CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Driving under the influence of alcohol was recognized as a risk factor for

influence in a road traffic crash; the risk growths as a function of the blood alcohol

concentrations (BACs). That is why road safety campaign is one tactic of health

promotion, which is used to advocate for the enhancement of road safety behavior

of road users and communities. Year 2013, Republic Act No. 10586 was

established and it presently oversees the requirement of the battle against alcoholic

driving in the Philippines. Under Section 2 of the said law, it examines the

requirement for the nation to guarantee security of street clients. Commented [JCA1]: SOURCE??

In addition, driving under the influence of drugs (e.g., marijuana,

prescription medications) is also a major public health and safety concern. As a

relatively understudied and growing problem, prevention strategies that address it

are not as clear, well-tested, or evidence-based as those developed for preventing

other risky behaviors such as drunk driving. Key components of a successful

prevention of this harmful behavior are the efforts of practitioners working in the

areas of substance abuse prevention and highway safety for whom drugged driving

is likely a part, but not the sole focus, of their job. This study surveyed 238

prevention professionals working in substance abuse prevention and highway

safety from 46 states to understand their needs, barriers, and self-efficacy to

prevent drugged driving in their communities. Most respondents reported needing

 2

training and resources to implement strategies related to drugged driving,

particularly with regard to engaging youth and parents, if they are to address this

problem effectively. The majority of respondents also reported low levels of self-

efficacy for implementing a wide range of drugged driving prevention strategies

(Stelter et al., 2019).

Investigation regarding the relationship between psychoactive substances

and crashes has most frequently focused on driving under the influence of alcohol

and has recognized that alcohol impairs driving performance in a dose-dependent

manner (Starkey and Charlton, 2014) and increases the risk of fatal injury (Keall et

al., 2001).It has been suggested that road fatalities caused by drug driving are

growing and there is an urgent necessity for more research in this area (Assari et

al., 2014).

On the other hand, the Philippine National Police (PNP) through its Traffic

Management Group (TMG) is responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of

theRepublic Act 10586, rules and regulations. They also performed other function

such as conducting of information disseminations campaign, submitting traffic

scheme proposals, and other function as the need arises. Local Government offices

are responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities

within their respective locality (Delizo, 2006).

Almost all nations all over the world are beset with this problem. Its

magnitude of accidents and mishaps resulting while driving under the influence of
 3

intoxicating agents is on the rise. In Australia, 89.7 percent of its recorded

accidents were due to DUI. Prevalent substances were alcohol, cannabis,

benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine. Victims are otherwise dead or severely

injured depending on speed and amount of impact. This report, however does not

emphasize on the effects of drug on driving (Labra et al., 2016).

In Australia, 89.7 percent of its recorded accidents were due to DUI.

Prevalent substances were alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, and

methamphetamine. Victims are otherwise dead or severely injured depending on

speed and amount of impact.

In Norway, when the police apprehend drivers suspected of drunk or

drugged driving, it is most often due to deviant driving behaviour or traffic

accidents. The apprehended drivers are subject to a standard broad toxicological

screening program in blood, as well as a clinical test for impairment (CTI),

performed by the local police physician. The physician must conclude on the CTI

whether the driver is impaired or not-impaired. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl

sulphate (EtS), the non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol, are, however, not

included in the standard toxicological screening program. These metabolites are

present in blood for a somewhat longer period of time than ethanol in itself, about

six hours longer after smaller alcohol ingestions and about 20 hours longer after

large and repeated intakes of alcohol (Halter et al., 2008; Hoiseth et al., 2007a;

Hoiseth et al., 2009), and are thereby indicative of recent alcohol ingestion and

possible hangover effects.

 4

Also, road safety is a critical issue in Philippines, especially since it opened

the door to the world and experienced subsequent major economic reforms and

increased motorization. The most common instance of driver apprehension

wherein the involved driver is under the influence of drugs occurs during

Christmas and Holy Week. A report from Cinco (2013) reported that a speeding

car, carrying a group of friends, crashed into a concrete wall and left four people

dead and one badly injured in Tagaytay City in Cavite on Christmas Day. Witness

stated that the car screeched as it ran too fast. It was found out further that the

passengers as well as the driver was intoxicated.

Moreover, in the City of Lipa the researchers gathered information from the

Chief of Police on what happened when the road users are driving under the

influence of liquor. The police provided data regarding vehicular accident on the

year 2016 and it confirmed a total of 127 cases. But the police officer did not give

a specific number of personnel which is under the influence of liquor, alsocases of

personnel that are not under the influence of liquor. While, the vehicular accident

on the year 2017 is 310 cases, there are 38 personnel are under the influence of

liquor and there are 272 personnel that are not under the influence of liquor. At the

year 2018, the vehicular accident is 1180,98 personnel are under the influence of

liquor and there are 1082 personnel that are not under the influence of liquor. Up

to the present year 2019, 721 are the total of vehicle accident, 55 personnel are
 5

under the influence of liquor and there are 666 personnel that are not under the

influence of liquor.

In relation to the discussion above, the aim of this study is to investigate the

perceived effectiveness of the implementation of Republic Act 10586 known as

the Anti Drunk and Drugged Driving of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas. The

researchers intended to discover the ways and means the traffic management

agencies and its personnel were implementing the said law. The aim is also to

investigate if there is a significant difference between the demographic profile of

the respondents from Lipa City and their perceptions on the effectiveness of

implementation of R.A No. 10586. This study will result to a wide awareness on

how effective does the implemented law in the Philippines and show strategies

how to prevent drugged and drunk driving to lessen car accident in the country.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the perceived effectiveness of the

implementation of R.A No. 10586, otherwise known as the Anti-Drunk and

Drugged Driving Act of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas.

