Balanced condition (See Figure 2.12)
 
    
  


   
      
   
    
        
    

)

 

     
     
Figu re 2.12
  
c) Maximum steel area,      

 
   

   

d) Maximum moment ,  

Refer to Figure 2.12:

       
  
    
 
    
  

   

      

     
e)     
Refer to Figure 2.12
 
      
 

  





 
 

  
 
   
 
  
      
      
  
    
 

BEA M DEFLECTION PROBLEM

   
PROB LEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load of 11 kN/m including its
530 mm.
concrete
       
own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced tension bars of
and

Modulus of elasticity of
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.

     
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years assuming that 40% of
the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
Figure 2.13
Effective moment of inertia,  Eq. 2-19
          
      
 
    
     
  
     
    
    

 
   
    

 
Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete From
Figure 2.13:
Modular ratio,   
         
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2
c = 219.7 mm= 27,208(350-c)
 
      
    
 

 
  
       
              

     
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
 
      
   
  
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m

Instantaneous deflection  

 
    

 
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous deflection
  
due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in Part”a”.

  

Long-term deflection = 
  

  
 


 
Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)
Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm
PROB LEM 2.25 (CE NOVEMBER 2002)

The continuous reinforced concrete beam shown in Figure 2.14 is subjected to a
uniform service dead load of 16 k/m and a service live load of 32 kN/m,resulting in the
bending moment diagram shown. Twenty percent of the live load will be sustained in
nature, while 80% will be applied only intermittently. The concrete strength
The modulus
and ofthe elasticity
modulus ofof concrete is given
given byby the
the expression
  
 
. Determine the following:
rapture is
a) The effective moment of inertia at the supports (maximum negative moment).

 
expression
b) The effective moment of inertia for the continuous member.

c) The additional deflection (in addition to the initial deflection) after 5 years, under
the sustained loading if the instantaneous deflection due to the combined service
dead and live load is 5 mm.
Figu re 2.14
SOLUTION
     
√    
  √    

a) Effective moment of inertia at the supports
Maximum moment,  

Distance from NA of gross section to extreme tension fiber,
  
  
Moment of inertia of gross section,
Moment of inertia of cracked section,

   
      
   
         
 
 
 
 
   

b) Effective moment of inertia for the continuous member
      
At maximum negative moment (at support)
  

  
 
Solving for at maximum positive moment (at midspan)
  

   
      

       
       

     
     
c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x



 
        
  
 

Solving for the instantaneous deflection under sustained loading:
Instantaneous deflection = 5mm (given)

Instantaneous loading = 16 kN/m + 32 kN/m
Instantaneous loading = 48 kN/m
Sustained loading = 16 + 20%(32)
Sustained loading = 22.4 kN/m
Sine deflection is directly proportional to the load:
  
Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x

=2.333 x 2

Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm
O N E -W A Y S L A B
Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.
A one-way slab is considered as a wide, swallow, rectangular beam. The reinforcing

steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way-way slabs are analyzed by
considering one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This
method of analysis is somewhat conservative because we neglect the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent strips.
MA XIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
According
apart than 3totimes
Section 407.7.5,
the slab the flexural
thickness, nor 450reinforcement
mm. shall not be spaced farther
SHRINKA GE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT, 
Concrete shrinks as it hardens. In addition, temperature changes occur that causes

expansion and construction of concrete. In this effect, the code (407.13) requires that
one-way slab, where flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only, should be
reinforced for shrinkage and temperature stresses perpendicular to flexural
reinforcement. According to Section 407.132.2.1, the area of shrinkage reinforcement
shall provide at least the following ratios of gross concrete area bh, (where h is the slab
thickness) but not less than 0.0014.
a) Where Grades 230 & 275 deformed bars are used………………..0.0020

b) Where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire
 
fabric (plain or deformed ) are used…………………………………..0.0018
c) Where reinforcement with measured at
yield strain of 0.35% are used………………………………………….
 

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may not be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm (Section 407.13.2.2).
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLABS (FLEXURE)
I. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be carried by the slab. This load may
consist of:
1) Live load pressure
2) Dead load pressure
3) Ceiling load and other attachments below the slab
II. Determine the minimum slab thickness “h” from Table 2.1. If necessary adjust
this value depending on your judgment.
III.
IV.
Weight =   
Compute the weight of slab (Pa)

Calculate the factored moment ( 
to be carried by the slab.
Uniform load, .
V. Compute the effective depth,

20d:mm)-1/2 (main bar diameter)
d=h-covering
    
(usually
VI.
        
