Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 18(1) 2018, pp.

15–31

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of

Young Filipino Bisexuals: An Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis
Kristian Ed G. Geonanga
De La Salle University–Dasmariñas, Philippines
kristianedgeonanga@gmail.com

Abstract: Topics concerning LGBT, specifically bisexuals, are not as widely researched like that of topics concerning
heterosexuals. Hence, little is known about LGBT individuals. However, due to some researches that are conducted by
various advocates, organizations, and researchers, many aspiring researchers aim to explore the topics concerning LGBT
like identity and sexual orientation. Thus, this research aims to explore the formation of identity and sexual orientation of
young Filipino bisexuals, specifically, to formulate a formation of identity and sexual orientation of young Filipino bisexuals
model that is drawn from the experiences, perceived origin of bisexuality, and factors affecting identity formation of the
participants. This study utilized an interpretative phenomenological analysis, qualitative research design, and thematic analysis
to analyze the gathered data. Five bisexual participants were chosen using purposive homogenous sampling technique. The
result of the study showed that there are five stages of formation of identity and sexual orientation of bisexuals. There are
Stage 1: disorientation of sexuality, Stage 2: deconstruction of the self, Stage 3: revelation of sexuality to interpersonal
relationships, Stage 4: rationalization of bisexuality and reaching out towards other LGBT, and Stage 5: reconstruction of the
self. Moreover, the perceived origins of bisexuality of the research participants were based on the principles of nature and
nurture. In addition, the factors that affected their identity formation were: society, family, stigma/discrimination, culture,
peers, social media, work, self, and internalized sexual stigma.

Keywords: Identity Formation, Sexual Orientation, Bisexuals, Qualitative Research, Interpretative Phenomenological
Analysis

Bisexuality and other topics that lie within the stand, topics concerning LGBT, bisexuals in
spectrum of LGBT or lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and particular, are not explored thoroughly in comparison
transgenders, are often put behind the spotlight. with subjects concerning heterosexuals. As a result,
Topics regarding non-heterosexuals are not taken there is little knowledge that is known concerning
seriously in discussions even during this century bisexuals. There has been quite a range of researches
(Garcia, 1996). Due to the society’s heterosexist that pertains to identity formation. Primarily, these

Copyright © 2018 by De La Salle University

16 K.E. Geonanga

researches are focused on heterosexuals. However, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun 2006, as cited in
there is a rise in the number of research that aims to Rosario, Schrimshaw, & Hunter, 2011)
explore topics concerning LGBT like identity and There are some researches that have identity
sexual orientation. formation of LGBT as its scope. However, they focused
According to Garcia (1996), the tendency of on the identity formation of the LGBT population in
individuals to sexual impulses and follow the general, not specific to bisexuals, not to mention that
inclination of individuals that are of the same or these identity formation models are all authored by
opposite sex, also known as sexual orientation, Western experts and are based on Western population.
can be viewed in two ways: “1) as biological or Hence, an identity formation model that is applicable
psychological property to be observed in all human specifically to Filipino bisexuals is needed.
populations, and 2) as an invention (label) specific
only to those cultures which have deemed it an Bisexuality
important distinction” (p. 11).
On the other hand, as discussed by Feist, Feist, and As defined by the American Psychological
Roberts (2013), identity is defined as the discovery of Association or APA (2008) sexual orientation is the
what people want to be and what they do not want to emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to people
be. Moreover, “Identity Confusion is a syndrome of of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes. Bisexuality
problem that includes a divided self-image, an inability is defined by the APA (2008) as the romantic, sexual,
to establish intimacy, a sense of time urgency, a lack or emotional attraction to a person of the same sex
of concentration on required tasks, and a rejection of and opposite sex. The expression of sexual orientation
family of community standards” (Feist et al., 2013, p. is through behaviors that are directed towards other
233). Identity confusion is a normal and a healthy part people because sexual orientation is defined by
of discovering a stable identity, although too much of it interpersonal relationships. It is between middle
may lead to problems like regression (Feist et al, 2013). childhood to early adolescence that sexual orientation
Clear identity and personality integration is needed usually transpires. According to scientists, there is no
and lacking of it is observed in chronic delinquent clear and certain origin that pinpoints why a certain
(Oliveros, 1999). Hence, an individual must be able person is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.
to identify themselves clearly. According to Parker (2015), as compared with other
The process of forming and integrating an identity American LGBT, bisexuals consisting of 28% only, are
for LGBT individuals are often considered to be considered to be less likely to disclose their sexuality
intricate (Rosario, Schrimshaw, & Hunter, 2011). to significant individuals in their life.
Some young LGBT individuals are clouded by the
heteronormativist view of the society and internalized Identity Formation of LGBT
sexual stigma; hence, they find it difficult to accept
their identity as LGBT. As cited by Oliveros (1999), Cass introduced a
As argued by Rosario, Schrimshaw, and Hunter model depicting the stages of identity formation as
(2011), the primary exploration of an identity is identity formation model. This model has six different
a process known as identity formation, and this stages which are undergone or being undergone by
includes the awareness of one’s sexual orientation. homosexuals and bisexuals that are starting to come-
Identity integration, on the other hand, is the out or identify and accept themselves as homosexuals
incorporation of the identity to the self and this and bisexuals. These are the following stages:
is done by engaging in various LGBT-affiliated
programs and groups. Thereby, significantly helping Stage 1: Identity Confusion – Commonly known
the LGBT individuals to love themselves and accept as pre-coming out. Individuals are not aware of
their identity as LGBT (Morris, 1997; Rosario, their homosexual/bisexual tendencies and they
Hunter, Maguen, Gwadz, & Smith, 2001; Rosario, are not able to identify what is wrong about it.
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 17

