BS en 1778-2000
BS en 1778-2000
BS en 1778-2000
1778:2000
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1778:1999.
Cross-references
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Summary of pages
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1778
NORME EUROPEENNE
EUROPAISCHE NORM October 1999
English version
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
© 1999 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1778:1999 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Page 2
EN 1778:1999
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 249, Plastics, the Secretariat of
which is held by IBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by April 2000.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Annex A (normative) contains the neccessary creep strength diagrams, the creep modulus diagrams as well as
the reduction factors. In annex B (informative) explanations and calculation examples are included.
Introduction
Because most components are subjected to multiaxial loading, the creep strength diagrams for pipes are taken
as a basis for the allowable design stresses. The diagrams have been confirmed by results from many years of
measurements and by experience (see [1]).
Extrapolation of creep strength curves to higher temperatures is not permitted. The use of the creep strength
curves for dumbbell tensile test pieces is not correct practice because of the reasons mentioned above.
A large number of reduction factors $2 for the action of the medium taking into account material, stress and
temperature have been included. The reduction factors $2 for the action of the medium and the weld factors f
were determined independently of each other.
Investigations established the validity of the multiplicative connection between the weld factor Zj and reduction
factor A2K (reciprocal value of factor for resistance to chemicals fcRs (see [2] and [3]).
1 Scope
This standard specifies a methodology for determination of the characteristic values necessary for the design of
welded constructions for example vessels and tanks, ventilation ducting, containers and apparatus.
It is assumed that due regard is paid to the standards and Codes of Practice listed in clause 2 as far as the
choice of materials and their processing are concerned. The data is applicable for static loading.
The relevant EN standards or ISO standards are applicable to the design calculations, dimensions,
construction and testing of the various structures.
This standard applies to a wide range of thermoplastics materials, for example: Polyethylene (PE),
Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF).
Annex A gives minimum properties for specific grades of these materials. The use of other thermoplastics is
permitted, provided that their creep properties exceed the minimum values given in annex A for the known
materials.
Properties should be determined in accordance with the relevant ISO and EN standards.
This allows the introduction of thermoplastics with improved properties as appropriate data becomes available.
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EN 1778:1999
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this standard
only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies.
prEN 12202
Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water - Polypropylene (PP)
ISO 899-2
Plastics - Determination of creep behaviour - Part 2: Flexural creep by three-point-loading
ISO 1167
Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids - Resistance to internal pressure - Test method
ISO 8584-1
Thermoplastics pipes for industrial applications under pressure - Determination of the chemical resistance
factor and of the basic stress - Part 1: Polyolefin pipes
ISO/TR 8584-2
Thermoplastics pipes for industrial applications under pressure - Determination of the chemical resistance
factor and of the basic stress - Part 2: Pipes made of halogenated polymers
ISO/TR 9080
Thermoplastics pipes for the transport of fluids - Methods of extrapolation of hydrostatic stress rupture data
to determine the long-term hydrostatic strength of thermoplastics pipe materials
К Creep strength at the design temperature and lifetime in newtons per square millimetres
S Factor of safety
A1 Reduction factor to take account of the effect of specific strength
A2K Reduction factor taking into account the effect of surrounding medium (reciprocal value of
resistance factor fcRs)
fcRs Stress dependent chemical resistance factor
A2e Reduction factor taking into account the effect of surrounding medium on the modulus of
elasticity
Ec Creep modulus at the design condition (temperature, stress, time) in newtons per square
millimetres
Ec(al.),st Allowable creep modulus at the design condition for stability (temperature, stress, time,
medium, safety factor) in newtons per square millimetres
Ec(al.),D Allowable creep modulus at the design condition for deformation (temperature, stress, time,
medium) in newtons per square millimetres
T Design temperature in degrees Centigrade
fs Short-term weld factor
f Long-term weld factor
sef. Effective stress in newtons per square millimetres
sal. Allowable stress at the design condition in newtons per square millimetres
n Number of fractional loadings
a1, a2 .. an Proportion of total loading time at each design condition expressed as per cent
t1, t2 .. tn Service life at the individual working conditions (constant pressure and temperature) taking into
account reduction, joint and safety factors
tx Design life with or without intermittent loading
s Principal stress in newtons per square millimetres
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EN 1778:1999
4.1 General
Design calculations for components are based on long-term values. Depending on the nature of the loading,
there are generally three criteria:
1) Stress;
Stress design calculations shall be made with reference to creep strength, as multiaxial states of stresses are
present in most cases. The maximum principal stress shall not exceed the allowable creep strength.