Compute the required steel ratio :
Solve for from
        
Solve for 

If is less than and greater than , use
If is greater than , increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
VII.
     
     
If is less than
Compute the required main bar spacing.

 
Spacing,     
b)

Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
a)

c) 450 mm

VIII. Temperature bars: See Page 81 for the required steel ratio, 
  

     
Use the smallest of the following for temperature bar spacing:
a) 
b) 
c) 450 mm
ILL U STR ATIVE PR O BL EM S
Prob lem 2.36
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume      
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
and for main and temperature
 
 
bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of concrete
.
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load,
     
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
          
Effective depth:      
d = 120-20 mm (covering)-1/2 bar diameter (12mm)

d=94 mm
      
Weight of slab:
 
 
 

Factored floor pressure load:

      
  
      

  
       

  
        
       

Check for   and 
:
     
   
 
   
     

  

per meter width of slab
Using 12-mm main bars:
Spacing s =
      
    
a)
b)

 


Maximum spacing required by the Code:

Thus, u s e 1 2 m m m a i n b a r s a t 1 3 5 m m o . c .
Temperature bars: (Grade 275)
   



 
Spacing =
      

   

a)
b) 450 mm OK

Thus, u s e 1 0 m m t e m p e r a t u r e b a rs a t 3 2 5 m m o . c .
PROB LEM 2.27
and  

4m with both ends continuous. Assume      
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab has a length of
and for main bars
for temperature bars. Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete
is 23.5 kN/ .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load,
     
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
     
     
Weight of beam (DL):

        
  
  

Maximum factored moment, Section 408.4 (See Page 29)

LL < 3 DL
Effective depth, d = 1.50 – 20 – 1/2 (12)

Effective depth, d = 124 mm
At midspan:
      
  
  
       

              



   

Use  
    


  



Spacing, s =    
   
a)
  
b) 450 mm
T h u s , u s e 1 2 m m b o t t o m b a r s a t 2 70 m m o . c . a t m i d s p a n
At support:
 
  
 
 
    

          
   
  
  

   

Use 
 
   
  
Spacing,        

   
Thus, use 12 mm top bars @ 265 mm o.c. at suppo rt
Temperature bars (10 mm): (  
   



 
Spacing, s =
   

  
   

a)
b) 450 mm
 
T h u s , u s e 1 0 m m t e m p e r a t u r e b a rs @ 2 6 0 m m o . c .
PROBLEM 2.28
12 mm tension bars   

A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced with
spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm.
   
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ . 
Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use  . Unit
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b = 1000 m
Dead load:  

  

  

Effective depth: d = 160 – 20 – 1/2(12)

d = 134 mm
Steel area,           
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
   
   

     

    

   
       

       

 
  
 
 = 22.696 kN/m
      

    
10.25 = Uniform pressure x 1
  
Uniform live load pressure = 10.25 kPa

Solved Prob lems Usin g 2010 NSCP
PROB LEM 2.29
     

A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
, . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kN-
m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Since
   
   (   )    
 
a) Balanced steel area:
    
 
  ()   
 
     

  

b) Maximum steel area when beam is singly reinforced:
From Eq. 2-24:    


 
   

  
        
   
c) Maximum design strength,     
From Eq. 2-25 :         

   
 
  
   

From Eq. 2-26:


 
 


  

 

d)       

Thus, the beam is singly reinforced.

  
Determine if the beam is tension-controlled:
From Eq. 2-22:        
  
Since the required the section is tension controlled.

      
          
      
 
Check if it is really tension-controlled:
     
     

    
PROB LEM 2.30
   

load moment
,     
 
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width
, . Dead load moment    
  
, effective depth

Live
SOLUTION

       
  
Solve for  to determine if compression steel area is required.
       
   
  
        
   
   =0.8237
      
Solve for
  to determine if the section is tension-controlled.
      

  
Since     

, the section is within “transition region’, i.e 0.65 <
      
   

 
   

 

      
 
 

   

 
  
PROB LEM 2.31
     

Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
mm, , . The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
       
   
  ( )
     

 
     
a)
       
 
   
    


 
   
      

   
The section is tension-controlled,
  
      

 
    

   
b)      
   
 
    )
    
 
 
   

   
   
The section within” transition region”, i. e 0.65 <  
        




   



 
    
 
     

c)
  
 
 
The section is compression-controlled,
 
      

    
    
 


 
    
  

 
  
PROB LEM 2.32
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume

a) Calculate the required tension steel area when
and   

. 
   