Specifically, it will seek answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 civil status;

 6

1.4 educational attainment;

1.5 types of road user;

1.6 barangay where residing; and

1.7 years of residency?

2. What are the strategies employed by traffic law enforcers in Lipa City,

Batangas to implement the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving act of 2013?

3. How do the respondents perceive the effectiveness of the implementation of

the subject law in terms of:

3.1 minimizing road accidents;

3.2 reducing traffic law violations; and

3.3 minimizing other traffic-related problems?

4. Is there a significant difference on the perceived effectiveness of the

implementation of R.A No. 10586 in Lipa City, Batangaswhen group according to

respondents’ profile variables?

5. What information campaign materials ma be proposed to widen the

understanding of the community members of Lipa, Batangas on the Anti-Drunk

and Drugged Driving Act of 2013?

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

In relation to the objectives cited above, the researchers will determine the

perceptions of road users on the effectiveness of the implementation of anti-drunk

and drugged driving act of 2013 or R.A NO. 10586. The setting considered for this
 7

study will be at Lipa City, Batangas. This study covered the profile of the

respondents which include the following age, sex, civil status, educational

attainment, type of road users, barangay where residing, and years of residency.

This is to determine if there is a significant difference on the perceived

effectiveness of the implementation of R.A No. 10586 when grouped according to

road users’ demographic profile.

The primary data that will used in this study are solely confined from the

responses of selected road users in Lipa City, Batangas. The researcher will not

consider the Local Government Officials and its personnel, Barangay Officials,

and Traffic Management Office personnel of Lipa City as respondents to this

study. Drunk and drugged road users identified and recorded in the local police

station of the subject locality are likewise excluded in this study.

Significance of the Study

The study was intended to impart valuable information and views to the

following individuals.

Lipa City Road Users. The findings and results of this study can serve as a

guide for them to prevent drunk and drugged driving that can cause a problem

when on the road. This study will somehow teach them some tips to prevent

causes of accidents while driving.

 8

Lipa City Traffic Enforcement Agency. This study can serve as valuable

information and a good background for the agency to exercise effective traffic

management.

Lipa City Government. This study may remind the local government of

Lipa City on the importance Anti-Drunk and Drugged law. This study may also

give knowledge to the constituents of Lipa City on the existence of the law and the

importance of abiding to it.

Other Local Government Units (LGUs). The findings can be used as a

reference by LGUs that can utilize to evaluate the implementation of R.A No.

10586 in their respective localities. Also, the results will serve as a guide to

implement ways and means to lessen the cases of accidents attributed to drunk and

drugged driving.

College of Arts and Sciences - BS Criminology Program. This study will

serve as a valuable input that will help their students in their future researches. The

result of this study will hopefully provide them a great opportunity to examine

fully law on drunk and drugged driving.

Batangas State University. As they offer criminology program, the

findings of this study may help promote the awareness of the students to the Anti-

Drunk and Drug Law. This may also lead to the conduct of new extension services

for the road users of various localities in Batangas Province.

 9

BS Criminology Program. This study will be a great help to the

criminology student to gain awareness about the salient sections of Anti-drunk and

Drugged Driving Act of 2013. This study will serve as a reference for the BS

Criminology instructors to provide useful insights when handling Traffic

Management and Traffic Accident Investigation course.

Present Researchers. The outcome of this study may help them suggest

programs or activities aimed to lessen vehicular accidents caused by drunk and

drugged driving. This may also provide additional knowledge to the present

researchers regarding the law.

Future Researcher. This study might serve as reference for future related

studies who will also conduct a research work on R.A No. 10586.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents review of related literature and studies of recognized

experts, both of which have presented the

Conceptual Literature

The following are the topics discussed under the conceptual literature:

drunk and drugged driving; laws related to drunk and drugged driving; and

strategies to prevent drunk and drugged driving.

Drunk and Drugged Driving. Drunk and drugged driving is driving a

vehicle while impaired due to the intoxicating effects of recent drug use or an

alcohol. It can make driving a car unsafe—just like driving after drinking alcohol.

Drugged driving puts the driver, passengers, and others who share the road at

serious risk (Vingilis, 2001). Commented [JCA2]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in your Bibliography.

And avoid presenting a paragraph containing only one sentence.

The effects of specific drugs on driving skills differ depending on how they

act in the brain. For example, marijuana can slow reaction time, impair judgment

of time and distance, and decrease coordination. Drivers who have used cocaine or

methamphetamine can be aggressive and reckless when driving. Certain kinds of

prescription medicines, including benzodiazepines and opioids, can cause

drowsiness, dizziness, and impair cognitive functioning (thinking and judgment).

All of these effects can lead to vehicle crashes (Dhingra, 2015). Commented [JCA3]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in your Bibliography.
 12

After alcohol, marijuana is the drug most often found in the blood of drivers

involved in crashes. Tests for detecting marijuana in drivers measure the level of

delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), marijuana’s mindaltering ingredient, in the

blood. But the role that marijuana plays in crashes is often unclear (Chihuri et al.,

2017). Commented [JCA4]: Not presented in your Bibliography.