The allowable values are derived by using reduction factors (see clause 5), a joint factor (see clause 6) and
factors of safety (see clause 7) from the characteristic values of the material.
In terms of deformation and stability, the critical design parameter is creep modulus. This can be obtained from
creep modulus diagrams depending on time, temperature and stress. In the event of stability problems,
allowance shall be made for an appropriate factor of safety (see clause 7).
The allowable stress is obtained from the creep strength, reduction factors, joint factor and the factor of safety.
'“’di . л ' /
A|X д2кх5
The creep strength К to be used as a basis for design calculations can be obtained for a stated working time
and working temperature from the diagrams in A.1.1 or determined in accordance with ISO/TR 9080.
The creep strength curves show strength as a function of time and temperature. They were determined from
long-term internal pressure tests on pipe specimens filled with water and represent minimum values in
accordance with ISO 1167.
The minimum creep strength values for other semi-finished products shall be equal to or higher than those
determined for pipes.
Other materials than those specified in Figures A.1 to A.12 can be taken into consideration if appropriately
demonstrable tests are available in accordance with ISO/TR 9080.
For applications where regularly alternating (intermittent) loading occurs, as an approximation, the theory of
linear accumulation of damage can be taken as a basis (Miner's rule) (see [4]). With this rule, the design life is
determined in relation to the time spent at each design condition, taking into account the appropriate reduction,
joint and safety factors.
n
s _afLk = 1 (2)
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EN 1778:1999
31 X tx + 32 X tx _i ,g.
100 X t1 100 X 12
or
_ 100 X tl X t2
tx
31 t2 + 32 tl
. .
X
. X
(4
4.1.2 Design calculation according to stability and bending
The creep modulus (Ec) is used in the case of thermoplastics instead of the modulus of elasticity used in
theoretical mechanics. The creep modulus is dependent on time, stress and temperature. It can also depend
on the medium (particularly in the case of substances which have a swelling effect; characteristic values for this
are still to be determined). For the materials used, the creep modulus can be obtained as a function of the
stated parameters from the creep modulus curves (Figures A.13 to A.27) or in accordance with ISO 899-2.
- in stability calculations:
( t _72(Xs (5)
- to determine deformations:
The reduction factor A2K quantifies the effect of the working medium on the creep strength of thermoplastics
materials.
The reduction factor A2K is the reciprocal of the stress dependent resistance factor fcRs (fcRs is determined
according to ISO 8584-1 or ISO/TR 8584-2).
Other media than those specified in A.1.3 can be taken into consideration, if appropriately demonstrable
experience with the same or similar liquids, or the same material of construction and/or tests are available in
accordance with ISO 8584-1 or ISO/TR 8584-2.
The reduction factor A2E except for mediums causing swelling is A2E = 1.
For mediums which cause swelling (see footnote 9 of A.1.3), A2E shall be determined by appropriate tests.
This factor takes into account the strength of the materials as a function of temperature and is therefore derived
from impact strength values. Table 1 contains values for A1. The values for other materials shall be established
in accordance with annex B.
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EN 1778:1999
Working temperature
Material
-10 °C 20 °C 40 °C 60 °C
PE-HD high density 1,2 1 1 1
The values for this factor are stated only for welded joints. Weld factors (fs and f) are indicated in Table 2 for
several materials.
The values stated assume complete mastery of the relevant welding processes and that the work is carried out
by qualified, tested personnel.
The short-term factors are applicable to loading times up to one hour. Only the long-term factors should
therefore be used for component design calculations. The values for other materials and/or joining processes
are to be established individually.