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
  
SOLUTION
This problem is the same as Problem 2.23.
 
To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment
when a =150 mm.
   
         
     

  
a) Since the required

        
  

  
     
  
Stress in steel
       
   

    
     
 
  
b) Balanced condition:
  
      
  
     

       
      241.27) = 454.37
 
 

   

  
   
  
c) Maximum steel area,      
        

   
      

     (114.11)=517.95
       
      

   
d) Maximum moment,   :

       
        
   

  
    
   
e)
  

Refer to Figure 2.17
  


    
   
       
 
  


     
   
  

  =575-1/2(0.85c-150)
 
  
               

 

 
  
  

   
    

PROB LEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
take  Assume      

(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio
and
and 
SOLUTION
      

 

  
       
  
  
    
     
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly proportional to c.

Thus, 
 

     
       


   

       
   

 
 
 

 

PROB LEM 2.34
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio   
SOLUTION
   
 
 

    
  
   
    
      



      
 
 
  
  

 

   




SUPPLEMENTARY PROBL EMS
PROB LEM 2.35
A rectangular beam has .

        
Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly reinforced and (b) the
required steel area if the beam is required to carry a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and
a live load moment of 30 kN-m. Use the 2001 NSCP.
    
   
PROB LEM 2.36
Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.

    
   
PROB LEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
use d= 1.75b. Assume      

kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use
and . Use the 2001 NSCP
and   

PROB LEM 2.38

    
    
PROB LEM 2.39
beam with,  

A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)



 
 
effective depth,
concrete strength,
reinforcing steel,
reinforcing steel modulus,



 

service dead load moment
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the required area of
steel area reinforcement, design balanced moment, and the corresponding
service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and the

corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be designed as singly

reinforced.
       

          

PROB LEM 2.40
      
        
PROB LEM 2.41
          

Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with
, . Assume . . Use 2001 NSCP
,   
  
PROB LEM 2.42
PROB LEM 2.43

  
    

, . Assume ,      
. Use 2010 NSCP.
,    
   
PROB LEM 2.44

   
PROB LEM 2.45
    

, . Assume ,        
. Use 2010 NSCP
,
   
PROB LEM 2.46
   
CHAPTER 3
Analysis and Design of T-Beams and

D o u b l y R ei n f o r c e d B eam s
T-Beams
Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slab and beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this effect, the beam will have extra width on top (which is
usually under compression) called flangers, and the resulting section is called a T-
beam. The beam may also be L-shaped if it is located at the end of slab.
ANA LYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEA MS
WITH FLANG E IN COMPRESSION
Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).
The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter
its shape2has
applies sinceonthe
no effect theconcrete below neutralIf axis
flexure calculations. is assumed
however it cover to beofcracked
part the weband
as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.
B A LA N C E D A N D M A X IM U M S TE E L A R E A A N D M O M E NT
The balanced value of “c” for any beam shape, as discussed in Chapter 2 is given by:
  
 
and  
If ”a” is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or

  

    
    
 
   

However, if “a” is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.

      

Eq. 3-1    
Eq. 3-2
   
DESIGN OF T-BEA MS WITH NEGATIVE MOMENTS
When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
410.7.6:
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective flange
width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the
outer portions of the flange.
The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.
MINIMUM STEEL RA TIO
For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the minimum steel area is
equal to or greater than the smaller value of Eq. 3-3 and Eq. 3-4:
Eq. 3-3     
Eq. 3-4       
CODE REQUIREMENTS O N T-BEA MS (SECTION 408.11)

NOTE: THESE REQUIREMENTS ARE THE SAME WITH 2010 NSCP
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.
2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
F o r I n t e r io r B e a m
 is the smallest of:
1.
2.
3.

L/4
   

For End Beam
is the smallest of :

1. L/12 +
 2.
3.
 

 

   

F o r s y m m e t r i c a l i n t er i o r b e a m (
is the smallest of:

1.
2.
3.

L/4

center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than 1/2 the width of the
web and an effective flange width not more than four times the width of the web.
  
