COMPANY PROFILE

1.1 History of Company

Nano Robotics Embed Technologies, established in 2013, is a pioneer in providing high
quality competitively priced products and services to customers in Embedded Solutions for the
Packaged Products, Product Development and in Technology Solutions covering Embedded
Systems and System Software to its Global Clientele.
NRET Technologies was started by a group of dynamic software professionals and
management consultants, with an objective of providing an integrated system solution for any
organization. Presently the team consists of software professionals’ experts in Technology
Domain and Functional Knowledge. Quality and timely delivery being the deliverables of
NRET, we have retained Clients from the start and are continuing in doing so with our new
clients.
A company promoted by technocrats, NRET was incorporated as a small start-up design
house of micro-processor-based electronics to a niche clientele. Over the years we have
plunged into diverse domains acquiring valuable insights into the business of product
engineering. With a global mind-set, NRET will now cater to the world market. NRET was
started as far back as 2013. With over 10 employees, the company has development centres in
different regions of Bangalore. As an Organization, our Goal is to contribute to society through
broad-ranging activities in the areas of Software development, Training and Technical Projects.
About NRET
Nano Robotics Embed Technologies has successfully performed projects under various
platforms and has delivered high quality competitively priced products and services to
customers all over India. It is a premier embedded systems services company that offers a wide
range of software products, services and solutions to the Home Automation, Display Devices
and Consumer Electronics. We offer exceptional value to our customers through our highly
competent interdisciplinary engagements and delivery teams who are in the forefront of these
technically challenging areas. While our core business practices are built around providing
industry leading solutions and services to our customers, we strive to keep ourselves on the
cutting edge of technology by fostering Research & Development culture in the organization.
Through our diverse embedded systems expertise and service delivery experience, we provide
rapid quality deliveries that reduce project costs, & risks significantly and accelerate time-to
market. The approach facilitates significant improvement in our client's business processes and
development life cycles.
 MICROCONTROLLER

A controller, in a computing context, is a hardware device or a software program that

manages or directs the flow of data between two entities. In computing, controllers may
be cards, microchips or separate hardware devices for the control of a peripheral device.
In a general sense, a controller can be thought of as something or someone that interfaces
between two systems and manages communications between them.

A microcontroller is a small, low-cost and self contained computer-on-a-chip that can

be used as an embedded system. A few microcontrollers may utilize four-bit expressions
and work at clock rate frequencies, which usually include:
An 8 or 16 bit microprocessor.
A little measure of RAM.
Programmable ROM and flash memory.
Parallel and serial I/O.
Timers and signal generators.
Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are
limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The
Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the
Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible".
All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly
language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own
special features).
Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
 4 KB on chip program memory.
 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM)
 32 bytes devoted to register banks
 16 bytes of bit-addressable memory
 80 bytes of general-purpose memory
 4 reg banks.
 128 user defined software flags
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal
 Types of Microcontroller
There are 4 types of Microcontroller:
 Microcontroller 8051
 Renesas Microcontroller
 AVR Microcontroller – Atmega328
 PIC Microcontroller
There are many AVR family microcontrollers, such as ATmega8, ATmega16 and so on.
In this article we discussing about the ATmega328 microcontroller. The ATmega328 and
ATmega8 are pin compatible ICs but functionally they are different. The ATmega328 has
flash memory of 32kB, where the ATmega8 has 8kB. Other differences are extra SRAM
and EEPROM, addition of pin change interrupts and timers. Some of the features of
ATmega328 are:

Features of ATmega328:
 28-pin AVR microcontroller
 Flash program memory of 32kbytes
 EEPROM data memory of 1kbytes
 SRAM data memory of 2kbytes
 I/O pins are 23
 Two 8-bit timers
 A/D converter
 Six channel PWM
 In built USART
 External Oscillator: up to 20MHz

Pin Description of ATmega328

It comes in 28 pin DIP, shown in figure below:
ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

USB Plug & External Power Supply Plug

The Arduino Uno can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a
wall power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack. The power source is selected
automatically. The USB connection will load code onto your Arduino board.

Voltage Regulator
It controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Its limitation is not
more than 20 volts.

