ORTHOdontics PGI

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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING: FROM ETIOLOGY OF

MALOCCLUSION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT

INCLUDES:
BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SITUATIONS
FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHODONTIC PRACTICE LIKE MISSING TEETH
ANKYLOSED PRIMARY TEETH, HOPELESS DECAYED FIRST MOLARS…
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FACULTY: Roy Sabri, DDS.

Goals: This series of lectures should enable the resident to:

1. Recognize common clinical conditions encountered in the daily practice of orthodontics.
2. Be able to manage these conditions by developing appropriate treatment strategies.

Objectives: At the end of this series, the resident should be able to:
1. Manage any clinical condition by proper diagnosis and establishing appropriate treatment
alternatives.
2. Evaluate the advantages and the prognosis of any treatment plan, and gauge the
components of a successful treatment.
3. Judge the optimal solution for critical cases, such as:
a. Extraction of hopeless molars
b. Extraction of retained primary molars with missing succedaneous teeth.
c. Management of missing teeth, such as lateral incisors.
d. Management of impacted teeth.
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COURSE DURATION AND SCOPE: This
course is scheduled between October and June for the first year residents. It is given every Thursday at a 2-hour session between 8:00 a.m and 10:00 a.m and
imparts basic knowledge on different practical situations frequently encountered in orthodontic practice.

POLICY ON EXAMINATIONS: Biannual examinations (Midterm and Final) are given for the whole course.
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING: FROM
ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT
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SUMMARY OUTLINE - NORMAL OCCLUSION VS MALOCCLUSION

- ANDREW’S KEYS; FORERUNNER OF THE STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE - ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION
- CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS IN EARLY AND MIXED DENTITIONS - MULTIDISCIPLINARY
MANAGEMENT OF MISSING FIRST MOLARS - MANAGEMENT OF TRANSVERSE MAXILLARY DEFICIENCY,
- ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT TO REGENERATE NEW BONE AND PERIODONTAL TISSUE
FOR IMPLANTS(VIDEO PRESENTATION)
- IMPLANTS / ORTHODONTICS
- MISSING MAXILLARY LATERALS INCISORS
- THE EIGHT COMPONENTS OF A BALANCED SMILE
- IMPACT OF PERIODONTICS ON ANTERIOR AESTHETICS (VIDEO PRESENTATION)
- MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED TEETH
- EXTRACTION VS. NON- EXTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS
- RETENTION STRATEGIES BASED ON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON RESEARCH
(VIDEO PRESENTATION)
- ORTHODONTIC OBJECTIVES IN ORTHODONTIC SURGERY
- ARTICLE REVIEW SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION(AJODO)
- SUGGESTED READING
- READING ASSIGNMENTS
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COURSE OUTLINE

SECTION ONE: NORMAL OCCLUSION VS MALOCCLUSION

1. DR ANGLE’S MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORTHODONTICS

2. ANGLE CLASSIFICATION OF MALOCCLUSION

3. DEFICIENCIES IN THE ANGLE SYSTEM

4. ANDREWS SIX KEYS TO NORMAL OCCLUSION

REFERENCES
1. Angle EH. Classification of malocclusion, Dental Cosmos 41:248-64, 350-7. 1899.
2. PW. Fundamental principles of a systematic diagnosis of dental anomalies (translated by BE Lischer), Boston 1926, Stratford Co., p. 320.
3. Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. The characteristics of malocclusion: A modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am J Orthod 1969; 56:443-53.
4. Andrews LF.The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod 1972; 62: 296.

SECTION TWO: ANDREW’S KEYS:

FORERUNNER OF THE STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE

1. 1ST, 2ND, AND 3RD ORDER BENDS

2. PRE-INFORMED BRACKETS

3. STRAIGHTWIRE VS. STANDARD EDGEWISE

REFERENCES

1. Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod 1972; 62: 296.

SECTION THREE: ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION

1. ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION
A. Dental factors
a. Supernumerary teeth
b. Missing teeth
c. Anomalies of tooth size and shape
d. Abnormal labial frenum
e. Premature loss deciduous teeth
f. Delayed eruption of permanent teeth
g. Abnormal eruptive path/ectopic eruption
h. Transposition
 i. Traumatic displacement of permanent teeth
j. Ankylosis

B. Oral habits
a. Thumb sucking
b. Tongue thrust

REFERENCES

1. Graber TM. Etiology of malocclusion: Local factors in: Orthodontics: Principles and practice.WB Saunders Co. 3rd edition. 1972: 331-96.
2. Linder-Aronson S. Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition. British Journal of Orthodontics 1979(6):59-71.
3. Ackerman R., Klapper L. Tongue position and open-bite: The key roles of growth and the nasopharyngeal airway. Journal of Dentistry for Children
Sept-Oct 1961;48(5):339-45.

