MODULE: 05

PIPING AND INSTRUMENT DRAWINGS

MODULE OBJECTIVE
What you will learn

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 INTRODUCTION

Industrial systems & devices are often represented by understandable Technical or

Engineering drawings. This makes a complicated system & machine parts much
easier to understand. Technical drawings are defined across the industry by
standard bodies like ISO, ASME. So that Information (signs & symbols) used are
presented in standard format from unit to unit. Each piece of equipment, every
component in a system, is always represented by the same symbol in a diagram of a
particular type. This allows anyone who can read the symbols to understand a
drawing/diagram. Since each symbol means the same anywhere in the world, a
Technical drawing/diagram becomes an important international language for
technicians/engineers in the industry. The advantage of this is that an engineer can
understand drawings from a foreign country even though he may not speak or read
their language. By reading the relevant diagrams, engineering or operations
personnel can locate equipment and discuss any associated installation or repair
problems.
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 TECHNICAL DRAWING
Technical drawing, also known as drafting, is the practice of creating accurate
representations of an objects or a complete system on an image for technical,
architectural and engineering needs.

The basic method of drafting is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a
smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides - typically a drafting
table. The object been represented is then drawn to a measurement scale using
standard tools --- pencils, ink, T-squares, French curves, triangles, rulers, scales, and
erasers etc.

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 DRAWING SIZES
Technical Drawings are made in standard paper sizes. It is necessary to understand the various paper
sizes available. Paper sizes are standardized using the metric system of measurement (millimeters).
There are two series of sizes called the 'A' series and the 'B' series. The B series is not used much with
industrial drawings.
The largest sheet of paper in the A series is called A1 and measures 840 millimeters (mm) by 594 mm. If
this sheet of paper is cut equally into two pieces on the longer edge, each of the two pieces of paper is
called size A2, and each measures 420 mm by 594 mm. The series continues in this way so that the
following paper sizes are formed.

A1 840 mm (33 in) by 594 mm (23.4 in)

A2 420 mm (16.5 in) by 594 mm (23.4 in)
A3 420 mm (16.5 in) by 297 mm (11.7 in)
A4 210mm(8.25in) by 297mm(11.7in)
A5 210mm(8.25in) by 148.5mm(5.85in)
A6 105mm (4.125 in) by 148.5 mm (5.85 in).
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 DRAWING SIZES
A6 and A5 are too small for industrial drawings. Size A4 may be used occasionally.
In addition to the paper sizes mentioned above a further, 'super' size called AO may be used. This size is
slightly larger than the A1 size. Also, some drawings may be produced on non-standard (custom) sized
paper. Copies of standard drawings can also be made, the size of the copy can be made to be different
from the size of the original drawing. When the copy is smaller than the original drawing, The term used
for this is 'reduction’, and 'enlargement', when the copy is larger than the original drawing

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 Figure 01:Paper Sizes illustration

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 PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL DRAWING
A practitioner of technical drawing is known as a draftsman, draftsperson. Today the methods of the
drawing/drafting task have been greatly accelerated, through the use of Computer Aided Design
(CAD) systems e.g AUTOCAD, but regardless of whether a draft is drawn by hand or with computer
assistance, the drawing must be reproducible and is required to:

• Pass information from one person to another

• From one manufacturer to another

• From one industry to another

• From one country to another

• Be able to accurately represent instrument systems

• Be able to assist in effective fault diagnosis

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 TYPES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING
The following drawings or documents will be discussed :

1. Engineering, Orthographic, Isometric and Exploded diagrams

2. Schematic ---Single, Double line styles, & Block Diagrams

3. P&ID’s and PFD’s

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ENGINEERING DRAWING
An engineering drawing, is a type of technical drawing created to fully define the
geometrical measurement and shape requirements of an engineering object.

The purpose of such a drawing is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the
geometric features of an object so as to convey all the required information that will
allow an engineer to interpreted the object or a manufacturer to produce that
component. Engineering drawings are still often referred to as "blueprints“ .