Behavioral problems, psychosomatic illnesses, this is the stage of integration. They integrate
and suicidal tendencies and attempts are their their sexual identity to themselves. This is the
only way of communicating their confusion stage where they accept and choose to become
(Coleman, 1985, as cited in Oliveros, 1999). homosexuals/bisexuals (Coleman, 1985, as cited
in Oliveros, 1999).
Stage 2: Identity Comparison – This is the stage
wherein they can identify their homosexual/ This research aimed to explore the identity
bisexual tendencies. This is also the stage formation and sexual orientation of young Filipino
when they come out and tell other people. This bisexuals. It also tried to formulate a model on
stage is considered to be crucial because the the formation of identity and sexual orientation of
reaction of the confidant is very influential to the young Filipino bisexuals model that is drawn from
homosexual/bisexual that is opening up. Positive the experiences, perceived origin of bisexuality, and
reaction of the confidant might cause resolution factors affecting identity formation.
of the conflict he/she is encountering. And,
negative reaction may cause otherwise. This Methods
stage is also known as coming out (Coleman,
1985, as cited in Oliveros, 1999). According This research utilized a qualitative research design
to Oliveros (1999), homosexuals/bisexuals’ and a Willig’s (2008) approach of interpretative
decision to come out is heavily triggered by phenomenological analysis. Thematic analysis was
social factors. used to analyze the data that I gathered. Qualitative
research design “describes the differences in the kind
Stage 3: Identity Tolerance – This is the or quality of behavior” (Evans & Rooney, 2014, p. 17).
stage where the homosexuals/bisexuals are On the other hand, “Interpretative phenomenological
moving toward homosexual/bisexual identity. analysis (IPA) is an approach which is dedicated to
Hence, this is where the exploration and the detailed exploration of personal meaning and
experimentation begin (Coleman, 1985, as cited lived experience” (Smith & Osborn, 2015, p. 25).
in Oliveros, 1999). Basically, IPA is the interpretation of the researcher
to the experiences of the participants (Willig, 2008).
Stage 4: Identity Acceptance – As the name IPA is the design that is used by researchers when they
implies, this is the stage where the homosexuals/ want to know how people see and give meaning to their
bisexuals are starting to rationalize/accept/ experiences (Smith & Osborn, 2015).
legitimize himself/herself as a homosexual/ I used IPA to interpret the data consisting of
bisexual. Communication with other experiences of participants to achieve the aims of the
homosexuals/bisexuals is also characterized research. I used a semi-structured interview because
on this stage. “semi-structured interview provides an opportunity
for the researcher to hear the participant talk about a
Stage 5: Identity Pride – this is the stage where particular aspect of their life or experience” (Willig,
the homosexuals/bisexuals are identifying and 2008, p. 24). This kind of research design and research
recognizing the pride of homosexual/bisexual method is relevant to this study because this study is
individuals, its culture, and its greatness. On this focused on exploring the concepts of the variables
stage, devaluation of heterosexuality might be and on the nature or quality of a behavior, not on its
observed (Coleman, 1985, as cited in Oliveros, quantifiable aspects (Evans & Rooney, 2014).
1999).
Sampling
Stage 6: Identity Synthesis – According to The research participants consisted of Filipino
Coleman (1985) (as cited in Oliveros, 1999), bisexuals aged 19–24 years old. The participants of
18 K.E. Geonanga

this research are in accordance with the two guiding Instrument

principles in selecting participants. The first principle I utilized an email and face-to-face semi-structured
is representativeness. According to Alvesson and interview. The questionnaire that was adapted from
Ashcraft (2012), it is fine to have slight differences Oliveros (1999) for her research about identity
with the interviewees so long as they are still part of formation model of Cass. This kind of interviewing is
the group that the research is studying on. The second also regarded as non-directive (Willig, 2008). I opted
principle is quality. Defining quality is dependent on to use an email interview where it was more efficient
the study, but for this case, I “would be eager to use (e.g., the participant lives in a distant place). The guide
the resources (e.g., intellectual, verbal, emotional, questionnaire is a very substantial guide questionnaire
moral) of qualified people with the ‘right’ experiences for it tackles all the necessary information needed from
and an ability and willingness to communicate these” the participants.
(Alvesson & Ashcraft, 2012, p. 247). I made use of open-ended questions to let the
Being “closeted” and secretive is apparent during participants speak of their experiences in their own
the early stages of identity formation of an LGBT words and perspectives (Evans & Rooney, 2014). This
individual. Thus, this research made use of non- kind of structure is the most applicable to the topic of
probability sampling techniques. Non-probability this research since this research mainly aims to explore
technique is used for researches that aim to require the formation of identity and sexual orientation of
data to come from a population that has certain bisexuals. I opted to have the interview to be done
characteristic/s (Symon & Cassell, 2012). This research face-to-face to establish a human connection and a
made use of a purposive homogenous sampling more personal relationship with the participant (Evans
technique. This sampling technique is characterized & Rooney, 2014). Also, the data gathered from a face-
by acquiring samples that share the same characteristic to-face interview will be directly from the participants.
(“Purposive Sampling,” n.d.).
For this case, I utilized purposive homogenous Data Gathering Procedures
sampling technique to get samples that are bisexuals.
Additionally, this research also used referral sampling Phase 1 of the data gathering officially started
or snowball sampling. This kind of sampling is when I identified the population that the study focused
defined to be a kind of sampling that is used when on. Consequently, I gathered samples from the said
the population of a certain group is difficult to locate. population through various non-probability sampling
Initially, I used purposive homogenous sampling techniques, in which the technique will depend on the
technique to gather bisexuals target research condition.
participants. But there are difficulties in gathering Phase 2 of the data gathering started when the
target research participants, thus, I used referral interviews started. As mentioned above, this research
sampling or snowball sampling. Subsequently, utilized two means of interviewing the participants.
when I was able to gather the samples, I waited for The research participants were interviewed either
them to contact me through email to discuss how through a face-to-face interview or an email interview.
the interview will be done. Once I already found a The one-on-one face-to-face interview with the
participant coming from that certain group, I asked participant happened in a private area, wherein I
the participant to refer other people of the same and the interviewee were the only people in the said
group to refer them to me (Evans & Rooney, 2014). private area. I opted the interview to be one-on-one to
Following the recommendation of Guest et al. (2006), respect their privacy. Also, as advised by Smith and
Kuzel (1992), and Romney et al. (1986) (as cited in Osborn (2015), having the respondent be alone with
Evans & Rooney, 2014), the suggested number of the researcher when the interview is being conducted
participants is 4 to 12. Due to the difficulty in looking would be better, because semi-structured interview
for participants, the final number of participants was can become intense and involved, and should be
five. uninterrupted.
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 19