SECTION FOUR: CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS IN EARLY AND MIXED DENTITIONS

1. OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS

A. Crossbites-functional shifts
B. Impinging overbite-open bite

2. ERUPTIVE ABNORMALITIES
A. Ectopic eruption
B. Transposition
C. Large midline/diastema
D. Anterior rotation
E. Supernumerary teeth
F. Trauma
G. Missing teeth
H. Ankylosed
I. Infraoccluded primary molars
J. Over retained primary molars
K. Primary failure of eruption
L. Space loss / Space regaining

3. CROWDING (ALD)
 A. Serial extractions
B. Arch length maintenance to gain space
C. Arch development
D. Fixed appliances in excessive misalignment

4. SKELETAL PROBLEMS
A. Cl III problems
B. Cl II problems

REFERENCES

1. Power SM, Short ME. An investigation into the response of palatally displaced canines to the removal of deciduous canines and an assessment of factors
contributing to favorable eruption. Br J Orthod 1993; 20:214-23.
2. Ericson S, Kurol J. Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of primary canines. Eur J Orthod 1988; 10:283-95.
3. Sabri R. Les accidents d’éruption des incisives centrales supérieures dus à des dents surnuméraires: Diagnostic précoce et traitement. Rev Orthop Dento
Faciale 1992; 26 (3):319-27.
4. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 3rd ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1993.
5. Sabri R. Long term follow-up treatment of an impacted dilacerated maxillary central incisor. Lebanese Dent J 2000; 38:69-76.
6. Sabri R. Complications orthodontiques des traumatismes de l’incisive centrale supérieure temporaire et leur traitement. J Odonto-Stomatol Pediatr 1993; 3
(3):23-32.
7. Sabri R. Management of missing maxillary lateral incisors. JADA 1999; 130(1):80-4.
8. Sabri R, Nasseh I. La rétention des dents temporaires. Rev Odontostomatol 1993; 22 (4):307-14.
9. Osler MS, Kokich V. Alveolar ridge changes in patients congenitally missing mandibular 2nd premolars. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 71:144-9.
10. Sletten DW et al. Retained deciduous mandibular molars in adults: A radiographic study of long-term changes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;
124:625-30.
11. Kurol J,Koch G. The effect of extraction of infraoccluded deciduous molars: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod 1985; 87:46-55.
12. Proffit WR. Contemporary Orthodontics. Mosby, 3rd Edition 2000: 249-56.
13. Little R et al. Serial extraction of first premolars - postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. Angle Orthod 1990; 60:255-62
14. Dale JG. Serial extraction …nobody does this anymore! Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 117 (5): 564.
15. Sampson WJ, Richards LC. Prediction of mandibular incisor and canine crowding changes in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod 1985; 88:47-63.
16. Brennan M, Giannelly A. The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to solve crowding. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 117:81-5.
17. Nance H. The limitations of orthodontic treatment. I.Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1947; 33:177-223
18. Dugoni S. et al. Early mixed dentition treatment: post retention evaluation of stability and relapse . Angle Orthod 1995; 65:311-20.

! " # $ %
20. Mouakeh M. Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;
119:640-9.
21. Kapust AJ, Sinclair PM, Turley PK. Cephalometric effects of face mask / expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 113:204-12.
22. Saadia M, Torres E. Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in Class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a
longitudinal retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 117: 669-80.
23. Ngan PW et al .Treatment response and long term dentofacial adaptations to maxillary expansion and protraction. Semin Orthod 1997; 3:255-64.
24. Proffit WR, Philips C. The characteristics of patients seeking surgical orthodontic treatment. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1990; 5:153-60.
25. Bailey LJ; Proffit WR, White RP. Trends in surgical treatment of Class III skeletal relationships. Int J Adult Orthod Orthograph Surg 1995; 10:108-18.
26. Von Bremen J, Pancherz H. Efficiency of early and late Class II Division 1 treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 121: 31-7.
27. Tulloch JFC et al. The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
1997; 111:391-400.
28. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C. Outcomes in a 2 phase randomized clinical trial of early class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 125:
657-67.
29. Sabri R. Non-surgical correction of a skeletal Class II, Division malocclusion with bilateral crossbite and anterior openbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
1998; 114 (2): 189-94.