 

5. Where primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered as a T-beam
flange is in
provided parallel toofthe
the top thebeam,
slab inreinforcement perpendicular
accordance with to the beam shall be
the following:
a) Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to carry the factored load on
the overhanging slab with assumed to act as a cantilever. For isolated
beam, the full width of the overhanging flange shall be considered. For
other T-beams, only the effective overhanging slab needs to be
considered.
b) Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not further apart than five times
the slab thickness, nor 450 mm.
STEPS IN FINDING THE TENSION STEEL AREA

REINFORCED T-BEA MS WITH GIVEN
OF SINGLY

AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

I. Solve for
 
max to determine of compression steel is necessary.
Follow the procedure in Page 105.
 
If
If
 
  , the beam is singly reinforced, proceed to Step II.
, the beam is doubly reinforced
       

        

   
II. Solve for when a = t

Compressive force in concrete, 
  ⁄ 

 ( )


if
III.  

if

 
  
   
Solve for a:
      

   ⁄

      
  is the smaller value of:
 
 
     

    
IV.
            


        

          

 

is the smallest value of:

       
      
STEPS IN FINDING 

OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEA MS WITH GIVEN

I. Solve for balanced steel area 

to determine if tension steel yiel.
Follow the procedure in Page 105.
  
If
If
,tension steel yields. Proceed to step II
, tension does not yield
            
.

II.
          
 
Tension steel yields, . Compute the area of compression concrete,

 

Compare     

with the area of compression flange,
If
If
  
     
proceed to Step III

III.


    
Solve for a:

  ⁄
   

IV. :

Solve for : 
     


    

       

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBL EMS
SOLV ED PROBL EMS IN T-BEA MS USING 2001 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span of 6 m. The
beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1.
2.
3.
    
1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
clear spacing of beams +

Therefore
     

PROBLEM 3.2
   
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
 
Flange thickness,
    
      

Width of web,
Effective depth, 

If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or .

SOLUTION
     

     ⁄

Eq. 3-5
  
  
     
PROBLEM 3.3
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
   
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
     

 


  

Width of web,
Effective depth,



 
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
        
a) Balanced condition

   
  
  

   

 
 
     
  
   
Figu re 3.3
  
         
   

        
 
    

  ⁄ 

⁄   

            


    
 
    

b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figu re 3.3.
     

    

      

  
     

     
 
102,466=99,000 + 310(z)


  
 
 
 

           
        
      
         

   

    

   

PROBLEM 3.4
 
A T-beam has the following properties:
Concrete compressive strength      
 
, ,
   
and steel area for the following
load conditions:
 
a)
b)
   
    

  

SOLUTION
   

    
   
    
Balanced condition:

   
  

FIGURE 3.4
   
  



  

  
Maximum condition:
 

  
 
   
    
      

 
    

  
  
   
a)      

       

Since
         
⁄  ⁄

    

    

   

Minimum  is the smaller of:
         

Thus, 
   
 
b)
    
   

Since  
is more than is more than t.
 
   
 
        
 

    
     

  

 
PROBLEM 3.5         

Design a T-beam for a floor system for which and
 
. The

            
beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.

  

SOLUTION

 

  
    

Solve for bf:
1.

L/4 = 1.125 m
2.
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
Thus,     


 
Solve for   
 
   

Solve for   to determine if compression steel is needed.

  
   
  
   

z=23.25 mm

    
     

       

  

Minimum  is the smaller value of:
     

    
Thus,   
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width , effective     
 
depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume
. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm bars.
and
SOLUTION
Solve for balanced 

  

    
   

   
  

    

Steel area provided,   


  
     
Therefore,

 
      

0.85
   

0.85(20.7)
    
    

72,441 = a (1500)

       



 
   
 
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness, t=1200
Width of web,
 
Effective depth, d = 580 mm

 
 

Service deal load , 
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only with
twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
 

     

    

Solve for balance   :


 
 
  
   
 

     

  

Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.

    
    

  

    
142,813=108,000+


   34,813 = 400z

 
 
   
    

  

 

 


  

   

  

PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
  

reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with . Concrete strength
. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
  
determine the safe service live load moment.
SOLUTION
    
   
    

  

Solve for balance 
 
  

   
  

 
    
    

 
  
  

 
Since , tension steel does not yield
     
  


 




  
    




   
 
 
  
 
 ⁄ 
mm
      

    
 
 
   
  
 


  

   


SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 3.9
SOLUTION
Given:     


  
  
 
         



a) Balanced condition,
  
   
  
  
    

   

Figure 3.6

    


    

      
  



     

  ⁄    

 
  
 
 
 

⁄  

    

 

         

  
   

b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.6.