Power Pins
Voltage In Pin, is the input voltage to the Arduino board when it’s using an external power
source. The 5V pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 – 12V), the USB connector (5V), or
the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
 There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your
circuit. The IOREF pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates.

Input and Output Pins

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-5k Ohms. In addition, some pins which have
specialized functions are Serial Out (TX) & Serial In (RX), External Interrupts and Pulse-
Width Modulation (PWM), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Analog Input Pins and AREF
Pin (Analog Reference). Some additional pins have specialized functionality such as TWI
and Reset Pin.

LED Indicators
The several power indicators are Power LED Indicator, On-Board LED and the TX & RX
LEDs.

ATmega328 Microcontroller
This is the main IC on the Arduino which is slightly different from board type to board
type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL Company.

ATmega16U2 Microcontroller
The ATMega16u2 takes care of the USB connection. This new Arduino Uno R3 now uses
an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2. This allows for faster transfer rates and more memory.

ICSP Headers
ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming. There are two ICSP headers on the board
one for ATmega16U2 and the other one is for ATmega328. These are used to update or load
the firmware into the microcontroller.

Reset Button
Pushing the reset button temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code
that is loaded on the Arduino.

The pin description of Arduino consisting of reset button, ICSP header, ATmega
microcontroller, LED indicator, input output pins, power pins voltage regulator, USB plug
and external power supply plug is shown the below following diagram:
GPIO(General purpose input/output):
GPIO is a type of pin found on an integrated circuit that does not have a specific function.
While most pins have a dedicated purpose, such as sending a signal to a certain component,
the function of a GPIO pin is customizable and can be controlled by software.

Programs on GPIO
int led = 9;
void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(5000);
}
LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and
there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores
the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD. There are a lot of combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1,
etc. But the most used one is the 16x2 LCD; hence we are using it here.

Fig :Pin diagram of 16x2 LCD

 Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
Contrast adjustment; through a variable
3 VEE
resistor
Selects command register when low; and Register
4
data register when high Select
Low to write to the register; High to read
5 Read/write
from the register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low
6 Enable
pulse is given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table :Pin Description of 16x2 LCD

Displaying Custom Characters on 16X2 LCD:

Generating custom characters on LCD is not very hard. It requires the knowledge
about custom generated random-access memory (CG-RAM) of LCD and the
LCD chip controller. Most LCDs contain Hitachi HD4478 controller. CG-RAM is the main
component in making custom characters. It stores the custom characters once declared in the
code. CG-RAM size is 64 byte providing the option of creating eight characters at a time. Each
character is eight byte in size. CG-RAM address starts from 0x40 (Hexadecimal) or 64 in
decimal. We can generate custom characters at these addresses. Once we generate our
characters at these addresses, now we can print them on the LCD at any time by just sending
simple commands to the LCD. The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays
that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver and it is a 16-pin interface.

Fig 3.5 LCD Module

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate
several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following
pins: A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data
to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction
register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next.
A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode. An Enable pin that enables
writing to the registers. 8 data pins (D0 - D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits
that you're writing to a register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read.
There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED Backlight
(Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and
turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.
 Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)
An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a very useful feature
that converts an analog voltage on a pin to a digital number. By
converting from the analog world to the digital world, we can begin to
use electronics to interface to the analog world around us.
Not every pin on a microcontroller has the ability to do analog to
digital conversions. On the Arduino board, these pins have an ‘A’ in
front of their label (A0 through A5) to indicate these pins can read
analog voltages.

ADCs can vary greatly between microcontroller. The ADC on the

Arduino is a 10-bit ADC meaning it has the ability to detect 1,024
(2^10) discrete analog levels. Some microcontrollers have 8-bit ADCs
(2^8 = 256 discrete levels) and some have 16-bit ADCs (2^16 = 65,536
discrete levels).
The way an ADC works is fairly complex. There are a few
different ways to achieve this feat (see Wikipedia for a list), but one of
the most common technique uses the analog voltage to charge up an
internal capacitor and then measure the time it takes to discharge across
an internal resistor. The microcontroller monitors the number of clock
cycles that pass before the capacitor is discharged. This number of
cycles is the number that is returned once the ADC is complete.
Program on ADC:
 Internet Of Things(IoT)
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical
and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers
( UIDs ) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or
human-to-computer interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver
when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an
IP address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more

efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service,
improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.