I exchanged emails with the participants in the Limitations of the Study

email interview. I sent them a copy of the guide Four out of five interviews were conducted
questionnaire for them to answer. After answering it, online (email). Using these forms of interview, the
they sent it back to me together with the consent forms. human connection between the participants and I was
I just sent them an email if ever there were additional compromised. I was not able to see the non-verbal
questions. communication cues of the participants. Moreover,
Phase 3 of the data gathering was the debriefing. four of the participants were female bisexuals. There
After gathering the data and information I needed, a might be a difference in the result of the study if the
debriefing session was conducted for each participant. number of male and female participants were balanced.
The debriefing session included: clarification of
the things or aspects of the research that they Results
misunderstood, disclosure of all the details that were
not included in the consent and assent forms, and if Table 1 shows that there are five stages that a
necessary, find out if the participants were harmed (e.g., Filipino bisexual goes through. These stages are
if the participant remembered a repressed memory that drawn from the experiences, perceived origin of
is painful), to make sure that the harm was eradicated bisexuality, and factors affecting identity formation of
or reduced (Evans & Rooney 2014). Fortunately, no the participants. The perceived origin of bisexuality is
one was hurt in the course of this research. observed in the second stage of the model. On the other
hand, factors affecting identity formation is present in
Data Analysis all of the stages of the model, meaning, these factors
This research made use of thematic analysis in have affected significantly, positive or negative, the
analyzing the gathered data. According to Willig process and the bisexuals themselves.
(2008), the analysis of data using thematic analysis Table 1 presents the stages of formation of identity
required transcriptions that were gathered during and sexual orientation of bisexuals model. The whole
data gathering. This is also my initial encounter with identity formation process is classified into five
the text and referred to as the first stage. The second different stages. There are five superordinate themes
stage of thematic analysis was where I assigned, that illustrate the formation of identity and sexual
determined, and named the themes, wherein these orientation model. Moreover, the thematic table shows
themes show commonality in each part (Willig, the superordinate themes and subthemes that emerged
2008). “Theme titles are conceptual and they should during the analysis of the data. In addition, given that
capture something about the essential quality of what this is a qualitative study with only five participants, the
is represented by the text. Psychological terminology results cannot be used to generalize the whole Filipino
may be used at this stage” (Willig, 2008, p. 58). In the bisexual population. This is just a presentation of the
third stage, I related the themes that were identified in lived experiences of the research participants.
stage two. Themes might form concepts wherein they The first stage discusses the confusion/non-
share characteristics and meanings (Willig, 2008). confusion of the research participants with regard
The clustering of themes has to be in relation to the to their sexuality. Moreover, non-settlement with a
data that was originally gathered. “The fourth stage sexual identity and encounter of information about
of analysis involves the production of a summary LGBT is tackled in the said stage/superordinate
table of the structured themes, together with the theme. The second superordinate theme presents the
quotations that illustrate their theme”; “The summary process of the deconstruction of the self. This stage
table needs to include the cluster labels together with focuses on the process of exploring the sexuality,
their subordinate theme labels, brief quotations and the realization of bisexuality, repression, social
references to where relevant extracts may be found in alienation, and difficulty from integrating the self.
the interview transcript (i.e., page and line numbers)” The third stage/superordinate theme presents the
(Willig, 2008, p. 58). revelation of sexuality to interpersonal relationships
20 K.E. Geonanga

Table 1
Superordinate Themes and Subthemes of Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Filipino Bisexuals

Superordinate Themes Subthemes

Stage 1: • Questioning Sexual Identity (Confusion)
Disorientation of Sexuality • Non-settlement with a Sexual Identity
• Information About LGBT
Stage 2: • Sexual Exploration
Deconstruction of the Self • Indication of Bisexuality
• Realization and Perceived Origin of Bisexuality
• Nature
• Nurture
• Repression
• Social Alienation
• Difficulty from Integrating the Self
Stage 3: • Need to Disclose One’s Sexuality
Revelation of Sexuality to Interpersonal • Selective Disclosure
Relationships • Reasons of Non-Disclosure
• Characteristics of a Good Confidant
• Techniques in Disclosing
• Positive Emotional Quality of the Confidant’s Response to
Coming Out
• Feelings About Disclosing
• Problems with Coming Out
Stage 4: • Need for a Clear Identity
Rationalization of Bisexuality and Reaching Out • Concept of Acceptance
Towards Other LGBT • Self-Acceptance
• Normalization of Bisexuality
• Connection with LGBT
• Positive Emotional Quality of LGBT Social Connection
• Valuation of LGBT Pride
• Disregard of Heterosexual Institution
Stage 5: • Technique in Dealing with Stigma/Discrimination
Reconstruction of the Self • Standing Against Gender Labels
• Becoming and Advocate for LGBT
• Positive Regard Towards Bisexuality
• Positive Results of the Experience
• Independence
• Optimism
• Love for Oneself

of the participants. This stage/superordinate theme disclosure and its reason are also discussed in this
discusses the need (of the participants) to disclose, particular stage. The fourth stage/superordinate theme
the characteristics of a good confidant, the lacking is associated with the rationalization of bisexuality and
of a good confidant and its consequence, techniques reaching out towards other LGBT. In this particular
utilized by the participants in disclosing, the feelings stage, the following are discussed: the need for a clear
about the confidants’ reaction to coming out, and the identity, normalization of bisexuality, the concept of
feelings of the participants about coming out itself. acceptance, self-acceptance and lacking of it, valuation
Moreover, problems with coming out, and selective of LGBT pride and the disregard of heterosexual
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 21

institution, the void of dichotomy between LGBT So yun ‘diba, nasabi ko na nga, hindi
and heterosexuals, connection with LGBT and its ko talaga binibigyan yung sarili ko ng end-
emotional quality, and the reason why there are some statement just because I was limited about the
bisexuals that do not actively seek LGBT connection. idea of gender na binibigay ng society sa akin
The last stage/superordinate theme revolves around the [So just like what I’ve said earlier, I did not give
reconstruction of the self. It highlights the implication myself and end-statement just because I have
of the experience of the process, why they want to a limited idea about gender that the society is
become advocates for LGBT, their techniques in imposing on me.] (Research Participant 1)
dealing with the stigma, consequences of stigma, and
the research participants’ regard to their bisexuality. Information about LGBT. The bisexuals in the
Identity formation, in general, is heavily affected study gained information about bisexuality in various
by several factors. These factors are mainly social. ways. Generally, they encountered it through their
Moreover, these factors either help or worsen the college course and gender subjects.
experience of their pursuit of their identity. These
factors are mainly environmental factors. It may be I never really thought about it all that much,
the society, culture, family, peers, work, and so forth. and no one in my family talked about bisexuality
However, the self is also a factor that affects the identity so I wasn’t even aware that it existed. (Research
formation of bisexuals. This includes internalized Participant 3)
sexual stigma and optimism in life. Since I was a psych student. Nagkaroon
ako ng idea about identity confusion and I tried
Stage 1: Disorientation of Sexuality to apply it (laughter) I focused on myself after
Basically, this stage is the stage wherein the that and try to know myself on my own without
bisexuals tend to feel “disoriented” of their sexuality. the influence of a partner. [Since I was a
They feel confused of their sexuality, and this is psych student. I have an idea about identity
followed by their strategies in order to alleviate or get confusion and I tried to apply it (laughter) I
through this confusion. focused on myself after that and try to know
Questioning sexual identity (confusion). Society’s myself on my own without the influence of a
norm is very dominating that it seems wrong if one partner.] (Research Participant 4)
tries not to conform to it. Confusion is directed to So dun ko inalam talaga, nag-aral akong
sexual identity and it is brought up by the society’s mabuti sa gender courses ko sa college, during
gender norms. Basically, the confusion is all about the those times never kong tinuldukan yung gender
deviance from the gender norms. It is best illustrated and sexual orientation ko, I was a blank
by Research Participant 1’s excerpt below: slate. [That is the time when I studied hard
in my gender courses in college, during those
Kasi syempre nung una naramadaman times I never settled with a gender and sexual
ko na yun, “ay may iba, hindi ako kagaya ng orientation. I was a blank slate.] (Research
marami.” So andun yung iniisip ko, “ano ba, Participant 1)
bakla ba o hindi bakla?” [Of course, at first I
felt “oh I think there is something wrong, I am Stage 2: Deconstruction of the Self
not like everybody else.” That is when I thought, This stage is characterized by exploration
“what am I, am I gay or not gay?”] and experimentation. Participants repressed their
bisexuality due to the heterosexist position of the
Non-settlement with a sexual identity. A way society, resulting in social alienation and difficulty
of dealing or coping with confusion is through non- with integrating the self. Thus, having a split persona,
settling with what the society dictates him. It is a disintegration of the self.
presented in the excerpt below:
22 K.E. Geonanga