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 Figure 02: Engineering Drawing

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 Common Features of Engineering Drawings
Drawings convey the following critical information:
• Geometry – the shape of the object; represented as views; how the object will
look when it is viewed from various angles, such as front, top, side, etc.
• Dimensions – the size of the object is captured in accepted units.
• Tolerances – the allowable variations for each dimension.
• Material – represents what the item is made of.
• Finish – specifies the surface quality of the item, functional or cosmetic. For
example, a mass-marketed product usually requires a much higher surface quality
than, say, a component that goes inside industrial machinery.

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 Common Features of Engineering Drawings
Line styles and types
A variety of line styles graphically represent physical objects:
• visible – are continuous lines used to depict edges directly visible from a particular
angle.
• hidden – are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are not
directly visible.
• center – are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that may be used to
represent the axes of circular features.
• cutting plane – are thin, medium-dashed lines, or thick alternately long- and
double short-dashed that may be used to define sections for section views.
• section – are thin lines in a pattern (pattern determined by the material being
"cut" or "sectioned") used to indicate surfaces in section views resulting from
"cutting." Section lines are commonly referred to as "cross-hatching."

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
In most cases, a single view of an object is not sufficient to show all necessary features thus the
need of an Orthographic drawing also known as Orthographic Projection. It represent a three-
dimensional object in separate views as it looks from the front, right, left, top, bottom, or back,
and are typically positioned relative to each other on the same piece of paper. Common
orthographic drawings show the front, side, and top (Plan) views of an object.
Top/Plan View

Side View
Front View

Figure 03: Example of Orthographic Drawings

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 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Isometric drawing/diagram is a pictorial representation of an object drawn in a projected angle
such as to reveal the essential features of the object. The isometric style of drawing gives a
three dimensional picture of the object which is easier to understand than other types of
drawing. The scale along each axis x, y, z of the projection of the object is the same with usually
120o between them.

Figure 04:Example of Isometric Drawings

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 EXPLODED & SECTIONAL DRAWINGS
Exploded & Sectional Drawings are also typically drawn in isometric style as shown in the next
slide. Exploded & sectional drawings dismantles the equipment /object on paper in a manner,
which allows a technician/engineer to easily see:
• Firstly how the equipment comes apart
• Secondly the inner components of the equipment

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 EXPLODED VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Figure 05: Examples of an Exploded and a Sectional View of an Equipment

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 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
In Schematic drawings/diagrams an object or the elements of a system are represented
using abstract, graphic symbols (peculiar to the profession) rather than realistic images. In
the schematic diagram, the symbolic elements are arranged to show the interconnection
paths between components of the system and not their physical details.

For example: A schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the
vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their
interconnection paths. In an electronic schematic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols
may not resemble the layout of the components in the physical circuit but shows the
interconnections between the individual components which can be used to build or
troubleshoot the actual system.

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 Figure 06: Schematic Diagram (A: An Electrical Schematic Drawing B: A Piping Schematic Drawing)

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 Single Line Schematic Diagram Double Line Schematic Diagram

Figure 07: single or double line versions of Schematic diagrams

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block diagram/drawing is the

diagram of a system, in which the
principal parts or functions are
represented by labeled blocks
connected by lines, that show the
relationships of the blocks. They are
used in the engineering world in
hardware design, software design,
and in process flow diagrams too.
The block diagram is typically used
for a higher level, less detailed
description of a system, aimed more
at understanding the overall
concepts and less at the details of
implementation.
Figure 08: A Simple Block Diagram of a Process Plant

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 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFD)
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in engineering to indicate the general
flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major
equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and
designations. Typically, process flow diagrams of a single unit process will include the following:
• Process piping
• Major bypass and recirculation lines
• Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers
• Flow directions
• Interconnection with other systems etc.