An IOT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors,
sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IOT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IOT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed
locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up,
give them instructions or access the data.
 The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-
enabled devices largely depend on the specific IOT applications deployed.

Fig: Example of an IoT System

Architectural block diagram of IoT

The different organizations and service providers define, implement and recognize IOT
architecture in different ways. However, the basic architecture of an IOT system remains
same underneath every implementation and business model. The basic architecture of an IOT
system can be understood from a four-layer model as follow –
1) IOT devices and Gateways
2) Communication Network
3) Cloud or Server
4) IoT application
Applications of IoT

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from
consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT applications
span numerous verticals, including automotive, telco, energy and more.
In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart
thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be
controlled remotely via computers, smartphones or other mobile devices.
Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending
messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and
more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example,
improving first responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes
to a location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening
sites.
In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more
closely to use the data that's generated and analyze it. Hospitals often use IoT systems to
complete tasks such as inventory management, for both pharmaceuticals and medical
instruments.
 Embedded C
Embedded c is actually the extension of c language. It consists of c language sets that can
be used for different purposes. It was extending by the standard committee c in 2008 for
solving the issues provide by c language. It mostly used the syntax and standard c semantics.
This language has so many features as compared to c language such as it used the fixed point
arithmetic, spaces between maned address and hardware input, output addressing. As we look
around ourselves, we have so many embedded systems such as washing machine, digital
camera and mobile phones all these the examples of embedded system, in all these things
embedded c language is used. So many extra characteristics have added in embedded c such
as operation or mapping register, number of memory area and representation of fixed point.

Embedded C, even if it’s similar to C, and embedded languages in general requires a

different kind of thought process to use. Embedded systems, like cameras or TV boxes, are
simple computers that are designed to perform a single specific task. They are also
designed to be efficient and cheap when performing their task. For example, they aren’t
supposed to use a lot of power to operate and they are supposed to be as cheap as possible.
As an embedded system programmer, we will have simple hardware to work with. We will
have very little RAM, ROM and very little processing power and stack space. Our goal is to
write programs that are able to leverage this limited processing power for maximum effect.
As an ordinary C programmer, we don’t have as many constraints.

The reason why most embedded systems use Embedded C as a programming language is
because Embedded C lies somewhere between being a high level language and a low level
language. Embedded C, unlike low level assembly languages, is portable. It can run on a
wide variety of processors, regardless of their architecture. Unlike high level languages,
Embedded C requires less resources to run and isn’t as complex. Some experts estimate that
C is 20% more efficient than a modern language like C++. Another advantage of Embedded
C is that it is comparatively easy to debug.
Features of Embedded C
1. It is only the extension of C language and mothing more.
2. It has source code format that depends upon the kind of microcontroller or
microprocessor that have been being used.
3. Through embedded c high level optimization can done.
4. It is used in microprocessor or microcontroller applications.
5. It has limited resources for used, mean the embedded system have only memory
location.
6. In embedded c constraints runs on real time and output is not available at operating
system.
7. It only supports the adequate processor or controller.
8. In embedded c only pre-define program can run.
9. It requires a compiler of embedded c, which have the compatibility with all the
embedded system resources.
10. Some of the examples of embedded system c application are digital camera, DVD and
digital TV etc.
11. The major advantage of embedded c is its coding speed and size is very simple and
easy to understand.

PROCEDURE
Step1: Download Arduino UNO IDE software and Install it to the computer.
Step2: Now open Arduino. File- Examples-Basics-Blink.
Step3: If you are using Arduino UNO board, then the 13th pin of the board has an
inbuilt LED. Now if you upload the program to the board, the LED will be turning ON/OFF
with 1sec delay.

Step4: If you are using MEP_ROBO development board, pin 2, 3, 4 has an inbuilt LED.
Give power supply to the board. Upload the program. The LED will be blinking.
Difference between C Language and Embedded C

Embedded C Compilers
There are a variety of different compilers on the market, manufactured by different
companies, that use Embedded C. One of the more popular ones is the Keil compiler.
Because of this, Embedded C is also sometimes known as Keil C.
 Embedded C has several keywords that are not present in C. These keywords are
associated with operations needed by microprocessors. We will need to be familiar with all
of them to be able to write Embedded C programs.

idata/data: The data keyword will store a declared variable in the internal memory of your
microprocessor.

bdata: The bdata keyword lets you store a declared variable in the bit addressable
memory.