This is not a conceptual literature but a research literature as cross-

checked in the internet.
Being convicted of driving under the influence can also impact someone life

in ways he/she may not be aware of including loss of employment, prevention of

employment in certain jobs, higher insurance rates, serious financial setbacks,

personal and family embarrassment, and having that conviction on driving records

for years―if not forever. Implementing this law however may not guarantee that

the number of accidents involving drunk and drugged drivers will be lessened

unless the law is properly disseminated to community and properly enforced, by

delegated authorities (Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, 2017).

Strong evidence from the United States and other countries shows that

individuals convicted of alcohol-impaired driving who have an ignition interlock

installed on their vehicles are less likely than others to be rearrested for alcohol-

impaired driving or to crash while the device is installed. This technology is

affordable for many individuals, and it is made affordable for others through funds

for low-income offenders. States that have introduced all-offender ignition

interlock laws appear to have experienced reductions in alcohol-related motor

vehicle crash deaths (Sauber-Schatz, 2016). Commented [JCA5]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.
 13

Regarding alcohol and energy drinks, evidence suggests that alcohol mixed

with energy drinks may facilitate drinking and related harms via their effects on

intoxication. Systematic reviews have concluded that adolescents and young adults

who consume alcohol mixed with energy. drinks are more likely to consume more

alcohol, drive after binge drinking, ride in a car with an intoxicated driver, and be

arrested for driving under the influence (McKetin et al., 2015). Commented [JCA6]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

A separate review of randomized controlled studies found that while energy

drinks may counteract some minor cognitive effects of alcohol consumption, such

effects disappear when drinkers engage in complex tasks such as driving (Lalanne

et al., 2017). Those who repeatedly drink and drive compared to those who do not Commented [JCA7]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

engage in such behavior actually know DWI laws better, but are poorer planners

(i.e., in planning a transportation alternative), lack self-control, and are more

impulsive with much higher temporal discounting rates,11 preferring short-term

rewards over bigger, long-term rewards (Sloan et al., 2014). Commented [JCA8]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

Laws Related to Drunk and Drugged Driving. In 2012, the UK

Government announced proposals for a new offence in regard to driving with a

specific controlled drug in the body above that drug’s accepted limit. The Crime

and Courts Act 2013 inserted provision into the 1988 Act creating such a new

offence of drug driving. This 2013 Act devolved to the Scottish Government

powers to bring forward regulations specifying what controlled drugs and

associated limits would be included in the operation of this new offence.

 14

The Scottish Government has considered the impact of the regulations on

particular groups of people (whatever their age, race, gender, sexual orientation,

religion or whether they are disabled or not). There is no evidence to suggest that

any of the equality strands will be affected by the introduction of the drug driving

offence (Colquhoun, 2019). Commented [JCA9]: Not presented in your Bibliography to

check if the literature really came from Colquhoun, 2019.

In addition, the policy approach on amphetamines has been determined so

as not to identify this drug type within either the zero tolerance approach or the

road safety risk based approach as amphetamines are both capable of illegal use

and being used for medical purposes (Wolff & Johnston, 2014). Commented [JCA10]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

Moreover, the original drink (alcohol) driving offences in Australia were

introduced during the first three decades of the twentieth century, starting with the

Motor Car Act 1909. Section 25 of that Act provided that any driver of a motor car

or motor cycle proved to have been under the influence of intoxicating liquors

whilst in charge of such motor car or motor cycle shall be guilty of an offence

under this Act’(Quilter & McNamara, 2017). Commented [JCA11]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

Further, vision Zero aspires to reach zero traffic fatalities in United States.

Reducing alcohol limpaired driving is, in part, a means to that end. A public health

approach to injury prevention that encompasses the full array of contributing

variables or causes for the target harm is needed. From this perspective, reducing

excessive alcohol consumption and reducing alcohol-impaired driving are two of

 15

the logically available means (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and

Medicine, 2018). Commented [JCA12]: This is not a conceptual literature but a

research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

Furthermore, in the Philippines, Republic Act 4136, also known as the

Land Transportation and Traffic Code, sets the legal speed limits and penalties for

traffic violations such as reckless driving, among other provisions. The law is

archaic, to say the least, having been enacted in 1964. Five decades and six

presidents have passed, but the law has never been amended. Specifically,

Sections 36 (Speed Limits) and 56 (Penalties) need improvements (Zoleta, 2018).

Strategies to Prevent Drunk and Drugged Driving. Drunk driving is an

excellent example of both the need and the opportunity for prevention to be

comprehensive. Clearly, laws against drunk driving, enforced by the police and

adjudicated by the courts, must play a leading role in the effort to keep people

from driving while drunk. But legal action alone cannot solve the problem. Many

other strategies also have the potential to significantly reduce drunk driving.

Together with the law, these strategies can have a major effect (National Center

for Statistics and Analysis, 2016).

Traditional approaches to preventive countermeasures for motor vehicle

crashes are categorized as being implemented before the event, during the event,

or after the event—each point represents opportunities to intervene. There are

many upstream or causal factors that may affect alcohol use and subsequent

driving, but for the purpose of this report the committee primarily covers
 16

interventions directly related to the prevention of alcohol-impaired driving

fatalities. This includes pre-crash interventions, such as alcohol policies that affect

price, the physical availability of alcohol, and alcohol consumption, as well as

alternative transportation and ridesharing options that may affect whether an

impaired person chooses to drive (Williams, 2006). Commented [JCA13]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

According to Starkey (2014), there can be no question that alcohol is a

major contributor to the problem of traffic safety in the United States. In about

half of the 44,000 fatalities caused by traffic accidents in 1984, the drivers or other

people killed in the accident had alcohol in their blood. It does not mean that if no

one ever drove after drinking, highway fatalities would be cut in half. As David

Reed of Harvard University points out, "Drinking-driving countermeasures can be

legitimate and useful government actions, but . . . even if such countermeasures

were perfectly successful, the savings in lives, injuries, and property loss would be

less than widely quoted figures would lead one to believe." Commented [JCA14]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

And paraphrase quoted statement. No quotes.