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 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS (PFD)
Process flow diagrams generally do not include:
1. Pipe classes or piping line numbers
2. Process control instrumentation (sensors and final elements)
3. Minor bypass lines
4. Isolation and shutoff valves
5. Maintenance vents and drains
6. Relief and safety valves
7. Flanges
Often PFD's are drawn in large sheets of paper. A PFD can be computer generated from process
simulators, CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering
symbols. Rules and symbols are available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO
10628 or ANSI

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 Figure 09: Example of a Process Flow Diagram

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 PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS (P&ID)
A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram/drawing (P&ID) is a schematic diagram in the
process industry which shows the piping of the process flow together with the control
equipment and instrumentation.

Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) give more detail than PFDs, it shows all the
equipment used, not just the main components:
1. Instruments and designations
2. Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
3. All valves and their identifications
4. Process piping, sizes and identification
5. Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers etc.

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 PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS (P&ID)
P&IDs play a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it
describes. It shows the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these
systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the
development of system control schemes, assist in safety and operational investigations.
Because of the detail shown on piping and instrument diagrams, a lot of symbols and
abbreviations are used to save space on the drawing. There are many symbols and
abbreviations which you will learn with practice. However, every set of drawings has a
drawing legend, list of symbols and abbreviations used. You should always get a copy of this
list to help you understand the drawings and make sure you read the symbols correctly and
understand what they mean.

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 Figure 10: Example of a Piping and Instrument (P&I) Diagram

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 Piping and Instrument (P&I) Diagram
The amount of detail in the P&ID varies according to the purpose of the drawing. Many of the
symbols on the P&ID for common pieces of equipment such as fans, blowers, pumps, valves and
piping are standard or very similar on P&IDs produced by different engineering firms.
Specialized equipment symbols vary from firm to firm, and from plant to plant.

The first sheets of a set of P&IDs are the Legend Sheets, which define the various numerical
values, letters, abbreviations and symbols used throughout the set of P&IDs.

The following general rules apply to all P&IDs:

1. The thickest flow line designates the main process flow.

2. Equipment is always labeled with a name and usually an equipment number.

3. Information such as notes, remarks, signatures, drawing number and revision information is
provided on the lower right hand side of the drawing.
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 Instruments Identification in a P&ID
Instruments are identified in a P&ID by the specially labeled circular & square symbols. They
also distinguishes between instruments that are mounted in the Field and those mounted in a
control Panel.
Each instrument designation is provided with a loop number and identifying letters.
The loop number is a number assigned to a control loop to distinguish it from others, and
multiple components of the control loop generally have the same number.
The instrument identification letters describe the role of the instrument in the control loop.
To identify an instrument, read the first letter from the first column of the table, and read the
following letters from the second column. This is best illustrated by the following examples:

From Table Meaning

TI Temperature-Indicate Temperature Indicator
HS Hand-Switch Hand Switch
KIC Consistency-Indicate-Control Consistency Indicating Controller
PDIC Pressure-Differential-Indicate-Control Pressure Differential Indicating Controller
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 Table 01: Instrument Identification Table

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 Figure 11:Commonly used Instrument Symbols and their Meaning

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 Figure 12: Valve and Line Symbols-A

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 Figure 13: Valve and Line Symbols -b

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 Table 02: Instrument Abbreviations
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 Figure 14 :Computing Function Identification

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 Figure 15: Control Valve Actuators

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 Figure 16: Typical I/O Symbols and Pipe Connections

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 Figure 17: Primary Flow Element

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 Figure 18: Transducer Function and Level Table

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 Table 03: Instrument Letter Identification-A
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 Table 03: Instrument Letter Identification-B
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 Figure 19: Typical Instrument Symbol Identification

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 Figure 20: Flow Element Tags and Tie Point /Nozzle Tags

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 Figure 21: Typical Service Codes-A

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 Figure 21: Typical Service Codes-B

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 Figure 21: Typical Service Codes-C

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 Where;
X”– the nominal size of the pipe
SVC– the service code for the material that normally
flows in the line
ET:SVC– a unique line tag that includes two parts, the
equipment tag from which the line originates
followed by a unique sequential number
LS–line specification for the pipe, including class and
material type, valves etc.