 
     

    
   
   
 
    
⁄      

    

      

    


 
 

  
  

    

PROBLEM 3.10
SOLUTION
Given:  

  

 

   

 
 
 
Solving for :

 
  (  )



 
 

   


PROBLEM 3.11
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if and      
.
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given:  
 
  


  







 
Solve for
   
   when 
⁄  

 

   
  
Solve for
 
    


 
   

  


   
  ⁄  



   
 
   
   
   

a)
 
   
 
    
Since  is less than  ,”a” is less than t.
Assume   
    
   

  
   
  

 
 
     
  

     
Minimum
   
is the smaller value of:

         
Thus,
  
 
b)
        

   

Since is less than t.
Assume   
  
  ⁄

  
     
     

  
   
  

c)
   

Since is more than t.

   
Assume
 
   
 

 
  


 

 ⁄ 
    

          

 
    
     
d)    


 

 
  

   
   
    


Note: If

 
 
is less than or equal to , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
SOLUTION
Given:     

Solve for balanced

 
 

:  

 
 

    

  
  
 


    

  
 
 
 

  

Steel area provided,          
therefore ,
 
     

   

is less than t
   

 

Solve for :

  

   
     
therefore  
    ⁄ 

 

  
  

 

PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Flange width,  

Given the following properties of a T-beam:
     




Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,


    

Service deal load,

 
    
    

  
Solve for balance  :
    
  

   
   


     

  

Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.

 
0.85     

   

“a” >t
   

  
 
  
 
 
     

    


 

  
  
 

Solve for 
:

    
     
Since     Transition region
        



   

   

  

 
  
  

PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
    

SOLUTION

 
 
   

Solve for balanced  :

  
  

  
  


  

  

    

  

Since
     
  
    

    

  

 
 

  
  
 
  
  
  


 


     
  


 ⁄  
      

  


  
  

      
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

  

Occasionally, beams are restricted in small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to

such extent that the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry
compression. Compression reinforcement is needed to increase the moment capacity of
a beam beyond that of a tensilely reinforced makes beams tough and ductile and
reduces long-time deflection of beams.
Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning
stirrups and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various
tests show that compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if
the compression concrete crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.
According to Section 407.12 of NSCP, compression steel in beams must be enclosed

by lateral ties, at least 10 mm in size for longitudinal bars 32 mm or smaller, and at least
12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of
equivalent area is allowed. The spacing of these ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal
bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression
member.
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
 
Doubly reinforced beam is analyzed by dividing the beam into two couples and 
  
as shown in Figure 3.8.
of the tension steel
is the couple due to compression concrete and the part
is the couple due to the compression steel
part of the tension steel area
and the other 
Figure 3.8
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension ( is always equal for . On the
other hand, stress of compression steel (
must always be checked.     
may either be or below . This stress
If the compression steel yields, then      
, otherwise , where
the stress of compression steel is given and is given by the following equation.
is
(see derivation in page 137)
Eq. 3-6   
According to Section 410.4.3 of NSCP, for members with compression reinforcement,

the portion of  
equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the
0.75 factor. Thus, the maximum permissible is: 
Eq. 3-7    
The expression 0.75  .
STEPS TO DETERMINE AND

RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN
  OF ADOUBLY REINFORCED
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
I. Solve for
   
and
  

   
  
      
  
If design Singly Reinforced
II.
  
If
(See Chapter 2)

design as Doubly Reinforced(proceed to step II)
  
Figure 3.9
     
Solve for


Solve for

   ,

and


     

 
III. Solve for the stress of compression steel
Solve for a and c:
     

0.85

 


  
Eq. 3-8

  

If
If
 
proceed to IV
proceed to V
IV. then use (compression steel yields)

   
V.   then use 
(compression steel will not yield)
  
STEPS IN FINDING OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

WITH GIVEN ,
 
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
There are three possible cases in doubly reinforced beams.
Case 1: Both tension and compression yields (   
Case 2: Tension steel yields and compression steel does not (    

Case 3: Tension steel does not yield compression steel yields.