To initiate and sustain action that will bolster progress to reduce alcohol-

impaired driving fatalities, a strategic and comprehensive effort needs to be put

forth nationwide. Such an effort requires the engagement of stakeholders across

multiple sectors such as transportation, law enforcement, public health, the private

sector, and philanthropy. Furthermore, initiating sustainable action will require

garnering public will to address alcohol-impaired driving and allocating the

resources needed to do so by creating and sustaining public discourse to

 17

underscore the magnitude of the problem and strategies to move these efforts

forward (Voas, 2011). Commented [JCA15]: As I checked the internet, Voas, 2011 is
not the author of this article/ literature.

As the technology empowered the world nowadays, a program called

Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety was invented. The DADSS program

is a cooperative research partnership between National Highway Traffic Safety

Administrationand the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety to develop

noninvasive, in-vehicle technology that prevents drivers from operating vehicles

when their Blood Alcohol Concentration exceeds the limit set by state law. Given

strong public support and endorsement from various sectors, as well as having

significant potential impact for reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities, and to

leverage advancements in technology for primary prevention of alcohol-impaired

driving fatalities (Starkey,2014). Commented [JCA16]: This is not a conceptual literature but a
research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

According to National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2017), there is no

one-size-fits-all approach that will solve the problem of alcohol-impaired driving.

For a problem this large and widespread a systematic population approach is

needed. Therefore, the committee does not prioritize among its recommendations;

while each state needs to take a comprehensive approach to addressing alcohol-

impaired driving, the exact combination of interventions for particular states will

vary. When identifying conclusions and recommendations, the committee focused

on interventions that are evidence based, promising, and relevant in the current

environment, or where improvements are needed to increase effectiveness. While

 18

many of the strategies outlined in this report are not new, systematically

implementing these policies, programs, and systems changes would renew

progress and save lives.

Numerous interventions have been proven effective in reducing alcohol

impairment among road users. Implementing and enforcing mandatory blood

alcohol limits has been shown to reduce the number of alcohol-related traffic

incidents. Despite wide acceptance of the efficacy of such interventions, many

low- and middle-income countries either have no drunk-driving laws at all or

implement laws based on standards less objective and less reliable than BAC

(O'Connor, 2014). Commented [JCA17]: This is not a conceptual literature but a

research literature as cross-checked in the internet.

Research Literature

This literature includes research studies, published and unpublished, which

have direct bearing to the present study.

As presented on the study conducted by Hintural et al. (2016) entitled

“Traffic Management in San Pascual, Batangas” wherein it used descriptive

method through pre-survey, interview and self-made questionnaire for Traffic Commented [JCA18]: Check statement for error.

Management Group Personnel, PNP member, commuters/pedestrians and

motorists. The study indicates that processing of the traffic accident scene

constitutes the most important aspect of traffic enforcement according to the

respondents. Apprehension of traffic violators and enforcement of traffic laws,

rules, regulation and ordinances were considered almost equal contribute to the
 19

effectiveness of the traffic management but only second to the processing of the

traffic accident scene. Directing and controlling of traffic movement and

coordinating with other traffic agencies are least aspects that contribute to the

effectives of the traffic management.

Also, the computed F–values of the profile variables age, civil status and

educational attainment were all greater than the critical value and the resulting p-

values were less than 0.05 level of significance, thus the null hypothesis of no

significant difference on the effectiveness of the traffic management of San

Pascual, Batangas when grouped according to the aforementioned profile variables

is rejected.

This means that significant differences exist and that respondents have

assessed the effectiveness of traffic management of San Pascual, Batangas in

terms of the mentioned variables to be different. This also means that respondents,

with different age range; single, married or widow/widower; and with different

educational background have seen the effectiveness of the traffic management of

San Pascual, Batangas in different level of perspectives. Commented [JCA19]: In which part of this study that says it is
related to Drunk and Drugged Driving?

In relation to that, Jakubowski (2012) conducted a study entitled “Gender

and age-related differences in attitudes toward traffic laws and traffic violations”.

The findings confirmed that younger drivers violate the law more often, are more

involved in crashes, and suffer more fatal road accidents and they are considered a

high-risk group in regard to: accident involvement, risky driving, violation of

 20

traffic laws and even parking illegally in spaces reserved for people with

disabilities. Commented [JCA20]: In which part of this study that says it is

related to Drunk and Drugged Driving?