SECTION FIVE: MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT OF

MISSING FIRST MOLARS

1. OLD EXTRACTION

2. RECENT EXTRACTION OF HOPELESS FIRST MOLAR

3. STRATEGIC EXTRACTION OF SALVABLE FIRST MOLAR

4. IMPACTED FIRST MOLAR

5. EARLY EXTRACTION OF COMPROMISED FIRST MOLARS

6. CONDITIONS FAVORING THE EXTRACTION OF FIRST MOLARS

REFERENCES

1. Wilkinson AA. The early extraction of the first permanent molar as the best method of preserving the dentition as a whole. Dent Rec 1944; 64: 1-8.
2. Salzmann JA. Effect on occlusion of uncontrolled extraction of first permanent molars: prevention and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1943; 30: 1681-90.
3. Thilander B, Skagius S. Orthodontic sequelae of extraction of permanent first molars. A longitudinal study. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 429-42.
4. Thunold K. Early loss of the first molars 25 years after. Trans Eur Ortod Soc 1970; 349-65.
5. Sabri R. Early extraction of four permanent first molars with enamel hypoplasia: A case report. JLDA 1996; 34:55.
6. Sabri R. An unusual case of maxillary premolar and molar impaction. JLDA 1998; 36: 121-7.
7. Sabri R. Le dilemme des premières molaires permanentes a pronostic douteux chez l’enfant: traiter ou l’extraire? JLDA 2002:40.
8. Sandler PJ, Atkinson R, Murray AM. For four sixes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 117: 418-34.
9. Maclean S. On the removal of the four permanent first molars, in certain cases at an early period in life. Trans Odont Soc 1857; 18: 56-7.
10. Foster RS. Planning the extraction of first permanent molars. Br. Paedondontic Society 1976; 6: 7-9.
11. Rayman M. Early extraction of four first permanent molars: report of a case. ASDC J Dent Child 1979; 46: 234-7.
12. Bachman LH. Paedodontic-orthodontic considerations in the extraction of the first molars. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 383-7.
13. Stamatis J, Orton H. The molar extraction debate. Austral Orthod J 1994; 13: 117-21.
14. Hallet GEM, Burke PH. Symmetrical extractions of first permanent molars. Factors controlling results in the lower arch. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 37th cong,
1961.
15. Johnsen DC. A review of orthodontic sequelae to early first permanent molar extraction-some promise-many pitfalls. West Virginia Dent J 1976; 50: 9-12.
16. Penchas J, Peretz B, Becker A. The dilemma of treating severely decayed first permanent molars in children: to restore or to extract. ASDC J Dent Child
1979; 234-7.
17. Oliver RG. Orthodontics in general practice. Declining caries and the role of the first permanent molar. Dent Update 1986 Nov-Dec; 13 (10): 493-8.
18. Oliver SJ, Dummer PM, Oliver RG, Hicks R, Addy M, Kingdom A, Shaw WC. The relationship between loss of first permanent molar teeth and prevalence
of caries and restorations in adjacent teeth: a study of 15-16 years-old children. J Dent 1988 Aug; 16 (4): 155-9.
19. De Angelis V. Selection of teeth for extraction as an adjunct to orthodontic treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1973; 87: 610-5.
20. Grave KC, Gallagher DP. Upper first molar extractions. J Clin Orthod 1984; 18: 738-40.
21. Schonherr E. Extraction of the first molars in orthodontic practice. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 389-402.
22. Plint DA. The effect on the occlusion of the loss of one or more first permanent molars. Rep Congr Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 329-36.
23. Daugaardt-Jensen I. Extraction of molars in the orthodontic treatment. J Am Soc Study Orthod 1965; 2: 9-29.
24. Daugaardt-Jensen I. Extraction of first molars in discrepancy cases. Am J Orthod 1973; 64: 115-36.
25. Bassigny F. Les traitements avec extraction des premières molaires. Orthod Fr 1979; 50: 131-272.
26. Brandt S, Safirstein GR. Different extractions for different malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1979; 68: 15-41.
27. Canal P, Bassigny F. Effet des traitements avec extraction des quatre premières molaires sur la dimension verticale. Orthod Fr 1978; 50: 471-8.
28. Leonard M. Maxillary molar extractions and breakages. Dental Economics 1993; 83: 92-3.
29. Lyssell L. Extractions or pulpotomy of first permanent molar. Svensk Tandlakare Tidskrift 1957; 70: 700-15.
30. Holm U. Problems of compensative extractions in case with loss of first permanent molar. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 409-28.
31. Hitchcock HP. Extraction of first molars in openbite. A case report. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1970; 403-8.
32. Voss H. Extraction of first permanent molars. Quintessence Int 1971 Mar; 2 (3): 61-2.
33. Philips JG. The difficult extraction. 1. The first permanent molar. Ent Update 1987 Jan-Fev; 14 (1): 23-7.
34. Orton HS, Carter NE. Initial management of first molar extraction cases. J Clin Orthod 1988 Apr; 22 (4): 230-4.
35. Travesi J, Garcia-Espona I. L’extraction des premières molaires: une solution dans le traitement des béances squelettiques. Rev Orthop Dento Faciale 1995;
9: 3-43.
36. Safirstein GR. Case report SB: long-term follow-up on Class II treatment with first molars extractions. Angle Orthod 1996; 66 (2): 89-94.
37. Brosnihan J, Rice C. Divide and Conquer: extracting maxillary first molars. Dent Today 1998; 17 (10): 116-9.
38. Abu Aihaija ES, McSheny PF, Richardson A. A cephalometric study of the effect of rxtraction of lower first permanent molars. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000; 24
(3): 195-8.
39. Gill DS, Lee RT, Tredwin CJ. Treatment planning for the loss of first permanent molars. Dent Update 2001; 28 (6): 304-8.

SECTION SIX: MANAGEMENT OF TRANSVERSE MAXILLARY DEFICIENCY

1. ETIOLOGY

2. DIAGNOSIS

3. RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION

A. Indications
B. Effect on the maxillary complex
4. EXPANSION IN ABSENCE OF CROSSBITE

5. CLINICAL TIPS

6. SURGICALLY ASSISTED PALATAL EXPANSION

REFERENCES

1. Hass A. Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod 1961; 31:73-90.
2. Hass AJ. Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod 1970; 57: 219-55.
3. Frush JO, Fisher RD. The dysesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent 1958; 8: 558.
4. Gianelly A. Arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123:25.
5. Johnson D, Smith R. Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;
108: 162-7.
6. Hnat WP et al. The relationship of arch length to alterations in dental arch width. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 118-84.
7. Legan HL. Orthodontic planning and biomechanics for transverse distraction osteogenesis. Semin Orthod 2001; 7: 160-168.
8. Gianelly A. Rapid palatal expansion in the absence of crossbites: Added value? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 362-5.
9. Adkins MD, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Arch perimeter changes in rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial 1990; 97:194-9.
10. Howe RP, McNamara JA Jr, O’Connor KA. An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension. Am J Orthod 1983;
83:363.
11. Werts RA. Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod 1970; 58:41-66.
12. Bell RA. A review of maxillary expansion in relation to rate of expansion and patient’s age. Am J Orthod 1982; 81:32-7.
13. Shetty V, Caridad JM. Caputo AA. Chaconas SJ. Biochemical rationale for surgical orthodontic expansion of the adult maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;
52:742-9.
14. Stomberg C. Holm J. Surgically assisted, rapid maxillary expansion in adults: a retrospective long-term follow-up study. J Cranio-Maxillo-Fac Surg 1995;
23: 222-7.
15. Northway WM. Meade JB Jr. Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a comparison of technique, response and stability. Angle Orthod 1997; 67:309.
16. Bishara S, Shaley R. Maxillary expansion: clinical implications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987; 91:3-14.
17. Ricketts RM, Roth RH, Chaconis SJ, Schulhof RJ, Engel GA. Orthodontic diagnosis and planning. USA Rocky Mountain Data Systems 1982:194-200.
18. Germane N, Lindauer SJ, Rubenstein LK, Revere JH Jr, Isaacson RJ. Increase in arch perimeter due to orthodontic expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop 1991; 100:421-7.
19. Taspinar F, Ucuncu H, Bishara SE. Rapid maxillary expansion and conductive hearing loss. Angle Orthod 2003; 73: 669.