(
   
Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d=250 mm or more, it is not
possible for both steels not to yield.
I. Assume compression steel yields (   )
   

  

II. Solve for a and c (assuming tension steel yields):
  0.85 
  

 

Check:     

If
If tension steel; yields, proceed to step III
tension steel does not yield, proceed to step IV
III. Solve for the stress in compression steel
  
 
If
If
proceed to step IV
proceed to step V
IV. Since
     
  


     
V.  
If compression steel does not yield.


  
From the stress diagram:
    

     

Solve for by equation formula.
Solve for    
Solve for a,a= 
  
Solve for

 
    
VI.     

     
       
  ______

   


  ( ) 

DEEP BEAMS
According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.
Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
tension. The area of skin reinforcement
be

per meter of height on each side face shall
Eq. 3-9  
The maximum spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/b and
300 mm. Such reinforcement may be included in strength computations if a strain
compatibility analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual bars or wires. The
total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one-half of
the required flexural tensile reinforcement.
ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
     

reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
and . Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.
SOLUTION
 
a) Balanced condition
 
   
  
   



 

     
 
   yield

 
 
 
  
  
     

Balanced steel area, 
    

 ⁄ 
    


   
 

   
b) Maximum tension steel area:

According to Section 410.4.3, for members with compression reinforcement, the
portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the
 
0.75 factor.
  

  

       

 
  

  
 

 
 

 

 
     

     

     
  ()  (


 ) 

  




 

  




PROBLEM 3.16 (CE NOVEMBER 2009)
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of 460 mm. The
concrete. Concrete strength   

beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed 70 mm from extreme
and steel strength .
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the compression
  
steel?is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
b) What
SOLUTION
    
  
     

a) Balanced condition considering compression steel:
      
  

   

       

  
 
  
 

   


      
   

 
 
b) Maximum steel area:
For rectangular beams:
  
   

     
      
     

  
PROBLEM 3.17
 

   
 

     

A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength . Compressive steel if required
tension steel area if the factored moment is 620 kN-m. 

shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.

Solve for   :
    
    
 
    

     

        ⁄

 

Since     the beam must be doubly reinforced.
    
      

 
  



     

     
Note:

   
   
Solve for 

     

Compression steel yields
     
  
 

  
Tension steel area,

 
   
 
    
Compression steel:
       

  

PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
Determine the required steel area. Use and     
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.

SOLUTION
      

 

Solve for  :

  
Note : For rectangular beams,

    

  
     ⁄


    
 
 
      
 

Since       
    
       

          
 

 
Tension Steel:
 
  
   
  

205.088 x

 
   
     



Compression steel:
      
compression steel does nt yield,   
      

  

PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by continuous T beam
with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure 3.10. Web dimensions, as
determined by negative-moment requirements, are and
Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a
   
maximum positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use .
Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/
 
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum positive
moment.
    
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead load acting on
the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.


SOLUTION

 
 

Maximum factored moment,

  
 

Effective flange width,

1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m

2. 16t+
3.
Use
  

 
 
Solve for to determine if compression steel is required.
Balanced condition:
 
  
 

  

 
   

 

     

  

    
Maximum condition:
      

   
   
 
 

    

 




   


   

      


  

      
   
Since    the compression reinforcement must be provided.
  
 

  
   

 
 
 
  
    

  

    

 
  
  


    

 
 

      

  

    

Tension steel area,
Compression steel area:

   
 
  

b)
Dead load=weight of concrete:
    
Area=1.2(0.1)+0.28(0.47)=0.2516


 
⁄  
c) Uniform live load
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)

 
  
     
 
 
    

 
⁄   

INVESTIGATION (ANALYSIS) PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead load moment
     

of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam can carry. Use

 
   

SOLUTION

 

Assume all steel yield:
    

    

      

    


     

  
    

     

      compression steel yields
Assumption is correct, all steel yield.

   
    
      
 
   
  

 
 
       

PROBLEM 3.21
Width, b=400 mm
Effective depth, d=620 mm

A rectangular beam has the following properties:

 
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d’=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the service
dead load is 320 kN-m.
     

SOLUTION

      
Assume all steel yields:

   

    
    

  
 
    
  
     

All steel yields. Assumption is correct

  
 (  )

 
 
( )

  
⁄
    

  
    

PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective

steel yield   

. Use 0.75  
coverings is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength and   
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the beam can
carry.



SOLUTION




   
    

 
   
Assuming all steel yields:
   

 

     

   
 

compression steel does not yield
  

   
Assuming tension steel yields and compression steel does not.
 