Be sure to present the needed details for your presented research

Moreover, in the study presented by Zakletskaia et al. (2009) entitled literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3. Methodology, 4. Related
Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

“Alcohol-impaired driving behavior and sensation-seeking disposition in a college

population receiving routine care at campus health services centers,” the

researchers investigated the effect of sensation seeking on self-reported alcohol-

impaired driving behavior in a college student population while adjusting for

demographics, residence and drinking locations. Alcohol-impaired drivers or

passengers of intoxicated drivers were more likely to be male, older, and non-

Hispanic white than students who did not engage in alcohol-impaired driving

behaviors. These students were far more likely to live off campus. The most

common drinking location was an off-campus residence or a bar. Commented [JCA21]: Be sure to present the needed details
for your presented research literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3.
Methodology, 4. Related Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

Similarly, according to the study of Biecheler et al. (2008) entitled “Survey

on drugs and fatal accidents: search of substances consumed and comparison

between drivers involved under the influence of alcohol or cannabis,” teen and

older adult drivers are most often affected by drugged driving. Teens are less

experienced and are more likely than other drivers to underestimate or not

recognize dangerous situations. They are also more likely to speed and allow less

distance between vehicles. When lack of driving experience is combined with drug

use, the results can be tragic. Car crashes are the leading cause of death among

young people aged 16 to 19 years. A study of college students with access to a car
 21

found that 1 in 6 had driven under the influence of a drug other than alcohol at

least once in the past year. Marijuana was the most common drug used, followed

by cocaine and prescription pain relievers. Commented [JCA22]: Be sure to present the needed details
for your presented research literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3.
Methodology, 4. Related Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

On the study conducted by Atienza et al. (2011) entitled “Variables related

to traffic accident in Bauan to Batangas route”, the findings emphasized that the

source of traffic education are schools (public and private) wherein traffic

education can be carried out by imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety,

training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety, and developing

traffic safety morality. In the elementary level, traffic education is focused on

safety and guides stressing traffic safety, classrooms discussions of accident,

incidents and safety rules and organizing safety patrols. Secondary traffic

education for high school students is geared towards school safety organizations.

Higher education obtained in colleges and universities offering and conducting

courses regarding safety subjects. Commented [JCA23]: In which part of this study that says it is
related to Drunk and Drugged Driving?

Be sure to present the needed details for your presented research

Further, according to Aria et al. (2011) on their study entitled “Substance- literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3. Methodology, 4. Related
Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

related traffic-risk behaviors among college students”, drinking can influence

driving ability after only one drink. Contrary to what many people believe, the

quality or variety of what is being consumed does not have a direct effect on

driving. For example, drinking the same amount of alcohol in wine coolers — as

opposed to tequila — will not affect the driver differently. The strongest predictor

of impaired driving ability is how many drinks are consumed over a period of
 22

time.The general rule for safe alcohol consumption is one drink per hour.

However, people’s weight, metabolism, and other contributors can predict how

alcohol will affect him or her as individuals. Therefore, the best practice is to

arrange alternative transportation when consuming alcohol. Sober driving is the

best way to prevent automobile accidents. Commented [JCA24]: Be sure to present the needed details
for your presented research literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3.
Methodology, 4. Related Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

Furthermore, on the study conducted by Zhao et al. (2014) entitled “Study

of the effects of alcohol on drivers and driving performance on straight road,” this

research revealed drivers’ signatures affected by alcohol and tried to classify

drinking driving state based on the significant indicators of driving performance.

The results have a great potential application in traffic safety research. On one

hand, the study on the effects of alcohol is the foundation for the detection of

drinking driving. The results revealed the change tendency of drivers’ attitude,

driving ability, and driving performance under the influence of alcohol, which

may be helpful for the countermeasure research of drinking driving. On the other

hand, the results can support the study on drivers’ driving model, especially for

safety driving. Commented [JCA25]: Be sure to present the needed details

for your presented research literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3.
Methodology, 4. Related Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

Also, in the study conducted by Wang et al. (2011) entitled, “A safety

based approaching behavioral model with various driving characteristics”, the

driving attitude and safety attitude showed driving tendencies of drivers. It

indicated that most subjects admitted that they had the tendency of sensation-

seeking and were more adventurous under the influence of alcohol. It was revealed
 23

that all of the abilities on perception, attention, direction-sense, judgment,

controlling, and reaction of most drivers were impaired by alcohol. More than half

of subjects felt that the vehicle moved slowly, which might make them drive much

faster. Commented [JCA26]: Be sure to present the needed details

for your presented research literature: 1. Topic, 2. Respondents, 3.
Methodology, 4. Related Findings, and 5. Related Conclusions

Additionally, in a study presented by Labra (2016) entitled “Awareness on

RA 10586 (Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013),” the researcher aimed

to determine the perception of drivers, and law enforcers and its deputized agency

unit provisions and if significant difference exists on their level of awareness. The

researchers used the descriptive type of research and gathered data through self-

made questionnaire. the LTO deputizes traffic enforcement officers of the PNP,

the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and cities and

municipalities in order to enforce the provisions. This shows that the police

officers are more concerned with the possible penalty that maybe imposed to a

person when found guilty of DUI. In addition, the personal contact of the police

officers to drivers, are less due to the deputation of traffic officers under municipal

government. Their stay on the streets, were mainly due to conduct and supervise

mobile checkpoints, patrolling and traffic supervision, TDRO's who were

deputized were those who are in-charge of actual conduct traffic on streets.

Lastly, in the study conducted by Malhotra (2017) entitled “Driving under

the influence of drugs: Perceptions and attitudes of New Zealand drivers,” the

researcher concluded that with regard to police enforcement, a large majority of

 24

respondents agreed that random alcohol testing improves road safety. In reference

to drug driving of respondents agreed that drug driving was a significant road

safety issue in New Zealand and 66.5% disagreed that random road side drug

testing would not improve road safety suggesting that they saw some value in it.

This was reflected in peoples’ responses that police time and resources should be

spent on enforcing drug driving laws.