Note: Line Specifications, LS

Line specifications cover all the details related to the
piping system used to handle the fluid for the line.
This should include all details regarding material of
construction, valves and trim, gaskets, fittings, T/P
limits, and much more.

Figure 22: Typical Line Numbers and Valve Tags

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 Figure 23: Typical Equipment Tag Format

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 Figure 24: Typical Equipment Label

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 Figure 25: Typical Instrument / Device Tags and Vendor Delineation

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 Where;
HV or V – A literal and required part of all hand valve tags
D# – last two digits of P&ID drawing number
SQ – Sequence Number (01 to 99)
V0001 – The first hand valve on P&ID D100
V1205 – The fifth hand valve on P&ID D102
Figure 26: Typical Line Off/On Page Connector and Hand Valve Tags

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 Figure 27: Flow Arrow and Line Breaks

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 Figure 28: Insulation Symbols and Codes

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 Figure 29: P & I Drawing File Name

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 Figure 30: Instrument Symbol Interpretation

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 Figure 31: General P&ID Symbols interpretation For Valves and Lines

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 Figure 32: HVAC Axillaries -A

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 Figure 33: HVAC Axillaries -B

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 Figure 34: Heat Exchangers

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 Figure 35: Compressor Axillaries

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 Figure 36: A P&ID Page Layout

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 Figure 37: A Title Block

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 P&ID CONTROL LOOP
Control loops are one of the most important parts of a P&ID. The term “control loop” is a
general term for all the elements related to the control of a process parameter, such as tank
level or steam flow. This includes all the hardware and software related to that control function.
The hardware components in a control loop are called instruments.
It is important to remember that most control loops have three parts:
• The measurement element
• The controller
• The control device

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 P&ID CONTROL LOOP
A good understanding of the basic control loop allows you to understand more complicated
control loops.
• The measuring element generates a signal that represents the process variable being
controlled. Common process variables are consistency, pressure, flow and temperature. The
measuring element is connected to a transmitter. The transmitter sends a measurement
signal to the controller. The control signal can take the form of a pneumatic air signal,
milliamp electrical current and even a remote radio signal, depending on the situation.
• The controller determines the kind of adjustments required at the point of control. This is
done by comparing the measured value to a set-point (SP), which is the required setting for a
process variable (PV). The controller makes adjustments until the process variable value is
equal to the set-point.
• A control device (or control element) is any piece of process equipment that can be
modulated to change a measured process parameter. The control device causes the actual
change in the variable being measured. Control valves are the most common control devices.
For temperature control, these valves control the flow of steam, hot fluid or coolant. They
can also take the form of switches, pumps, fans, or electrical heaters and other control
devices. Motor speed controllers are also control devices
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 P&ID Control Loop
It is important to remember that adjustments made at the point of control will cause a change
in the measured variable. Each control loop is given a unique number to distinguish it from
other control loops.
A control loop can be made up of a single element (for example, a local pressure gauge), or it
can have many different elements (for example, an automatic flow controller). A control loop
can include sensors, transmitters, controllers, I/P converters, valves, limit switches, and
interlocks.
1. To trace control loops, begin at the point of measurement. Take note of the property being
measured such as temperature, pressure or flow rate. This is the process condition that is
being maintained at the set point, or being controlled.
2. Follow the control signal line to the controller. The controller is the instrument responsible
for determining the adjustments required at the point of control.
3. Follow the signal line from the controller to the point of control (usually a valve). Remember
that it is possible for a control signal to be on more than one P&ID.

When you have traced the control loop, it becomes simple to describe its purpose.
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 Figure 38: A Control Loop in a P&ID (Shaded Part)

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 Figure 39: A simple Sectional Diagram and the P&ID Level Control Loop Illustrations

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