Using: This keyword lets you execute a function by letting it access a register bank.

Advantages of Embedded C
1. it is easier to understand.
2. It performs the same task all the time so there is no need of any hardware changing
such as extra memory or space for storage.
3. It preforms only one task at one time mean it purposed the dedicated task
4. Hardware cost of embedded c systems are usually so much low.
5. Embedded applications are very suitable for industrial purposes.

Disadvantages of Embedded C

1. It performs only one task at same time so many can’t perform the multi task at same
time.
2. If we change the program then must be need to change the hardware.
3. It only supports the hardware system.
4. It also have issue of scalability mean it can’t easily have scaled up as scope change or
demand.
5. It have a limitation such as limited memory or computer compatibility

So if we only talk about programming then the programming of language C and

Embedded C is almost same only lies the difference between these two is the resources how
we use it and some kind of code effectively.
Trash Can Monitoring in Smart City
Abstract
Waste management is one of the primary problem that the world faces irrespective of the
case of developed or developing country. The main idea of proposed work is to develop a
smart intelligent garbage alert system for a proper garbage management. A smart alert system
is designed for garbage clearance by giving an alert signal to the municipal web server for
instant cleaning of dustbin with proper verification based on level of garbage filling. This
process is aided by the ultrasonic sensor which is interfaced with Arduino UNO to check the
level of garbage filled in the garbage bin and sends the alert to the municipal web server once
if garbage is 90% filled via IoT. Once the alert is received, Municipal Corporation takes
initiative to clean the same. After cleaning the garbage bin, municipal web server gets
updated about the garbage bin been cleaned. This system provides information regarding
status of how waste collection is being done and followed up by the municipality authority.

Key Words: Smart Bin, Arduino, Waste management, IoT.

Introduction
Waste management is the action required to manage waste from its inception to its final
disposal [1]. This includes collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste together
with monitoring and regulation. Waste collection methods vary widely among different
countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local
government authorities. Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most
countries, in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialized trucks. Waste
collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal area. Nowadays, cities with
developing economies experience exhausted waste collection services, inadequately managed
and uncontrolled dumpsites and the problems are worsening [2]. Waste collection method in
such countries is an on-going challenge and many struggle due to weak institutions and rapid
urbanization.
The following is the need for improvement in waste management system
 By 2030, almost two-third of the world’s population will be living in cities. This fact
requires the development of sustainable solutions for urban life, managing waste is a key
issue for the health.
 Efficient and energy-saving waste management, reducing CO2,air pollution and vehicle
exhaust emissions—these are just a few examples for the demands of future cities. In views
of that, the efficient use and responsible handling of resources become more important.
 Effectively managing waste is important in developed countries. Waste management may
swallow up to 50% of a city’s budget, but only servea small part of the population.
 Sometimes, up to 60%of waste is not being collected; it is often simply burned by the
roadside. It can pollute drinking water; it can spread disease to people living nearby.
 Even with great route optimization, the worker must still physically go to the dustbin to
check waste levels. Because of this, trucks often visit containers that do not need emptying,
which wastes both time and fuel.
 Waste management prevents harm to human health and the environment by reducing the
volume and hazardous character of residential and industrial waste.

Block Diagram

Fig: Block diagram of trash can Monitoring in smart city

The proposed system consists of one ultra sonic sensors, an Arduino microcontroller and
an LCD display. The output can also be viewed in the Serial Monitor of the Arduino software
in the system.
The ultra sonic sensor so used in this project, are used for detecting whether the trash can
is filled with garbage or not. When the distance measured by the ultra sonic sensors is less
than the threshold value programmed in microcontroller it depicts that the thrash can is filled.
The same is intimated to the municipal corporation by displaying the message on server as
“Can is 75% Filled, Municipal has to empty the trash” and if the distance will be more than
the threshold value set, then the message on server is displayed as “Trash has been Emptied”.
To avoid false triggering of the message to municipal corporation three sensors are installed
in the system. The message sent to the municipal corporation can also be viewed through
LCD display which shows the message as “Can is 75% filled” when the can is filled 75% by
trash and “Can is empty” when the can is cleared.
Flow Chat