Half of the respondents agreed that using medicines and driving was alright

if they felt their driving skills hadn’t been compromised. Further, significant

correlations revealed that younger respondents were more likely to agree that

driving after using medicines and illegal drugs was alright. Overall respondents

disagreed with driving under the influence of illegal drugs, however, a significant

effect of gender revealed that females indicated stronger disagreement to driving

under the influence of illegal drugs compared to males.

Synthesis

This part discussed the summarize of the gathered sources in order to

review the literature on the perceived effectiveness on the implementation of R.A

No. 10586 or Anti-Drunk and Drug Driving Act of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas. Commented [JCA27]: See to it that the changes in the marked
researches above shall be discussed correctly below.

In the study of Hintural, it indicates that processing of the traffic accident

scene constitutes the most important aspect of traffic enforcement according to the

respondents. In relation to that, Jakubowski confirmed that younger drivers violate

 25

the law more often, are more involved in crashes, and suffer more fatal road

accidents and they are considered a high-risk group in regard to: accident

involvement, risky driving, violation of traffic laws and even parking illegally in

spaces reserved for people with disabilities.

Moreover, according to Zakletskaia, alcohol-impaired drivers or passengers

of intoxicated drivers were more likely to be male, older, and non-Hispanic white

than students who did not engage in alcohol-impaired driving behaviors. Similarly,

thes study of Biecheler et al. stated that teens are less experienced and are more

likely than other drivers to underestimate or not recognize dangerous situations.

On the other hand, the study of Atienza etal. emphasized that the source of traffic

education are schools (public and private) wherein traffic education can be carried

out by imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety, training and practice in the

actual application of traffic safety, and developing traffic safety morality. Further,

according to Arria et al., drinking can influence driving ability after only one

drink.

Contrary to what many people believe, the quality or variety of what is

being consumed does not have a direct effect on driving. Furthermore, on the

study conducted by Zhao et al., the results revealed the change tendency of

drivers’ attitude, driving ability, and driving performance under the influence of

alcohol, which may be helpful for the countermeasure research of drinking

driving.Also, in the study conducted by Wang et al., it was revealed that all of the
 26

abilities on perception, attention, direction-sense, judgment, controlling, and

reaction of most drivers were impaired by alcohol. More than half of subjects felt

that the vehicle moved slowly, which might make them drive much faster.

Additionally, in a study presented by Labra, this shows that the police officers are

more concerned with the possible penalty that maybe imposed to a person when

found guilty of DUI. In addition, the personal contact of the police officers to

drivers, are less due to the deputation of traffic officers under municipal

government. Nearly, in the study conducted by Malhotra, they concluded that with

regard to police enforcement, a large majority of respondents agreed that random

alcohol testing improves road safety. Lastly, half of the respondents agreed that

using medicines and driving was alright if they felt their driving skills hadn’t been

compromised.

Conceptual Framework Commented [JCA28]: Discuss first a brief concept of Drunk

and Drugged Driving before presenting the contents of your
conceptual paradigm.
To arrive at a clearer understanding of the study, the researchers made use

of the Schematic model which isa picture that represents the components of a

process, device, or other object using abstract, often standardized symbols and

lines. The flow of the study is shown through the use of the succeeding figure

whose first, second and third box are the independent variable and the last one is

the dependent variable.

The below framework assessed the perceived effectiveness of

implementation of R.A No. 10586 in Lipa City, Batangas manifested through the
 27

road users. The first layer presents the needed demographic profile of the

respondents namely; age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, types of road

users, barangay where residing, and years of residency. Also, this shows the

strategies employed by traffic law enforces in Lipa City, Batangas to implement

the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving act of 2013. Moreover, the perceive

effectiveness of the implementation of the subject law in terms of; minimizing

road accidents, reducing traffic law violations, minimizing other traffic-related

problems. Lastly, to get the significantdifference on the perceived effectiveness of

implementation of R.A No. 10586 in Lipa City, Batangas when group according to

respondent profile variables.

The second layer presents the dependent variable that is being measured or

tested in this study. For this study with an aim to know the perceived effectiveness

of the implementation of RA 10586 otherwise known as the Anti-drunk and

Drugged Driving Act of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas, the dependent variable is the

perceived effectiveness of R.A 10586 since that is what is being measured.

 28

Demographic Perceive
Profile of the effectiveness of
Respondents the respondents
Age Strategies on Significant
employed by implementation difference on
Sex traffic law of the subject the perceived
Civil Status enforcers in law effectiveness
Lipa City, of the
Educational Minimizing road
Batangas to implementation
Attainment accidents
implement the of R.A No.
Types of Road Anti-Drunk and Reducing traffic 10586 in Lipa
User Drugged law violations City, Batangas
Driving act of when group
Barangay Minimizing
2013. according to
Where other traffic-
respondents’
Residing related problems
profile
Years of variables.
Residency

Perceived Effectiveness of Anti-drunk and Drugged

Driving Act of 2013

Figure 1

Research Paradigm of the Study Commented [JCA29]: Use the old IPO Paradigm on our
Template/ Sample, as recommended by the Dean.
 29

Hypothesis
This study utilized the hypothesis in its null form:

There is no significant difference on the perceived effectiveness of the

implementation of R.A No. 10586 in Lipa City, Batangas when group according to

respondents’ profile variables.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study the following terms were defined both

conceptually and operationally.