Sexual exploration. The excerpt that follows shows bisexuality. There is no consensus among scientists as
that after a participant experienced the indications of to what is the origin of bisexuality. However, bisexuals
being a bisexual, explorations of sexuality happens to have perceived origin of their bisexuality. And their
gauge whether he/she is really a bisexual or not. The beliefs are heavily anchored on the principles of nature
best transcription that portrays this is represented by and nurture.
research participant 2. It is shown below that she joined Nature. In the excerpts below, some perceived that
an online dating application. She tried her best to focus they are bisexual because there might be a genetic
on males, yet her attraction to females did not wane, not explanation behind it. As for some participants, they
to mention that she felt more excited communicating did not think much of the origin of their bisexuality
with the females. but they believed that they were born with it.

I even joined Tinder na male lang ang I learned na pwede palang maging gender
tinitignan ko pero parang di ako interested, mas deviant ang tao due to genetics. Meron ngang
naeexcite pa ako magswipe right sa mga girls tomboy akala nila babae sila innate pero di lang
dun. [I even joined Tinder wherein I only look pala nagdevelop yung penis nila genetically.
for males, however, I am not interested, I am Ako din, minsan parang may mga natural
more excited swiping right to girls.] (Research features ako na pangfem talaga like man boobs
Participant 2) (laughter), height, voice, skin, ganon. [I learned
that there is a possibility that genetics may cause
Indication of bisexuality. The excerpt below gender deviance. There are lesbians that thought
shows the indication of being bisexual: they are innately females, though, their penis
did just not developed genetically. I have some
I’m still predominantly into guys, but every features that are found among females like man
once in a while, I see girls who really catch my boobs (laughter), height, voice, skin.] (Research
attention. (Research Participant 3) Participant 1)
I just knew from the get-go that I wasn’t
Realization of bisexuality. These excerpts show straight and I didn’t think much about it. I
the time when they realized that they are bisexuals. guess it’s right to say that I was born this way.
Some of the participants realized that they are bisexuals (Research Participant 3)
during high school years. On the other hand, some
realized it during their childhood years. Nurture. Some participants hated gender-based
oppression because some of them experienced it
I had a crush with a senior when I was firsthand. With their experiences, they managed to
a freshman in high school. It was definitely a learn to get attracted to people without looking at their
surprise that I like a girl and not in a way that gender. On the other hand, some believed that they got
you idolize them. (Research Participant 4) influenced by their environment.
Well, I was always attracted to all genders
ever since childhood but I think my identity as a I hate gendered oppression kasi and other
bisexual person became more concrete when I kinds of discrimination, I was a victim of it din
started using Tumblr. I started interacting with kasi my mom favors my sister and she tends to
LGBTQ folks and then found a label for my behave towards me assuming I’m a bad boy, eh
identity. (Research Participant 5) hindi naman, gender expectation niya lang. So
I hated it and learned not to behave the same
Perceived origin of bisexuality. This is the towards gender. So I hated gender as a basis
phase when they realized that they are bisexuals, and of liking other people. I don’t assume to like
they have conceived their own perceived origin of a guys because I expect he’s masculine or a
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 23

girl because she’s feminine. [I hate gendered that act so feminine: makeup, boys, talks about
oppression and other kinds of discrimination. menstruation... (laughter). So, obviously, I don’t
I was a victim of it because my mom favors feel that I “belong” with them. It was difficult to
my sister and she tends to behave towards me find a place where you will belong.] (Research
assuming I’m a bad boy, though I am mot, that Participant 1)
is just her gender expectation. So I hated it and
learned not to behave the same towards gender. Difficulty with integrating the self. Due to the
So I hated gender as a basis of liking other incongruence of sexuality with the society’s gender
people. I don’t assume to like a guys because norms, difficulty with integration of personas is felt.
I expect he’s masculine or a girl because she’s The personas are: persona-with-family and persona-
feminine.] (Research Participant 1) with-partner.
Feel ko na-pressure lang ako sa mga tibo
friends ko nun kasi sa all girls ako nag-aaral. Nahirapan akong maging ako. I was a
[I think I just felt pressured to my lesbian friends different person then when I was with my family
because I attended an all-girl school.] (Research and a different person whenever I’m with my
Participant 2) partner. Matagal bago ako naging komportable
and found a ground where my two identities
Repression. Some of the participants experienced complement each other. [I felt difficult being me.
repressing their bisexuality when they realized that I was a different person then when I was with
they are bisexuals. my family and a different person whenever I’m
with my partner. I felt comfortable and found
I tried imagining myself with girls and I a ground where my two identities complement
was so turned on pero agad kong binalewala each other after quite a while.] (Research
kasi feel ko wala lang yun parang experiment Participant 4)
lang ganun. [I tried imagining myself with girls
and I was so turned on, though I immediately Stage 3: Revelation of Sexuality to Interpersonal
disregard it because I think I only feel it Relationships
because I was just experimenting.] (Research
Participant 2) After stage 2, the bisexuals try to disclose their
bisexuality to other people, mostly significant people
Social alienation. Feeling of being “unbelonging” in their lives.
with other people, specifically with all-boy groups and Need to disclose one’s sexuality. The main drive
typical girly peers in college, are felt by some of the that makes disclosure a need among bisexuals is the
participants: feeling of being accepted.