Material
Process
PE-HD PP*) PVC-U**) PVC-C PVDF
Heated-tool butt welding fs 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,9
HS
f 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6 0,6
Hot gas extrusion welding fs 0,8 0,8 - - -
WE
f 0,6 0,6
Hot gas welding fs 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,8
W
f\ 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
*) PP-H, PP-B, PP-R
NOTE: The weld factors in the table will be re-examined by CEN/TC 249/SC 5/WG 2 and will be corrected
later if necessary.
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EN 1778:1999
7 Factor of safety
The factor of safety S denotes that, when the component is used in accordance with the specifications, at any
time during its design life, this margin of safety is ensured with respect to the creep strength of the material.
The factor of safety therefore also takes into account simplifications made in load assumptions and during
design assessment or experimental verification of strength.
In the case where no other CEN standards apply and state the safety coefficient to be used, then the values
listed in Table 3 are to be taken into account.
The factors of safety in Table 3 are stated for two loading cases depending on the potential hazard posed by
the containers and apparatus. In each individual case, the design engineer shall decide which classification is
appropriate for the component to be designed.
Type of loading S
Loading case 1 1,3
Loading under alternating conditions (e. g. temperature, filling level). Possible danger to
persons, objects and environment in the event of failure.
For stability calculations as in 4.1.2, use a minimum factor of safety of 2 (see [9]).
Allowance shall be made separately for the effects of eccentricity and out-of-roundness (see [10]).
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EN 1778:1999
Annex A (normative) Creep strength diagrams, creep modulus diagrams and reduction factors
Figure A.1: Creep strength of pipes made from high density polyethylene
(РЕ-HD according to ISO 8584-1)
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Figure A.2: Creep strength of pipes made from polyethylene (PE 63)
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
Figure A.3: Creep strength of pipes made from polyethylene (PE 80)
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
Figure A.4: Creep strength of pipes made from polyethylene (PE 100)
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
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Comparison stress [N /m m 2]
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Figure A.11: Creep strength of pipes made from chlorinated polyvinylchloride (PVC-C)
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Figure A.12: Creep strength of pipes made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
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C reep m o d u lu s |N /m m 2]
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Creep m o d u lu s [N /m m 2]
Temperature[°C]
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Creep m odulus [N /m m 2]
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Creep m odulus [N /m m 2]
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C reep m o d u lu s [N /m m 2]
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Creep m odulus [N /m m 2]
Temperature [°C]
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Creep m odulus [N /m m 2]
Temperature [°C]
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Creep M odulus [N /m m 2]
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C reep m o d u lu s [N /m m 2]
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C reep m o d u lu s [N /m m 2]
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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ble A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium ($2K) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (A2K) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (A2K) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (Д2к) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (A2K) (continued)
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Table A.1: Reduction factors allowing for effect of the medium (A2k) (concluded)
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The figures quoted are based on a Charpy Notch Test given in ISO 179/eA at 23 °C. The factor of
A1 = 1 is equivalent to a notch energy of 16 kJ/m2 at 23 °C.
The product of safety factor case 1 and Ai (SxAJ is comparable to the safety factor of tubes made from the
same material.
Examples which illustrate the determination of characteristic values of materials for different applications are
given below.
The creep strength К is obtained from the creep strength diagram for pipes, for example pipes made from PE-
HD (see Figure B.1). The line for a service life of 10 years intersects the 40 °C creep strength curve for water
at point Pi. A line parallel to the X-axis through point P, gives point P2 on the Y-axis and a value of
К =5,1 N/mm2.
Figure B.1: Determination of the creep strength К with constant loading for PE-HD
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To estimate the design life tx in the case of intermittent loading, the relevant material creep strength К is
initially determined using the effective stresses (sef) of the individual fractional loadings and the specified
reduction factors A1 and A2 as well as the factor of safety S and, if applicable, the weld factor f. Equation (B.1)
states that:
Sef ™ Al ™ $2 ™ S
(B.1)
fl
This creep strength is used to read off the relevant service life in the case of fractional loading on the creep
strength curve of the material used at the appropriate temperature. With the help of Miner's rule (see
equation 4), this can be used to calculate the expected resultant design life tx.