Blood alcohol concentration/content (BAC). The percentage (%) of Commented [JCA30]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

ethanol in the blood, based on the mass of alcohol per mass of blood (National

Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). As used in this study,

it refers to the percent of alcohol in a person's blood stream.

Driver. Refers to the operator of any motor vehicle, including a motorcycle Commented [JCA31]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

or motorboat. For surveillance purposes (e.g., National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration), this is usually restricted to motor vehicles operating on land,

meaning motor vehicles, including motorcycles and related vehicles, operating on

public roadways (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,

2018). As used in this study, it refers as the controlled operation and movement of

a motor vehicle, including cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Commented [JCA32]: Is this the simple definition of “driver”?
 30

Driving under the influence (DUI). These are legal terms that refer to Commented [JCA33]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

operating a motor vehicle while one’s blood alcohol concentration is above the

limit set by state law, or on the basis of field sobriety tests or observed behavior

(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). As used in

this study, it refers to the crime or offense of driving or operating a motor

vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs.

Driving Under Influence of Alcohol. This involves operating a vehicle

with a blood alcohol content (BAC) level of at least 0.08 percent (Galbicsek,

2019). As used in this study, it refers to the crime or offense of driving or

operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol.

Driving Under Influence of Drug. Refers to the act of operating a motor Commented [JCA34]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

vehicle while the driver, after being subjected to a confirmatory test and is found

to be positive for use of any dangerous drug (Official Gazette, 2013). As used in

this study, it refers to the crime or offense of driving or operating a motor

vehicle while impaired by dangerous drugs.

Drunk-driving. Refers to driving or operating a motor vehicle while Commented [JCA35]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

impaired or while one’s blood alcohol concentration is above the limit set by law

(more commonly used in the United Kingdom) (National Academies of Sciences,

Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). As used in this study, it is an act of driving a

vehicle after drinking too much alcohol

 31

Drunk driving crash/fatality. Widely used and recognized, and generally Commented [JCA36]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

refers to driving or crashes or fatalities that are related to alcohol impairment

(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). As used in

this study, it refers to the act of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol Commented [JCA37]: What should be defined is Drunk
driving crash/fatality

Impairment. Refers to the deterioration of an individual’s judgment and/or Commented [JCA38]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

physical ability (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,

2018). As used in this study, it refers to the act of impairing something or the state

or condition of being impaired Commented [JCA39]: Look for other operational definition

Motor vehicle crash fatality. National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration defines a motor vehicle crash fatality as one that (1) involves at Commented [JCA40]: Start with, “The term refers” or “This
refers”

least one motor vehicle (e.g., Car, motorcycle); (2) results in the death of a driver, Minimize or shorten your definition

passenger, cyclist, pedestrian, or occupant of a vehicle in transit within 30 days of

the crash; and (3) occurs on a public U.S. roadway (National Academies of

Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). As used in this study, it means any

person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of a road

injury accident. Commented [JCA41]: Look for other operational definition

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

This chapter discusses the research design, respondents of the study, data

gathering instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment that is

used in this study.

Research Environment

The research environment is the setting in which the research study takes

place and can be a natural or controlled environment. Natural settings are real-life

study environments without any changes made for the purpose of the study (Burns

& Grove, 2001). The study was conducted in Lipa City, Batangas, it is one of the

four cities in Batangas aside from Batangas City, Santo Tomas and Tanauan. It is

located 78 kilometres (48 mi) south of Manila and is the most populous city of

Batangas. Commented [JCA42]: Definition of research setting is not

required

Use future tense

Research Design
Put elaborate discussion on Lipa City in relation to Drunk and
Drugged Driving
The main purpose of this study if to determine the perceived effectiveness

of the implementation of RA 10586 otherwise known as the Anti-drunk and

Drugged Driving Act of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas and to attain this purpose, the

researchers utilized the descriptive method of research.

The descriptive method of research is a fact finding that involves adequate

and accurate interpretation of the findings. According to Burns and Grove (2003),

descriptive research is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally

 33

happens. This focuses on the prevailing conditions or how a person, group or thing

behave or function in the present. It often involves some type of comparison or

contrast.

Relatively, the method is appropriate to this study since it aimed to evaluate

the perceived effectiveness of the implementation of RA 10586 otherwise known

as the Anti-drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 in Lipa City, Batangas. The

technique used under descriptive method is the normative survey approach and

evaluation which is commonly used to explore opinions according to the

respondents that can represent the whole population.

Respondent of the Study

The subject of this study is composed of the road users at Lipa City,

Batangas. The researchers came up with the total of 100 respondents from Lipa

City, 50 are from TMO and 50 are road users respectively. The chosen Commented [JCA43]: How many do I have to tell you that your
respondents in your study are ONLY the ROAD USERS!!!!

representatives were given self-constructed questionnaires to gather the data which Edit this…

were used in the development of this paper.Moreover, simple random sampling

method, were used to locate the respondents since it is the most scientific form of

sampling method. TMO and road users were chosen as respondents because TMO

is concern in traffic management and road users are the victims of different road

accidents specifically in drunk and drugged driving. Commented [JCA44]: Use future tense

Improve discussions and explain why you chose the ROAD USERS
 34

Data Gathering Instruments

In connection with the descriptive method, the researchers used a self-

constructed questionnaire as the major tool in gathering the necessary data.

Self-constructed Questionnaire. This data gathering instrument was used

to get the perception of the respondents on the effectiveness of the implementation

of R.A No. 10586 inLipa City, Batangas. The questionnaire will be composed of

three (3) parts. The initial part of the questionnaire will be composed of items

which determined the profile variables of the respondents in terms of age, sex,

civil status, educational attainment, types of road user, barangay where residing

and years of residency.