    

 
     
      
       
 ( 
)  

       

  

c) Maximum factored uniform load:
By there-moment equation:
     ̅  ̅ 

̅  
̅  
      

  
PROBLEM 3.23 (CE NOVEMBER 2010)

A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350mm and

an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars on
 
fiber. Concrete strength
Determine the following:
  
top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom, each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete
, and steel yield strength  
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and compression steel
yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied at midspan if
the dead load including the weight of the beam is 20 kN/m.
SOLUTION
Given : 
   
 


  




  

Tension steel area

     
Compression steel area,

   

    

    

Assuming tension & compression steel yields:
   

 

   

  
  


 


      



Thus, compression steel does not yield.
Since compression steel does not yield,   
Assuming tension steel yields:

 
      
 
     
     

  
 
     


  
    

  

  ⁄

    

Ultimate moment capacity=
Ultimate moment capacity=
    
 

    

   
    

 
PROBLEM 3.24
 
   
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to a maximum
beam? Use       

service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this

      

SOLUTION

Tension steel,
       

Compression steel,
  
    

Effective depth to extreme tension bar:

    

Effective depth (to centroid of tension bar)

 



 

        

 
 

 
 



  
Compression steel does not yield.
   




    
 
 
  

   
 
  
  






 


 
 
  

 
     

   




     


  
      

  
    
    



  


 
 
   

  

   

PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
     

dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use

 

      

Tension steel,
   
Compression steel,
       

 ⁄  

Effective depth (to centroid of tension bars)
 

  


 
   

 
   

   
 
  

 


  

      
   
Tension steel does not yield.
           

                

     

  


      
   
        
       



 

    


        
      

 

    

      

  
 

   

   

Solve for d:

  
 
 
      


       

 
  

 
  

 
   

     ⁄
 
  

 

 
        
  

PROBLEM 3.26
     

Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use

      

SOLUTION

  

Flange area,
     
   
 ⁄  ⁄  


      

     

Area of compression concrete:

       


   

  ⁄   

  

 
     

    
       

   

Verify if the upper layer of tension steel yields
 
⁄  
⁄  
     
   

All steel yields, assumption is correct:

      




 

 
  
 

PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use

      
   
SOLUTION


 
Flange area,
  
     


 ⁄    ⁄   



   

     


Dokumen - Tips - Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP

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7/13/2019 Simpliﬁed Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP

Eq. 1-1    

Modulus of elasticity E s

2. 90-degree bed plus

b) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus

extension at free  

MINIMUM B END DIA METERS (SECTION 407.3)

- Minimum Diameters of Bend

Bar Size Minimum Diameter

PL A IN REINFORCEM ENT (407.6)

bars shall be not less than 1.5 d b nor 40mm.

3-25mm Equivalent diameter, D

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)

(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather: 50

(C) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:

P r e c as t c o n c r e t e (M a n u f a c t u r e d U n d e r P l an t C o n d i t i o n s ). The Following minimum

(a) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

(a) Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth 75

(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

(C) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (2010 NSCP)

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is required at right angles to the principles

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with either of

a) Where shrinkage and temperature movements are significantly restrained,

Live loads may

REQUIRED STRENGHT (FACTIRED LOA D), U

Eq. 1-3 U=0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)

Eq. 1-4 U=0.9D + 1.3W

If resistance to specified earthquake loads of forces E is included in design, the

Eq. 1-5 U=1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E

Eq. 1-6 U=0.9D + 1.1E

If resistance to earth pressure H is included in design, required strength U shall be at

Eq. 1-7 U=1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 H

Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of

Eq. 1-8 U=1.75(1.4D +1.4T + 1.7L)

Eq. 1-9 U=1.4(D + T)

Estimations of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of shrinkage

STRENGTH REDUCTIONS FACTORS, φ (PHI)

(a) Flexure without axial load………………………………… 0.90

(d) Shear and torsion…………………………………………….. 0.85

ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10-210)

area of shear reinforcement spacing, 

D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces

d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces

  specified yield strength  of transverse reinforcement, MPa

h = overall thickness or height of member, mm

  roof live loads or related internal moments and forces.

  factored moment at section, N-mm

  factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with

R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.

T = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage , differential settlement, and

 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N

= nominal shear strength.

 = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement N

 = factored shear force at section, N

W = wind load, related internal moments and forces

= strength reduction factor

 = ratio of  

Eq.2-19   +     + 3 ]