Medyo nahirapan din akong mag-identify Yes (I want to disclose myself to other
ng kaibigan. “Sino bang babarkadahin ko?” Eh people). I just want to be accepted. I mean,
yung mga all-boys group sa college hindi ako what if I fall in love with a girl and I want to
maka-relate. Meron din naming mga babae na ask her out? Being in the closet sucks. (Research
girly talaga: makeup, boys, usapang regla… Participant 3)
(laughter). So hindi nila ako ka-“belong”
obviously. It was difficult noh, trying to find Selective disclosure. The excerpt below represents
a place where you will belong. [I find it quite most of the participants’ experience of selective
difficult to identify friends. “Who am I going disclosure. Disclosure of identity is directed to selected
to be friends with?” I can’t relate with the number of people only. Mostly, peers and colleagues
all-boy peer groups in college. There are girls know that they are bisexuals. But their parents
24 K.E. Geonanga

do not know that they are bisexuals. Moreover, they kailangan i-announce. Minsan lang masasabi
find it incredibly difficult not to disclose with their ko pag meron talagang interested. Hindi curious
parents. They hide their bisexuality from their parents ha, pero interested about the uniqueness of my
for they believe that they are not going to accept gender. Wala naman masyadong ganung tao, so
them. wala masyadong napagkekwentuhan. I’d love
to meet those people, yung very open minded
All of my friends, even sa office, they know. to worthwhile conversations (laughter)…
Family (parents) lang talaga hindi, but that is Syempre kasi pinagkakatiwalaan naman kita
because I haven’t really introduced them to any (researcher). You are a very amazing person. You
of my exes as my girlfriend/boyfriend. They have a really great mind, that’s why I liked you
would probably only know na in a relationship from the very beginning. Even when we’re far
ako pag engaged na ako (laughter). [All of my away na from each other, I know that you have
friends, even in the office, they know. My family grown better because of that, you are better than
(parents) are the only ones who doesn’t know that great version of you before, which I really
(that I am bisexual), but that is because I haven’t like. [I haven’t told many people yet, because
really introduced them to any of my exes as it is not really an urgent issue that needs to be
my girlfriend/boyfriend. They would probably announced. I only disclose it at times when
only know that I am in a relationship when there are interested people. (Just to be clear) not
I am already engaged (laughter).] (Research curious, but interested about the uniqueness of
Participant 4) my gender. There are not really much of that
It’s very hard because there are many kind of people, hence, I don’t disclose to many
factors I have to consider before disclosing my people. I’d love to meet those people, those who
identity to others. Not disclosing to my parents are open-minded to worthwhile conversations
is a big struggle for me because I want them to (laughter)...Of course, I trust you (researcher).
know but I know that they are not gonna accept You have a really great mind, that’s why I liked
it. (Research Participant 5) you from the very beginning. Even when we’re
far away from each other, I know that you have
Reasons of non-disclosure. Primary reason of grown better because of that, you are better than
non-disclosure was that they did not want to be judged that great version of you before, which I really
by other people and they felt shy about their sexuality. like.] (Research Participant 1)

Pero feel ko dahil nahihiya ako? At ayaw Techniques in disclosing. The data analysis
kong ma-judge. [I think because I feel ashamed? uncovered many ways of disclosing. Most of them can
And I don’t want to be judged.] (Research be considered as indirect way of disclosing. One way of
Participant 2) disclosing is by utilizing the social media, particularly,
Tumblr. On the other hand, another way of disclosing
Characteristics of a good confidant. Confiding is through jokes then subsequently confiding. Some
one’s sexuality is not a task that needs to be done disclosed through advocacy. Lastly, revelation of
without considering anything. The excerpt that follow sexual identity can also be done by telling a story.
best describes the characteristics of a good confidant.
The confidant must be interested about the uniqueness I disclosed myself in a variety of ways. The
of the sexuality and not just plain curious, and open- first was just disclosing it to my old blog. Most of
minded to worthwhile conversations. the time people just assume that I’m not straight.
(Research Participant 5)
Wala pa kasi masyado akong nasabihan, Next na nasabihan ko mga this year lang,
kasi hindi naman talaga siya urgent issue na and nasabi ko sa kanya yun parang pa-joke lang
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 25

nung una hanggang sa nakakapagkwento na that I am telling them has. People around me
ako sa kanya. [The next person that I confided also don’t tend to judge me but I think that is
to was just this year, and I disclosed to him in a mainly because we are of the same age group.]
joking manner until I told him the whole story.] (Research Participant 4)
(Research Participant 2)
I just said that I want my thesis to (be) Feelings about disclosing. Some participants felt
about the LGBTQ because I want the religious nervous about disclosing because disclosing is not a
people to stop condemning them and I got certain endeavor. They felt that way because people
asked why and I said I’m bisexual. (Research might not be able to understand them or they might
Participant 3) not be able to explain it clearly. Moreover, they felt
To my friends, they would usually know incredibly positive after disclosing to their peers.
kapag nagkekwento ako and they would use
the term boyfriend and I would correct them Kaba kaba, kasi baka mali na nag-disclose
(laughter). Medyo ambush now that I am ako, kasi nga baka yung tao din hindi din
saying how it is but that’s just how it is. [To my maintindihan, or baka hindi ko ma-explain
friends, they would usually know it when I tell ng maayos. So yun din nagre-reason minsan
stories and they would use the term boyfriend bakit ayaw ko mag-disclose. [Nervous, because
and I would correct them (laughter). It is like disclosing might be the best option, because the
an ambush now that I am saying how it is but confidant might not understand me, or I might
that’s just how it is.] (Research Participant 4) not be able to explain it correctly. So that is
the reason why, sometimes, I don’t want to
Positive emotional quality of the confidants’ disclose.] (Research Participant 1)
response to coming out. Every time they disclosed Nung nasabi ko yun sa mga friends ko
or revealed their sexual identity with someone, it was sobrang sarap sa feeling, una parang nabunutan
imperative that there would always be a response ka ng tinik ganun. Pero mas masarap sa feeling
to it. Fortunately, the response of the confidants to yung di nagbago tingin nila sa akin. They treated
the participants’ revelation was positive. Mostly, me the same way, kung paano nila ako trinato
support was exhibited through encouragement and nung bago ko sabihin yun. [When I disclosed to
acceptance. my friends it felt so good, It felt relieving. But
the most relieving part is that they did not treat
I just casually told them that I like this me differently. They treated me the same way,
girl that I randomly met and they were very thy way they treated me before I disclosed.]
supportive to the point that they encouraged (Research Participant 2)
me to let the person know how I feel. (Research
Participant 4) Problem with coming out. Some encountered a
Support system would include my friends… problem with coming out. They found it difficult to
We would talk about anything under the sun express their identity because their ideas deviate from
and they are very accepting to the point that the society’s norm.
it is actually normal kahit ano man gender ng
kinukwento ko said kanila na tao. People around Tas yun din, related sa mga una kong
me also don’t intend to judge me but I think that sinabi, yung nahirapan akong i-express yung
is mainly because halos ka-age ko lang din sila. sarili ko sa mga tao kasi hindi conventional
[Support system would include my friends... yung mga ideas ko, lahat kasi syempre ng
We would talk about anything under the sun ideas ko naapektuhan ang gender orientation
and they are very accepting to the point that ko. [Related to what I have said earlier, I find
it is actually normal whether what the person it difficult to express myself to other people
26 K.E. Geonanga

because my ideas are unconventional, of course, Self-acceptance. Some of the participants

all of my ideas are affected by my gender accept themselves as bisexuals, or at least, as non-
orientation.] (Research Participant 1) heterosexuals.