SECTION SEVEN: IMPLANTS/ORTHODONTICS

1. IMPLANTS AS TEMPORARY ANCHORAGE DEVICES

2. IMPLANTS AS PROSTHETIC REPLACEMENT

3. ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT TO INCREASE BONE QUANTITY OR

QUALITY

4. IMPLANTS AS ORTHODONTIC ANCHORS AND PROSTHETIC ABUTMENTS

REFERENCES

1. Block MS, Hoffman DR. A new device for absolute anchorage for orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1995; 107:251-8.
2. Janssens F. Use of an onplant as orthodontic anchorage Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 566.
3. Wehrbein H et al. Palatal bone support for orthodontic bone support anchorage:A clinical and radiological study. Eur J Orthod 1999; 21:65-70.
4. Wehrbein H et al. The Orthosystem: A new implant system for orthodontic anchorage in the palate. J Orofac Orthop 1996; 57:143.
5. Byloff FK. An implant to eliminate anchorage loss during molar distalization: A case report involving the Graz implant–supported pendulum. Int J Adult
Orthod Orthognath Surg 2000; 15:129-37.
6. Roberts WE et al. Rigid implant anchorage to close a mandibular first molar extraction site. J Clin Orthod 1994; 28: 693-704.
7. Kanomi R. Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage. J Clin Orthod 1997; 31: 763-7.
8. Costa A et al. Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: A preliminary report. Int J Adult Orthodont Orthognath Surg 1998; 13: 201-9.
9. DeClerck H et al. The Zygoma Anchorage System. J Clin Orthod 2002; 36 (8):455.
10. Sabri R. Four single–tooth implants as supernumerary premolars in the treatment of diastemas and microdontia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998; 13 (5):
706-9.
11. Sabri R. Treatment of a Class II Division 2 malocclusion with space reopening for a single–tooth implant. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 119 (2):
135-42.
12. Roberts WE et al. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 95-111.
13. Sherwood KM et al. Closing anterior openbites by intruding molars with titanium miniplate anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 593-600.
14. Jenner J, Fitzpatrick BN. Skeletal anchorage using bone plates. Aust Orthod J 1985; 9:231-3.
15. Umemori M et al. Skeletal anchorage for openbite correction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 115:166-74.

SECTION EIGHT: MISSING LATERAL INCISORS

1. SPACE REQUIREMENT FOR MISSING MAXILLARY LATERALS IN SPACE

OPENING

2. TIMING OF IMPLANT PLACEMENT

REFERENCES
1. Sabri R. Management of missing maxillary lateral incisors. JADA 1999; 130 (1): 80-84.
2. Sabri R. Two single-tooth implants for replacement of congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors. Arab Dent J. 1999; 4 (1):63-7.
3. Sabri R. Orthodontics and restorative procedures for a malocclusion with a missing maxillary lateral incisor. Lebanese Dent J 1999; 37:161-6.
4. Sabri R. Orthodontic space closure using canines to replace missing maxillary lateral incisors. Jordan Dent J 1999; 14 (2): 6-12.
5. Sabri R. Cleft lip and palate management with maxillary expansion and space opening for a single-tooth implant. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;
117 (2): 148-55.
6. Sabri R. Agenesie des incisives laterales maxillaires:orthodontie de substitution par les canines. ACES 2001; 22 (2): 49-55.
7. Mckee I. et al. The accuracy of 4 panoramic units in the projection of MD tooth angulations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 121:166.
8. Zachrisson, BU, MJOR, IA: Remodeling of teeth by grinding. Am J Orthod 1975; 68: 545.
9. Lombardi, J. Prosthet. Dent, April 1973.
10. Kokich VO Jr. et al. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent 1999; 11:311-24.
11. Thilander B, Odman J, Grondahl K, et al. Osseointegrated implants in adolescents: An alternative in replacing missing teeth? Eur J Orthod 1994; 16:84-95
12. Tuverson DL. Orthodontic treatment using canines in place of missing maxillary lateral inciors. Am J Orthod 1970; 58 (2):109-27.
13. McNeill RW, Joondeph DR Congenitally absent maxillary lateral incisors: treatment planning considerations. Angle Orthod 1973; 43:24-9.
14. Roth PM, Gerling JA, Alexander RG. Congenitally missing lateral incisor treatment. J Clin Orthod 1985; 19:258-62.
15. Asher C, Lewis DH. The integration of orthodontic and restorative procedures in cases with missing lateral incisors. Br Dent J 1986; 160 (7):241-5.
16. Miller WB, McLendon WJ, Hines FB. Two treatment approaches for missing or peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors: a case study on identical twins. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987; 92 (3): 249-56.
17. Millar BJ, Taylor NG. Lateral thinking: the management of missing upper lateral incisors. Br Dent J 1995; 179 (3):99-106.
18. Balashi TJ. Osseointegration and orthodontics: modern treatment for congenitally missing teeth. Int J Peridontics Restorative Dent 1993; 13 (6):494-505
19. Nordquist GG, McNeill RW. Orthodontic vs. restorative treatment of the congenitally absent lateral incisor: long term periodontal and occlusal evaluation. J
Periodontol 1975; 46 (13):139-43.
20. Yankelson M. Altering canines to resemble lateral incisors: a new technique. J Int Assoc Dent Child 1973; 4(2):39-40.