Fig: Flow chart of Trash Can Monitoring

The above figure shows the working of trash can monitoring system. Here if the trash can
is filled with 75% of trash, the message will be displayed on the LCD along with that the
message will be also be displayed on the serial monitor screen. The message will also be sent
to municipal stating that the particular trash can in the particular area has been filled with
75% of trash and it needs to be emptied. Once the trash can is emptied the message will be
displayed stating the can is been emptied. These will help in monitoring trash and making
out surrounding as Smart city.
Source Code
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#define ledPin 6
#define switchPin 7
int val=0;
LiquidCrystal lcd(8,9,10,11,12,13);

void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(switchPin,INPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Trash can");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Monitoring");
delay(1000);
val=digitalRead(switchPin);
if(val==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" 75% Filled");
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Trash Can is 75% filled, Municipal has to empty the trash");
delay(1000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Empty");
Serial.print("Trash has been emptied");
delay(1000);
}
}
Results

Fig: Source code of Trash Can Monitoring

Fig: Source code of Trash Can Monitoring

Fig: Connection of Trash Can Monitoring

Fig: Printing the title in LCD

Fig: Displaying the result in LCD

Fig: Displaying the Serial Monitoring

Benefits or advantages of Smart Waste Management:
➨It saves time and money by using smart waste collection bins and systems equipped with
fill level sensors. As smart transport vehicles go only to the filled containers or bins. It
reduces infrastructure, operating and maintenance costs by upto 30%.
➨It decreases traffic flow and consecutively noise due to less air pollution as result of less
waste collection vehicles on the roads. This has become possible due to two way
communication between smart dustbins and service operators.
➨It keeps our surroundings clean and green and free from bad odour of wastes, emphasizes
on healthy environment and keep cities more beautiful.
➨It further reduces manpower requirements to handle the garbage collection process.
➨Applying smart waste management process to the city optimizes management, resources
and costs which makes it a "smart city".
➨It helps administration to generate extra revenue by advertisements on smart devices.

Drawbacks or disadvantages of Smart Waste Management:

➨System requires more number of waste bins for separate waste collection as per population
in the city. This results into high initial cost due to expensive smart dustbins compare to other
methods.
➨Sensor nodes used in the dustbins have limited memory size.
➨Wireless technologies used in the system such as zigbee and wifi have shorter range and
lower data speed. In RFID based systems, RFID tags are affected by surrounding metal
objects (if any).
➨It reduces man power requirements which results into increase in unemployments for
unskilled people.
➨The trainining has to be provided to the people involved in the smart waste management
system.

CONCLUSION
The implemented system assures the cleaning of trash cans once the garbage level reaches
its maximum limit. This system also helps to monitor the fake reports and hence can reduce
the corruption in the overall management system. This reduces the total number of trips of
garbage collection vehicle and hence reduces the overall expenditure associated with the
garbage collection. It ultimately helps to keep cleanliness in the society. Therefore, the smart
garbage management system makes the garbage collection more efficient. The implemented
system was tested with five iteration of alternative trash in the bins the system was found
100% accurate as it depicted exact result of the trash can under test.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Suresh, J. Vijay Daniel, Dr.V.Parthasarathy “ A state of the art review on the Internet
of Things (IoT)” International Conference on Science, Engineering and Management
Research (ICSEMR 2014).
[2] Arkady Zaslavsky, Dimitrios Georgakopoulos “Internet of Things: Challenges and State-
of-the-art solutions in Internet-scale Sensor Information Management and Mobile Analytics”
2015 16th IEEE Internationa Conference on Mobile Data Management.
[3]Theodoros.Anagnostopoulos1,Arkady.Zaslavsky2,1, Alexey Medvedev1, Sergei
Khoruzhnicov “1Top–k Query based Dynamic Scheduling for IoT-enabled Smart City
Waste Collection” 2015 16th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management.
[4] Vikrant Bhor, Pankaj Morajkar, Maheshwar Gurav, Dishant Pandya4 “Smart Garbage
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