Stage 4: Rationalization of Bisexuality and Reaching Yes. I think so. Kase wala na ako doon
Out Towards Other LGBT sa phase na confuse pa rin ako kung tama ba
After disclosing to other people, they started to na nagkakagusto ako sa babae… hindi na ako
rationalize their bisexuality and try to connect with nahihiya if ever people would find out that I
other LGBT to strengthen their moral as bisexuals. am in a relationship with the same sex. I also
Need for a clear identity. The participants wanted don’t think that it has an impact sa career
to have a concrete and clear identity. ko. [Yes. I think so. Because I am not in the
phase wherein I am confused whether if it is
Wala akong gusto as a bisexual. May right that I feel attracted to girls... I don’t feel
mga dreams ako as a human, pero not as a ashamed if ever people would find out that I
bisexual. What I want siguro about knowing am in a relationship with the same sex. I also
myself better, yung siguro related sa gender don’t think that it has an impact on my career.]
ko. Pero di ko pa siya completely achieved kasi (Research Participant 4)
nga bata pa ako I’m expecting myself to know
better as I grow up. [I don’t want anything as a Normalization of bisexuality. Some rationalized
bisexual. I have dreams as a human, but not as a their bisexuality because in the first place they were
bisexual. What I want is to know myself better, not told that being bisexual is actually wrong. On the
something related to my gender. However, I other hand, their rationalization of bisexuality was
haven’t achieved it because I’m still young. also exhibited through having a mentality that sexual
I’m expecting myself to know better as I grow identity should not be the focal point of their life.
up.] (Research Participant 1)
I was able to accept myself easily because
Concept of acceptance. Their concept of acceptance no one told me that it’s wrong to be bisexual.
gauged them if they have accepted themselves as (Research Participant 3)
bisexuals or, at least, as non-heterosexuals. They only My gender preference is not the center
considered that they have accepted themselves if they of my universe. This is a way of thinking that
did not feel shy if people knew their bisexuality. On the helped me live by “normally” as some people
other hand, some participants’ concept of acceptance may say. (Research Participant 4)
was important for them and they thought that it was
considered as a betrayal to themselves if they did not Connection with LGBT. The participants
accept their bisexuality. connected with other LGBT because they wanted to
confirm their sexuality, to “find themselves,” and to
Not really (fully accepting the self). Coz look for “the one.”
feel ko mako-consider ko lang na na-accept ko
sarili ko if di ako mahihiya na may nakakaalam Yup (I felt the need to connect with
na ibang tao. [Not really (fully accepting the other bisexuals), na-feel ko na kailangan ko
self). Cause, I feel that I will only accept myself makakilala ng katulad ko para lang maging sure
if I a, not ashamed if people would know my ako sa kung ano ako. Kung may na-feel ako,
sexuality.] (Research Participant 2) nagbabasakali pa ako na mahanap yung “the
Self-acceptance is incredibly important to one” dun. I joined online dating sites solely for
me and it would be a betrayal to myself if I don’t lesbians para lang hanapin sarili ko. [Yup (I felt
do that. (Research Participant 3) the need to connect with other bisexuals), I felt
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 27

that I need to know someone else like me so that Stage 5: Reconstruction of the Self
I will be able to confirm to myself what really After all the experiences, the bisexuals tried to
am I. If ever I felt something, I am hopeful that reconstruct themselves through various techniques
I will be able to find “the one” there. I joined in dealing with problems that they encountered as
online dating sites solely for lesbians to look for bisexuals. They tried to adapt to the heterosexist society
myself.] ( Research Participant 2) that they were living in and they built a stronger self
and sense of self.
Positive emotional quality of LGBT social Technique in dealing with stigma/discrimination.
connection. The participants felt comfortable Since LGBT people, bisexuals in particular, are exposed
connecting with LGBT. They felt that they are not in a society that is discriminating and stigmatizing, they
alone in the world. They felt ensured that they are will likely have techniques on how to deal with stigma
not alone in facing the endeavors that they would and discrimination. One of the techniques in dealing
face as bisexuals. with it is through not caring or listening to homophobic
people. The technique helped them maintain their
I felt comfortable because I was with people perception of LGBT people positive.
who felt the same way as me. I felt that I wasn’t
alone in the world. (Research Participant 5) I never really listened to homophobic
people, and it didn’t affect my perception of
Valuation of LGBT pride. The excerpt below LGBTQ folks. (Research Participant 5)
shows that valuation of LGBT pride is exhibited There are still people who would give you
through wanting to help remove the stigma attached “the look” whenever they find out that you have
to bisexuality. It is also presented as fighting for a bizarre sexual preference but, you just have to
the clarifications of some myths associated with do you and disregard what other people think.
bisexuality. (Research Participant 4)

I really want to help remove the stigma Standing up against gender labels. Some of the
against bisexuals. It is not our fault we’re participants learned how to disregard labels imposed on
built this way. It’s not a phase, it’s not just a people by the society and that is caused by the sexuality
“girl-crush” or a “boy-crush.” I’m pretty sure related experiences that they have gone through.
straight people don’t dream about futures with Another way was through actively interfering with how
the same sex. It’s also not that we’re undecided, the environment saw them. Being “unsubmissive” to
or whatever. We just like people, regardless of other people’s perception is also considered as a way
the physical body. It’s not a big deal. (Research of standing up against gender labels.
Participant 3)
Because of my sexuality struggles, I learned
Disregard of heterosexual institution. Some to have a better understanding that labels
participants’ disagreement with the imposition of are just there, it shouldn’t matter. (Research
religious beliefs to bisexuals is an indication of their Participant 1)
disregard towards a heterosexual institution which is Sobrang may pakealam ako how people
religion. would perceive me especially if I am trying
to prove myself as a leader sa school or as a
I defend the LGBTQ a lot to a lot of people member of a social action club. [I am really
and I try to explain to my family why acceptance attentive on how people would perceive me
is important and that they are not different and especially if I am trying to prove myself as a
we shouldn’t impose on them our religious beliefs leader in school or as a member of a social action
because that’s horrid. (Research Participant 3) club.] (Research Particpant 4)
28 K.E. Geonanga