SECTION NINE: THE EIGHT COMPONENTS OF A BALANCED SMILE

1. LIP LINE

2. SMILE ARC

3. UPPER LIP CURVATURE

4. LATERAL NEGATIVE SPACE

5. SMILE SYMMETRY

6. OCCLUSAL LINE

7. DENTAL COMPONENTS
8. GINGIVAL COMPONENTS

REFERENCES

1. Hulsey CM. An esthetic evaluation of tooth-lip relationships present in smile. Am J Orthod 1970; 57:132-44.
2. Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: Its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974; 53:384-7.
3. Janzen EK. A balanced smile – a most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod 1977; 72: 359-72.
4. Matthews TG. The anatomy of a smile. J Prosthet Dent 1978; 39:128-34.
5. Vig RG, Brundo GC. Kinetics of anterior tooth display. J Prosthet Dent 1978; 39: 502-4.
6. Tjan AHL, Miller GD. The JGP: Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosth Dent 1984; 51: 24-8.
7. Rigsbee OH, Sperry TP, BeGole EA. The influence of facial animation in smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1988; 3:233-9, 1988.
8. Gibson RM. Smiling and facial exercise. Dent Clin North Am 1989; 33: 139-44.
9. Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992; 62: 91-100.
10. Kim HS, Jin TH, Dong JK. A study on the relation between lip and teeth at smile in old aged Korean. J Korean Dent Assoc 1993; 31: 533-41.
11. Mackley RJ. An evaluation of smiles before and after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 1993; 63:183-190.
12. Choi TR, Jin TH, Dong JK. A study on the exposure of maxillary and mandibular central incisor in smiling and physiologic rest position. J Wonkwang Dent
Res Instit 1995; 5: 371-9.
13. Johnson D. Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 108:162-7.
14. Moskowitz ME, Nayyar A. Determinants of dental esthetics: a rational for smile analysis and treatment. Compend Contin Edue Dent 1995; 16 (12): 1164-6.
15. Kim HS, Kim IP, Oh SC, Dong JK. The effect of personality on the smile. J Wonkwang Dent Res Instit 1995; 5:299-314.
16. Garber DA, Salama MA. The aesthetic smile: Diagnosis and treatment. Periodontol 2000, 1996; 11: 18-28.
17. Ackerman J, Ackerman MB, Brensinger CM, Landis JR. A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res 1998; 1: 2-11.
18. Zachrisson BU. Esthetic factors involved in anterior tooth display and the smile: Vertical dimension. J Clin Orthod 1998; 32: 432-45.
19. Dong JK et al. The esthetics of the smile: A review of some recent studies. Int J Prosthodont 1999; 12: 9-19.
20. Philipps E. The Classification of smile patterns. J Can Dent Assoc 1999; 65:252-4.
21. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132:39-45.
22. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: The smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120: 98-111.
23. Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod 2002; 36:221-36.
24. Kokich VO Jr. et al. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent 1999; 11:331.
25. Sabri R. Treatment of a Class I crowded malocclusion with an ankylosed maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthod 2002; 122: 557.
26. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124:4-12.
27. Frush JO, Fisher RD. The dysesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concet. J Prosthet Dent 1958; 8:558.
28. Gianelly A. Arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123: 25.

SECTION TEN: MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED TEETH

1. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES TO UNCOVER MAXILLARY CANINES

2. MANAGEMENT OF SOME CASES

3. MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED MAXILLARY INCISORS

4. MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED MANDIBULAR CANINES

5. CASE PRESENTATIONS

6. MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLARS

REFERENCES

1. Sabri R. An unusual case of maxillary premolar and molar impaction. Revue Dentaire Libanaise 1998; 36:121-7
2. Sabri R. Les accidents d’éruption des incisives centrales supérieures dus à des dents surnuméraires: Diagnostic précoce et traitement. Rev Orthop Dento
Faciale 1992; 26:319-27
3. Sabri R. Long term follow-up treatment of an impacted dilacerated maxillary central incisor. Revue Dentaire Libanaise 2000; 38:69-76
4. Kokich VG. Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 126 (3):278-83.
5. Grenga V, Bovi. Piezoelectric surgery for exposure of palatally impacted canines. J Clin Orthod 2004; 38 (8):446-8.
6. Becker A, Brin I, Ben-Bassat Y, Zilberman Y, Chaushu S. Closed-eruption surgical technique for impacted maxillary incisors: a postorthodontic periodontal
evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122 (1): 9-14.
7. Frank CA, Long M. Periodontal concerns associated with the orthodontic treatment of impacted teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 121 (6): 639-
49.
8. Becker A. Early treatment for impacted maxillary incisors. Am J Orthod Orthop 2002; 121 (6):586-7.
9. Bishara SE. Clinical management of impacted maxillary canines. Semin Orthod 1998; 4 (2):87-98.
10. Vermette ME, Kokich VG, Kennedy DB. Uncovering labially impacted teeth: apically positioned flap and closed-eruption techniques. Angle Orthod 1995;
65 (1):23-32.
11. Kokich VG, Mathews DP. Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted teeth. Dent Clin North Am 1993; 37 (2):181-204.

SECTION ELEVEN: EXTRACTION VS. NON-EXTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS

1. LITERATURE REVIEW: HOW WE WENT FROM ONE EXTREME (ANGLE)

TO THE OTHER (TWEED)?