B.2.3 to B.2.5 illustrate the procedure for various load cases taking simple examples. In these basic
examples, К is equivalent to an actual material loading. The design life tx therefore becomes a time-to-
fracture.
The design life tx lies between the service lives for fractional loadings t1 (К, T1) and t2 (К, T2) depending on the
proportion of time at the individual temperatures. The line parallel to the stress axis through tx gives the
point P with the stated stress К (P lies on a creep strength curve which would be obtained at a constant
temperature Tx between T1 and T2).
Figure B.2: Service life with alternating temperatures and constant stress
Fractional loading Creep strength Temperature Proportion of Service life at fractional loading
time
К T a t
N/mm2 °C years
1 30 90 % 80
5
2 50 10 % 1,5
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100 x 80 x 1,5 1)
tx = 12,8 years
90 x 1,5 + 10 x 80
The design life tx lies between the service lives for fractional loadings t1 (K1, 7) and t2 (K2, 7) depending on the
proportion of time at the individual stresses. The line parallel to the stress axis through tx intersects the creep
strength curve at point P (this gives the equivalent creep strength Kx).
Figure B.3: Service life with alternating stresses and constant temperature
Fractional loading Creep strength Temperature Proportion of Service life at fractional loading
time
K 7 a t
N/mm*2 °C years
1 3,5 20 % 9,1
60
2 2 80 % 103
1} The same design life would be achieved with K = 5 N/mm2 and a constant temperature of 40 °C.
2) The same design life would be achieved at a temperature of 60 °C and a constant stress
Kx = 2,6 N/mm2.
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The design life tx lies between the service lives for fractional loadings t1 (K1, 71) and t2 (K2, 72) depending on
the proportion of time at the various working conditions.
Fractional loading Creep strength Temperature Proportion of Service life at fractional loading
time
K 7 a t
N/mm2 °C years
1 5 50 75 % 80
2 2 80 25 % 14,3
Figure B.4: Service life with alternating stresses and alternating temperatures
100 X 80 X 14,3
tx = 37,2 years
75 x 14,3 + 25 x 80
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Bibliography
ISO 1043-1
Plastics - Symbols and abbreviated terms - Part 1: Basic Polymers and their special characteristics
ISO 1163-1
Plastics - Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) moulding and extrusion materials - Part
1: Designation system and basis for specifications
ISO 1872-1
Plastics - Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1: Designation system and basis for
specifications
ISO 1873-1
Plastics - Polypropylene (PP) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1: Designation system and basis
for specifications
[1] Gaube, E., G. Diedrich und W. Muller: Rohre aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen - Erfahrungen aus
20 Jahren Zeitstandprufung, Kunststoffe 66 (1976), H. 1, S. 2/8
[2] Kempe, B., und J. Hessel: Zeitstandverhalten von SchweiBverbindungen aus HDPE bei der Einwirkung
von Chemikalien. Z. Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 37/41
[3] Hessel, J., D. Hausdorfer und B. Kempe: The influence of oxidizing, surface active and swelling fluids
on welded PE-HD joints. IIW Doc. XVI-453-84
[5] Diedrich, G., B. Kempe und K. Graf: Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus Polyethylen hart (HDPE) und
Polypropylen (PP) unter Chemikalieneinwirkung. Kunststoffe 69 (1979), H. 8, S. 470/76
[6] Kempe, B.: Prufmethoden zur Ermittlung des Verhaltens von Polyolefinen bei der Einwirkung von
Chemikalien. Z. Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 157/72
[7] Barth, E., und R. Schommer: Messungen der Langzeitfestigkeit von SchweiBverbindungen aus Hart-
PVC. Kunststoffe 74 (1984), H. 9
[8] Hessel, J.: Langzeitprufung von SchweiBverbindungen aus Polyethylen bei komplexer Beanspruchung.
Z. Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 153/57
[9] Menges, G., und E. Gaube: Knicken und Beulen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen am Beispiel des
Hart-Polyethylens. Kunststoffe 58 (1968), H. 9, S. 642/48
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