Becoming an advocate for LGBT. Becoming Optimism. The participants’ experiences made
an advocate can be presented through becoming a them have a positive outlook in life. They considered
defender of LGBT. Participants defend LGBT people problems as part of life. They were needed to flow or
from people who try to talk ill against them. Moreover, else a person would not be able to live life to the fullest.
another way of becoming an advocate for LGBT is by
helping them become educated about their sexuality Overcoming them (problems)? Not the
and be a support system for them. word for it. It’s the process of life. I have to let
it flow. It’s not something that I should stop from
A lot of them (adults) are just plain terrible happening. It has to happen, or I haven’t lived
so I ever really talked about it (bisexuality) my life till I die. (Research Participant 1)
except when they talk shit about LGBTQ people
and I defend them. (Research Participant 3) Love for oneself. The participants’ experiences
Help people learn more about their identity made them love themselves even more. They believed
and serve as a support person for others. that the self is the only person that you can focus your
(Research Participant 5) attention on. So it is imperative to know that person
and love him.
Positive regard towards bisexuality. The
participants’ regard to bisexuality is influenced by Kasi yan yung natatanging taong
various experiences that they have undergone through. matututukan mo ng atensyon, yung sarili mo.
Environment influenced some of them to have a So kung mag-fail kang makilala siya, nasaan
positive regard towards her bisexuality. ka ngayong nabubuhay ka? Pinababayaan
mo yung pagkakataong binigay sayo ng diyos.
Yes (I was able to express myself freely). [Because that is that only person that you can
As I have mentioned above, I am lucky enough focus on absolutely, yourself. So if ever you fail
to be in an environment that is very accepting. to know that person, where are you now that
Some people get curious whenever they would you’re living? You let the chance that God gave
find out that I am not straight and they would you to slip away.] (Research Participant 1)
ask questions about my previous relationships
but aside from the, I can talk and move around Discussion
freely naman. (Research Participants 4)
The lived experiences of a bisexual individual, just
Positive Results of the Experiences like that of other people, fall into a continuum. Thus,
Independence. The participants’ experiences made bisexual people undergo various stages to absolutely
them independent. They believed they cannot change identify themselves as bisexuals. The main objective
other people’s perception and expectations. Hence, of this study was to create a formation of identity and
they learned not to depend on other people. sexual orientation model. The result of this study is
somehow consistent with that of the identity formation
I can’t do anything to change what people model of Cass. Although, there are some differences.
think, to change their expectations, or para Cass’s identity formation model has six stages while
ipilit ko yung sarili ko sa kanila. Wala akong this research shows that there are five. Moreover,
magagawa. So I learned to be independent. [I it shows that there is a destruction of the self and
can’t do anything to change what people think, reconstruction of the self, while there is none in Cass’s
to change their expectations, or to force myself identity formation model.
to them. There is nothing that I can do regarding According to Coleman (1985) (as cited in Oliveros,
those. So I learned to be independent.] (Research 1999), Stage 1 is also commonly known as pre-coming
Participant 1) out. Individuals in this stage are not aware of their non-
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 29

heterosexual tendencies and they might not be able Cass (1979) (as cited in Ritter and Terndrup, 2002)
to identify what is wrong with it. Furthermore, Stage argued that, basically, bisexuals during the first stage
2 is also called as the coming out. This is the stage tend to be disoriented or confused about their sexuality.
wherein they tell other people about their sexuality and They feel different from their peers. Moreover, a
their confidants’ reactions are crucial. It might either person in the first stage starts to notice his/her non-
help or not the confider. Stage 3 is the stage wherein heterosexual tendencies, like same-sex attraction
they tend to move toward the homosexual or bisexual (Cass, 1979, as cited in Ritter and Terndrup, 2002). In
identity. On the other hand, stage 4 is the stage where addition, Erikson, an “ego psychologist”, formulated
the bisexuals and homosexuals legitimize/rationalize the Psychosocial Stages that are focused on how the
their sexuality. Moreover, connection with other LGBT sense of self is affected by how children socialize
is characterized on this stage. Stage 5 is characterized (McLeod, 2013).
by the LGBTs’ recognition of the LGBT pride and According to Erikson’s “Psychosocial Stages” (1950,
culture. Devaluation of heterosexual institutions 1963) (as cited in McLeod, 2013), children face different
might be observed during this stage. Lastly, stage 6 psychosocial crisis in each stage. During adolescence
is the stage wherein they integrate their bisexuality/ (12–18), they face the crisis between Identity vs
homosexuality to their identity. Identity or Role Confusion (McLeod, 2013). During
With regard to the identity formation of homosexuals this stage, people will be experiencing the desire to
(Cass’s identity formation model), there are differences “fit in” in a society. Furthermore, McLeod (2013)
and similarities between Cass’s identity formation noted that Identity Confusion is also called as Identity
model and the model that is formulated by this research. Crisis. Moreover, experimentation with different
These differences and similarities are called points of lifestyles may possibly be used as a way to deal with
convergence and divergence. In general, the points the confusion. Coercing an identity might cause a sense
of divergence of this model and the Cass’s identity of negative identity, unhappiness, and rebellion.
formation model are deconstruction and construction The sexual exploration of bisexuals serves as
of the self. These stages show how an individual the transition between the first stage and the second
deconstructs themselves because of the stigma that stage. The deconstruction of the self begins after
they experience and how they reconstruct themselves the indication of bisexuality and realization of being
as stronger, bolder, and independent individuals. bisexual. Hence, the process of the formation of sexual
On the other hand, the points of convergence of this orientation (bisexuality) officially starts during the
model and the Cass’s identity formation model is that second stage. During the first stage, the individual does
both of them exhibits a process of confusion, coming not realize that they are bisexuals, they only feel that
out, recognition of LGBT culture, and devaluation of they are confused about their sexuality or they feel that
heterosexual institutions. they are not heterosexuals. During the second stage,
Basically, identity formation is influenced they finally have the idea that they might be bisexuals;
or affected by several factors. Mostly, they are however, they do not identify or accept themselves as
environmental factors. Another factor is the self. bisexuals.
The factors either help the identity formation of According to APA (2008), scientists are not
a bisexual or it might actually be a factor that really sure whether the cause of bisexuality is solely
hinders the bisexuals from going through the stages. explained by biological or environmental factors.
According to Oliveros (1999), social factors heavily However, research shows that some biological and
triggers the bisexuals’ decision to come out. Hence, environmental factors may contribute to it. Some
it is obvious that social factors can help or worsen of the bisexual research participants in this research
the experience for bisexuals. With regard to the self, believed that they were influenced by environmental
it plays a vital role in forming the identity and sexual factors such as peers. Moreover, some also believed
orientation of a bisexual. For it might also help or in an underlying genetic explanation or they are just
not the bisexuals. plainly born with it.
30 K.E. Geonanga