2. IS THE CONTEMPORARY TREND TOWARDS NON-EXTRACTION

JUSTIFIED?

3. MANAGEMENT OF SOME CASES

4. EXTRACTION CRITERIA

5. ESTHETICS

6. STABILITY

REFERENCES

1. Angle E. Malocclusion of the teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: SS White, 1907.

2. Case CS. The question of extraction in orthodontia. Am J Orthod 1964; 50: 660-91.
3. Case CS. The extraction debate of 1911, by Case, Dewey and Cryer. Discussion of Case: The Question of extraction in orthodontia. Am J Orthod 1964; 50:
751-68, 843-51, 900-12.
4. Dewel BF. The Case-Dewey-Cryer extraction debate: a commentary. Am J Orthod 1964; 50: 862-5.
5. Tweed CH. Indications for the extraction of the teeth in orthoontic procedures. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1944; 30:405-28.
6. Tweed CH. Was the development of the diagnostic facial triangle as an accurate analysis based on fact or fancy? Am J Orthod 1962; 48:823-40.
7. Tweed CH. Clinical orthodontics. Vol. 1. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1966-82.
8. Bowbeer GRN. The sixth key to facial beauty and TMJ health. Funct Orthod 1987; 4:4-20.
9. Bowbeer GRN. The Five Keys to facial beauty and TMJ health. Funct Orthod 1985; 2:12-29.
10. Bowbeer GRN. Saving the face and the TMJ. Funct Orthod 1985; 2:32-44.
11. Gorman WJ. Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession. J Periodontol 1967; 38:316-22.
12. Boyd RL. Mucogingival considerations and their relationship to orthodontics. J Periodontol 1978; 49:67-76.
13. Shapiro PA. Mandibular arch and dimensions. Am J Orthod 1974; 66: 58.
14. Gallerano RL. Mandibular anterior crowding: a postretention study. [Thesis] Seattle: University of Washington, 1976.
15. Howes A. Expansion as a treatment procedure: Where does it stand today? Am J Orthod 1960; 46:515-34.
16. Exchanges between Dr. Ketcham of the “new school” and T.E. Constant, MRCS, LRCP, LDS, of Scarbora, England, “Extraction versus retention of full
complement of teeth.” Dental Cosmos 1911; 53: 773-83; 1409.
17. Case Cs. Exhibit of models showing the injudicious extraction of the permanent teeth. Dent Rev 1903; 17:58-60.
18. Exchanges between Calvin Case, and Martin Dewey on “The QuestionOf Extraction in Orthodontia.” National Dental Association, Cleveland, Ohio, July 15,
1911. Dent Cosmos, 1912 and 1913.
19. Case CS. The Advisability of extracting teeth in the correction of irregularities. Dent Cosmos 1905; 67.
20. Bates JD. The extraction debate of 1911. New Dentist 1980: 37.
21. Tweed CH. Why I extract teeth in the treatment of certain types of malocclusion. Alpha Omegan 1952; 46: 93-104.
22. Pollock HC. Introduction, the extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer. Am J Orthod 1964; 50: 656-7.
23. Cetlin NM, Hoeve A. Nonextraction treatment. J Clin Orthod 1983; 17:396-413.
24. Gianelly AA. One-phase versus treatment. Am J Orthod 1995; 108:556-9.
25. Dugoni SA et al. Early mixed dentition treatment: Post retention evaluation of stability and relapse, Angle Orthod 1996; 65: 311-20.
26. Ten Hoeve A. Palatal bar lip bumper in nonextraction treatment. J Clin Orthod 1985; 19:272-91.
27. Luppanapornlarp S, Johnston LE Jr. The effects of premolar-extraction: a long-term comparison of outcomes in “clear-cut” extraction and nonextraction
Class II patients. Angle Orthod 1993; 63:257-72.
28. Burger HJ, Rossouw PE, Steyn CL, Lombard CJ. The effect of differential extractions on lower incisor position in Class II malocclusions. J Dent Assoc SA
1993; 48:551-6.
29. Schwab DT. Extraction effects on the dental profile in bordeline cases. Angle Orthod 1963; 33:120-2.
30. Carter NE. first premolar extractions and fixed appliances in theClass II, Division 1 malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1988; 15:1-10.
31. Cusimano C, McLauchlin RP, Zernik JH. Effects of first bicuspid extractions on facial height in high-angle cases. J Clin Orthod 1993; 27:594-8.
32. Williams R, Hosila FJ. The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1976; 69: 388-410.
33. Subtelny J. The soft tissue profile: growth and treatment changes. Angle Orthod 1961; 31: 105-22.
34. Bishara S, Cumons D, Zaher A. Treatment and poattreatment changes in patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion, after extraction treatment. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 111:18-27.
35. Bishara S, Jakobsen J, Treder J, Nowak A. Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 111:401-9.
36. Baumrind S, Boyd RL, Maxwell R. The decision to extract: Part 1, interclinician agreement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 109:297-309.
37. Carter N.First premolar extraction and fixed appliances in the Class II division 1 malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1988; 15: 1-10.
38. Williams R, Hosila F. The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1976; 69: 388-410.
39. Steyn C, du Preez R, Harris A. Differential premolar extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 112: 480-6.
40. Schwab d. Extractions in borderline cases. Am J Orthod 1963; 33: 120-2.
41. Bishara S, Cummins D, Jakobsen J. The morphological basis for the extraction decision in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion: a comparative stusy. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1955; 107:129-35.
42. Anderson J, Joondeph D, Turpin D. A cephalometric study of profile changes in orthodontically treated cases ten years out of retention. Angle Orthod 1973;
43:324-36.
43. Koch R, Gonzales A, Witt E. Profile and soft-tissue changes during after orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 1979; 1: 193-9.
44. Katsaros C, Ripplinger B, Hogel A, R. The influence of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the soft-tissue profile. J Orofac Orthop 1996;
57: 354-65.
45. Saatci P, Yukay F. The effect of premolar extractions on tooth-size discrepancy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 111: 428-34.
46. Paquette DE, Beattie JR, Johnston LE. A long-term comparison of nonextraction and premolar extraction edgewise therapy in “borderline” Class II patients.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992; 102:1-14.
47. Luppanapornlap S. Johnston L. The effect of premolar extraction: a long-term comparison of outcomes in “clear-cut” extraction and nonextraction Class II
patients. Angle Orthod 1993; 63:257-72.
48. Staggers J. Verticl changes following first premolar extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994; 105:19-24.
49. Bishara S. Chada J, Potter R. Stability of intercanine width, overjet correction. Am J Ortho 1973; 63:588-95.
50. Hahn G. Extraction Panel. Orthodontics: Its objectives, past and present. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1944; 20:401-4.
51. Brandt S, Safirstein R, Different extractions for different malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1975; 68:15-41.
52. Weintraub J, Vig P, Brown C, Kowalski C. The prevalence of orthodontic extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989; 96:462-6.
53. Drobocky OB, Smith RJ. Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1989;
95:220-30.
54. Weintraub JA, Vig PS, Brown C, Kowalski CJ. The prevalence of orthodontic extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990; 96: 462-6.