The second part of the instrument will contain items that will determine the

strategies that are employed by traffic law enforces in Lipa City, Batangas to

implement the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving act of 2013. The third part of the

questionnaire will be composed of items that will obtain the respondents’

perception on the effectiveness of the implementation of the subject law in terms

of minimizing road accidents, reducing traffic law violations, minimizing other

traffic-related problems.

To construct the data gathering instrument of the study, the researchers will

initially conduct a preliminary survey, which will be followed by browsing of

various reference materials and online sources to collect data that may serve as the

content of the researcher-made instrument. These relevant data will be presented

to the research instructor and research adviser for them to be guided in

 35

constructing the initial draft of the questionnaire. Upon the accomplishment of the

first draft of the instrument, it will be presented once again to their research

instructor and research adviser for comments and suggestions. After incorporating

all the suggestions provided to them, the researchers will seek the advice of their

research adviser to subject the instrument into content validation from a group of

experts from the BS Criminology Program and research who will be chosen by

their research instructor.

With the approval of the research instructor and research adviser, the data

gathering instrument will be subjected into a process of content validation from a

panel of experts. These experts will have to provide significant comments and

suggestions to further enhance the contents of the instrument. And after satisfying

the recommendations of the experts, their approval will be sought to subject the

instrument into a dry-run to test its reliability. In this process, the researchers will

have to choose 20 road users from Lipa City, Batangas to be their respondents for Commented [JCA45]: Why also choose in LIPA, this is your
research environment? Choose other source of respondents for dry
run.
the dry-run. The data that will be obtained here will be tallied and submitted to

their chosen statistician for reliability test. The result for this test should obtain at

least .70 reliability coefficient in order to show that the items contained in the

instrument were clear, comprehensive and competent to be used in actual

gathering of data for the study. This will likewise mean that the said instrument

will be ready for administration to the actual respondents.

In the administration of the validated data gathering instrument, the

researchers will personally distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. The

 36

researchers will explain to them beforehand the purposes and objectives of their

study. The directions to effectively answer the instrument will be emphasized to

them and the respondents will be assured that they will be guided thoroughly to

successfully accomplish the received questionnaires. Furthermore, they will also

be informed that all of their responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality

and such will be treated for academic purposes only.

The following scale presented below will be used to fuflfill the objectives

of this study. The researchers will use the four-point scale where four (4) will be

considered as the highest and one (1) as the lowest. The appropriate range,

together with the corresponding verbal interpretations will also be taken into

consideration to interpret the data that will be obtained.

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.5-4.0

3 2.5-3.49

2 1.5-2.49

1 1.0-1.49

Informal Interview. This will be used to gather sufficient first-hand

information from the respondents for the researchers to further interpret the result

of the study. More so, this will be conducted in order to elaborate the computed

data presented in the next chapter of this study.

 37

Data Gathering Procedures

To obtain essential data for the study, the researchers visited different

schools and libraries to browse some books, journals and other related studies. The

researchers visited Batangas State University Pablo Borbon Main I library and

other libraries in the province of Batangas. Foreign and local reference materials

were also browsed and considered by the researchers.

The researchers also utilized the internet in gathering information related to

the topic of the study. The researchers did not only depend on the first hand

information gathered, they also took advantage of the secondary data they found at

various sources.

In the administration of the self-constructed questionnaire, the researchers

will initially ask permission, through a formal request letter, from the principal. If Commented [JCA46]: WHY PRINCIPAL??? Your respondents
are the ROAD USERS of LIPA, so why ask permission from the
PRINCIPAL?
the formal request of the researchers will be granted, the researchers will see to it

that they will be the one who will distribute the questionnaires to their chosen

respondents. The researchers will ensure to their respondents the assistance they

can get from answering the prepared data gathering instrument. And if the

respondents successfully accomplished the received questionnaires, their actual

responses will be tallied in order to subject such into statistical treatment. The

statistical results will be interpreted to answer substantially the objectives of the

study.
 38

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers utilized the following statistical measures in order to

analyze and interpret the data so as to provide answers to the specific problems of

the study.

Frequency Count. This will be used in order to present the frequency

distribution of the respondents’ demographic profile in terms of age, sex, civil

status, educational attainment, types of road users, barangay where residing and

years of residency.

Percentage Distribution. This will be utilized to present the percentage

distributions of the respondents in relation to their age, sex, civil status,

educational attainment, types of road users, barangay where residing and years of

residency.

Weighted Mean. This will be utilized to determine the typical responses

chosen from a four-point scale, particularly the to determine the responses of the

road users on the strategies employed by the traffic law enforces in Lipa City,

Batangas to implement the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving act of 2013. Also,

this will be used to determine the perceptions of the respondents on the

effectiveness of implementation of the subject law in terms of minimizing road

accidents, reducing traffic law violations, minimizing other traffic-related

problems.
 39

Independent Sample T-Test. This will used to determine the significant

difference on the perceived effectiveness of the implementation of R.A No. 10586

in Lipa City, Batangas when grouped according to respondents’ sex.

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This will be used to determine

the significant difference on the perceived effectiveness of the implementation of

R.A No. 10586 in Lipa City, Batangas when grouped according to rerspondents’

age, civil status, educational attainment, types of road user, barangay where

residing and years of residency.