According to Furnham (2015), repression is According to Seltzer (2008), self-acceptance is the

defined as the process of pushing unwanted thoughts unconditional affirmation of the self. Bisexuals at this
into the unconscious. Moreover, intense anxiety stage rationalize their bisexuality by accepting their
causes a person to repress thoughts or feelings. “There identity as bisexuals. Moreover, they rationalize or
are two phases that lead a person to repression, in normalize their sexuality because they are not told that
the primary repression phase, an infant learns that being bisexual is wrong or because they see bisexuality
some aspects of reality are pleasant, and others are as innately good. To strengthen their “normalization” of
unpleasant; that some are controllable, and others their sexuality, they connect with other LGBT people
not.” (Furnham, 2015, para. 6). The secondary and, oftentimes, they experience positive emotional
repression happens when a person realizes that some quality from other LGBT. However, there are some
actions that are “influenced” by desires may cause bisexuals that do not feel the need to connect with other
anxiety (Furnham, 2015). LGBT because they feel independent enough that they
On the other hand, alienation is defined as “the state do not need the affirmation of other people. Just like
of feeling estranged or separated from one’s milieu, with Cass’s identity formation model, bisexuals tend
work, products of work, or self” (“Alienation,” 2016). to value the LGBT heritage greatly that they tend to
Alienation has various concepts. The concept of social ignore heterosexual institutions like religion.
alienation that is represented in this study is the social With all the techniques, experiences, and feelings
isolation. It is defined as the exclusion from social that the participants went through, they felt they have
groups or interpersonal relationships. Thus, a person become strong. According to Jones (2012), challenging
that experiences repression and social alienation or situations usually happen in groups. Meaning “they
isolation finds it difficult to integrate his/her self. It is are designed to bring discouragement, frustration, and
because the person’s private identity (bisexual identity) misery” (Jones, 2012, para. 2). However, they also
and public identity (identity that is shown to others) teach people how to seize the moment (Jones, 2012).
do not complement each other. They tend to become independent. Independent in a
Bisexuals feel the need to disclose their sexuality sense that they have close interpersonal relationships,
because they want to be accepted. However, due to the but they are not really dependent on them. They can
heterosexist position of the society, some bisexuals live on their own resources. Moreover, despite the
are forced to selectively disclose their sexuality. negative experiences, they still perceive positivity
Selective disclosure is operationally defined as the in life. They love themselves because they justify
coming out of a person to a selected few chosen that their selves are the only people that they can
based on a number of criteria namely: has interest really know fully and they have to love that “person”
in the uniqueness of bisexuality and is open-minded unconditionally.
worthwhile conversations. More often, parents are not As marginalized individuals, people of sexual
the primary people they think of confiding to. Reasons minority faces pressure to fit in a box the society has
include following: They fear that the parents will feel set. The heteronormative and heterosexist environment
loss, shock, guilt, anger, or hurt. Moreover, they also that we currently live in continues to put pressure
fear that the parents would be unsupportive, be in on people of sexual minority to conform to a certain
denial, and will not be accepting of their bisexuality identity or sexual orientation that is binary and is
(“Coming Out to Your Parents,” n.d.). Bisexuals are deemed to be appropriate and correct. Hence, LGBT
less likely to disclose their sexuality to their parents persons, specifically bisexuals, encounter an unusual
as compared with lesbians and gays (“Chapter 3: brand of need to actively explore and label one’s
The Coming Out Experience,” 2013). Coming out or identity and sexual orientation. Through this research,
disclosing is often considered as a gradual process. the formation of identity and sexual orientation of
The bisexuals in the present study found it relieving the participants were explored, thus it revealed that
after disclosing to people (“Chapter 3: The Coming they went through several stages. Moreover, they had
Out Experience,” 2013). unique experiences but concurrently grounded with
Formation of Identity and Sexual Orientation of Young Filipino Bisexuals 31

some commonality hence the identification of the Furnham, A., PhD. (2015, July 2). The psychology
stages. of repression. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from
Other than formulating a model that depicts the https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sideways-
view/201507/the-psychology-repression
participants’ experience in understanding their identity Garcia, J. N. (1996). Philippine gay culture: The last thirty
and sexual orientation, variables such as the self and years: Binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. Diliman,
other social aspects such as peers and culture were also Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
tackled. To which it shows that, indeed, interactions Jones, E. M. (2012, April 20). The benefits of challenging
among variables in our society affect (negatively or circumstances [Blog Post]. Retrieved October 26, 2016,
positively) a person’s quest for a clear identity and from http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-4558/The-
Benefits-of-Challenging-Circumstances.html
sexual orientation. Since everyone has their own unique McLeod, S. (2013). Erik Erikson. Retrieved October 26,
experiences, these experiences are later interpreted or 2016, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-
rationalized by the participants as their own perceived Erikson.html
origin of their bisexuality. These experiences are of Oliveros, C. G. (1999). Homosexual adolescent: Problems
crucial importance in one’s exploration of the self. and coping in the coming out process (Unpublished
The results of this study are unique because it does master’s thesis). De La Salle University, Manila.
Parker, K. (2015, February 20). Among LGBT Americans,
not only show a detailed process of the formation of bisexuals stand out when it comes to identity, acceptance.
identity and sexual orientation but it also highlighted Retrieved November 07, 2016, from http://www.
the factors affecting the process itself. Hence, this just pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/20/among-lgbt-
ultimately confirms that everyone has their own unique americans-bisexuals-stand-out-when-it-comes-to-
experiences in their quest to understanding oneself identity-acceptance/
due to the intersectionality and interactions of various Purposive sampling, Lærd Dissertation. (n.d.). Retrieved
May 25, 2016, from http://dissertation.laerd.com/
variables and factors despite the common theme or the purposive-sampling.php
stage that they are in. Ritter, K., & Terndrup, A. I. (2002). Handbook of affirmative
psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. New York:
References Guilford Press.
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2011).
Alienation. (2016, January 08). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Different patterns of sexual identity development over
Retrieved October 26, 2016, from https://www. time: Implications for the psychological adjustment
britannica.com/topic/alienation-society of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Journal of Sex
Alvesson, M. & Ashcraft, K. L. (2012). Interviews. In G. Research, 48(1), 3–15. doi:10.1080/00224490903331067
Symon, & C. Cassell (Eds.), Qualitative organizational Seltzer, L. F., PhD. (2008, September 10). The path to
research: Core methods and current challenges. London: unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology Today.
SAGE. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from https://www.
American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to psychologytoday.com/blog/evolution-the-self/200809/
your questions: For a better understanding of sexual the-path-unconditional-self-acceptance
orientation and homosexuality. Washington, DC: Author. Smith, J. A. & Osborn M. (2015). Interpretative
Retrieved from www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf phenomenological analysis. In J.A.Smith (Ed.),
Chapter 3: The Coming Out Experience. (2013, June Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research
13). Retrieved October 26, 2016, from http://www. methods (3rd ed.). London: SAGE.
pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13/chapter-3-the-coming- Symon, G., & Cassell, C. (2012). Interviews. In G. Symon,
out-experience/ & C. Cassell (Eds.), Qualitative organizational
Coming Out to Your Parents. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, research: Core methods and current challenges.
2016, from https://prideresourcecenter.colostate.edu/ London: SAGE.
resources/coming-out-to-your-parents/ Willig, C. (2008). Introducing qualitative research in
Evans, A., & Rooney, B. J. (2014). Methods in psychological psychology: Adventures in theory and method (2nd
research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CAL: SAGE. ed.). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Open University
Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. (2013). Theories of Press.
personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.