55. O’Connor B. Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey. [Thesis] St. Louis: Department of Orthodontics, St. Louis University Medical
Center, 1990.
56. Artun J, Krogstad O, Little RM. Stability of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination: a study in adults with surgically treated mandibular
prognathism. Angle Orthod 1990; 60:99-106.
57. Sadowsky C, Schneider BH, BeGolle EA, Tahir E. Long-term stability after orthodontic treatment: nonextraction with prolonged retention. Am J Orthod
Dentofac Orthop 1994; 106 243-9.
58. Little RM, Riedel RA. Postretention evaluation of stability and relapse–mandibular arches with generalized spacing. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1989;
95:37-41.
59. Little RM, Riedel RA, Artun J. An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years postretention. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop
1988; 93:423-8.
60. Herberger RJ. Stability of mandibular intercuspid width after long periods of retention. Angle Orthod 1981; 51:78-83.
61. Little RM, Riedel RA, Stein A. Mandibular arch length increase during the mixed dentition: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. Am J Orthod
Dentofac Orthop 1990; 97:393-404.
62. Sondhi A, Cleall JF, BeGole EA. Dimensional changes in the dental arches of orthodontically treated cases. Am J Orthod 1980; 77:60-73.
63. Lombardi AR. Mandibular incisors crowding in completed cases. Am J Orthod 1972; 61:374-83.
64. Sadowski C, Sakols EI. Long-term assessment of orthodontic relapse. Am J Orthod 1982; 82:456-63.
65. Little RM, Wallem TR, Riedel RA. Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment–first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise
orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1981; 80:349-65.
66. Shields TE, Little RM, Chapko MK. Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment–a cephalometric appraisal of first-premolar-extraction cases
treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1985; 87:27-38.
67. Gardner SD, Chaconas SJ. Posttreatment and postretention changes following orthodontic therapy. Angle Orthod 1976; 46:151-61.
68. Glenn G, Sinclair PM, Alexander RG. Nonextraction orthodontic therapy: posttreatment dental and skeletal stability. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987;
92:321-8.
69. Walter DC. Changes in the form and dimensions of dental arches resulting from orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 1953; 23:3-18.
70. Bishara SE, Jacobsen JR, Treder JE, Stasi MJ. Changes in maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early
adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1989; 95:46-59.
71. Peck S, Peck H. Frequency of tooth extraction in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod 1979; 76:491-6.
72. O’Connor BMP. Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: A national survey. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1993; 103:163-70.
73. Weintraub JA, Vig PS, Brown C, Kowalski CJ. The prevalence of orthodontic extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990; 96:462-6.
74. Beattie JR, Paquette DE, Johnston LE Jr. The functional impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments: A long-term comparison in patients with
“borderline”, equally-susceptible Class II malocclusions. In press, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1993.
75. Luecke PE III, Johnston LE Jr. The effect of maxillary first premolar extraction and incisor retraction on mandibular position: Testing the central dogma of
“functional orthodontics”. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 101:4-12.
76. Burger HJ. Rossouw PE, Steyn CL, Lombard CJ. The effect of differential extractions on lower incisor position in Class II malocclusions. J Dent Assoc SA
1993; 48:551-6.
77. Sandusky WC. A long-term postretention study of Tweed extraction treatment [Master’s thesis]. University of Tennessee, 1983.
78. Williams R, Hosila FJ. The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1976; 69:388-410.
79. Jacobs JD. Vertical lip changes from maxillary incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1978; 74:396-404.
80. Rains MD, Nanda R. Soft-tissue changes associated with maxillary incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1982; 81:481-8.
81. Oliver BM. The influence of lip thickness and strain on upper lip response to incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1982; 82:141-9.
82. Lo FD, Hunter WS. Changes in nasolabial angle related to maxillary incisor retraction. Am J Orthod 1982; 82:384-91.
83. Talass MF, Talass L, Baker RC. Soft-tissue profile changes resulting from retraction of maxillary incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987; 91:385-94.
84. Angelle PL. A cephalometric study of the soft tissue changes during and after orthodontic treatment. Tran Eur Orthod Soc 1973:267-80.
85. Looi LK, Mills JRE. The effect of two constrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on the facial profile. Am J Orthod 1986; 89:507-17.
86. Finnoy JP, Wisth PJ, Boe OE. Changes in soft tissue profile during and after orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9:68-78.
87. Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod 1970; 40:284-316.
88. Foster EJ. Profile preferences among diversified groups. Angle Orthod 1973; 43:34-40.
89. Hershon LE, Giddon DB. Determinants of facial profile self-perception. Am J Orthod 1980; 78:279-95.
90. De Smit A, Dermaut L. Soft-tissue profile preference. Am J Orthod 1984; 86:67-73.
91. Haas AJ. Palatal expansion. Just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod 1970; 57:219-55.
92. Perlow J. Extractions in orthodontics, updated. NY State Dent J 1976; 42:415-9.
93. Salzmann JA. An evaluation of extraction in orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1965; 51:928-9.
94. Peck S, Peck H. Frequency of tooth extraction in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod 1979; 76:491-6.
95. Oliver WH. Orthodontic directory of the world. Nashville: WH Oliver, 1986.
96. Hahn G. Extraction panel. Orthodontics: its objectives, past and present. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1944; 20:401-4.
97. Frankel R. Decrowding during eruption under the screening influence of vestibular shields. Am J Orthod 1974; 65 372-406.
98. Watson WG. An individual compass for extraction [Editorial]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 78:111-3.
99. Persson M, Persson EC, Skagius S. Long-term spontaneous changes following removal of all first premolars in Class I cases with crowding. Europ J Orthod
1989; 11: 271-82.
100. Sadowsky C, Schneider BJ, BeGole E, Tahir BS. Long-term stability after orthodontic treatment: nonextraction with prolonged retention. Am J Orthod
Dentofac Orthop 1994; 106:243-9.
101. Glynn G, Sinclair PM, Alexander RG. Nonextraction orthodontic therapy: posttreatment dental and skeletal stability. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987;
92:321-8.
102. Saever DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124:4-12.
103. Frush JO, Fisher RD. The dysesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent 1958; 8:558.
104. Gianelly AA. Arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123: 25.

SECTION TWELVE: ORTHODONTIC OBJECTIVES IN ORTHODONTIC SURGERY

1. ADVANCES IN ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY AND ORTHODONTICS

2. TREATMENT OF JAWS DISCREPANCY: CAMOUFLAGE VS SURGERY

3. RATIONALE FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT

4. PRESURGICAL ORTHODONTICS
A. Alignment
B. Vertical (leveling)
C. Anteroposterior
D. Coordination (Transverse problems)

5. POSTSURGICAL ORTHODONTICS

REFERENCES

1. Trauner R, Obwegeser M. The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
pathol 1957; 10:671-692.
2. Bell WH. LeFort I osteotomy for correction of maxillary deformities. J Oral Surg 1975; 33:412-426.
3. Bell WH, Creekmore TD, Alexander RG. Surgical correction of the long face syndrome. Am J Orthod 1977; 71:40-67.
4. Bell WH, Proffit WR, White RP. Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1980.
5. Epker BN, Turvey T, Fish LC. Indications for simultaneous mobilization of the maxilla and mandible for the correction of dentofacial deformities. Oral Surg
1982; 54:369-381.
6. Jacobs JJ, Sinclair PM. Principles of orthodontic mechanics in orthognathic surgery cases. Am J Orthod 1983; 84:399-407.
7. Bell WH, Jacobs JD, Legan HL. Treatment of Class II deepbite by orthodontic and surgical means. Am J Orthod 1984; 85:1-20.
8. Bell WH, Jacobs JD, Quejada JG. Simultaneous repositioning of the maxilla, mandible and chin. Am J Orthod 1986; 89:28-50.
9. Proffit WR, White RP. Combined surgical-orthodontic treatment who does what, when? In: Proffit WR, White RP. Surgical orthodontic treatment. Mosby,
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10. Sinclair PM, Thomas PM, Tucker MR. Common complications in orthognathic surgery: Etiology and management. Part I Presurgical Orthodontics. J Clin
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12. Epker BN, Stella JP, Fish LC. Dentofacial deformities: integrated orthodontic and surgical correction. Mosby 2nd edition, 1995.
13. Vig KD, Ellis E 3rd. Diagnosis and treatment planning for the surgical-orthodontic patient. Clin Plast Surg 1989; Oct 16 (4):645-58.
14. Bailey LT, Proffit WR, White RP. Trends in surgical treatment of Class III skeletal relationships. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1995; 10:108-18.
15. Tompach PC, Wheeler J, Fridrich KL. Orthodontic considerations in orthognathic sugery. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1995; 10:97-107.
16. Bailey LJ, Proffit WR, White R Jr. Assessment of patients for orthognathic surgery. Semin Orthod 1999; Dec 5 (4):209-22.
17. Tulloch JF, Lenz BE, Phillips C. Surgical versus orthodontic correction for Class II patients: age and severity in treatment planning and treatment outcome.
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18. Vanarsdall RL Jr. Presurgical orthodontics for orthognathic surgery. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2001; Mar 9 (1):75-93.
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23. Legan HL. Orthodontic planning and biomechanics for transverse distraction osteogenesis. Semin Orthod 2001; 7:160-168.
24. Kole H. Surgical operations on the alveolar ridge to correct occlusal abnormalities. Oral Surg 1959; 12:277-88.
25. Proffit WR, Philips C. The characteristics of patients seeking surgical orthodontic treatment. Int J Orthod Orthognath Surg 1990; 5:153-60.